Why do juvenile

delinquents exist?
 1. Classical World View
➢ Pioneered by Cesare Becarria (1738-1794).
➢ This theory asserts that individuals have free will.
➢ People calculate the cost and benefits of their behavior before they
act.
➢ It focuses on the offense commited. Consequently, they advocated
harsh and immediate punishments so that offenders would be
“unwilling” to commit future crimes.
➢ For classists, reasons why offenders should be punished: Specific
and General deterrence, Incapacitation and Retribution.
 2. Positivist theory
➢ Believed that criminals were literally “born” NOT made—that the
primary cause of crime was biological.

➢ It also suggests that individual’s action is determined not by freewill

but by biological factors. It focuses on the criminals.

➢ This was basically made possible because of the contributions of

Cesare Lombroso, Raffaele Garofalo and Enrico Ferri.