Pneumograph

 The word “pneumon” comes from ancient Greek which means lungs
 The word “graphia” comes from Latin which means writing, drawing and description.
 Records the changes of breathing and respiration of the subject
Parts and Its Function
1. Rubber Convoluted tube
is ten (10) inches in length corrugated rubber attached to the chest and abdominal of the subject.
2. Beaded Chain
- used to lock the rubber convoluted tube.
3. Recording Pen Unit
consisting of two 5 inches recording pen ( for abdominal and chest)
4. Centering Knob
used to center the Pen
5. Sensitivity Knob
used to adjust the desired size of tracing.
6. Vent
used to release excess pressure from the system
7. Pneumo Module
located inside the instrument that receives the reaction detected by corrugated tube and moves the
pen to record the reaction on chart

Contributors to the development of Pneumograph

1. Vittorio Benussi- (1914)Noted the changes in inhalation and exhalation ratio occurring during
deception. He recorded the respiratory curves of the pneumography.
2. Harold Burtt- A scientist who, in 1918 determined that the respiratory changes were sign of
deception and concluded that systolic pressure changes are valuable in determining deception.
3. Étienne-Jules Marey- -The most popular construction was Marey's pneumograph, developed by
a French scientist and inventor. Murdoch's truthizer is based on the pneumograph, invented in
1883.

GALVANOGRAPH
- a component part of a polygraph machine
- is used to record the subjects skin resistance to a small amount of electricity.
- It is made up of electrodes attached to the finger of the left hand, or to the index and ring finger of the
left hand or to the palmar or dorsal surface of the left hand.

PARTS AND ITS FUNCTION

• FINGER ELECTRODES - assembly which has a finger electrode plate and retainer bond
attached to the left index and ring finger of the subject. And a connecting plug designed to fasten the
system to the polygraph machine.
• AMPLIFIER UNIT - which is made to support the galvanometer in converting electrical to
mechanical current
• RECORDING PEN UNIT - LONGEST PEN IN POLYGRAPH MACHINE
- Which is usually 7 inches in length

PERSONALITIES INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF GALVANOGRAPH

1. Gerome Sticker (1987)

- Is responsible in discovering the amazing possibility of Electrodermal response in discovering
emotions.
- He claimed that a person has no control as to their response.
- He is the inventor of the first lie detector using electrodermal responses
2. Veraguth (1907)
- in Switzerland also published in 1907 a similar study using the galvanometer in conjunction with
word-association tests. He noticed that personally emotive stimuli created larger fluctuations in the
galvanometer readings from electrodes on the skin than did neutral ones.
- Formulated the term psycho-galvanic skin reflex.
- He claimed that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of the sweat glands.
3. Richard O. Arthur (1966)
- director of the Baxter polygraph School in San Diego, In which they've used a clinical approach
to the polygraph.
- Developed an improvised polygraph machine with two galvanic skin resistance.
4. Luigi Galvani
- He is an Italian physiologist who was recorded the distinction for developing the Galvanic skin
reflex, (GSR) reflected emotional changes by measuring changes in person’s skin restricted to electricity.

ETIMOLOGY of GALVANOGRAPH
Galvanograph- "galvanic" means relating to or involving electric currents produced by chemical action
and "graphos’ means writing

KYMOGRAPH
 a cylindrical drum used to record muscular motion, changes in blood pressure, and other
physiological phenomena
 a motor that drives or pulls the chart paper under the recording pen at the rate of 6 to 12 inches
per minute.
 A kymograph (which means ‘wave writer’) is a device that geographically records changes in
position over time.
 Serves as paper feed mechanism of the polygraph machine
ETYMOLOGICAL TERM
GREEK WORD
KYMO - SWELL OR WAVE
GRAPHO/ GRAPHIEN - TO WRITE

COMPONENTS AND PARTS

1. SMOKEDRUM
 where the paper is placed and where the data is gathered
2. WRITING LEVER
 writes the magnified record of movement

3. DRUM SHAFT
 where the rotating drum is attached
4. CHART
 rolled graph paper composed of 12 divisions in 1 minute and designed to measure the rate of
various body functioning
5. PAPER RAILGUIDE
 serves as security for the unnecessary movement of the chart paper

Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig

(1816 – 1895)
 a Germanphysician and physiologist.
 Designed the world’s most advanced experimental laboratory, which has spawned eponyms.
  Invented the Kymograph in 1847, allowing graphical recording of physiological events.

Leonard Keeler
(1903-1949)
 the co-inventor of the polygraph
 An American Criminologist who invented the Kymograph Machine.
 He also devised a metal recording bellow, rolled chart paper and the method of question
formulation used in polygraph examination.

- The chart must travel at uniform speed to facilitate valid interpretations.

- Chart rolls are apporximately 100 ft. Holes spaced 1/2 inch apart.

- The paper is imprinted with horizontal lines at 1/4 inch interval twenty (20) divisions and vertical
lines at 1/10 inch interval with heavy lines at 1/2 inch divisions across the paper which represents
5 seconds of time.

CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH

*CARDIO - FROM ANCIENT GREEK “KARDIA” MEANS HEARTS

*Greek word 'sphygmos' meaning beating of the heart or the pulse
*GRAPH- LATIN WORD “GRAPHIA” MEANS WRITING,DRAWING,DESCRIPTION

PARTS AND ITS FUNCTION

1. Blood Pressure Cuff Assembly- attached to the right or left upper arm of the subject.
FUNCTION- TO STOP THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN YOUR ARTERY

2. Pump Blood Assembly - attached directly to the blodd pressure cuff.

FUNCTION- TO PUMP THE BLOOD

3. Sphygmomanometer - this unit is the basis of determining gauge of the air supplied to the arm cuff.
FUNTION- DETERMINE THE DIALOSTIC SYSTOLISTIC(YUNG TIBO NG PUSO)
4. Resonance control unit which is used for reducing or increasing the amount of air pressure to reach
the brass bellows (tambour) and thus reduce or increase the amplitude of pen excursions.

5. Centering control which is used to provide adjustment of the tracing so that the composite records
pattern would be on the guideline.

6. Vent which provides the means by which air in the system can be released.

7. Recording pen (5 inches long) which is used to record blood pressure pulse rate changes on the
chart paper by means of a five (5) inch recording pen

PIONEERS IN THE USE OF

CARDIOSPYMOGRAPH IN POLYGRAPHY

1. Cesare Lombroso – An Italian scientist who in 1885 used hydrospygmograph procedure and was
credited to be the pioneer who envisioned the idea of using scientific procedures to lie detection.
He is considered as the first person to use an instrument for the purpose of detecting deception.
2. Angelo Mosso – A pioneer who developed in 1895 a type of sphygmanometer and utilized a
scientific cradle and focus on the significance of fear as an indication of deception
3. Dr. William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) was born in Cliftondale, Massachusetts where he
received three degrees, an A.B. in 1915, an LL.B. in 1918 and a PH.D. in 1921.
- He was a physician, the developer the theory we use today for the DISC system and other
important devices, and the creator of the comic book character Wonder Woman.
- Marston was also the creator of the systolic blood pressure test, which lead to the creation
of the polygraph (lie detector).
-Because of his discovery, Marston was convinced that women were more honest and reliable
than men and could work faster and more accurately
4. John A. Larson- developed an instrument called as Cardio-Pneumo Psychogram that continually
and simultaneously measures blood pressure, pulse and respiration.
- He designed the first two recording channel polygraph in the history. The first mechanical
form of detecting deceptions because it does not only have a recording pen for
cardio,pneumo, & galvano but also it has the muscular movement pen for the arms and
thighs.
- Some of historians say that John Larson was the first to design polygraph instrument.
(This "first" polygraph instrument is now at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington
D.C.)