Lesson 1

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF POLYGRAPH
In the middle of 19th century Dr. Hans Gross defined
"search for truth" as a basis and goal of all criminal
investigations. He stated, "A large part of the criminal
work is nothing more than a battle against lies".
Development of Pneumograph Component
Vittorio Benussi (1914)
He detected a deception with a Pneumograph, an
instrument he detected that graphically measures
the inhalation.
Harold Burtt (1918)

he determined that respiratory changes were

indication of deception.
Development of Galvanograph

Luigi Galvani (1791)

-an Italian physiologist

- accorded the distinction for developing
the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or the
galvanometer, which records electrical
bodily resistance in terms of ohms (the
lowest current ever recorded).
Sticker (1897)

- made the first suggestion for using Galvanograph for

detecting deception based on the works of several
predecessors.
- theorized that galvanic skin reflex is influenced by
existing mental impression and that will have no
effect upon it.
Veraguth (1907)

he was the 1st one to use the term "psychogalvanic

reflex". He believed that the electrical phenomenon
is due to the activity of sweat glands.
Development of Cardio-Sphygmograph

Angelo Mosso (1895)

He studied fear and its influence on the heart.

His observation subsequently formed the basis
for detecting lies.
He also developed the sphygmomanometer
and "scientific cradle", which was designed to
measure the flow of blood while a person lay
on his back in a prone position.
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)

-Employed the first scientific instrument to

detect as deception which is known as
Hydrosphymograph

-He was accorded the distinction of being

the 1st person to utilize an instrument for
the purpose of detecting lies.
William Moulton Marston (1915)

• considered as the Father of the Modern

Polygraphy.
• He dealt with the sphygmomanometer
and made researches on the usefulness
of sphygmomanometer in detecting lies.
• recorded the respiration and noted the
time of subject's verbal responses.
• experimented with resistance
galvanometer to record skin changes and
tension a gripping device to record.
John Larson (1921)

• he developed an instrument
simultaneously that continually
simultaneously measures blood pressure
pulse and respiration.

• designed the "first two recording channel

polygraph" in the history
John E. Reid (1950)

• He developed the "reviewed control question"

consisting of a known lie incorporated into
relevant/irrelevant test.

• He also discovered the "guilt-complex test"

administered to the overly responsive subject.
Cleve Backster (1960)

• He conceived the psychological set

theory that forms the basis of his zone of
comparison technique that provides
constant monitoring of the subjects
reactivity and designed to disclose
outside issue.
• "Backster Zone Comparison Test"
Early Publications of Polygraph
Daniel Defoe (1730)

• he wrote an essay entitled "An Effectual

Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of
Street Robberies and Suppressing all
Other Disorders of the Night"
Sir James Mackenzie (1906)

• heart specialist.
• It was said that "polygraph" - a famous exist
as early as 1906 but it is not being used to
detect deception.
Vittorio Benussi (1953)

• He presented a paper before the

2nd meeting of the Italian
Society for Psychology in Rome,
on the subject of his
experiments regarding
respiratory symptoms of lying.
Richard 0. Archer (1953)
• The 1st polygraphist to record simultaneously on regular
basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns.

Richard I. Golden (1969)

• - he presented a paper at the Annual Seminar of Polygraph
Association at Houston, Texas regarding his experiments'
using existing control questions techniques but requiring the
subject to answer each question twice.
Other Pioneers in Detection the Field of Deception
Sir Francis Galton (1879)

- he developed the much acclaimed psychological

test known as the Word Association Test.
Dr. Carl Gustav Jung later developed the work and
experiment of Galton.
Allen Bell (1972) an American inventor who
developed device called Psychological Stress
Evaluator (PSE).
-This instrument detects slight trembling in the
voice.
Modern Polygraph Component
Leonarde Keeler (1925),

• who has gained 1st hand experience in

polygraph interrogations as a result of
working with John Larson at the
Berkeley Police Department.
• He also device a metal Sebellows with a
Rolled Chart Paper.
1949 - the Keeler Polygraph added a galvanometer for recording
a psycho galvanic skin reflex or electro dermal response. He also
works as the assistant of John Larson and Keeler was credited as
a "Father of Modern Day Polygraph" due to his great
contribution in used of polygraph instrument (Abrams 1989).

John E. Reid (1947), a lawyer from Chicago, Illinois who

developed the Control Question Technique (CQT). A polygraph
technique that incorporated control questions. - -The Reid
Control Question Technique was a major breakthrough in
polygraph methodology.
Other Important Dates and Places to Remember
• 1937 Japan's 1st reported psychophysiological detection
of deception. They use of measured the skin
conductance at Akamatsu, Uchida, and Togawa.

• 1948 the International Society for the Detection

Deception began issuing membership.

• 1950's- Korea began its use of Polygraph. Its 1st examiner

was trained by U.S. Army polygraphers stationed there.
• 1959 - Ivan Babic, head of forensic laboratory in Zagreb, Croatia,
conducted the first experimental polygraph test in the Republic of
Croatia and Yugoslavia.

• H. Victor Cohen of the government of Israel attended the Reid

College of Detection Deception which marked the beginning of
the use of polygraph in Israel.
• 1945 - the polygraph was first introduced in the Philippines
at the Crime Laboratory of the Military Police.
They sent Mr. Jose Navarro and Mr. Conrado Dumlao to the
U.S. for polygraph training.

• 1950 - The National Bureau of Investigation sent Mr. Agustin

Patricio to train at the Keeler Polygraph Institute.
MODERN POLYGRAPH
Sensors are used to measures and record a number of physical
changes that are elated to the vegetative nervous system.
Dr. Joseph F. Kubis (1970), of Fordham University in

New York City is the 1st researcher who used potential

computer applications for the purpose of polygraph chart
analysis.
1980 - Research was conducted on computerized polygraph at the
University of Utah by Dr. John C. Kircher and David C. Raskin and in
1988

1992 - The polygraph made its official entrance into the computer
age.

Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John Harris (1993),

John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Maryland,
completed a software program called the PolyScore
2003 - U.S. Department of Energy commissioned a
review committee of the National Academy of Science to
study the scientific evidence on the polygraph.
KNOWN METHOD OF DECEPTION DETECTION

The following are the known methods of deception detection, thus:

A. Ancient Methods
B. Observation Methods
C. Regular Police Methods
D. Hypnotism E. Word-Association Test
F. Truth-Serum Test/ Intoxication
G. Polygraph Test Technique
The Ancient Methods

ORDEAL defined:

• A severe test of character or endurance; a trying, course of

experience.

• A medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused was

subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning
objects or immersing the hand in scalding water, the result
being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.
ORDEAL

Is a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval

Latin "Dei Indicum" meaning "Miraculous Decision."
Ancient method of trial in which the accused was exposed to
physical danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was
innocent.
• The Red-Hot Iron Ordeal

• Ordeal of the Balance

• Boiling Water Ordeal

• Water Test Ordeal

• The Smell-Out Technique

• The Sacred Ass Ordeal

Other known common practices, such as:

a. Rice-Chewing
b. Palm-Reading c. Card-reading
c. Winnower & Scissors e. Spirit of the Glass
d. Etc.

Ayur-Veda
The Observation Methods:
• An observation through facial
expression
• Through Postural Reactions
• Through Cause-And-Effect
Process
C. Regular Police Methods:
This method sought to answer the legal investigation
processes to the following:
1. The "Five Wives & One Husband"
2. The "Three Eyes" (or "3 I's")
D. Hypnotism Method:
FRANZ (FRIEDRICH) ANTON MESMER (1734. 1815), an Austrian
Mystic and Physician; born on May 23, 1734 at Iznang, a village
near Lake Constance, Austria, he was the first to introduce
hypnotism as a method of deception detection in 1778.

E. Word-Association Test Method

introduced in 1879 by Sir FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911), an
English Scientist Explorer and Anthropometries
born on Feb. 16, 1822 at Sparkbrook, Birmingham, London.
• Later on, Dr. CARL GUSTAV JUNG (1875-1961)
A Swiss Psychologist, Psychiatrist, and Founder of the Analytical
Psychology (born on July 26, 1875 at Basel, Zwitzerland)
developed Galton's works and experiments.
F. Truth-Serum Test/ Intoxication Method:
"Truth-Serum" Test
• introduced by Dr. EDWARD MANDEL HOUSE (1858-1938),
a U.S. Physicist and Diplomat, serving as Confidential
Adviser to former U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson
(born on July 26, 1858 at Ferris, Texas, USA).
• This method involved the intravenous injection or oral-
taking of various drugs, such as bromide, morphine, ether,
chloroform, sodium amytal and scopolamine, which, may
produce a condition of anesthesia.
Intoxication

• This method employs alcoholic beverages as stimuli to

obtain truth. The person or Subject whose statement is to
be taken is allowed to take alcoholic beverages to
intoxication level or point.
G. The Polygraph Test Technique:
This method is based on the theory that, once a lie has been made,
or that an emotion-evoking stimulus has been given, a conscious
mental effort on the part of a normally conditioned person will
cause physical and physiological changes in the body. These changes
likewise are capable of being recorded, diagnosed and interpreted
in the recording instrument called the "Polygraph", "Deceptograph",
or "Pneumo-Galvo-Sphygmo- Cardio-Graph".
 Lesson 2

THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

The Nervous System
Serving as the activator of the body system, the nervous
system, thru the brain and all the nerve tissues, receives,
evaluates, integrates and stores any stimulus brought to
the body from the environment, and at the same rate, the
system send out messages to the various part and organs
for a specific response.
To illustrate how the nervous system operates in the body, here
is a simple lay-out of the chain reaction process, thus;

A stimulus is given by way of pricking a needle into the finger.

The brain, serving as the highest headquarter for the system, is
now activated and thus awakened. As pricking start with the
finger, such stimulus is immediately
received by the 'receptor'. These receptors are the SENSES,
which convert energy to receive and transmit from----
1. Sight (EYES)
2. Hearing (EARS)
3. Smell (Olfactory organs, including nose)
4. Taste (Gustatory organs, involving tongue)
5. Touch (Through Skin and Muscles) 6. E.S.P. or Extra -
Sensory Perception, or the
6. 6th sense(through mind and memory)
7. Kinesthesis (A very important sense which gives
information about the movements of the parts of the
body with respect to one another)
8. Equilibrium Sense (which informs other parts of the
body movements of the body head is space).
With our example above, the pricking is then passed from the
receptors to the so-called "Effectors", which are composed of
muscles and glands directly producing observable behaviors.
composed of muscles and glands directly producing observable
behaviors.
MUSCLES are bundles of fibrous cells, which contract of relax
upon neutral stimulation. while
GLANDS are the interdependent organic body tissues which may
pump out chemicals directly unto the internal and external organs
to perform various regulatory functions. By then the pricking,
after it has been passed to the effectors, shall be transmitted thru
'Connectors' called nerves and nerve Fibers.
A NEURON is just a single nerve cell which has all the
characteristics of all living cells in general and in addition
is specialized fir excitability and conductivity. It has
Dendrites (that enters the perepherical nerves and
transmit impulse to many fivers in the muscles and the
END - brushes or End plates {which are responsible for
affecting actions in the muscle}.
Two Divisions of Neurons:
A. Long - Conducting Neurons ---that make up the
peripheral nerves and the long pathways of the
Central Nervous System and which have long single
axon or with dendrites that are usually the sensory
and motor fibers;

B. Interior Neurons which have a number of short

dendrites and axons, with the latter often giving off
branches called 'COLLATERAL' in order to provide
many connectors and alternative pathways to other
neurons.
As pricking is now passed as an impulse to the
neurons and InterNeurons, the inter-neurons can
do four (4) things likewise to relay these impulses
to many parts of the blood:

SYNAPSES
 mean the association with or without direct
contact between the end - brushes of one
neuron and the dendrites of another. All the
synapses of the somatic component are located
outside the Central Nervous System.
B. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The heart action or the cardiac cycle consists of SYSTOLE

and DIASTOLE. The whole cycle beginswith the
contraction left Auricles. After a short pause, both
Ventricles and /or chambers contact.
Acting as distributor of blood, the main purpose of the
Circulatory system is to transport oxygen to the body
tissue and remove carbon dioxide from them.
The whole system is divided into two (2) circuits:

(a.) the Greater Circuit- where blood is driven by the left

side of the heart, is responsible for bringing the oxygen to
the cells of the body; while
(b.) the Lesser Circuit- where blood is driven by the right
side of the heart, is responsible for bringing the blood into
contract with the atmosphere.
Both circuits have Arteries, Arterioles, Venules, and Veins, and
Capillaries.

ARTERIES refer to some of the system's branching tubes carrying

blood from the heart to all parts of the body; whereas,

CAPILLARIES - tiny blood vessels connecting the arteries with

the VEINS, on the hand, are those small branches of veins
distributed in the vascular and muscular parts of our body. The
exchange of water, oxygen, and food substance between the
Circulatory System and other body tissue that occurs in the
capillaries.
(Average) Pulse Rates per Minute
144-133 beat per minute ---at the end of fetal life;
140-123 beat per minute ----at birth and up to 1-year old;
96 -76 beat per minute ----from 10-15 years old;
73-69 beat per minute ----from 20-25 years old;
Any increase in pulse rates/min. - after age of 25, defends on
the person's physical and cardiac conditions.

In the case of polygraph tests, tracing in the Cardio-

Sphygmograph disclose an upsweep of tracing.
Pen following the contraction of the heart.
C. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

What is Respiratory System?

The respiratory system is responsible for the taking of air

into the lungs and also expelling carbon dioxide here from
the rest of our body. This system, like the Nervous and
Circulatory, is equally important to lie - detection.
It consists of the following major parts:
a. The respiratory tract - which comprises the nose and
mouth, pharynx, larynx, bronchi and lungs;

b. The bony cage - which includes the thoracic vertebrate,

the ribs, and the breast bone or the sterum.
The Breathing Capacity
An adult as rest with normal inspiration may inhale about
500 cc of air. A less similar amount is also exhaled. The ebb
and flow of air is called "TIDAL" air respiration. In addition
to the tidal air, we can inhale another 1,500 cc of air called
'COMPLEMANTARY' air.
After normal expiration, a similar amount is exhaled called
the 'SUPPLEMENTARY' air. The combination of tidal, a
complemental and supplemental airs is called the "VITAL
CAPACITY" of human life.
For purposes of reference and chart reading or interpretation,
the following table serves as the average breathing pattern
for;

The Newborns. = 50 to 70 cycles per minute

Children (1 to 5 years old). = 20 to 30 cycles per minute
Adult (without age consideration) = 15 to 20 cycles per
minute
D. THE SKIN (OR THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM)

The skin is defined as the external covering of the body

consisting essentially of the body epidermis, dermis, and the
corium.
The skin has the following basic functions:
a. Protection against injuries and parasitic invasion;
b. Regulation of body temperature; and c. An aid in the
elimination of bodily waste products.
Galvanic - skin - response/reflex (GSR) test record charges in
subject's increase or decrease resistance to a constant
electrical current generated through the Amplifier, recording
Galvanometer and Rectifier of the polygraph.
A. EMOTIONS

In as much as the study of Lie-Detection involves

PSYCHOLOGY, the science of behavior, it is but imperative
that we include the study of Emotions, as such is a wide-
range process, almost affecting every organ or part of the
body, nearly all of the Respiratory, Circulatory, Nervous
and Excretory or the electrical properties of the skin.
Directly relating to Lie-Detection, consciousness of guilt
engenders a fear reaction (which is an emotion itself)
THREE ASPECTS OF EMOTION

1. Emotion as conscious experience

2. Emotion as motive
3. Emotion as responses
a. External Responses
b. Internal Responses

• b1- The Nervous System

• b2- The Respiratory System
• b3. The Circulatory System
• b4. The Excretory System
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING
What is always driving a person to lie?
What is behind all these?
A. KINDS OF LIES
1. White Lie or Benign Lie
 the most common of all, which is intended to
protect or maintain harmony or friendship, at home,
in the office or elsewhere.

2. Pathological Lie
 This is a lie made by persons who cannot
distinguish right from wrong.
3. Red Lie
 This involves political interests and motives because this
is part of Communist propaganda strategy.

4. Black Lie
 A lie which accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies,
intriguing cause dishonor or discredit one's good image.

5. Malicious or Judicious Lie

 This is a very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie. is
intended purely to mislead justice.
B. TYPES OF LIE

a. Direct Denial - this is the direct denial of the act in

question that creates an emotional sense of
disturbance.

b. Lie of Omission - this is a type of lie that people

usually used because it is simple to tell.
c. Lie of Fabrication - this is the most difficult type of lie that a
subject could use in an interview.

d. Lie of Minimization - in this type of lie individual will accept

that something has occurred but downplays the implication.

e. Lie of Exaggeration - this is a lie often used to exaggerate

things for the hope of obtaining some advantage.
C. TYPES OF LIAR
a. Panic Liar
• It is one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a
confession
• He/She is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it is a
serious blow to his / her ego.
• He/She believes that confession will just make the matter
worst.
b. Occupational Liar
• Someone laid for spare years.
• This person is a practical liar and lies when it has a
higher "pay off" than telling the truth.

c. Tournament Liar
• Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being
detected.
• This person views an interview as another contest and wants
to win.
• This person realizes that he or she will probably be convicted
but will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or
her confesses.

• He wants that people will believe that the law is punishing an

innocent person.
d. Psychopathic Liar
• The most difficult type.
• This person has no conscience. He shows no
regret for dishonestly and no manifestation of
guilt.

e. Ethnological Liar
• One who is taught not to be a squealer. *squealer to
cry or to shrill voice
• Used by underworld gang in order for their member
not to reveal any secret of their organization.
f. Pathological Liar
• A person who cannot distinguish right from
wrong (his mind is sick.) Is an insane person.

g. Black Liar
• A person who always pretends. (What he
thinks of himself, what kind of person he is,
and what he is.)
UNDERSTANDING SUBJECT'S AGE
CHARACTERISTICS
To further enhance the study of the psychology of the lying
person, it is also necessary to understand Subject's age
characteristics, which are as follows:
 7-12 yrs old - Fantastic subject
 13-19 yrs old - Distinction of fantasy and reality.
 20 - 25 yrs old - His/her ego begins to lessen because he/she
thinks he/she is not important person.
 26 - 60 yrs old - They serve as best witnesses. They often
possess materialism, maturity and responsibility. Intellect
is fully developed and intelligence is well coordinated
with memory.

 60 to death - Their memories are fading because some of

their senses are defective. They are no longer good
witnesses.
E. SOME SIGNS OF LIES AND DECEPTION
Generally, when a person becomes defensive due to fear of
detection, one can point out that any of the signs herein
enumerated indicates lies, guilt or deception, such as:
1. Stammering
2. Swearing to or before God that he did not commit the crime
3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else
4. Subject refuses to answer questions through alibis and
excuses
5. He is all the time absent-minded
6. He is always requesting for repetition of questions
 Lesson 3

THE INSTRUMENT
Figure 1
It was defined as an instrument
or device capable of producing
recordings of physiological
phenomena that may be used
as the basis for the application
of reliable technique for
STOELTING DECEPTOGRAPH
(“ULTRASCRIBE”) diagnosing truth or deception.
A. THE PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT

Most contemporary polygraphs use two Pneumograph

recordings:

• abdominal
• thoracic
1. The Pneumographic Tube
• is a corrugated and stretchable
rubberized tube or apparatus
that is to be attached to the
Subject's chest or stomach (or
both).
2. The Beaded Chain
• is a freewheeling string of
stainless beads with a hook
which fastens the
pneumographic tube unto
Subject's chest or stomach
B. THE CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT
Cardiograph - General term for any recording of heart activity.

The Arm Cuff - shall be attached to

the Subject's arm.
 •The Hand Pump Bulb - causes the
arm cuff to inflate in order to
produce blood pressure and pulse
rates.

The Aneroid Blood Pressure Meter

Gauge - measures and monitors B/P
reading while the polygraphic
testing is going on
C. THE GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT

The Galvanographic Component, sometimes

called the Galvanic-Skin-Reflex (GSR)
Component, records the changes occurring in
the Nervous-Excretory systems.
The Finger Electrodes - are special types of sensitive - metal
plates to be attached to the Subject's end-joints of both the
Index and Ring Fingers
D. THE KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT

(The INKING, RECORDING)

INKING PROCESS

1. Completely remove cap and capillary tube from bottle

2. Using filler pipette/dropper provided extract ink from

supply bottle.

3. Fill ink container to approximately 1/4 full. Do not overfill.

Overfilling the ink bottles will increase the possibility of
spillage during transit.
4. Grasp the bottle by the cap and tighten by rotating
bottle with your free hand.

5. Squeeze the bottle until the ink is forced to the end

of the pen.

6. Loosen the caps open 4 again by rotating the

bottle.

7. Release the pressure on the bottle.

Resuming Capillary Ink after Storage

1. Loosen bottle cap to relieve any pressure build-up

in bottle.

2. Remove protective pen cap/s.

3. Start chart drive and check for proper ink flow.

4. Adjust bottle height as required.

Adjusting Ink Flow

The ink bottle can be adjusted by pulling it upward

in the well. The bottle should "cling" to the sides of
the well, allowing for adjustment of the flow.
To Clean the Pens, Follow the Steps Listed Below:

1. Remove the pen together with capillary tube and ink bottle.
Do not disconnect the total system. Doing so will eventually
stretch the capillary tube seal or the seal of the ink bottle.

2. Remove the ink bottle cap and pour all excess ink from the
bottle.

3. Fill and rinse the bottle cap and pour excess ink from the
bottle.
4. Fill with clear water and apply pressure using the same
procedure as for inking pens, until clear water flows from
the pen tip. Flush for several seconds.

5. If the tap water in your area has a high mineral content,

flush the pens a final time with distilled water or alcohol.
A. THE SIMULTANEOUS OPERATIONS
1. The Upper Pneumograph
attach the Pneumograph

Tube to Subject's chest; lock

the Beaded Chain; close the
Vent; adjust Sensitivity and
Pen-Centering Controls; align
Pen-Cradle and Pen to the
Chart; finally check the GREEN
Ink tracing
2. The Lower Pneumograph - attach the Pneumograph Tube to
Subject's stomach; lock the Beaded Chain; close the Vent; adjust
Sensitivity and Pen-Centering Controls; align Pen-Cradle and Pen to
the Chart; finally check the GREEN Ink tracing.

3. The Cardiograph - wrap the Arm Cuff around Subject's right or

left arm; close the Vent; pump the Hand-pump Bulb to inflate Arm
Cuff; check B/P reading at the Aneroid B/P Meter Gauge; clip Pinch-
Clamp to close pneumatic pressure; adjust Sensitivity and Pen-
Centering Controls; align Pen-Cradle and Pen to the Chart; finally
check the RED Ink tracing.
4. The Galvanograph/ GSR - attach the Finger Electrodes to
the Subject's right or left Index and Ring Fingers; adjust
Sensitivity and Pen-Centering Controls; align Pen-Cradle and
Pen to the Chart; finally check the BLUE Ink tracing.
CHART MARKINGS

To facilitate evaluation and interpretation of test charts,

markings are made with the use of signs and symbols to enable
the examiner to determine the following:

1. Exact time the test commenced and terminated;

2. Initial and final blood pressure and galvanograph readings;

3. Particular point where each question asked started and
ended. Corresponding identification of the question, and the
type and time of answer given by the subject;

4. Duration and amplitude of reaction patterns. 5. Any

instruction given or repetition of question made;

6. Any movement, cough tracing by the suspect or outside

distractions that occurred;

7. Mechanical adjustment or re-adjustment made;

8. Extraneous factors affecting test chart such as paper jams;

9. Time interval between questions; and

10.Chart number, name of subject, time, date, and place

taken and the name and signature of the examiner.
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS (COMMONLY USED)
X/60/1.5 A- first markings of the examiner on the chart
XX/60/1.5 A- examiner's mark after the test
X XX- start of the test - end of the test
60- millimeter of mercury shown in sphygmomanometer
dial
1.5- ohms of skin electrical resistance
A or M- refers to automatic or manual galvo amplifier used
| | - particular point where each question begins and end
(also called stimulus mark)
+ - Yes answer to question
- No answer to question
A - adjustment
T - subject talked instead of answeringwith single Yes or No
R. - subject request for repetition of question
c - coughing
N - noise
S - sigh by the subject
PJ - paper jam
SN - subject sniffed
BI - breathing instruction
OS - tracing changed caused by outside stimulus
M - movement
L - laugh
B - used to signify belch
C+ - increase in galvo sensitivity
C- - decrease in galvo sensitivity
Y - yawn
IS - ink stop
CT - clearing of throat
CHANGE IN PNEUMO TRACING

Changes in the Pneumo Tracing which may fall into the category
of specific response when accompanied by a response in the
cardio or even the galvo tracing are as follows.

1. Change in Rhythm or Regularity

Usually a change in rate will be either a decrease with increase
amplitude causing an irregularity in the respiration pattern of
varying duration.
2. Change in Amplitude or Volume
In normal respiration, an average of about one point of
air is inhaled and exhaled during a single cycle known as
tidal air.

3. Change in Inspiration, Expiration Rate

In normal respiration, the time consumed in inspiration
and expiration has a ratio of three to five which means
the inspiration takes only 3/5 as long as the expiration.
4. Notch or Serrated Inspiration or Expiration Stroke
These are frequent occurrence; serration may record in the
case of the subject in an intense nervous state as a result of
tremendous breathing.

5. Hyperventilation
The usually attempt to befuddle the examiner from making an
interpretation from the pneumo pattern, he resorts to a
regular deep breathing in an attempt to beat the test.
6. Suppression
Suppression or shallow breathing may a sort of bracing against
anticipated shock on an attempt to control the reaction to a
shock just received.

7. Respiratory Block
Respiratory block or holding of breath through more than or
two cycles usually indicates an attempt to beat the test.
GALVANOGRAPH DECEPTION RESPONSES

1. Double Saddle Response

2. Rise from the Baseline 3. Vertical Rise Point

4. Long Duration

5. Plunging of the tracing

THE CARDIO TRACING
1. Increase and Decrease of the Blood Pressure
An increase in blood pressure is indicative by a rise in the
cardio tracing and a decrease by a fall.

2. Increase in Blood Pressure Only

This indicated by a sustain rise in the blood pressure
tracing during a crucial question and return to the norm
when the subject is released from that stimulus by the
introduction of irrelevant question.
3. Decrease Only in Blood Pressure
When there is a fall of the cardio tracing or after a crucial
question from a level of smooth tracing, decrease in blood
pressure is indicated,

4. An Increase or Decrease Pulse Rate

Increase in pulse rate is easily recognized cardio pattern becomes
close together

5. Increase or Decrease of Amplitude

When the cardio pattern becomes taller, there is an increase in
amplitude; a decrease in height in the pattern is a decrease of
amplitude.
6. Change in the Position or Disappearance of
Diacrotic Notch The diacritic notch tends to change position
depending upon the blood pressure in the system.

7. Extra Systole
The premature contraction s of an auricle or ventricle while
fundamental rhythm of the heart is maintain cause of extra
systole to appear.