c.

Development of
Galvanograph
Component
Reporter: Ramel P. Cosmiano
1. LUIGI GALVANI
▪ Born September 9, 1737, Bologna, Papal States
▪ Italian Physiologist
▪ He accorded the distinction for developing the
galvanic skin reflex or the galvanometer, which
records electrical bodily resistance in term of ohm.

▪ Galvanometer records electrical bodily resistance

reflected emotional changes by measuring changes
in person's skin resistance to electricity.
Other facts
▪ His discoveries led to the invention of the voltaic pile.
▪ He is also known for: Demonstrating the electrical basis of nerve
impulses
▪ His Published Works: Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on
Muscular Motion
▪ He is also known as: Aloysius Galvanus
▪ Luigi Galvani was a pioneer in the field of electrophysiology, the branch
of science concerned with electrical phenomena in the body.
2. STICKER
▪ George Sticker
▪ Born on April 18, 1860
▪ German medical historian
▪ He conducted the earliest application of psycho-
galvanometer (PGR) to forensic problems
▪ He first to suggest the use of the galvanograph for
detecting deception based on the work of several
predecessors.
▪ He theorized that exciting mental the galvanic skin
phenomenon and will have no effect upon it.
Other facts
▪ Introduced the method of detecting deception from the galvanic
impression on the chart tracing.

▪ In 1897, a German, Georg Sticker, was the first to suggest the

use of a galvanometer (psychogalvanometer) for lie-detection
3. VERAGUTH
▪ Otto Veraguth was a Swiss neurologist.

▪ Believed that the electrical phenomenon was due to

the activity of the sweat glands

▪ He was the first to use the term

Psycho-galvanic Skin Reflex
Other facts
▪ In 1895 he received his doctorate at Zurich, where he trained under
Constantin von Monakow.

▪ His name is associated with "Veraguth"s fold", a fold of skin on the upper
eyelid that purportedly is a characteristic of individuals suffering from
depression.
▪ In 1900 he obtained his habilitation for neurology, and in 1918 was
appointed associate professor of physical therapy at the University of
Zurich.

▪ From 1922 to 1924 he was president of the Swiss Neurological Society.

▪ In 1909 Otto Veraguth used electrodermal response for his experiments

with word association
d. The Modern
Polygraph
1. LEONARDE KEELER
▪ Born on October 30, 1903
▪ Leonarde Keeler is known as the father of polygraph
▪ He was named after the polymath Leonardo da Vinci,
and preferred to be called Nard.
▪ In 1949, galvanometer was added to his invention in
1925 for recording psycho-galvanic skin reflex or
electrodermal response.

▪ Recognized as the inventor of the first modern

polygraph with kymograph, which is composed of the
paper roller and metal bellow (aka tambour).
Other facts
▪ In 1926, the Keeler Polygraph came on the market as the new and
improved lie detector, an enhanced version of John A. Larson's polygraph

▪ In 1924, Keeler’s first handmade polygraph instrument, which he called "the

Emotograph," was destroyed in a fire at his residence.

▪ On February 2, 1935, he conducted the first use of his invention, the Keeler
Polygraph—otherwise known as the lie detector.

▪ Keeler used the lie detector on two criminals in Portage, Wisconsin, who
were later convicted of assault when the lie detector results were introduced
in court.

▪ He opened the first polygraph school, known as the 'Keeler Institute.’

2. JOHN EDWARD REID
▪ He devised "Reid Polygraph" in 1945, a new device for
recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms,
thighs, and feet
▪ He designed a special chair equipped with metal bellows
for recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms,
thighs, and feet, located on the arm of the chair and the
seat; this transmits singular muscular activity to the
recording polygraph.
▪ Reid based on his theory that once the subject has made
a lie, muscular for contractions and pressures in the arms
and thighs may occur due to the constant pressure of
blood volume causing them to contract or relax,
significantly when they are emotionally affected by the
gravity of the offense charged.
Other facts
▪ Reid was a psychologist, polygraph expert, and former Chicago police
officer.

▪ The Reid technique is a method of interrogation. The system was

developed in the United States by John E. Reid in the 1950s.

▪ His technique had been adopted by law enforcement agencies of many

different types, with it being especially influential in North America.
3. SIR James Mackenzie
▪ Scottish cardiologist born on April 12, 1853
▪ In his classic text The Study of the Pulse (1902), he described an
instrument he devised as a "clinical polygraph" (Galianos
Polygraphe Expert Inc., 2006), which allowed the user to correlate
the arterial and venous pulses with the beat of the heart itself.•
▪ Introduced in 1982 Clinical polygraph which can simultaneously
record undulated line tracings of the vascular pulses (radial,
venous, and arterial), by way of a stylus onto a revolving drum of
smoked paper (Galianos Polygraphe Expert Inc., 2006)
▪ 1906: he refined his 1892 Clinical Polygraph into Clinical Ink
Polygraph with Sebastian Shaw (a Lancashire watchmaker)
▪ Clinical Ink Polygraph: used a clockwork mechanism for the
paper-rolling and time-marker movements, and it produced ink
recordings of physiological functions that were easier to acquire
and interpret.
Other facts
▪ Was a pioneer in the study of cardiac arrhythmias. Due to his work in the
cardiac field he is known as a research giant in primary care, and was
knighted by King George V in 1915.

▪ He was first to make simultaneous records of the arterial and venous

pulses to evaluate the condition of the heart, a procedure that laid the
foundation for much future research.

▪ 1906, Sir James Mackenzie refined his clinical polygraph of 1892 when he
devised the clinical ink polygraph with the help of Lancashire watchmaker,
Sebastian Shaw.
4. DR. JOSEPH F. KUBIS
▪ Joseph Kubis was born about 1911. In 1940, he was 29
years old and lived in Kings, New York, with his wife,
Stella, son, and daughter.
▪ The first researcher to use potential computer
applications for polygraph chart analysis in the late
1970s (Brief History of the Polygraph, n.d)
5. DRS. JOHN C. KIRCHER AND
DAVID C. RASKIN

▪ Conducted research on computerized

polygraph during the 1980s
▪ developed the Computer Assisted Polygraph
System(CAPS), which incorporated the first
algorithm to be used for evaluating
physiological data collected for diagnostic
purposes in 1988
▪ 1992: polygraph made its official entrance into
the computer age.
6. DR. DALE E. OLSEN AND JOHN C. HARRIS
▪ Statisticians at Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory, in Maryland.
▪ They completed a software program called PolyScore in
1993, which used a sophisticated mathematical algorithm
to analyze the polygraph data and estimate a probability
or degree of deception or truthfulness in a subject.
✓ PolyScore is a computerized polygraph chart scoring
algorithm that uses statistical probability to arrive at
truthfulness or deception. It has been shown that validated
algorithms have exceeded 98 percent in their accuracy to
quantify, analyze and evaluate the physiological data
collected from polygraph examinations administered in
real criminal cases (Polygraphy (Lie Detection)
Reviewer,n.d.).
PolyScore 3.0 Polygraph Software was developed by analyzing the data from
polygraph examinations administered in 624 real criminal cases in which 303
suspects were non-deceptive, and 321 suspects were deceptive.
2003: PolyScore 5.1 Polygraph Software was developed by analyzing the data from
polygraph examinations administered in 1,411 real criminal cases provided by the
United States Department of Defence Polygraph Institute for study and comparison
purposes.
Thank You!