LEA 4: POLICE INTELLIGENCE whether in tents, or in strongholds; and what land is;
whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein,
I. BASIC CONCEPTS
INTELLIGENCE
 The word INTELLIGENCE was derived from the
Latin word INTELLIGERE which means to "pick
out" or “discern”.
 A very general mental capability that, among other
things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex
ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. -
"MAINSTREAM SCIENCE ON INTELLIGENCE"
(1994)
 The capacity to meet situations, especially if new or
unforeseen, by a rapid and effective adjustment of
behavior; also, the native ability to grasp the
significant factors of a complex problem or
situation.- WEBSTER COMPREHENSIVE
DICTIONARY
 End product of information that has been subject to
the intelligence process, which involves planning,
direction, collection, evaluation, collation, analysis,
reporting, and dissemination - Royal Canadian
Mounted Police (RCMP)
In Police Parlance, Intelligence is defined as:
 Organization- An institution composes of persons
who pursue of preparing plans or formulating
policies.
 Activity- The organized effort to collect
information, to assess it little by little, and piece it
together until it forms larger and clear patterns.
 Product- The end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and
interpretation of all available information which may
have immediate or potential significance to the
development and execution of plan, policies and
programs of the user.
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE FUNCTION
 Intelligence is responsible in procuring and
obtaining political, economic, psychological,
sociological, military and other information which
may bear upon, national interest and which had
been collected by the different government and
agencies.
 Intelligence is knowledge and powerful it can
prevent war and cause one it can help in crime
control and crime prevention.
II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF INTELLIGENCE
The first intelligence operation recorded in history is
found in the Holy Bible.
A. Number 13:17-32,Old Testament (Holy Bible) –
Moses sent twelve (12) scouts to the land of Canaan
where he detected directed them to spy the land, the
people and their location and the nature of their cities.
“And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and
said unto them, get you up this way southward, and go up
into the mountain; and see the lands, what it is; and the
people that dwell therein, whether they are strong or
weak, few or many; and what the land they dwelt in,
or not. And be of good courage and bring of the fruit of
the land.” The scriptures also named the twelve
intelligence agents whom the Lord directed Moses to sent
into the land of Canaan and records that “all those men
were heads of the children of Israel.”
THE 12 MEN SENT BY MOSES TO SPY CANAAN
 Shammua the son of zaccur – tribe of reuben
 Shapat the son of hori – tribe of simeon
 Caleb the son of jephunneh – tribe of Judah
 Igal the son of joseph – tribe of Issachar
 Hoshea the son of nun – tribe of Ephraim
 Palti the son of raphu – tribe of Benjamin
 Gaddiel the son of sodi – tribe of zebulun
 Gaddi the son of susi – tribe of joseph, that is from
the tribe of Manasseh
 Ammiel the son of gemalli – tribe of dan
 Sethur the son of michael – tribe of asher
 Nahbi the son of vopshi – tribe of napthali
 Geuel the son of machi – tribe of gad
B. Sun Tzu
 He is traditionally believed to be the author of The
Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese
book on military strategy.
 “Know yourself and your enemy, if you know
yourself and not the enemy for every battle you will
be a foul who will meet defeats, but if you know
yourself and the enemy, you need not fear the
result of a hundred battles “. In his book "Art of
War.”
C. Delilah
 A biblical personality who was able to gain
information by using her beauty and charm.
 She was responsible for the fall of Samson a
known Israelite leader who terrorized the
Philistines.
D. Sir Arthur Wellesly
 One of the leading military and political figures of
the 19th century.
 He is often referred to as the "Duke of Wellington",
even after his death, even though there have been
subsequent Dukes of Wellington.
 He is regarded as the "Greatest Military Spymaster
at All Time".
 He live by the motto; "All the business of war is to
find out what you don’t know by what you do."
 He always studied the enemy in depth, finding out
not only where the opposing army was and how
strong it was, but the character of its commander,
the spirit and training of its troops, their battle
experience, and how they were supplied with arms
and rations.
 He also studied and mapped the roads, rivers and
topography of the war theatre.
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E. Frederick the Great
 "Father of Organized Military Espionage". He
divided his agents into four classes.
 Common Spies- recruited among poor folk, glad to
earn a small sum or to accommodate a military
officer;
 Double Spies- the low informers and unreliable
renegades of value chiefly in spreading false
information to the enemy;
 Spies of Consequences - courtier and noblemen,
staff officers and kindred conspirators always
requiring a considerable bribe or bat
 Intimidated Spies - Persons who are forced to
undertake espionage against their will.
F. Alexander the Great
 A renowned Greek conqueror had his share of
advance information when rumors of discontent
circulated from among the ranks of his men.
 He was able to identify those disloyal ones by
ordering the communication letters opened and
was successful in curtailing the decline of esprit de
corps and morale of his men.
G. Sir Francis Walsingham of England
 Protector of Queen Elizabeth I who organized the
secret police and established a spy network to
detect fleet movement of enemies of the British
Empire particularly the Portuguese.
 He is regarded as the "First Great Spymaster", a
ruthless in the cause, he was responsible for the
assassination, murdering and execution of people
who covertly betrayed the queen.
 He oversaw operations that penetrated Spanish
military preparation, gathered intelligence from
across Europe, disrupted a range of plots against
Elizabeth, and secured the execution of Mary,
Queen of Scots.
H. Karl Schulmeister
 He was an Austrian double agent for France during
the reign of Napoleon I.
 He is famous as "Napoleon's Eye".
 He acted as a General in Napoleon's army,
undertook espionage missions that took him into
England and Ireland, and was appointed
commissioner of police for Vienna during
Napoleon's second occupation in 1809
 He was credited for establishing counter
intelligence conducted against spies.
 He is a master of deceit who used black mail to
obtain vital information pertaining to the personality
and identify of the enemies of Napoleon during the
18th Century.
I. Joseph Petrosino
 He was a pioneer in the fight against organized
crime.
 The various crime fighting techniques that
Petrosino pioneered during his law enforcement
career are still practiced by various agencies in the
fight against crime.
 Member, New York Police Department in early
1900, he was the head of the Italian Squad.
 Through extensive intelligence network, he is
credited to smash the Black Society.
J. Joseph Fouche
 The French statesman Joseph Fouche (1759 -
1820) served as minister of police under Napoleon
and was influential in the return of Louis XVIII to the
throne in 1815.
K. Admiral Yamamoto
 He was a Japanese Marshal Admiral and the
commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during
World War II, a graduate of the Imperial Japanese
Naval Academy.
 He was the commander-in-chief during the decisive
early years of the Pacific War and so was
responsible for major battles such as Pearl Harbor
and Midway.
 April 1943, the Cryptanalysts of the U.S. Navy
Communications Intelligence interpreted a top
secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral En
route ha was intercepted and crashed in the
Jungles of Baungainville.
 He died during an inspection tour of forward
positions in the Solomon Islands when his aircraft
(a Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bomber) was shot down
during an ambush by American P-38 Lightning
fighter planes.
L. Herbert Yardley
 He was an American cryptologist best known for
his book The American Black Chamber.
 Yardley began his career as a code clerk in the
U.S. State Department. He accepted a Signal
Corps Reserve commission and served as a
cryptologic officer with the American Expeditionary
Forces in France during World War I.
 His career in cryptology began with his work in the
code room, as he broke the U.S. government
codes that crossed his desk.
 Head of the MI-8, The forerunner of the Top Secret
National Security Administration a.k.a Black
Chamber, a Cryptanalytic Organization.
M. Napoleon Bonaparte
 He was a French military and political leader who
rose to prominence during the latter stages of the
French Revolution and its associated wars in
Europe.
 has been a major influence on many civil law
jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered
for his role in the wars led against France by a
series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars.
 "One Spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in
the field".
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N. Akbar
 Known as Akbar the Great, was Mughal
Emperor from 1556 until his death.
 The "Great Mogul" and wise master of Hindustan
employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole
purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne
might rest upon it.
O. Battle of Midway
 It was one of the most important naval battles of
the Pacific Campaign of World War II.
 In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the
Pacific, the victory gained by the Americans was
due to the disrupted messages from the Imperial
Japanese Navy.
 Military historian John Keegan called it "the most
stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval
warfare."
 It was Japan's worst naval defeat in 350 years.
Q. Julius Caesar
 During his time, the staff of each legion includes
ten "speculators" who served as an information-
collecting agency.
 The "speculators" were the first intelligence
personnel to appear definitely in a military
organization.
 Military success of the Romans was aided by
communication system, Made use of carrier
pigeons, which made possible the amazing speed
with which intelligence of the Imperial Rome was
transmitted.
 They also employed ciphers to ensure secrecy of
communications.
R. Wilhelm Johann Karl Eduard Steiber
 Otto von Bismarck's master spy and director of the
Prussian Feldgendarmerie.
 Stieber was both an agent of domestic surveillance
and an external agent.
 Along with Joseph Fouché, he invented modern
information gathering
 He is known as the Prussia's "King of
Sleuthhounds" as minister of police he studied the
use of propaganda and censorship as well as
utilizing statistical intelligence accounting.
 Steiber's thorough organization and ruthless, his
sinister innovations and cold, calculating
manipulation of human weakness made him the
spymaster who most shape the course of the 20th
century espionage.
S. Alfred Redl
 He was one of the leading figures of pre-World War
I espionage.
 His term in office was marked by innovation, and
he used very high technology for the time to
ensnare foreign intelligence agents
 A homosexual Double Spy who while working as
intelligence direct proof Austria and Hungary, spied
the Russians.
 His treasons activities were discovered and
compelled to commit suicide.
 His spying led to the death of over 500,000 agents
and soldiers combined in his 13 years episode as a
spy.
T. Sir Samuel Luke
 Chief Scout of Oliver Cromwell who was able to
dethrone King Charles I in British Civil War of
1640's.
 Sir Samuel Luke was said to be hard-working in
inquiring on the enemy.
U. John Churchill
 His leadership of the allied armies consolidated
Britain's emergence as a front-rank power. He
successfully maintained unity among the allies,
thereby demonstrating his diplomatic skills.
 He told critics of his enormous expenditure on
espionage that “No war can be conducted
successfully without early and good intelligence,
and such advices cannot be had but a very great
expense
V. Edward I
 Also known as Edward Longshanks and the
Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum),
was King of England from 1272 to 1307.
 He was temperamental, and this, along with his
height, made him an intimidating man, and he often
instilled fear in his contemporaries.
 Modern historians are divided on their assessment
of the king: while some have praised him for his
contribution to the law and administration, others
have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude
towards his nobility.
 He is credited with many accomplishments during
his reign, including restoring royal authority after
the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a
permanent institution and thereby also a functional
system for raising taxes, and reforming the law
through statutes.
 An English monarch who started utilizing English
informants especially to determine seditious
writings against the crown and identify
W. George Washington
 As Grand Master mobilized the free masons of the
colonies at the outbreak of the American war of
Independence.
 First President of the United States (1789–1797),
the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army
during the American Revolutionary War, and one of
the Founding Fathers of the United States.
 Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces
captured major British army’s at Saratoga in 1777
and Yorktown in 1781.
 Historians praise Washington for his selection and
supervision of his generals, encouragement of
morale and ability to hold together the army,
coordination with the state governors and state
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 militia units, relations with Congress and attention
to supplies, logistics, and training.
X. Hannibal
 He was a Punic Carthaginian military commander,
generally considered one of the greatest military
commanders in history.
 He was considered one of the brilliant military
strategists in the history of military intelligence.
 He had developed an effective intelligence system
for 15 years in Rome.
 He usually roam around the city often disguise
himself as a beggar to gather first-hand
information.
III. MOST OUTSTANDING INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
 It is a government agency responsible for the
collection, analysis or exploitation of information
and intelligence in support of law enforcement,
national security, defense, and foreign policy
objectives.
 Effective instrument of a national power.
 Aggressive intelligence is its primary weapon to
destabilize the target.
 Means of information gathering are both overt and
covert and may include espionage,
communication, cooperation with other institutions,
and evaluation of public sources.
Intelligence agencies can provide the following services
for their national governments.
 Provision of analysis in areas relevant to national
security
 Give early warning of impending crises
 Inform national defense planning and military
operations
 Serve national and international crisis
management by helping to discern the intentions of
current or potential opponents
 Inform national defense planning and military
operations
 Protect sensitive information secrets, both of their
own sources and activities, and those of other state
agencies
 May act covertly to influence the outcome of events
in favour of national interests, or
influence international security
 Defense against the efforts of other national
intelligence agencies
A. Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS)
 Government intelligence of Australia which
is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence
undertaking counter-intelligence activities and
cooperation with other intelligence agencies
overseas.
 Its primary responsibility is gathering intelligence
from mainly Asian and Pacific interests using
agents stationed in a wide variety of areas.
 Its main purpose, as with most agencies, is to
protect the country’s political and economic
interests while ensuring safety for the people of
Australia against national threats.
B. Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW or RAW)
 Research and Analysis Wing is India’s external
intelligence agency.
 It was formed in September 1968 under the
helmsman-ship of its first Director, R. N. Kao. Its
creation was necessitated by the poor performance
of the Intelligence Bureau (which then handled both
internal and external intelligence)
 Its primary function is collection of external
intelligence, counter-terrorism and covert
operations.
 In addition, it is responsible for obtaining and
analyzing information about foreign governments,
corporations, and persons, in order to advise Indian
foreign policymakers.
C. General Directorate for External Security
 Directorate General for External Security is
France’s external intelligence agency.
 Operating under the direction of the French ministry
of defense, the agency works alongside the DCRI
(the Central Directorate of Interior Intelligence) in
providing intelligence and national security, notably
by performing paramilitary and counterintelligence
operations abroad.
 Its primary focus is to gather intelligence from
foreign sources to assist in military and strategic
decisions for the country.
 The agency employs more than five thousand
people.
D. Federal Security Service of Russian Federation
(FSD)
 The Federal Security Service of Russian
Federation (FSD) is the main domestic security
agency of the Russian Federation and the main
successor agency of the Soviet-era Cheka, NKVD
and KGB.
 The FSD is involved in counter-intelligence, internal
and border security, counter-terrorism, and
surveillance.
 The FSD is responsible for internal security of the
Russian state, counterespionage, and the fight
against organized crime, terrorism, and drug
smuggling.
 The number of FSD personnel and its budget
remain state secrets, although the budget was
reported to jump nearly 40% in 2006.
E. Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND)
 The Bundesnachrichtendienst is the foreign
intelligence agency of the German government,
 The BND acts as an early warning system to alert
the German government to threats to German
interests from abroad.
 It depends heavily on wiretapping and electronic
surveillance of international communications.
 It collects and evaluates information on a variety of
areas such as international terrorism, WMD
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 proliferation and illegal transfer of technology,
organized crime, weapons and drug trafficking,
money laundering, illegal migration and information
warfare.
 As Germany’s only overseas intelligence service,
the BND gathers both military and civil intelligence.
F. Ministry of State Security (MSS)
 Ministry of State Security is the security agency of
the People’s Republic of China.
 Article 4 of the Criminal Procedure Law gives the
MSS the same authority to arrest or detain people
as regular police for crimes involving state security
with identical supervision
 One of the primary missions of the MSS is
undoubtedly to gather foreign intelligence from
targets in various countries overseas.
 Many MSS agents are said to have operated in the
Greater China region.
G. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
 It is an executive agency and reports directly to
the Director of National Intelligence with
responsibility for providing national
security intelligence assessment to senior United
States policymakers.
 A predecessor of the Office of Strategic Services
(OSS), which was formed in 1942 and renamed
CIA in 1947.
 CIA is the largest of the intelligence agencies and
is responsible for gathering data from other
countries that could impact U.S. policy.
 It is a civilian intelligence agency of the United
States government responsible for providing
national security intelligence to senior United
States policymakers.
 The CIA also engages in covert activities at the
request of the President of the United States of
America.
 It has failed to control terrorism activities including
9/11, Not even a single top level Al-Qaeda leader
captured own its own in the past 13 years –.
 Highly funded and technologically most advanced
Intelligence set-up in the world.
 The First Director of the Agency was Rear Admiral
Roscoe Hillenkoetter
H. Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) MI-6
 The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) supplies
the British Government with foreign intelligence.
 It operates under the formal direction of the Joint
Intelligence Committee (JIC) alongside the
internal Security Service (MI5), the Government
Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and
the Defense Intelligence (DI).
 It is frequently referred to by the name MI6, a name
used as a flag of convenience during the Second
World War when it was known by many names.
 The existence of MI6 was not officially
acknowledged until 1994.
I. Mossad
 The Mossad is responsible for intelligence
collection and covert operations including
paramilitary activities.
 It is one of the main entities in the Israeli
Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military
intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security), but its
director reports directly to the Prime Minister.
J. Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)
 With the lengthiest track record of success, the
best know Intelligence so far on the scale of
records is ISI.
 The Inter-Services Intelligence was created as an
independent unit in 1948 in order to strengthen the
performance of Pakistan’s Military Intelligence
during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
 The best of its time, failed to counter ISI and
protect Soviet interests in Central Asia.
 It has protected its Nuclear Weapons since formed
and it has foiled Indian attempts to attain ultimate
supremacy in the South-Asian theatres through
internal destabilization of India. It is above All laws
in its host country Pakistan ‘A State, with in a
State’.
 Its personnel have never been caught on camera.
 It is believed to have the highest number of agents
worldwide, close to 10,000.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY
(NICA)
It is the primary intelligence gathering and
analysis arm of the Philippine government, which is under
the Office of the National Security Adviser; NICA is in
charge of carrying out overt, covert,
and clandestine intelligence programs. Its motto
is: "Knowledge is Safety”. Presently, NICA is in close
coordination with the CIA, Mossad, Secret Intelligence
Service and intelligence services of ASEAN countries to
counter the threat of terrorism.
The agency is led by a Director-General and is
assisted by a Deputy Director-General. The former
reports directly to the President. The NICA has a National
Intelligence Board that serves as an advisory board to the
Director-General before he would submit his findings to
the President relating to national security matters
affecting the Philippines.
IV. PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE
A. INTELLIGENCE AND OPERATION ARE
INTERDEPENDENT
 Intelligence provides valuable inputs for
effectiveness of police operation on the other hand
operation likewise is needed for continuity of
intelligence activities.
 Operation and intelligence planners work hand and
hand to attain greater degree of success in their
common effort.
B. INTELLIGENCE IS CONTINUOUS
 The basic principle of intelligence operations is that
intelligence activities follow a simple cycle, which is
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 continuous at the same time that new information is
being collected in response to direction, other
information is being processed and intelligence is
being used.
C. INTELLIGENCE MUST BE USEFUL
 It must serve the commander’s need and
requirements so that effort will not be wasted.
 It should have an application and significance to
the operation.
D. INTELLIGENCE MUST BE AVAILABLE ON TIME
 Intelligence must be communicated to the decision
maker at the appropriate time to permit its most
effective use.
 It must reach the user in time to serve as basis for
appropriate action. Intel data must be disseminated
on time because late arrival is as good as useless.
E. INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS REQUIRES
IMAGINATION AND FORESIGHT
 The success of objective is paramount importance.
Intelligence personnel are reminded to refrain from
utilizing criminal elements in Intel operation.
 They must use their resourcefulness to obtain more
than what is normally.
F. INTELLIGENCE MUST BE FLEXIBLE
 Intelligence Operations must be changeable
according to the present situation, condition and
other factors, Intelligence Operations are based on
reason and sound judgment.
 Procedures which do not readily adapt to a given
situation are generally discarded.
G. INTELLIGENCE REQUIRES CONTINUOUS
SECURITY MEASURES
 Deny unauthorized personal information about
operation and intelligence product, its source and
organization itself.
 In the handling of classified materials there
should be a working balance between secrecy
and operational convenience
V. CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
A. NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE- integrated product of
intelligence developed by all government departments
concerning the broad aspect of national policy and
national security.
 National Policy – specific courses of action to
achieve the national objectives.
 National Security – this relate to the protection and
preservation of military, economic and a productive
strength of a country including the security of the
government and domestics and foreign affairs against
espionage, sabotage and subversion.
B. DEPARTMENT INTELLIGENCE – the intelligence
required by department or agencies of the government to
execute its mission and discharge its responsibilities.
C. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE – refers to the knowledge
by the military institution essential in the preparation and
execution of military plans, policies and programs.
VI. INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
PLANNING
DISSEMINATION MISSION COLLECTION
PROCCESSING
Planning and Supervision of the Collection Effort
 The intelligence officer must have a thorough
knowledge of the available sources of information,
the collecting agencies and type of information the
latter can provide.
 He must understand the operations of the
command in order to provide the particular
intelligence required for success.
 He must have a thorough knowledge of the tactics,
organizations and characteristics of the enemy.
 He must be especially competent in the fields of
surveillance, reconnaissance, counter-
reconnaissance, and acquisition of operations.
A. PLANNING AND DIRECTING THE COLLECTION
EFFORTS
1. Determination of Requirements
 Enemy capabilities, including time, place, strength,
or other details
 Enemy vulnerabilities, including nature, extent,
performance and other details
 Enemy order of battle and factors
 Terrain, including natural and artificial obstacles
 Weather
 Information desired by higher, lower or adjacent
headquarters
2. Determination of the Priority Intelligence
Requirement {PIR formerly Essential Elements of
Information (EEI)}
 Is an item of intelligence or information of
characteristics of the area of operations and the
enemy, which the commander feels he needs
before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
3. Establishment of Priorities
 Priorities reflect the criticality of the need for the
particular information. No formula exists which can
automatically determine priorities. Such
determination is a matter of judgment.
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B. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION
To successfully plan and perform the collection effort, the
intelligence officer must have thorough knowledge of the
available sources of information and collecting agencies
and the type of information they can provide and consider
the following:
 Determine collecting agency
 Send orders or request
 Supervise collection efforts
 Use tools or technique in collection
 Ensure timely collection
FACTORS IN CHOOSING COLLECTION AGENTS
 Capability – agents placement or access to other
target
 Multiplicity – more agents
 Balance – number of agents needed in operation
 Suitability – consistent with primary mission
C. PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION
Five steps in processing collected information which is
then converted into Intelligence
1. Recording – is the reduction of information into
writing or some other form of graphical representation
and the arranging of this information into groups
related items.
COMMON MEANS OF RECORDING
 Journal
 Permanent chronological record of reports &
messages that have been received & transmitted
 Action taken in response, usually 24 hours
 Journal entries should reflect
1. An accurate and concise statement of the message,
report, or event
2. A notation as to the sender or individual making the
reports, to include specific unit position
3. The time of receipt or dispatch and method of
transmission
 Intelligence Situation Map
 A temporary graphic display of the current
dispositions and major activities of the enemy
 Information of the friendly forces on this map is
usually limited to boundaries
 Location of command posts of higher, lower and
adjacent units; and forward edge of the battle area
 The latest time at which an activity was observed or
the disposition confirmed should be indicated when
plotting enemy activities and dispositions
 The intelligence Officer keeps the situation map or
overlay as simple as possible
 He should use authorized conventional or standard
signs, symbols and abbreviations
 Some of the primary intelligence uses of the
situation map are the following:
 To display the enemy disposition and situation
 To provide a basis for comparison in order to
determine the significance of newly received data
pertaining to the enemy
 To provide a background basis for briefings and
other required intelligence reports
 To provide the basis for overlays which graphically
portray the enemy situation
 To assist in the determination of the patterns of
movement of guerilla insurgent forces
 To focus attention on possible intelligence gaps
which require redirection of the collection effort
 Intelligence Workbook or Worksheet
 Systematic arrangement by subject heading which
aids in the sorting, evaluation and interpretation of
information and in the preparation of intelligence
reports
 It can be maintained depending on the
requirements of the unit
 Intelligence Files
 It necessary to permit ready access to all available
information and not just the current ones
 These are usually special file that may be kept by
the unit
2. Evaluation
 Determination of the pertinence of the
information to the operation, reliability of the
source of or agency and the accuracy of the
information.
 Process by which the intelligence officer makes
decisions about the information contained in a
report
Evaluation to Determine:
a) Pertinence
The question of pertinence is one of the first
questions that must be answered
1. Is this information about any of the requirements that
I have? Does it pertain to any of the problems that I
must solve?
2. Is this information needed immediately? If so, who
needs it?
3. Is this information of present or future value? If so, to
whom?
b) Reliability – judging the source of information or
agency
c) Accuracy – truth of information
Is it possible for the reported fact or event to
have taken place?
 Is the report consistent within itself?
 Is the report confirmed or corroborated by
information from different sources or agencies.
 If the report does not agree with information from
other sources which one is more likely to be true
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EVALUATION GUIDE FOR COLECTED INFORMATION VII. POLICE INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
Reliability of Accuracy of POLICE INTELLIGENCE – The end product resulting
Information Information Source of the from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
CODE: CODE: Information interpretation of all available information regarding the
CUFNUR CProPoDIT activities of criminals and other law violators for the
A 1 T – Direct Observation purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and
Completely Confirmed By by a commander or forestalling plan to commit crimes.
Reliable Other Sources Unit
B 2 U – Report by a A. CATEGORIES OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE
Usually Probably penetration or resident 1. STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE – knowledge pertaining
Reliable True agent to the capabilities and vulnerabilities of a foreign nation,
C 3 V – Report by an AFP which is required by the National Planners for the
Fairly Possibly trooper or PNP formulation of an adequate National Defense in peace
Reliable True personnel in operation and forms the basis for, projected. This is intelligence
D 4 W – Interrogation of a information which is not immediate operational but rather
Not Usually Doubtfully captured enemy or long range.
Reliable True agent
E 5 X – Observation by a Components of Strategic Intelligence
Unreliable Improbable government or civilian  Political Intelligence – deals with Domestic and
employee or official Foreign affairs and relation of government operations;
F 6 Y – Observation by a  Basic Principles of the Government
Reliability Truth Cannot member of populace  Government Structures
Cannot Be Be Judged  Public Order and Safety
Z - Documentary  Subversion
Judged
 Intelligence and Security Organization
NOTE: You should LEARN BY HEART this Evaluation  Economic Intelligence – deals with the extent and
Guide utilization of Natural and Human resources to the
industrial potential of the Nations
3. Analysis – This is the stage in which the collected  Transportation and Telecommunication
information is subjected to review in order to satisfy Intelligence – concerned with the operations and
significant facts and derive conclusion there from. facilities not only the Military but also the Civilians.
 Sociological Intelligence – deals with the
4. Integration – The combination of the elements demographic and psychological aspects of groups of
isolated analysis with other known information related to people.
the operation.  Population and Manpower
 Characteristics of the People
5. Interpretation  Public Opinion – attitudes of the majority of
the people towards matters of public policy.
 Process of determining the significance of new  Education – based on literacy rate
information in the possible alternatives.  Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual
 The interpreter determines the significance of the
personalities who have actual possession of power
information as to the meaning of the interpreted
 Armed Forces Intelligence – deals with the armed
information.
forces of the Nation.
 Position of the Armed Forces – constitutional
D. Dissemination
and legal basis of its creation and actual role.
 Processed information or intelligence data are
 Organization and structure and territorial
disseminated to end users. disposition
 Common methods of disseminating Intel data are
 Military Manpower Recruitment
conferences, briefing and person to person
 Order of Battle- arrangement of military troops
exchanges.
for battle.
 Those in charge of the entire intelligence operation  Geographical Intelligence – deals with the natural as
must make it a point that intelligence gets into the
well as manmade features of the physical environment
hands of those who commissioned it and those who
of man considered from the point in view of military
needs it (whether they know that they need it or not)
operations.
 Using the intelligence, policy-makers come to
 Location – military and economic importance
decisions, decisions that may well carry with them the
 Size – measurement of which a nation can
need for more intelligence (and their trigger the
exchange space or time during war.
intelligence cycle again)
 Shape
 “Intelligence does no good at all if it simply
 Weather and Climate
languishes on an analyst's desk or in dust-
 Scientific Intelligence – deals with the progress of
collecting files”
the research and development as it affects the
 In this process, consider the factors of timeliness,
economic and military potential of a nation.
correctness and security.
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2. COUNTER - INTELLIGENCE – phase of intelligence
covering the activity devoted in destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and the
protection of information against espionage, subversion
and sabotage. It also includes protection the organization
itself.
a. Types of Counter-Intelligence
 Passive CI Measures – protection of classified
and sensitive information to the unauthorized
through secrecy, communication security, and
other various safeguards.
 Active CI Measures – are those measures,
which seek actively to block the enemies’ effort to
gain information or engage in espionage,
subversion, and sabotage.
b. Concept of Counter - Intelligence
 Detection – knowing the clandestine operation of
the enemy.
 Prevention – Application of CI measures to avoid
enemy activities.
 Neutralization – It is the containment of enemy
activities.
c. Objectives and importance of counter-intelligence
 It Denies information to the enemy
 It Reduces the risk of a command
 Aids in achieving surprises
 Increases the security of the command
 Decreases the enemy ability to create
information about the forces.
d. Activities and Function of Counter-Intelligence
 Protection of information against espionage
 Protection of personnel against subversion
 Protection of installations and materials against
sabotage
e. Categories of Counter-Intelligence operation
 Military Security – it encompasses the
measures taken by a command to protect itself
against espionage, enemy operation, sabotage,
subversion or surprise.
 Port boundary and Travel Security – has to do
with the application of both military and civil
security measures for counterintelligence control
at point of entry and departure, international
borders and boundaries.
 Civil Security – it encompasses active and
passive counterintelligence measures affecting
the non-military nationals permanently or
temporarily residing in an area under military
jurisdiction.
 Special Operations – counter subversion,
sabotage and espionage.
3. LINE OR TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE – it is the
intelligence information which directly contributes to the
accomplishment of specific objectives and immediate in
nature, necessary for more effective police planning and
operation.
INTEL INFORMATION TO BE DETERMINED IN LINE
INTELLIGENCE (PWET)
 People – Living Condition of the people, sources of
income, education of the people, government
livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to the
people.
 Weather – Visibility, Cloudy, Temperature,
Precipitation, Tactical capability, Enemy Vulnerability.
 Enemy – Location of the enemy, Strength of the
enemy, Disposition, Tactical Capability, Enemy
Vulnerability
 Terrain – relief and drainage system, vegetation,
surface material, Man – Made features.
B. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE
INTELLIGENCE
 Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) – refers to the
knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes and
the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal
offenders.
 Internal Security Intelligence (INSINT) – refers to
the knowledge essential to the maintenance of
peace and order.
 Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT) – refers to the
knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives
and properties.
VIII. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF COLLECTING
INFORMATION
Information – All evaluated materials of every
description including those derived from observation,
reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which
intelligence is produced.
TYPES OF AGENT USED IN COLLECTING OF
INFORMATION
 Agent of Influence- Agent who uses authority to
gain information
 Agent in Place- Agent who has been recruited
within a highly sensitive target
 Penetration Agent- Agent who have reached to
the enemy, gather information and able to get back
without being caught.
 Expendable Agent- Agent who leaks false
information to the enemy.
 Double Agent- An enemy agent, who has been
taken into custody, turned around and sent back
where he came from as an agent of his captors.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION
A. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are
coming from open sources or obtained from Overt
Operation.
Overt Operation – also known as Open Operation,
method of collecting information openly regardless the
subject is aware that we are collecting information,
commonly is by use of clipping.
 Enemy Activities
 Captured Documents
 Map
 Weather Forecast, Studies, Reports
 Agencies
B. Close Sources – Only 1% of information are obtained
from clandestine operation.
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Covert Operation – also known as Clandestine
Operation or Close Operation, method of collecting
information secretly or by using a cover without the
knowledge of the subject.
ELEMENTS OF COVERT OPERATION
1. Sponsor – directs the organization conducting the
clandestine activity.
2. Target – Person, place or things against which the
clandestine activity is to be conducted.
3. Agent – It refers to a person who conducts the
clandestine Operations to include Principal Agents,
Action Agents, and Support Agents.
 Principal Agent – Leader or management Agent in
clandestine operation usually undertaken by the case
officer.
 Action Agent – The who one who conducts the
clandestine Operation that includes:
 Espionage Agent – Agent who clandestinely procure
or collect information.
 Propagandist – Agents who molds the attitudes,
opinions, and actions of an individual group or nation.
 Saboteur – Agents who undertakes positive actions
against an unfriendly power, resulting in the loss of
use temporarily or permanently of an article or others.
 Guerilla – Agent who is a member of paramilitary
group organized to harass the enemy in a hot war
situation.
 Strong Arm – Agent who is made to provide special
protection during dangerous phase of clandestine
operations.
 Provocateur – Agent who induces an opponent to
act to his own detriment by discrediting himself or by
revealing his true purpose or identity.
 Support Agent – Agent who is engaged in activities
which supports the clandestine operations and or the
action agent in his operations that includes the
following:
 Surveillant – Agent who observes persons and
places of operations of interest.
 Investigator – Agent who undertake to procure
information or things of clandestine operation.
 Procurer of Funds – Agent who obtain money when
needed for operational use.
 Safe house Keeper – Agents who manages and
maintains a safe house for clandestine operations
like meetings, safe heavens, training, briefing, and
debriefing.
 Communication Agent – Agent who is detailed as
securing of clandestine communications.
KINDS OF COVERT OPERATION
1. SURVEILLANCE – is the covert, discreet observation
of people and places for the purpose of obtaining
information concerning the identities or activities of
subjects.
OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
 To identify persons involved in certain activities
 To secure basis for securing search warrant
 To obtain detailed information about the nature,
scope of subjects activities
 To check on source of information
 To develop leads to vital information
 To confirm or deny allegations
 To provide protection
TERMS TO PONDER IN SURVEILLANCE
 Surveillant – is the plainclothes investigator assigned
to make the observation.
 Subject – is who or what is observed. It can be a
person, place, property, and vehicle, group of people,
organization or object.
 Area Target Study – refers to area of operation of
surveillance activities
 Log – chronological records of activities that took
place in the establishment under surveillance.
 Safe house- Refers to a place where agents meet
each other for purposes of de-briefing and reporting.
 Live Drop- Refers to a place where agents or
informants leave their messages to the other Agents.
 Decoy- A person or object used by the subject in
attempt to elude Surveillant
 Convoy- An associate of the subject who follows him
to detect surveillance.
 Contact - Any person whom the subjects picks or
deals with while he is under observation and identifies
the observer
 Made – when subject under surveillance becomes
aware that he is under observation and identifies the
observer also known as “ Burnt out”
 Lost – when the surveillant does not know the
whereabouts of his subject or the subject had eluded
the surveillance.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
A. ACCORDING TO METHODS
 Stationary Surveillance – also referred to as Fixed
and Stakeout Surveillance – is used when you know
or suspect that a person is at or will come to a
known location when you suspect that stolen goods
are to be dropped or when informants have told you
that a crime is going to be committed.
 Technical Surveillance – by the use of
communications and electronics gadgets, system and
equipment.
 Moving Surveillance or Shadowing or tailing –
simply the act of following a person.
B. ACCORDING TO INTENSITY AND SENSITIVITY
 Loose tail – employed where a general impression
of the subject’s habits and associates is required.
Employed also when the subject is a material witness
and must be protected from harm or other
undesirable influences.
 Close tail – extreme precautions are taken against
losing the subject is employed where constant
surveillance is necessary.
 Rough Shadowing – employed without special
precautions, the subject maybe aware of the
surveillance.
Page 10 of 16
Methods of shadowing
 One man – Extremely difficult and should be
avoided, if unavoidable keep subject in view at all
times.
 Two man – two agents are employed to follow the
subject
 ABC method – reduces the risk of losing the subject,
affords greater security agents detection
 Progressive/ Leap from method – poor chances of
obtaining good results, agents are stations at a fixed
point assuming that subject followed the same
general route each day.
 Combined foot-auto surveillance – employment of
surveillant on foot and agents in an automobile.
WHAT ARE THE THINGS SHOULD BE AVOIDED IN
SURVEILLANCE
 Don’t meet the eye of the subject
 Don’t adopt a slinking, sleuthing, creeping
manner
 Don’t wear story book disguises
 Don’t carry noticeable items
 Don’t greet fellow agents
 Don’t make entries in your notebook in public
place
 Don’t Spent money to much
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS AND APPEARANCE
 Always be alert
 Be a good talker
 Be resourceful
 Average size, built and general appearance
 Have no peculiarities in appearance
 Should have perseverance and able to wait for
hours
2. CASING – It is the careful inspection of a place or
building to determine its suitability for a particular
operational purpose. It is also known as the
RECONNAISSANCE or RECCE in Military term.
PRINCIPLES IN CASING
 Know the best route to get there
 Know how to conduct yourself without attracting
attention
 Know what security hazards are in the area and
how can they avoid or minimize.
 Know the best route to extricate from the area.
TYPES OF CASING
 External – close observation and clear description of
an area, building or installation, particularly its
location, approaches and exits and its immediate
vicinity.
 Internal – close observation and clear description of
the layout of a building, an office or a room etc.
METHODS OF CASING
 Personal Reconnaissance – most effective method
and will produced the most info since you know what
you’re looking for.
 Map Reconnaissance – it may not sufficient but it can
produce a certain amount of usable information
 Research – more information can be acquired best
used with other methods.
 Prior Information – those records in your file unit that
may provide valuable information.
 Hearsay – Information usually gain by the person
operating in the area and performing casing job.
BASIC PROCEDURES IN THE CONDUCT OF CASING
 Preparation of general location map
 Sketch of the adjoining establishment and prominent
features
 Specific sketch or floor plan of main target
 Detailed features of inner portion of target and its
description
 Photograph of the casing target (general to specific)
3. ELICITATION – The process of extracting information
from a person believes to be in possession of vital
information without his knowledge or suspicion.
TRAITS ON WHICH ELICITATION IS BASED
 It is a natural tendency for people to talk about
matters that may or may not concern him directly.
People also have a desire to correct the mistakes
of others and to express curiosity in things they are
not totally familiar with. Another tendency is the
desire to gossip.
 There is a general inability to keep secrets.
 There is a need to be recognized, particularly the
lonely, neglected, vain, and those with feelings of
inferiority.
 There is tendency to underestimate the importance
of the information imparted.
 There are habits derived from certain occupations
of advising, teaching, correcting, substantiating and
challenging.
 There is a tendency to be indiscrete when not in
control of one’s emotions.
 There is a tendency for professionals to share
confidence or show off expertise to another of
his/her profession.
TWO DEVICES IN THE CONDUCT OF ELICITATION
APPROACH
It is the process of setting people to start talking, or to
shift the direction of an existing conversation.
TYPES OF APPROACH
A. Flattery – people are susceptible to praise so use
these weaknesses as a way of approaching the subject
for elicitation.
 Teacher–Pupil Approach – the subject is
treated as an authority than solicits his view point
and opinion on a subject matter.
 Good Samaritan Approach – is the sincere and
valid offers of help and assistance are made to
the subject
 Kindred Soul Approach – The subject is placed
in a pedestal having some specialized quality
then flatter him by showing enough concern for
Page 11 of 16
 his welfare to pay special attention to his
employment.
 Partial disagreement Approach – Seek to
produce talking by the word “I’m sure if I fully
agree”.
B. Provocative Approach – this are designed to induce
the source to defend a position, or correct a wrong
impression.
 Teaser Bait Approach – The elicitor
accumulates sources of knowledge about a
particular subject to tempt the subject to give his
views.
 Manhattan from Missouri Approach – The
elicitor adopts an unbelievable attitude above
anything, he questions all the statements and
propositions.
 Joe Blow Approach – Is “I” know the answer to
everything approach, the elicitor adopts the
attitude of being approachable to any field.
 National Pride Approach – Nature propensity of
all persons to defend their country and its
policies.
PROBES
A probe is an attempt to obtain more information after the
subject gives a vague, incomplete general response. A
probe is used with an approach in order to sustain a
conversation.
 Completion – By inserting bits of factual
information on a particular topic, the source may
be influenced to confirm and further expand on
the topic.
 Clarity – A request for additional information
where the source’s response is unclear. For
example, “I agree, but what do you mean
by…….?”
 Hypothetical – Can be associated with a thought
or idea expressed by the source. Many people
who might not make a comment concerning an
actual event may express an opinion on a
hypothetical situation.
 High Pressure Probe – it serves to pin down a
subject in a specific area or it may be used to
point out contradictions in what the subject has
said
Guidelines in Conducting Elicitation:
 Begin with a topic of mutual interest.
 LISTEN to the source and be PATIENT
 Gradually steer the topics to the areas of interest.
 Use approaches and probes when the opportunity
arises.
 Exploit the topic until it begins to deteriorate.
 Switch to an innocent subject before departing or
terminating the interview.
 Leave an opening for future access.
 Record information when security considerations
allow. Do not take notes in the presence of the
source. Try to remember all the pertinent information
discussed.
4. Employment of Technical Means
 Bugging – The use of an equipment or tool to listen
and record discreetly conversations of other people.
 Wire Tapping - A method of collecting information
thru interception of telephone conversation.
5. Tactical Interrogation – The need for obtaining
information of the highest degree of credibility taken on
the minimum of time can be through interrogation which
varies and dependent entirely on the situation.
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUE
TERMS TO PONDER
 Interrogator – person who does the questioning
 Source – a person who for any reason submits
information of intelligence interest usually on a
voluntary basis
 Suspect – a person who for any reason believed to
be associated with prohibited activity
 Witness – any person who has direct knowledge of
facts concerning an event or activity
 Interrogee – any person who is subjected to the
interrogation process in any of its forms and phases
 Interrogation report – an oral or written statement of
information by the questioning of in interrogee
PHASES OF INTERROGATION
 Planning and Preparation
 Approach (Meeting the Interrogee)
 Questioning
 Termination
 Recording
 Reporting
6. Observation and Description (ODEX)
 Observation – a complete and accurate
observation by an individual of his surroundings
and encompasses the use of all the major sense
to register and recognized its operational or Intel
significance.
 Description – the actual and factual reporting of
one’s observation of he reported sensory
experience recounted by another.
Psychologist estimate that approximately
 85% of your knowledge is gathered through sight
 13% of your hearing
 2% of your other three senses
IX. COVER AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS
 Undercover Operations- also referred to as
“Roping” Undercover is disguising one's own
identity or using an assumed identity for the
purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or
organization to learn secret information or to gain
the trust of targeted individuals in order to gain
information or evidence.
 Cover – It refers to the changing, forging or
falsifying agent’s real personality including but not
limited to things, location, job, and others that will
be used in undercover assignment.
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  Cover Story – A biographical data through fictional
that will portray the personality of the agent he
assumed, a scenario to cover the operation.
 Cover Support – An agent assigned in target
areas with the primary mission of supporting the
cover story.
IMPORTANCE OF COVER
 Secrecy of Operation against enemy intelligence
 Secrecy of Operation against friendly agencies who do
not have the need to know
 Successful Accomplishment of the mission
TYPES OF COVER
 Artificial – altering the background that will
correspond to the operation
 Multiple – Includes different cover
 Natural – Actual or True Background.
ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
 An account consisting of biographical data which
when adopted by individual will assume the
personality he want to adopt.
OBJECTIVES OF ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
1. To camouflage and protect operational personnel and
their activities.
2. Protect installation in which clandestine activities are
based.
GUIDELINES TO ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
 Organizational cover must appear to produce
something.
 Should device that not all personnel will work together
at the same time.
 Cover should be devoted to mission.
 Start with small organizational cover and provide room
for expansion as it continue to grow.
GUIDELINES WHEN COVER AND
ORGANIZATIONAL COVER IS COMPROMISED
In case cover is compromised, the following must be
observed:
 move-out immediately
 start new facility for operations and develop it
 build entirely new cover
 use circuitous route and provide careful counter-
surveillance
 Be patient, build slowly and carefully.
If organizational cover is compromised, the following
are the things to be considered
 make a physical move or re-location
 start new facility for old operation and let it grow
 use new personnel
 let old personnel remain in place
 Build entirely new cover identity.
HAZARDS OF UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS
 Reintegration back into normal duty – Agents work
their own hours, they are removed from direct
supervisory monitoring and they can ignore the dress
and etiquette rules. So the resettling back into the
normal police role requires the coming off of old
habits, language and dress. After working such free
lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or
exhibit neurotic responses.
 Maintenance of identity – Living a double life in a
new environment presents many problems.
Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs an
agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress
identified is the separation of an agent from friends,
family and their normal environment. This simple
isolation can lead to depression and anxiety.
PLANNING UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT
 Determine the level of which investigation is
intended.
 Developing appropriate cover story and cover
 Selection of qualified personnel.
 Considerations of all undercover operations details
to include documentation
 Briefing, coaching, and rehearsing.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATION OF UNDERCOVER AGENT
1. Thorough knowledge of the area, the people and
customs were agent will operate
2. Preferably single and unmarried
3. Thorough knowledge of the language or dialect
spoken in the area of operation.
USES AND TYPES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT
 Residential/Dwelling Assignment- It is related to the
neighborhood of the subject, where the agent will live
as a new resident without making any suspicion. His
mission is to make friends within its neighborhood and
gather information regarding the subject and possibly
getting closer to the subject
 Social Assignment- The agent will gain access to the
subject by going to the different hang out places of the
subject and gather information like knowing how to
drink socially without getting drunk.
 Work Assignment- The agent will be employed
where the subject work to acquire information. The
agent must know his work and focus his mind set and
habit to his work assignment or getting employed
where the investigator can observe the activities of the
subject at his place of work.
 Subversive Organization- This is the most
dangerous of all the undercover assignment; the agent
will join the organization of the subject itself he must
know the ideologies of the group and the actions while
inside should conform to the organization to avoid any
suspicion.
 Personal Contact Assignment – the investigator
required to develop the friendship and trust of the
subject.
 Multiple Assignment – The investigator is tasked to
cover two (2) or more of the above specific
assignments simultaneously, it can produce extensive
information with minimum expenses but more prone to
compromise.
Page 13 of 16
OPERATIONAL SECURITY GUIDELINES ON
UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENTS
1. The agent’s appearance must be inconspicuous
2. The SUBJECT should cultivate the AGENT, rather
than the reverse
3. Analyze SUBJECT and appeal to his ego, vanity
and interest
4. Obtain SUBJECT’S confidence (Rapport)
5. Play along with the SUBJECT’S plan
6. Don’t be impatient, over-anxious or too eager
7. Don’t displayed more interest in statements or
actions of the SUBJECT and of the SUBJECT’S
associates than is compatible with the cover story.
8. Don’t betray knowledge of the SUBJECT’S
background which was gained from the preliminary
investigation or files.
9. Don’t get involved with SUBJECT’S girlfriend.
10. Don’t let any relations with SUBJECT incur enmity,
envy or jealousy of the SUBJECT’S associates.
11. Don’t become unnecessarily friendly with women
12. Don’t overact the cover story.
13. Don’t reveal more cover story details than
necessary.
14. Don’t carry weapons unless told to do so
15. Don’t make unexplainable trips or phone calls
16. Don’t maintain contact with personal friends or
relatives
17. Don’t display money more than the amount
provided for by the cover story
18. Don’t reveal the true identity unless is a part of
preconceived plan
19. Don’t drink intoxicating beverages if it can be
avoided.
20. Don’t assume the “big shot” attitude. An
outstanding characteristic will bring the AGENT
under scrutiny.
21. Beware of entrapment
REMEMBER: THE COMPROMISE OF YOUR TRUE
IDENTITY COULD ENDANGER YOUR LIFE OR
COMPROMISE THE MISSION.
XI. INFORMERS AND INFORMANTS
A. Informants – Any person who hand over information
to the agents which is relevant to the subject. The
informant may openly give the information clandestinely
and choose to remain anonymous.
Informant Net – It refers to a controlled group of people
who worked through the direction of the agent handler.
PURPOSES OF INFORMANTS IN INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONS
 Gain access to areas and targets inaccessible to
intelligence.
 Provide anonymity to investigation and operation.
 Increase the scope of area and target coverage.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS
 Anonymous – Unidentified or unknown informants
 False Informant – reveals information of no
consequences, value or stuff connected within thin air.
 Frightened Informants – weakest link in criminal
chain, motivated by anxiety.
 Self-Aggrandizing – moves around the center of
criminals delight in surprising the police about bits of
information.
 Mercenary – Information for sale needed something
for exchange of information.
 Double-Crosser – He wants to get more information
from the police more than he gives.
 Women – Most dangerous
 Legitimate – operators of business desire to give
information for legitimate reasons.
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS
 Vanity – conceited act/character of the criminal
resulting to self - betrayal or tantamount to guilt,
gaining favorable attention and importance by the
police.
 Civic-mindedness – sense of duty and obligation to
assist the police.
 Fear – A person under an illusion of oppression by
enemies or of other impending danger.
 Repentance – One who has a change of heart and
wishes to report a crime that is preying on his
conscience.
 Gratitude or gain – An expression of appreciation to
obtain a privilege or an interest in the welfare of his
family during his detention.
 Revenge – To settle a grudge due to settle a previous
injury
 Jealousy – envious of the accomplishments or
possessions of another and wishes to humiliate him.
 Remuneration – a person who informs solely for the
pecuniary or other material gain he is to receive.
STEPS IN RECRUTMENT OF INFORMANT
 Selection – to identify and recruit an informant who
has access to several subversive organizations,
Access is the valuable factor in recruiting the potential
informant.
 Investigation – It must establish possible existing
motives as to this person might assist the officer, if
necessary conduct a Complete Background
investigation to the possible informant.
 Approach – it must be done in a place conducive to
the possible informant, avoid places which might have
any probability of compromise, approach must be
done in a foreign territory.
 Testing – It must commence with limited assignment,
with a gradual integration into more important mission.
TREATMENT OF INFORMANT
 Avoid using derogatory terms in referring to informants
 Avoid disclosing the real identity of the informant
 Protect the interest of the informant and consider all
the information from known to unknown
 Consider all information from known to unknown
information as valuable until proven otherwise.
 Express appreciation for all information received
regardless of its value
 Keep appointment on time even though informant may
not
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 Don’t get over anxious, be patient and take your time
 Don’t become an informant’s informant.
 Informers – refers to any person who provides
information to the agents in a regular basis regarding
to the subject they are either paid regularly or in base-
to-case basis.
XII. CRYPTOGRAPHY: CODES AND CIPHERS
CRYPTOGRAPHY
 It was derived from the Greek work “Kryptos” which
means “secret” and “graphos” which means “writing”.
 It is defined as an art and science of codes and
ciphers.
 This is done through the use of “Speech Inverter”
whereby essential speech frequencies are divide into
several ranges by filters then inverted to produce it
scrambled speech when intercepted.
TERMS TO PONDER
 Cryptanalysis – This is the process of converting
cryptograms into plain text without the key from a code
book.
 Crypto Analyst – Refers to those persons who break
intercepted codes.
 Cryptographer – It refers to a person who is highly
skilled in converting message from clear to
unintelligible forms by use of codes and cipher.
 Coding – It is the changing of message from plain
clear text to unintelligible form also known as
“Encrypting”.
 Decoding – Transforming of coded message into
plain text also known as “Decrypting”.
 Plain text – also known as clear text, it is the original
communication to be scrambled or enciphered.
 Cryptogram – also known as ciphertext, the product
of the enciphering process.
TYPES OF CRPTOGRAPHY
 Codes – it rely on code books, substitution of coded
message to the code books.
 Stenography – It is a method of hiding the existence
of a message using tools.
 Ciphers – it include both computer generated ciphers
and those created by encryption method
 ROT1 – each letter of the alphabet is replaced with the
following letter, so A is replaced with B, B is replaced
with C, and so on. “ROT1” literally means “rotate 1
letter forward through the alphabet.”
 Transposition – the letters are rearranged according
to some predetermined rule or key.
 Morse Code – Morse code is not a code but a cipher.
Each letter of the alphabet, the digits 0-9, and certain
punctuation symbols, is replaced by a sequence of
short and long beeps, often called “dots and dashes.”
A becomes “•-”, B becomes “-•••” and so on.
COMPLICATIONS OF CRPYTOGRAPHY
 They are easy to decipher once they discovered the
codes
 They are usually impossible to read without the key
code book
 It includes computerized encryption to protect
transmissions of data and messages
 Difficulty of printing and distributing codebooks under
conditions of absolute secrecy
PRINCIPLES OF CRPYTOGRAPHY
 The system should be, if not theoretically unbreakable,
unbreakable in practice.
 The design of a system should not require secrecy
and compromise of the system should not
inconvenience the correspondents.
 The key should be memorable without notes and
should be easily changeable
 The cryptograms should be transmittable by telegraph
 The apparatus or documents should be portable and
operable by a single person
 The system should be easy, neither requiring
knowledge of a long list of rules nor involving mental
strain.
XIII. SECURITY MEASURES & OPERATIONS IN
RELATION TO INTELLIGENCE
A. Physical Security – The broadest type of security that
is concerned with the physical measures designed to
safeguard personnel and prevent unauthorized access to
equipment, facilities, materials, documents, and to protect
them from espionage, sabotage, damage or theft
B. Communication Security – The protection resulting
from the application of various measures which prevent
or delay the enemy or unauthorized person in gaining
information through communication. This includes
transmission, cryptographic and physical security.
C. Document Security – Protection of documents,
classified matters and vital records from loss, access to
unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise
through proper storage and procedures.
 Classify – Assigning of Information or material to
one of the four security classification after
determining that such information requires security
as prescribed by PNP regulation 200-012.
 Reclassify – The act of changing the assigned
classification of a document or material.
 Declassify – The removal of the security
classification from classified document or material.
 Upgrading – The process of assigning higher
category of document or information according to
the degree of security needed
 Compartmentation – The granting of access to
classified document or information only to properly
cleared persons when such classified information is
required in the performance of their official duties,
and restricting it to specific physical confines when
feasible.
 Security Clearance – is the certification by a
responsible authority that the person describe is
cleared for access to classified matter at appropriate
level.
1. Interim Clearance – Effectivity Two (2) Years
2. Final Clearance – Effectivity Five (5) Years
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CATEGORIES OF CLASSIFIED MATTER (PNPR 200-
0121)
1. Top Secret (GREEN) – Top Secret documents calls
for the utmost degree of protection. Unauthorized
revelation of this materials and information would
cause extremely severe damage to the nation, politically,
economically, or militarily.
2. Secret (RED) - Unauthorized disclosure of this
documents or things may put at risk the nation
security, cause serious injury to the reputation of the
nation, the reproduction of which will be considerable cost
and labor, or significant delay
3. Confidential (BLUE) - Unauthorized revelation of
which may be injurious to the reputation of the
nation or governmental activity or would cause
administrative humiliation or unnecessary injury.
4. Restricted (BLACK) - This are information which
should not be published or communicated to anyone
except for official purposes, These records are daily files,
routine in nature even if lost or destroyed, will not affect
operation or administration.

D. Personnel Security – the sum total procedures

followed, inquiries conducted and criteria applied to
determine the work suitable to a particular applicant or
the retention or transfer of a particular employee.

Personnel Security Investigation – is an inquiry into the

character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals and
loyalty of an individual in order to determine a person’s
suitability for appointment access to classified matter.

TYPES OF PSI
 Local Agency Check – Refers to the investigation
of the records and files of agency in the area of
principal residence of the individual being
investigated.
 National Agency Check – It consists of LAC
supplemented by investigation of the records and
files of the following agencies: PNP, ISAFP, NBI,
CSC, Bureau of Immigration and Deportation and
other agency
 Background Investigation – a check made on an
individual usually seeking employment through
subjects records in the police files, educational
institutions, place of residence, and former
employers.

Complete Background Investigation – it is a type of BI

which is more comprehensive, that consist of detailed
information regarding the subject.

Partial Background Investigation – It is a type of BI but

limited only to some of the circumstances of his personal
life which are deemed pertinent to the investigation.

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