Polygraphy

The Science of Lie Detection

 Operational Terms
• POLYGRAPH – is an instrument for the
recording of changes in blood pressure; pulse
rate, respiration and skin resistance as
indication of emotional disturbances
especially of lying when questioned.
• The word was derived from the word POLY
means “many” and GRAPHS means “writing
chart”.
• POLYGRAPHY – it is the scientific method of
detecting deception, using a polygraph
machine.
• FEAR – is emotional response to specific
danger that appears to beyond a persons
defensive power.
• STIMULUS – is a force or motion reaching the
organism and excites the receptors.
• REACTION – it is an action in mental attitude
evokes by external influence.
• DECEPTION – is an act of deceiving or
misleading usually accompanied by lying.
• DETECTION – It is an act of discovery of
existence, presence of fact or something
hidden or obscure.
• LYING – the uttering or conveying of falsehood
or creating a false or misleading information
with the intention of affecting wrongfully the
acts and opinion of other.
• RESPONSE – is any activity or inhibition of the
previous activity of an organism resulting from
stimulation.
• SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is any deviation from
the normal tracing of the subject.
• NORMAL TRACING – is a tracing on the chart
wherein the subject answered in the
irrelevant question.
• POLYGRAPH EXAMINER – is one who conducts
and administer the test.
• CHART OR POLYGRAMS – refers to the
composite records of pneumograph,
Galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph
tracings recorded from series of questions.

• Subject – refers to the person being examined.

 Early Methods of detecting deception

• Trial by Ordeal
• Trial by Iron Hot Ordeal
• Ordeal by Balance
• Ordeal of Rice Chewing
• Donkey’s Tall Ordeal
 Polygraph
• The polygraph is used to test or question
individuals for the purpose of detecting
deception or verifying truth of
statements through a visual, permanent
and simultaneous recording of a person’s
cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as
a minimum instrumentation
requirement.
• A polygraph (commonly referred to as a lie detector)
is an instrument that measures and records several
physiological responses such as:
– blood pressure,
– pulse,
– respiration and
– skin conductivity

while the subject is asked and answers a series of

questions, on the basis that false answers will produce
distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures
physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous
system during questioning.
Within the U.S. federal government,
a polygraph examination is also
referred to as a
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL
DETECTION OF DECEPTION (PDD)
examination. Several other
technologies are also used in the
field of lie detection, but the
polygraph is the most famous.
 History

• The idea that lying produces physical side-effects has

long been claimed. In West Africa persons suspected
of a crime were made to pass a bird's egg to one
another. If a person broke the egg, then he or she
was considered guilty, based on the idea that their
nervousness was to blame. In ancient China the
suspect held a handful of rice in his or her mouth
during a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was
believed to cease at times of emotional anxiety, the
person was considered guilty if by the end of that
speech the rice was dry.
 1895
• Cesare Lombroso, an Italian scientist,
employed the first scientific instrument
to detect deception –
HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH, measured
changes in pulse and blood pressure
when suspects were questioned about
their involvement of a specific offense.
 1914
• VITTORIO BENUSSI successfully detected
deception with a PNEUMOGRAPH – an
instrument that graphically measures an
examinee’s inhalation and exhalation.
Benussi thus demonstrated that changes
in breathing patterns accompany
deception.
 1917
• Further research by WILLIAM
MARSTON in 1917 dealt with the
SPHYGMOMANOMETER, which
was used to obtain periodic
discontinuous blood pressure
readings during the course of an
examination.
 1920
• A device recording both blood-pressure and
galvanic skin response was invented in
1920 by Dr. John A. Larson of the
University of California and first applied in law
enforcement work by the Berkeley Police
Department under its nationally renowned
police chief August Vollmer
• . Further
work on this device was
done by Leonarde Keeler.[2] The
first time the term "polygraph"
was used was in 1906 by James
MacKenzie in his invention the
"ink polygraph," which was used
for medical reasons.
• Makenzie wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when
finishing his undergraduate studies. He entered Harvard Law
School and graduated in 1918, re-publishing his earlier work
in 1917.[3] According to their son, Marston's wife, Elizabeth
Holloway Marston, was also involved in the development of
the systolic blood-pressure test: "According to Marston’s son,
it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston’s wife, who suggested to
him that 'When she got mad or excited, her blood pressure
seemed to climb' (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not
listed as Marston’s collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte
(1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth’s
work on her husband’s deception research. She also appears
in a picture taken in his polygraph laboratory in the 1920s
(reproduced in Marston, 1938)."[4][5] The comic book
character, Wonder Woman by William Marston (and
influenced by Elizabeth Marston[6][7] ) carries a magic lasso
which was modelled upon the systolic blood-pressure
test.[8][6]
• Marston was the self proclaimed “father of
the polygraph” despite his predecessor's
contributions. Marston remained the device's
primary advocate, lobbying for its use in the
courts. In 1938 he published a book, The Lie
Detector Test, wherein he documented the
theory and use of the device.[9] In 1938 he
appeared in advertising by the Gillette
company claiming that the polygraph showed
Gillette razors were better than the
competition.[10][11][12]
 CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
• CESARE LOMBROSO – accorded as
the first person that utilizes
instrument in detecting deception.
–His basis in detecting deception is by
measuring the blood pressure and
pulse rate.
–This is known as
HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH
• ANGELO MOSSO – he stated that
FEAR influenced the heart and could
be use as a basis for detecting
deception. He uses sphygmanometer
and scientific radio to study fear
• DR. WILLIAM MARSTON – he
conducted numerous tests for detecting
deception and utilizes the change in
systolic pressure to determine deception.
• He also developed his own method of
reading systolic blood pressure.
• Self proclaim father of polygraph
• JOHN A. LARSON – the real “Father
of lie detection”.
• The present polygraph machine is
attributed to him. He is the en who
develop and study to record at the same
time the responses of the blood
pressure, pulse rate and respiration
 GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT

• STICKER – he introduced the method of

detecting deception from the galvanic
impression on the chart tracing.
• VERGUTH – he used the word
PSYCHOGALVANIC reflex. He believed that
electrical phenomena are due to the activity
of sweat glands, and such activity is known as
“psychogalvanic”.
 PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
• VITTORIO BENUSSI – he noted changes in
inhalation ratio during indications of
deceptions.
 LEONARD KEELER
• he device a metal recording bellows; rolled
chart paper.
• In 1949, he incorporated Galvanograph with
measurement of blood pressure and
respiration into a portable case.
 The four Major components
• PNEUMOGRAPH
• CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT
• GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
• KEYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
• Today, polygraph examiners use two
types of instrumentation:
➢analog
➢computerized

In the United States, most examiners now

use computerized instrumentation.
 An analog polygraph instrument
Most analog polygraphs are being replaced by digital
devices.
Today, most polygraph exams are administered with digital equipment
like this.
• The polygraph instrument has undergone a
dramatic change in the last decade. For many
years, polygraphs were those instruments that
you see in the movies with little needles
scribbling lines on a single strip of scrolling
paper. These are called analog polygraphs.
Today, most polygraph tests are administered
with digital equipment. The scrolling paper
has been replaced with sophisticated
algorithms and computer monitors.
• Modern scientific methods have been devised
utilizing knowledge of physiology, psychology,
pharmacology, toxicology, etc. in determining
whether a subject is telling the truth or not.
Although a scientific method of deception
detection have not yet attain legal recognition
to have their results admissible as an evidence
in court, they have been considered very
useful as aids in criminal investigation.
 Methods of deception detection
1. Devices which record the psycho-
physiological response.
2. Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor
3. Hypnotism
4. By observation
5. Scientific Interrogation
6. Confession
Recording the Psycho physiological
Response:
• The nervous control of the human body
includes the central nervous system (the
brain and the spinal cord) and the
autonomic or regulating nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic). The
central nervous system primarily controls
the motor and sensory functions that
occur at or above the threshold. It maybe
voluntary.
• The autonomic nervous system acts as a
self-regulating autonomic response of
the body.
• The autonomic nervous system is
composed of two complimentary
branches: the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nervous system, acting
opposite each other.
• The fibers of both enervate all organs
where self-regulation is essential
• When a person is under the influence of
physical (exertion) or emotional (anger,
excitement, fear, lie detection, etc.)
stimuli, the sympathetic will dominate
and over-ride the parasympathetic, thus
there will be a changes in the heart rate,
pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory
tracing, psycho galvanic reflexes, time of
response to question, voice tracing, etc.
• The parasympathetic nervous system works to
restore things to normal when the conditions
of stress have been removed. It is the
dominant branch when the condition is
normal and the subject is calm, contented and
relaxed.
• The recording of some of the psycho-
physiological reaction of a subject when he is
subjected to a series of questions, and the
scientific interpretation by trained experts are
the basis of the tests.
Word Association Test
• A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are
read to the subject who is instructed to
answer as quickly as possible.
• The answer to the questions may be a “yes” or
a “no”.
• Unlike the lie detector , the time interval
between the words uttered by the examiner
and the answer of the subject is recorded.
• When the subject is asked questions with
reference to his name, address, civil status,
nationality, ect. Which has no relation to the
subject-matter of the investigation, the
tendency is to answer quickly.
• But when the questions bear some words
which have to do with the criminal acts the
subject allegedly committed, like knife, gun, or
hammer which was used in the killing, the
tendency is to delay the answer.
• The test is not concerned with the
answer, be it a ‘yes” or a “no”. The
important factor is the time of
response in relation to stimulus or
non-stimulus words.
• Like the use of the lie detector, the
subject cannot be compelled to be
subjected to the test without his
consent.
 Psychological Stress Evaluator
• When a person speaks, there are audible
voice frequencies and superimposed on
these are the inaudible frequency
modulations which are products of
minute oscillation of the muscles of the
voice mechanism. Such oscillations of the
muscles micro tremor occur at the rate of
8 to 14 cycles per second and controlled
by the central nervous system.
• When the person is under stress as when
he is lying, the micro tremor in the voice
utterance in moderately or completely
suppressed.
• The degree of suppression caries
inversely to the degree of psychologic
stress in the speaker.
• The psychological stress evaluator (PSE)
detects, measures, and graphically
displays the voice modulations that we
• When a person is relaxed and responding
honestly to the questions, those
inaudible frequencies are registered
clearly on the instrument. But when a
person is under stress, as when he is
lying, these frequencies tend to
disappear.
 Procedure:
• The examiner meets the requesting party to
determine the specific purpose of the
examination and to begin formulation of
relevant questions.
• A pre-test interview is conducted with the
subject to help him or her feel at ease with
the examiner, to provide an opportunity to
specify matters, to eliminate outside issues,
and to review questions that will be asked.
• An test of about 12 to 15 “yes” or “no”
questions or given which is recorded on a tape
recorder. The questions are a mixture of
relevant and irrelevant questions.
• Immediately following the test or at a later
time, the tape is processed through the
Psychological Stress Evaluator for analysis of
the answers.
• If stress is indicated, the subject is given
opportunity to provide additional clarification.
A retest is given to verify correction and
clarification.
 Use of Drugs that “Inhibit the
Inhibitor”
• Administration of the TRUTH SERUM
• Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis
• Intoxication with Alcohol
 TRUTH SERUM
• The term “ truth serum” is a misnomer. The
procedure does not make someone tell the
truth and the thing administered is not serum
but actually a drug.
• In the test, HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE is
given hypodermically in repeated doses until a
state of delirium is induced.
• When the proper point is reached, the
questioning begins and the subject fells a
compulsion to answer the questions truthfully.
• He forgets his alibi which he may have built up
to cover his guilt. He may give details of his
acts or may even implicate others.
• The drug acts as depressant in the nervous
system. Clinical evidence indicates the various
segments of the brain particularly the cortex.
• Statements taken from the subjects while
under the influence of truth serum are
evolutionary obtained hence they are not
admissible as evidence.
 Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis
• This method of deception detection is
practically the same as that of administration
of truth serum. The only difference is the drug
used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium
penthotal is administered by the subject.
• When the effects appear , questioning starts.
• It is claimed that the drug causes depression
of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and
the subjects talk freely.
• The administration of the drug and
subsequent interrogation must be done
by a psychiatrist with along experience
on the line.
• Like the administration of the truth
serum, the result of the test is not
admissible.
 INTOXICATION
• The apparent stimulation effect of
alcohol is really the result of the control
mechanism of the brain. The apparent
stimulation effect of alcohol is really the
result of the control mechanism of the
brain, so alcohol, like truth serum and
narcoanalysis drugs “inhibit the
inhibitor”.
• The ability of alcohol to reveal the real
person behind the mask which all of us
are said to wear (“mask of sanity’) is
reflected in the age-old maxim, IN VINO
VERITAS (“in wine there is truth”).
• The person whose statement is to be
taken is allowed to take alcoholic
beverages to almost intoxication.
• Confessions made by the subjects while
under the influence of alcohol may be
admissible if he is physically capable to
recollect the facts that he has uttered
after the effects of alcohol have
disappeared.
• But in most instances, the subjects
cannot recall everything that he had
mentioned or he may refuse to admit the
truth of the statement given.
• The knowledge of the truth is an
essential requirement for the
administration of criminal justice.
The success or failure in making
decisions may rest solely on the
ability to evaluate the truth or falsity
of the statement given by the
suspects or witness. The task for its
determination initially lies on the
hand of the investigator.
 HYPNOSIS
• It is the alteration of consciousness and
concentration in which the subject
manifests a heightened of suggestibility
while awareness is maintained.
• Not all persons are susceptible to
hypnotic induction. Subjects who are
compulsive-depressive type, strong-
willed like lawyers, accountants,
physicians and other professionals are
usually non-hypnotizable.
REASONS: (why it is not admissible in
court)
• It lacks the general scientific acceptance
of the reliability of hypnosis per se in
ascertaining the truth from falsity.
• The fear that the Trier of fact will give
uncritical and absolute reliability to a
scientific device without consideration of
its flaw in ascertaining veracity.
• The possibility that the hypnotized subject will
deliberately fabricate.
• The prospect that the state of heightened
suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject
is suspected will produce distortion of the fact
rather than the truth.
• The state of the mind, skill and
professionalism of the examiner are too
subjective to permit admissibility of the expert
testimony.
 Physiological
&
Psychological Symptoms
of
GUILT
• SWEATING- sweating accompanied with a flushed
face indicate anger, embarrassment or extreme
nervousness. Sweating with a palled face may
indicate shock of fear. Sweating hands indicate
tension.
• COLOR CHANGE – if the face is flushed, it may
indicate anger, embarrassment or shame. A pale face
is a more common sign of guilt.
• DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH – nervous tension causes
reflex inhibition of salivary secretion and
consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes
continuous swallowing and licking of the lips.
• Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple - on
account of the dryness of the throat aside
from the mouth, the subject will swallow
saliva from the mouth and this causes the
frequent upward and downward movement of
the Adam’s apple.
• Fidgeting – subject is constantly moving about
in the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his face,
picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or
uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes,
eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails.
These are indicators of nervous tension.
• Peculiar Feeling Inside – there is a sensation of
lightness of the head and the subject is
confused. This is the result of his troubled
conscience.
• Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion –
usually a guilty subject frequently utters such
expression. “I swear to God I am telling the
truth” or “ I hope my mother drops dead if I
am lying”, “I swear to Go”…etc. Such
expressions are make to make forceful and
convincing his assertion of innocence.
• Spotless past record - “Religious man” – the
subject may assert that it is not possible for
him to do “anything like that” inasmuch as he
is a religious man and that he has a spotless
record.
• Inability to look at the investigator “straight in
the eye” – the subject does not like to look at
the investigator for fear that his guilt may seen
in his eyes. He will rather look at the floor or
ceiling.
• “Not that I remember” expression –
the subject will resort to the use of
“Not that I Remember” expression
when answering to be evasive or to
avoid committing something
prejudicial to him.
 POLYGRAPHY

The science of Lie Detection

The Polygraph Instrument
• The polygraph instrument usually measures
four to six physiological reactions recorded by
three different medical instruments that are
combined in one machine. Older polygraph
machines were equipped with long strips of
paper that moved slowly beneath pens that
recorded the various physiological responses.
Newer equipment uses transducers to convert
the information to digital signals that can be
stored on computers and analyzed using
sophisticated mathematical algorithms.
 CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH
• Blood pressure and heart rate are
measured by the cardio-sphygmograph
component of the polygraph, which
consists of a blood pressure cuff that is
wrapped around the subject's arm.
• During the questioning the cuff remains
inflated.
• The movement of blood through the
subject's veins generates a sound
that is transmitted through the air in
the cuff to a bellows that amplifies
the sound. The magnitude of the
sound relates to the blood pressure
and the frequency of the changes in
the sound relates to the heart rate.
 PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT

• The pneumograph component of the

polygraph records the subject's
respiratory rate. One tube is placed
around the subject's chest and a second
is placed around his or her abdomen.
These tubes are filled with air. When the
subject breaths, changes in the air
pressure in the tubes are recorded on the
polygraph.
 GALVANOGRAPH
• The galvanograph section records the
amount of perspiration produced.
• It consists of electrical sensors called
galvanometers that are attached to the
subject's fingertips. The skin of the
fingertips contains a high density of
sweat glands, making them a good
location to measure perspiration.
• As the amount of sweat touching the
galvanometers increases, the resistance
of the electrical current measured
decreases and these changes are
recorded by the polygraph.
• Most forensic psychophysiologists (FPs)
consider the cardiosphygomgraph and
the pneumograph components more
informative than the galvanograph.
 KEYMOGRAPH
• Keymograph component is a motor
that pulls or drives the chart paper
under the recording pen
simultaneously at the rate of 6 or 12
inches per minute.
 The Examination Room
• It must be private and free from all outside noise and
detracting influences.
• Adequately lighted and well ventilated
• Devoid of pictures, paintings, decors or other
ornaments.
• Preferably sound-proof
• Without any furniture other than a polygraph desk.
• Subjects chair with arm rest and an examiner’s stool.
• With one-way mirror and remote sound system for
monitoring the test proceedings to an authorized
audience.
 The polygraph examiner
• TECHNICALLY, he must have a complete
knowledge of the instrument and its
capabilities and limitations.
• MORALLY – maintain a high personal
integrity and increasing personal
proficiency through constant study and
research.
• He constantly bears in mind his primary
obligation to his subjects is to afford
them all possible safeguards against error
and must not accept any subjects whose
physical or mental health or state makes
him unfit.
• He is an impartial seeker of truth.
• Never allow his personal feelings,
sympathies, or prejudice influence the
results of the examination.
 Selection of Test Subject
• Permanent physical illness such as mental
derangement, certain heart condition, breathing
disorder, and addiction to narcotic drugs are definite
causes that makes a person unfit for a polygraph
test.
• Temporary illness and conditions such as sickness,
injury, pain, physical discomfort, external physical or
mental fatigue, colds, coughs, fever, allergies, and
influences of sedatives and liquor are causes for
deferment of the test until such time that the
subjects regains his ordinary physical condition.
• Treatment of the subjects before being asked
to make or while awaiting test affects the
success of the examination.
• Prolonged interrogation with constant
accusation directed against the subjects may
condition him to react falsely to the test, or
may result to a flat emotionless chart.
• A person’s daily habit should not be upset
more than necessary. Long delay should be
avoided.
 PHASES of EXAMINATION

• PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
• ACTUAL interrogation and
recording through the
instrument
• POST-TEST INTERVIEW
 Initial Interview with the Investigator

• Test question are formulated by the

polygraph examiner based from
information obtained from the
investigator. General facts, theories and
suspicions are not enough basis for a
polygraph test. Question formulation
depends greatly upon detailed and
accurate information regarding all the
available facts.
The investigator on case should personally inform the
examiner of such facts as:

• Unpublicized facts of the offense known only

to the victim, the investigator and the
offender.
• Specific articles or exact amounts of money
stolen.
• Exact time and place the offense occurred.
• Peculiar aspects of the offense or any strange
or obscene acts committed at the scene.
• Known facts about a suspects action or
movements immediately preceding of after
the incidents.
• Facts indicating a connection between
suspects, victims and witnesses, especially
when they deny any connection.
• Exact type of firearm, weapon or tool used.
• Results of laboratory test if any.
• Background information particularly previous
police records or verifies facts which subjects
denies.
 PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
• Before the actual testing is done, the examiner
must first make an informal interview of the
subject which may last from 20 to 30 minutes.
• To condition the subject psychologically for
the test.
• The subject is appraised of his constitutional
rights.
• A written consent which must be freely and
voluntary given is taken.
Purpose of the Pre-Test Interview
• To determine whether the subject has any
medical or psychiatric condition or has used
drugs that will prevent the testing.
• To explain to the subject the purpose of the
examination.
• To develop the test questions, particularly
those of the types to be asked.
• To relieve the truthful subject of any
apprehension as well as to satisfy the
deceptive subject as to the efficiency
of the technique.
• To know any anti-social activity or
criminal record of the subject.
 Question Formulation
• Questions formulated are short, simple
and direct answerable by either ‘Yes” or
“No” only, phrased in the language easily
understood by the subjects.
• The questions must be clear and must
have reference to only one element of an
offense of fact.
Types of question

•IRRELEVANT
•RELEVANT
•CONTROL
 IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS
• These are questions which have no bearing to
the case under investigation.
• The question may refer to the subject’s age,
educational attainment, marital status,
citizenship, occupation, etc.
• The examiner asks these types of questions to
ascertain the subject’s normal pattern of
response by eliminating the feeling of
apprehension.
 RELEVANT QUESTIONS
• These are questions pertaining to the
issue under investigation. They must be
unambiguous, unequivocal and
understandable to the subject.
• They must be related to one issue or one
criminal act.
• It is equally important to limit the
number of relevant questions to avoid
discomfort to the subject.
 Control Questions
• These are questions which are
unrelated to the matter under
investigation but are of similar
nature although less serious as
compared to those relevant
questions under investigation.
 Test Construction applied are of two
main types.
• General Peak Tension Test
• Peak of Tension Test
General Peak Tension Test
• The general question test consist of a
series of relevant and irrelevant
questioned asked in a planned order.
• Example:
1. Have you ever been called by the name
Fred? (Irrelevant)
2. Is today Friday? (Irrelevant)
• Do you have anything to do with the robbery
at Goodwill Grocery last night? (relevant)
• Did you robbed the Goodwill Grocery last
night? (relevant)
• Are you over twenty years of age? (irrelevant)
• Do you know is any of the fingerprints found
at goodwill Grocery is yours? (relevant)
• Do you drink water? (Irrelevant)
• Do you know of anyone involved in the
robbery of Goodwill Grocery last night?
(Relevant)
 Peak of Tension Test
• This valid test is only made when there is no
widespread publicity about the crime.
• Example:
1. Do you know whether the stolen watch from
Fred is Boluva?
2. It is an Elgin?
3. Is it a Colorado?
4. Is it a Rolex?
 POST-TEST INTERROGATION
• To clarify the findings
• To learn if there are any other reasons for the
subject’s responding to a relevant question,
other than the knowledge of the crime.
• To obtain additional information and an
admission for law enforcement purposes, if he
results suggest deception.
There are three basic approaches to
the polygraph test:

• The Control Question Test (CQT).

• The Directed Lie Test (DLT).
• The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT).
 The Control Question Test (CQT)
• This test compares the physiological
response to relevant questions about the
crime with the response to questions
relating to possible prior misdeeds. "This
test is often used to determine whether
certain criminal suspects should be
prosecuted or classified as uninvolved in
the crime" (American Psychological
Association).
 The Directed Lie Test (DLT)
• This test tries to detect lying by
comparing physiological responses
when the subject is told to
deliberately lie to responses when
they tell the truth.
 The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)
• This test compares physiological
responses to multiple-choice type
questions about the crime, one
choice of which contains information
only the crime investigators and the
criminal would know about.
 Objectives
• Ascertain if a person is telling the truth
by verifying statement and/or comparing
conflicting statements.
• Obtain additional investigative leads to
the facts of an offense.
• Locate fruits or roots of crime or
whereabouts of wanted persons.
• Identify other persons involved.
• Obtain valuable information from
reluctant witnesses.
• Most important is the elimination of
innocent suspects.
 Limitations
• It is an invaluable investigation aid, but never
a substitute for investigation.
• It is a lie detector, it is not a scientific
diagnostic instrument.
• It does not determine facts, it records
responses to that which the subject knows to
be true.
• It is only as accurate as the examiner is
competent.
• The underlying theory of the polygraph is that
when people lie they also get measurably
nervous about lying. The heartbeat increases,
blood pressure goes up, breathing rhythms
change, perspiration increases, etc. A baseline
for these physiological characteristics is
established by asking the subject questions
whose answers the investigator knows.
Deviation from the baseline for truthfulness is
taken as sign of lying
 Test Procedure
• Not more than 12 questions
• At least three (3) charts are taken,
each lasting not more than four (4)
minutes,
• 5 to ten minutes between charts.
 Chart Marking
• Beginning X
• Stimulus mark 
• Yes +
• No -
• Subject fail to answer No sign
• Subject Talk T
• Talking Instruction TI
• Coughing C
 Chart Marking
• Mechanical Adjustment Arrow
• Tearing of throat CT
• Outside Noise OSN
• Sigh S
• Sniff SN
• Sneeze SZ
• BURP B
• YAWN Y
 Chart Marking
• Deep breathing DB
• Subject Laugh L
• Breathing Instruction BI
• Repeat Question R
• Paper Jump PJ
• Ending XX
 Rule in Interpretation
• There must be specific response that
deviates from the subjects’ normal
tracing.
• It must appear in at least two or
more chart.
 End

Thank you……….