Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1) : at The End of This Chapter The Student's Should Be Able To Understand

Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO POLYGRAPH
Objectives:
At the end of this chapter the student’s should be able to understand:
 Enumerate the methods of detecting deception on early years;

 Explain why people seek for truth.
Polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood pressure,

pulse, respiration and skin resistance in the physiological
phenomena that may be used as bases for the application of
a reliable technique of diagnosing truth of deception.
It was derived from the two Greek words poly which

means “many or having several” and graph which means
“writings.” Hence, literally, polygraph means many writings.
Polygraphy (sometimes called scientific truth

verification) refers to the scientific method of detecting
deception with the use of the polygraph. It is administered by
a trained polygraphist, lie detector specialist (LDS),
forensic psychophysiologist (FP) or polygraph examiner
(PE) by asking questions to the subject relevant to the case
under investigation.
The polygraph is commonly called as lie detector; polygraph machine, deceptograph

and truth verifier.
A. THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH

For as long as there are liars and deceitful persons, people will constantly find ways to
detect lies and discover the truth. Various methods have been developed using science and
technology to determine if people are telling the truth. Such fields include physiology, psychology,
psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, physics, engineering, electronics, and computer science.
Although scientifically based, most of these methods are not yet fully recognized by the courts as
legal means of proving the truth. In fact, most information developed using scientific lie detection
methods are not admissible evidences in court despite their expediency in criminal investigation.
Why do people seek truth?
1. In decision making process, success primarily depends on true information (simply

known as the truth). Decision makers must posses the ability to evaluate the veracity
of information that they are using in their decision.
2. The knowledge of truth is the fundamental requirement in administering justice.
3. In crime detection, the task of determining the truth initially lies on the hands of field
investigators.
Sometime in 1893, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian magistrate (judge) regarded as the
earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a science, published his book entitled Criminal
Investigation. In his book, Gross defined search for truth as “the basis and goal of all criminal
investigations.” (Weston and Wells, 1990)
In his earlier book System der Kriminalistiks, Gross emphasized that a large part of the
criminalist’s work involves battle against lies. The criminalist has to discover the truth and must
fight the opposite , which is lies and deceit. The criminalist encounters the opposite at every step
of his investigation (Trovillo, 1939)
B. METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

Searching the truth and detecting lies has been a constant effort way back before the first
scientific instrument for lie detection was invented. In attempting to discover lies and deceit,
primitive people developed methods that are founded with magic and mysticism. Since early
people believed that their gods send them messages through fire and water, they used these
things as means to know the truth. This procedure is commonly called as TRIAL BY ORDEAL. In
some situations, faith in mysticism surprisingly let innocent people go unharmed while guilty ones
die or get seriously injured during their ordeal. (Trovillo, 1939).
Some primitive lie detection methods were customs based on physiological principles.
Oriental people, for example, determine who are saying the truth and who are saying lies by
requiring suspected offenders to chew dry rice. While this was a simple task for innocent suspects,
those who were lying had difficulty in chewing. This practice cling into the belief that fear inhibit
the digestive process, including salivation. Thus, deceptive suspects have difficulty in chewing
rice and spitting out crushed wet rice because of fear. Fear that their lies will be discovered
prevents the production of their saliva. (Trovillo, 1939).
There are various methods of detecting lies and deceits. Lie detection methods available
today maybe grouped in four ways (Llamas Jr., 2002). It includes the following:
1. Cross-checking the information with: testimonies; physical evidence; or any other

existing information.
2. Psychological method – evaluation of the emotional, behavioral and cognitive
reactions of a person.
3. Interrogation and testing the credibility of a suspect’s statements using the polygraph
machine.
Dr. Pedro Solis (1993), in his book Legal Medicine provided a more elaborated
classification of lie detection methods available today.
1. Methods involving the use of scientific devices that record psychophysiological response:
a. Word Association Technique (WAT)
b. Psychological Stress Evaluation
c. Polygraph Method (or Polygraphy)
2. Methods involving the use of substances that “inhibit the inhibitor”
a. Administration of “truth serum”
b. Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis
c. Intoxication with alcohol
3. Hypnosis
4. Scientific Observation
5. Scientific Interrogation
However, there are new sophisticated

techniques of detecting deception not mentioned
by Solis to include the following:
1. Computerized Voice Stress Analysis

2. Brain Scanning
3. Iris Analysis
As scientific lie detection methods are usually applied to resolve legal matters, the field of
lie detection is now included a one area of forensic science. Forensic lie detection is better known
in the academe as FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. The most popular field of forensic
psychophysiology is the polygraph method.
According to Dr. William J. Yankee from the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute
(DoDPI) in the United States, polygraph examination is one of the most complex
psychophysiological examinations ever developed. (Matte 1996)
In advance countries, the following are preferred descriptions of lie detection through
polygraph examination.
1. Psychophysiological veracity examination (PVE)

2. Psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD)
3. Psychophysiological credibility assessment (PCA)
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS
Lie Detection and Interrogation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdhgla6tHBI

(Polygraph)
Three (3) Methods of Detecting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgHgxfkme-8

Deception
The Science of Hypnosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWMYNTnoEyQ

References:
King-eo, Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection. Unpublished notes from the University of
the Cordilleras: Baguio City
http://www.truthverifier.com.html
http://wwwpolytest.org/polyfaq.htm
CHAPTER II
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Objectives:
 Identify the different personalities develop lie detection;
 Know the personalities and the contributions on Polygraph.
A. DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIO-SPHYMOGRAPH
1. Cesare Lombroso (1895) an

Italian criminologist who used the
“hydrosphymograph” in the
experiment he had conducted on
actual criminal suspects whose
truthfulness or deception he sought to
determine on the basis on the
presence or absence of blood
pressurepulse changes when the
suspects were questioned about the
offense under
investigation. This instrument however, is generally intended for medical
purposes not in the process of detecting lies or deception or the truthfulness
of the subject person. But later he was accorded the distinction of being the
first person to utilize an instrument for the purpose of detecting lies.
2. Angelo Mosso (1895) an Italian Physiologist who was influenced by
Lombroso, pursued his studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the
heart and respiration with an instrument for measuring blood pressure and
pulse change called “plethysmograph’ invented by Francis Franke, which
reveals periodic undulations in blood pressure caused by respiration cycle.
3. William Moulton Marston (1915) an American Scientist who used an

ordinary
“Sphygmomanometer” by means of which he obtained periodic,

discontinuous blood pressure reading during the course of a test. He also
recorded the respiration and noted the time the subjects’ verbal responses.
He also experimented with the galvanometer to record skin resistance
changes and gripping devices to record tension. He uses the word association
test. He is considered the father of modern polygraphy.
4. John A. Larson (1921) an American Psychologist who constructed an

instrument capable on continuously recording all the three phenomena –
blood pressure, pulse and respiration – during the entire period of the test.
The instrument designed by Larson not only have recording pen for
cardiosphymograph, pneumograph and galvanograph but also it has the
muscular movement pen for arms and thighs.
5. Leonarde A. Keeler (1926) is an American Psychologist who

constructed a more satisfactory instrument than the one used by Larson. Later
on, Keeler made additional changes in the instrument, and at the time of his
death in 1949 the
“Keeler Polygraph” included, in addition to units for recordings blood
pressurepulse and respiration changes, a galvanometer for recording what is
known as the Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR) or electrodermal responses. He
also introduced the card test and the peak of tension test.
B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PNEUMOGRAPH

1. Vittorio Benussi (1914) is an Italian Psychologist who published an
account of his research on respiration changes as symptoms of deception. In
test cases, he measured recorded respiratory tracings and found that if the
length on inspiration were divided by the length of expiration the ratio was
greater before telling the truth than afterwards and greater after lying than
before lying. In summary, he
detected deception with a
pneumograph that graphically
measures the inhalation and
exhalation. He also
demonstrated the changes in
respiration-expiation ratio during
deception.
2. Harold E. Burtt (1918) improvised and conformingly utilized the

techniques of Benussi. Accordingly, he considered this method ( the
measuring of the recorded respiratory tracing) to be loss diagnostic value than
blood pressure techniques. He then determines that respiratory changes were
indications of deception. He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure
were of greater value in determining deception than in changes in respiration.
C. DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANOGRAPH
1. Luigi Galvani (1791) is an Italian

physiologist who was accorded the
distinction for developing the galvanic skin
reflex (GSR) or the galvanometer, which
records electrical bodily resistance in terms
of ohms, the lowest current ever recorded.
2. Sticker (1879) is responsible in discovering the amazing possibility of

Electrodermal response in discovering emotions. He claimed that a person
has
no control as to their response. He is the inventor of the first lie detector using
Electrodermal responses.
3. S. Veraguth (1907) is the first one to use the term “psychogalvanic
skin reflex.” He believed that the electrical phenomenon is due to the activity
of sweat glands.
D. DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE

1. Leonarde A. Keeler (1942) developed the “relevant-irrelevant tests.”
The theory of this test is that guilty reacts only to relevant questions and
innocent shows no reactions.
2. John E. Reid (1945) an American Lawyer/Polygraphist who developed

the
“reviewed control question” consisting of a known lie incorporated into

relevant-irrelevant test. The theory of the test is to stimulate the innocent
subject, to identify the general nervous tension and guilt complex reactor and
to improve contract between innocent and guilty subjects. He also discovered
the “guilt complex test” administered to the overly responsive subject.
3. Cleve Backster (1960) conceived the psychological sit theory that forms
the basis of his zone of comparison technique that provides constant
monitoring of the subject’s reactivity and designed to disclose outside issue.
This is known as the Backster Zone Comparison Test.
E. EARLY PUBLICATIONS ON POLYGRAPH AND POLYGRAPHY

1. Daniel Defoe (1730) wrote an essay in 1730 suggesting that taking the
pulse is practical and more humane method of identifying a liar rather than
subjecting the subject to various mechanical attachments.
2. Max Wertheimer (1904) published a paper with Julius Klein entitled

Psychologische Tatbestandsdiagnostik with subtitle “Ideas about
experimental methods for the purpose of revealing the involvement of a
person in a criminal act.
3. Gesta Romanorum (1906) published his book in 1906 which stated that
during the Middle Ages, a nobleman tested the fidelity of his wife by taking
her pulse.
4. James Mackenzie (1906) a famous heart specialist who said polygraph

exists as early as 1906 but it is not being used to detect deception. He first
described the instrument in an article entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which
appeared in the British Medical Journal in 1908.
5. Vittorio Benussi (1913) presented a paper before the second meeting

of the Italian Society for Psychology in Rome on the subject of his experiments
regarding respiratory symptoms of lying.
6. Richard O. Archer (1953) is the first polygraphist to record

simultaneously on regular basis the chest and abdominal breathing patterns.
He was also the first on to record simultaneously two galvanic skin reflexes.
7. Richard I. Golden (1969) presented a paper during the Annual Seminar

of American Polygraph Association at Houston, Texas regarding his
experiments using existing control question twice. The first time truthfully
and the second time will lie, for the purpose or requiring additional psycho-
physiological data from the examinee by comparing his subjective truthful
answer with a known lie to the same question.
8. Fred E. Inbau (1942). Wrote a book Lie Detection and Criminal
Interrogation in 1942 that explained the peak of tension test in describing the
methodology for the administration of a guilty knowledge test when the subject
has not been informed of the essential details of the case such as the object
stolen, the amount of money missing, or the implement used in the
commission of the crime.
F. OTHER PIONEERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPHY

1. Anton Mesmer (1778) is the first one to introduce hypnotism as a
method of detecting deception.
2. Francis Galton (1879) developed the much acclaimed psychological

test known as the Word Association Test (WAT) whereby the patient is
presented with group of words sufficiently separated in time to allow the
patient to utter his first thought generated by each word. Dr. Carl Guztav
Jung later developed the work and experiment of Galton.
3. Wilhelm Wundt (1879). He founded the first physiological laboratory

in
Leipig, Germany in 1879 that immediately attracted students all over the world
4. Fere (1888) is a French Scientist who discovered the electro-cement

response in 1888 that causes the increase in the action of the heart and
vital energy with human emotions. He asserted that human body has the
ability to generate or store, discharge high voltage of static electricity.
5. Charles E. Cady (19th Century) recommended the use of chloroform

to solve Lincoln’s assassination including the identification of the plotters.
Based from his 3-year experience as army surgeon, he had observed rebel
officers divulge important information while they were partly under the
influence of choloform.
6. Arthur McDonald (1908) is the acquaintance of Cesare Lombroso who

appeared before the US congressional hearing in 1908 proposing the
creation of a federal laboratory to study criminals and suggested the use
of an apparatus containing all of the elements of a modern polygraph.
7. Hugo Munterberg (1908). A German-Ameican psychologist and

philosopher who introduced the forensic application of WAT in lie
detection in US and further suggested possibilities in detecting deception by
recording physiological changes.
8. Otto Lowenstein (1920) is a German psychiatrist who introduced an

apparatus that has two pneumographs, which could record simultaneously
the movement of each foot, each hand, and the head in all the three
dimension: this instrument is huge, impractical and difficult to maintain in
working order, but it was considered as true polygraph.
9. C.W. Darrow (1930). He devised a research on photo polygraph,

(However, it did not last long) which records several responses
simultaneously to include the following:
a. Electrodermal response (skin)
b. Blood Pressure
c. Heart beat rate
d. Time between verbal stimuli and verbal response

e. Signal marks
f. Involuntary tremors of one hand
g. Breathing amplitude and frequency
h. Voluntary movement of the hand
10. Akamatsu, Uchida & Togawa (1933) are Japanese

psychologists who suggested the use of electrodermal activity (EDA) for
the detection of deception because the conductance level was found to
decrease during emotional changes.
11. Christian Ruckmick (1936) repudiated the term

psychogalvanic skin reflex (GSR) because such reaction is not a reflex
accordingly. He explained that the psychological nature of the so-called
psychogalvanic reflex is not completely understood, thus he proposed the
term electrodermal response.
12. Paul Wilhelm and Donald Burns (1951). They are Lie Detector
Specialists from Michigan City in USA sometime in 1951. They invented an
Electronic Psychometer using electrodermal responses as bases for lie
detection. They are the ones who have proven that results of lie detection
test is 95% accurate but with 5% margin of error.
13. Allen Bell (1972) is an American inventor who developed a

device called Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE). This instrument
detects slight trembling in the voice, which may be interpreted to determine
if person is telling the truth.
14. Alexander R. Luria (20th Century) is a Russian psychologist who

modified the WAT that was introduced by Francis Galton so that it is
suitable in the Russian setting.
15. Galilei Galileo devised a gadget called “Pulsilogium,” an

instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency of the subject under lie
detection test.
16. D’ Arsonval is a French Scientist who declared that electricity is

generated by the body. He named it as External Friction. He asserted that
sweat glands which the body at times store the electricity and other times,
discharge them.
17. Walter G. Summers. He developed the pathometer which

measured apparent change in skin resistance to electricity. He also used
control questions which he called as emotional standards, carefully selected
from the subject’s life in an attempt to evoke “intense psychogalvanic
reactions” to surprise, anger, shame, or anxiety…” such as “ Are you living
with your wife?” or “Were you ever arrested?”
18. E.P. Coffey. He is an FBI special agent who observed and

conducted cases with Keeler and reported on the test methods used to solve
a number of cases some of which involves banks. He was also regarded as
the first FBI polygraphist and probably the first examiner in the US Federal
Government. He established the first Federal polygraph research program.
The first FBI use of polygraph in espionage was in 1938. Leon Turrou, an
FBI agent was fired by FBI director Edgar Hoover for spoiling the case and
letting too many German agents escape. Turrou subsequently wrote a book
entitled Nazi Spies in America in which Hoover was never mentioned.
19. Thomas Hayes Jaycox. Conducted a “name test” which he

described as a group of names of men who might have committed the crime
to a suspect who
gave little or no apparent response except to one name at which his blood
pressure and respiration become abnormal.
20. Clarence D. Lee. He designed in 1938 the Berkeley

Psychograph consisting of a chart drive or recording unit, a cardiograph or
respiration unit, a cardiograph or pulse blood pressure unit and a stimulus
signal unit
21. Ronald E. Decker. He is the head of the Army Polygraph

School (APS) who introduced the modification of the Reid Polygraph
Technique and called the General Question Test (MGQT).
22. Paul K. Minor. The Chief Polygraph Examiner of the FBI who
modified in 1980 the R-1 technique to include control questions of measured
relevance to the target issue but not designed to cause an arousal; this latest
modification of the R-1 technique is known as the Modified Relevant
Irrelevant (MRI) Technique.
23. James Allan Matte. He developed the Polygraph Quadri-Zone

Comparison Technique (renamed in January 1995 as Quadri-Track Zone
Comparison Technique (QTZCT).
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

( MAJOR COMPONENTS OF https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5rJm4jOcbc
POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT)
Pioneers in the History of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlsuPiwiZXA

Polygraphy
POLYGRAPHY - PART 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsVU8OrDpZQ
References:
King - eo , Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection . Unpublished notes from
the University of the Cordilleras: Baguio City
http://www.truthverifier.com.htm l
CHAPTER III
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to learn:
 Discuss the different types of ordeals in early years;

 Describe different countries used this as a form of judicial process.
Ordeal is a term of various meanings
closely related to the medieval Latin “dei
indicum” meaning “miraculous decisions” for
ancient cases were decided through several
tests usually on physical strength. Ancient
method of trial in which the accused is exposed
to physical danger which was supposed to be
harmless if innocent.
1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal. This is the ordeal that is practiced in the hill tribe of Rajmal in North
Bengal. The accused places his tongue to a hot iron nine times (9) unless burned sooner.
Sometimes the accused also is made to carry the metal in his hands. If burned, the accused
is put to death.
2. Ordeal by Balance. This is practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India. This ordeal is makes
use of a scale of balance wherein he accused and accuser shall be placed in both ends of the
balance (seesaw like). The person to be adjudged lighter than the other shall be acquitted.
On the other hand, the person to be adjudged guilty is the one heavier.
3. Ordeal by Boiling Water. This ordeal is used to point the thief in modern Africa. The subjects
plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step to the other side of the fire.
All are told to undergo the tests without murmuring. The one by the time has lost some or
showed blisters would prove that he or she is the thief.
4. Ordeal by Rice Chewing. The ordeal is used to determine who is telling the truth or lying.
This is practiced in India. It is formed with the kind of rice called “Sathee”, prepared with
various incantations. The person on trial eats, with his face to the east and then spits upon a
peaceful leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or if he
trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
5. Ordeal of the Red Water. This ordeal is used in Eastern Africa. The accused shall be
required to fast for twelve hours. He shall e required to swallow small amount of cooked rice
and be given emetic red water extracted from the Sassy Tree bark. If the accused emits or
cough out the rice, he is adjudged guilty of the charge, otherwise the accused is innocent.
6. Trial by Combat. This ordeal orders a fight between the accuser and the accused. Whoever
lost the fight will be adjudged guilty. The one who wins the fight at the same time wins the
case.
7. Ordeal by Drinking Decoction. The ordeal that requires the accused to be given a decoction
to drink by a priest. If the accused was harmless after drinking the decoction, then he is
innocent but if he dies, he is guilty. This ordeal was practiced in:
a. Nigeria
b. Brahamic India
c. India
8. Ordeal by Eating Corsnead. This ordeal is practiced in China and Alexandria, Egypt. The
accused is given uncooked dry rice to swallow and afterwhich spit out the same. If the accused
spits out the rice to be still dry, he is considered innocent.
9. Ordeal by the Eucharist. This ordeal is reserved for the clergy and administered with pomp
and ceremony in the European Countries. The accused will be given any liquid food that may
cause death to any person. If the accused is innocent, Angel Gabriel will descend from
heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to him.
10. Ordeal of the Bier. This ordeal is applied to a mystery death of a person. The corpse will be
brought on a bier of boughs after which the natives will ask the corpse he/she has been
bewitched. If the victim died by witchcraft, the bier is supposed to know more and if the
sorcerer who killed him is present, the corpse will touch him/her. This is practiced in countries
of the continent of Australia and Europe.
11. Ordeal by Heat and Fire. In this ordeal, the accused is compelled to walk in bare foot through
the fire, if he remains unhurt then he is innocent. This ordeal was practiced in:
a. East Germany
b. Early Scandinavian Countries
c. Early England
12. Ordeal by Boiling Oil or Water. The accused is forced to dip his hand into the boiling water
or oil and ask to pick up stone in it. If the accused picked up the stone placed in the boiling
oil/water unhurt, the accused is innocent, otherwise he is guilty. This is practiced in Asian
Countries.
13. Ordeal by Using Red Hot Needle. This is the ordeal used to determine if the accused or any
person is telling a lie or not. A red hot needle shall be drawn through the lips of the accused.
The accused will not be hurt, or the accused’s lips will not be burned if he is innocent. If the
accused suffered blisters and burns, he is construed to be guilty of the offense charged. This
is practiced in Wanaka, East Africa.
14. Ordeal of the Tiger. This is the ordeal that makes use of a tiger to be set loose towards the
accused and the accuser placed together. The one that spares or untouched by the tiger is
considered innocent. If both were spared, further elimination will follow. This ordeal is
practiced in Siam.
15. Ordeal by Combat. This is the ordeal that was vividly dramatized in the movie entitled
“Ivanhoe” that was based from the novel of the same title that became the only legal ordeal
that was practiced in England during the reign of Henry III. The accuser and accused shall
convene a duel or fight where the winner shall be adjudged as innocent, the looser to be guilty
of the charge. Those persons not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford to do
so could hire champions in the field to do the fighting for them.
16. Ordeal of the Cross. The ordeal that lets the accuser and accused to stand with arms crossed
on their breasts infront of atleast 3 designated adjudicator. The one who endures the longer
is deemed to have told the truth. This is practiced in European Countries.
17. Ordeal by Waxen Shirt. The accused is dressed with cloth covered with wax and required to
walk in barefoot over burning coals. If unhurt through the fire and the wax did not elt, the
accuse is innocent, otherwise guilty.
18. Ordeal of the Donkey’s Tail. As a psychological theory, a donkey is placed in a room alone
and it will be observed. If the donkey cried or made noise inside the room, a judgment of guilt
in the commission of crimes is presumed.
SELECTED COUNTRIES THAT PRACTICES ORDEALS
A. BURMA OR MYANMAR. The most common ordeal that was practiced in this country is the
ordeal by candle lighting. The accuser and accused are given each identical candle to be
lighted at the same time. The person that holds the candle that burned first ahead is guilty or
a liar. The candle that burned the longest determined which told the truth.
B. BORNEO. This is the ordeal that utilizes two shell fishes to represent the accuser and
accused. The two shell fishes shall be put in a plate and an irritating fluid was then be poured
onto them. The shellfish that represents the litigant that moves first shall be adjudged to be
innocent or the winner.
C. GREECE. The ordeal by the use of axe is used to determine the guiltiest person. A suspended
axe shall be spanned at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped, whoever
was in line with the blade is the one to be most guilty among the suspects as pointed out by
the divine providence.
D. NIGERIA. The common ordeal used in Nigeria is with the use of a cock’s feather. The priest
utilizes a cock’s feather and pierces into the tongue of the accused. If the feather passed
through the tongue easily, the accused is deemed innocent. The other ordeal is with the use
of a corrosive fluid. It will be poured into the eyes of the accused. If the accused was unharmed
then he is innocent, if suffered bruises/blisters and injuries, the accused shall be deemed
guilty.
E. EUROPE AND EARLY USA (17TH CENTURY). Ordeal by water is the common ordeal used
in these continents. This ordeal is used on those accused of witchcraft. The accused is bound
on his hands and feet and put into the body of water. If the body of the accused sank, he is
guilty to be punished to death by burning. If he is half-drawn or remains on the surface of the
water, the accused is innocent.
F. MADAGASCAR. Legal authorities practiced trial by Ordeal. The supposed criminal is made
to drink a poisonous fruit juice called “tangena,” a small dose can be fatal. By managing the
size of the dose, those who administer it can decide result.
However, in some books authored by well known writers and academicians, The
Hereditary Sieve Method was mentioned by Sir Hans Gross his famous book in Criminal
Investigation in which beans are to be thrown into a sieve (bigao in vernacular) as the name
of each suspect is called. If the bean jumps out of the sieve, the owner of the name is innocent.
If the bean remains in the sieve, the person named is the thief.
The Ayur-Veda is a Hindu book of health and sciences that is believed to be the
earliest reference of the ordeals or methods of detecting deception as adopted by several
countries in the world specially Europe. It is also believed to be the basis in the creation of a
polygraph machine.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS
What is TRIAL BY ORDEAL? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27JKMgbqIXg
Trial By Ordeal - BRUTAL Medieval https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHc1haeckOs

Justice
Darkest & Most Disturbing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFIcrJRieWo

Practices From Human History
References:
King-eo, Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection. Unpublished notes from the University of
the Cordilleras: Baguio City
CHAPTER IV
THE FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUES

 Identify the different concept for detecting deception; 
Explain the purpose of the polygraph in our lives.
1. Theory and concept
The polygraph technique uses the principle that the bodily functions of a person
are influenced by his mental state. The physiological changes accompanying
deception are capable of being recorded, measured and interpreted with reasonable
certainty.
Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience. A conscious act of lying causes

conflict in the mind of the examinee, which produces an emotion of fear of anxiety,
manifested by fluctuations in pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing, and perspiration.
The physiologic fluctuation that comes with the emotion is in nature automatic, self-
regulating, and beyond conscious control because they affect the functioning of the
internal structures that prepare the body for an emergency. They are mobilized for
survival value.
2. Physiological Effector Mechanism/automatic Nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is the main effector mechanism which the
polygraph are concerned. The autonomic nervous system is the one responsible for
regulating mechanism that corrects the slightest deviation of the blood, body
temperature, levels of potassium, sodium, calcium magnesium and all the chemical
substances that maintain the activity of all cell membranes are finely adjusted. This is
found at the center of the brain and its central control is in the hypothalamus – a group
of nerve cells of the brain that control the entire endocrine-hormonal system. All of our
involuntary reflexes- those that we cannot control consciously such as our heart beat,
pulse rate, increase and decrease in blood pressure and the expansion and
constriction of arteries are governed by the autonomic nervous system. When one of
our senses detects a threat to our wellbeing, it sends a signal to the autonomic nervous
system, which activates its sympathetic division regardless whether the threat is
physical or psychological.
In polygraph testing, the receptor is the ear of the subject, which receives the
threatening question or stimulus from the polygraphist. The stimulus is transmitted
from the ears via sensory neurons into the brain where the hypothalamus analyzes,
evaluates and resolves that particular question. It makes a decision for the subjects as
to whether it is threatening or not threatening situation. If affirmative, the hypothalamus
immediately activates the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system.
When the sympathetic system is activated, it immediately prepares the body for fight
or flight by the situation by causing the adrenal glands to secrete hormones known as
epinephrine and norpinephrine, so that the blood will be distributed to those areas of
the body where it is most needed to meet the emergency, such as the brain and the
larger muscle group. The chemical norepinephrine causes the arterioles in certain
parts of the body to constrict, thereby preventing blood from entering those areas
where it is not immediately needed. Other obvious effect took place when the
sympathetic system is activated, the hearts pump blood harder and faster, increasing
blood pressure, pulse rate, and strength, thus furnishing more oxygenated blood to
those areas of the body where it is vitally needed to meet the emergency, such as the
brain when increased mental activity is demanded. The second division of the
autonomic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system. It is functionally
antagonistic to the sympathetic nervous system. Its role is to maintain he homeostasis
of the body necessary for normal functioning. Therefore, it follows that whenever the
sympathetic activates, the parasympathetic follows to re-establish the chemical
balance of the body.
3. Tripod Foundation of Polygraph Technique
a. Mechanical Leg Basis Premise
The Polygraph machine is mechanically

capable of making a graphic records containing
reliable information regarding physiological changes.
b. Physiological Leg Basis Premise
Among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified are
those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of specific nervous
system component and from which stimulation of those specific nervous system
component can be reliably diagnosed.
c. Psychological Leg Basis Premise
Under this polygraph leg premise, the specific nervous system component
whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the involuntary
mental and emotional processes of he individual who is consciously attempting
concealment of deception specially if that individual has something at stake and
the prevailing circumstances lead to him to believe that exposure to detection is
quite possible although undesirable.
4. Purpose of Polygraph Technique
Polygraph examination is generally used as an investigative aid/technical aid in

the investigative process. It is used to:
a. Verify the statement of the victim/complainant.
b. Established the credibility of the witnesses.
c. Evaluates the truthfulness of the suspects.

5. Accuracy of Polygraph Results
The accuracy of the polygraph results ranges from 85% to 100% depending
upon the factors that affect it.
6. Factors that Affect the Accuracy of the Polygraph Results
a. The instrument.
b. The condition of the subject.
c. The condition of the examination room.
d. The qualification and skills of the examiner.
7. Objectives of Polygraph Examination
The ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain the Subject’s

“ADMISSION or CONFESSION” of the offense committed.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

Basic Concept of Polygraphy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awbfCBcZmvQ
( Part 1)
Understanding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp2poso6dGw
Psychophysiology Detection
of Deception
Three (3) General Uses of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKy9sV7620c

Polygraph Testing
References:
King - eo, Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection . Unpublished notes from
CHAPTER V
THE INSTRUMENT
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to learn: 

Describe the different parts of polygraph machine and its function; 
Define the accessory parts on its major components.
The instrument used in Polygraph Examination is often called as “Polygraph or

Polygraph Machine, Lie Detector, or Deceptograph” as earlier mentioned in the past
chapters. Polygraph is defined as an instrument or device capable of producing
recordings of physiological phenomena that may be used as the basis for the
application of a reliable technique for diagnosing truth or deception. The machine itself
does not detect lies or deception, it only records the physiological
phenomena/changes that occur when the subjects tells a lie or deception. It is the
Examiner who detects deception through the use of a lie detector or polygraph.
The machine/instrument has four (4) major parts or components, these are;
1. Pneumograph – this
occupy the two top/upper
pens of the instrument which
records the thoracic and
abdominal breathing patterns
of respiration. This is
accomplished through the use
of a pneumograph consisting
of two hollow corrugated tubes
about seven inches in length,
each attached to a unit by a rubber
hose no longer than six feet and no larger than one quarter inch in diameter. This
breathing pneumo unit is a low pressure unit. The inhalation/exhalation of the
subject causes the tubes to expand and contract, thereby reflecting the change
through bellows to the pen into the chart.
2. Galvanograph – this is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The
electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring finger of the left hand, or to
the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand. The electrodes used for obtaining
the recording of the GSR or electrodermal responses, are fastened to the hand or
fingers by means of the passage of an imperceptible amount of electrical current
through the hand or fingers bearing the attached electrodes, a galvanometer unit
provides recording of the variation in the flow of the electrical current.
3. Cardiosphymograph – this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the

instrument. This cardio unit is a mechanically operated unit. It is a high pressure
system. This system records changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength
of pulse beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber
bladder that is wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder
against the brachial artery. The bladder is connected to the rubber hose, past a
pressure indicating gauge to a very sensitive bellows and its connected lever
system that powers the pen. The polygraphist inflates the bladder with a hand
pump to a constant air pressure that will provide tracing amplitude of 0.75 to 1 inch
with a dicrotic notch situated about the middle of the diastolic limb of the tracing.
4. Kymograph – this is the chart recording unit of the instrument. It has a

synchronized motor that drives the chart at the rate of six inches per minute and
its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either at
one-half or one inch interval, represents five or ten seconds interval on the chart.
This provides the polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rate and question
spacing.
OTHER PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
1. Pen lifter – it raises or lowers pens to 3 positions.
2. Program pacer – a programmable cueing device for question and answer

spacing.
3. Paper tear bar – provides cutting edge for convenient removal of charts.
4. Foam Pen Hold-Down – keeps pens in place when instrument is being

transported.
5. Attaché compartment – storage for all forms and supplies. Slightly smaller in
Executive Ultra Scribe.
6. Accessory Storage & Optional Calibration Checking Fixture – slightly

smaller in Executive Ultra Scribe.
7. Subject Connections – stylish grouping provides neat, professional

appearance.
Facilitates set-up and storage.
8. Mechanical Pneumo Module – recording part of mechanical Pneumo

Channel.
9. Galvanic Skin Response Module – recording part of GSR channel.

10. Multi-function Module – selectable recording module that can be used

as:
a. Electronic pneumo channel
b. Electronic cardio channel
c. Cardio activity monitor
d. Cardio tech or other accessories.
11. Mechanical cardio module – recording part of mechanical cardio

module.
12. Paper storage compartment – holds two spare rolls of chart paper or
other supplies.
13. AC power receptacle – power cords connects here; international

standard design for easy cord replacement.
14. Power switch and circuit breaker – applies power to instrument. Built-
in resettable circuit breaker protects instruments and eliminates need for fuses.
To reset simply press OFF and then ON again.
15. Chart drive roller lever – lifts chart drive roller for paper change and
chart removal.
16. Power analyzer – automatically indicates whether wall outlet is properly

wired and grounded for proper instrument operation and subject safety.
17. Stimulus marker – marks significant events on the chart.

18. Sphygmomanometer Dial – reads operating pressure of cardio

channels.
19. Pneumo 1 – pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic) pneumograph.

Not connected in instrument with only one Pneumo Channel.
20. Pneumo 2 – pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal) pneumograph.
21. Cuff – pneumatic connection for Cardio Channel subject cuff tubing.
22. Pump – pneumatic connection for hand pump used to inflate subject
cuff.
23. Mechanical cardio switch – disengages Mechanical cardio Module

from pneumatic system for low pressure Electronic Operation.
ATTACHMENT OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH
A polygraph is in fact several instruments combined to simultaneously record changes

in blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin resistance. The electrical conductivity of
the skin’s surface can also be measured through the increasing sweat gland activity
that reduces the skin’s ability to carry electrical current.
The pneumograph tube is fastened around the subject’s torso and belly. The blood
pressure cuff is placed on the right arm in such a way that the rubber bladder
part should be located over the brachial artery. The electrodes or Galvanic Skin
Reflex (GSR) is attached on the palm or index finger and ring finger of the left hand of
the subject. Position the subject in a manner that he looks straight ahead with the
instrument and the examiner to the right side or rear somewhat ahead of the
kymograph or chart drive so that the polygraph tracings will not distract him.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

MAJOR COMPONENTS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5rJm4jOcbc&t=63s
OF POLYGRAPH
INSTRUMENT
Parts of Polygraph https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aMGtXSz2ZE

Instrument and Polygraph
Examination
Polygraphy Part 5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxgKSWwknkQ

References:
CHAPTER VI
THE EXAMINER AND THE SUBJECT

 Define polygraph examiners and work;
 Describe the person who undergo in lie detection test.
Who are Polygraph Examiners?
Today, some polygraph

examiners refers to be called Forensic
Psychophysiologist (FP)
because only FP and the subject
(examinee) are present in the
examination room, his or her behavior
greatly influences the results of the
PVE. Although, polygraph examiners
are referred to as
polygraphists and lie
detector specialists. The FP has several tasks in performing PVE:
1. Collecting facts of the case
2. Formulating questions
3. Setting up the interrogation room and the polygraph
4. Profiling and preparing the subject being tested
5. Asking questions
6. Chart marking
7. Chart probing
8. Chart interpretation
There are many schools around USA that have been set up to train people to
conduct polygraph examinations. One of these schools is the Axciton International
Academy, which was started by Clarence D. Lee. The school is accredited by APA
and certified by the American Association of Police Polygraphists (AAPP).
Following the completion of these requirements, the student becomes a

polygraphist and may obtain a license in his or her state requires one. There is no
standardized test that all polygraph examiners must pass in order to practice.
Basic to all that has been said with regards to the utilization and accuracy of the
polygraph technique is the matter of the examiner qualifications and skills.
An examiner must be an intelligent person, with reasonably good educational

background – preferably college degree. He should have an intense interest in the
work itself, a good practical understanding of human nature, and suitable personality
traits which may be evident from his otherwise general ability to “get along” with people
and to be well liked by his friends and associates. No amount of training or experienced
will overcome the lack of these necessary qualifications.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD EXAMINER/INTERROGATOR
1. Patience- there are times or instances that’s subject could be

questioned for one day or more. Never interrogate a subject when you are in a
hurry. Never race against time.
2. The interrogator must be master psychologist. He must be good reader

of acts of men.
3. The interrogator must be friendly and avoid arrogance. Try to feel the
subject that you are superior to him. You should be friendly to gain confidence.
4. Never bluff. Never deceive the subject. Never promise the subject
anything that you can never fulfill. Be sincere to the subject.
5. He must be able to talk on all subjects under the sun, this is important
in order to make the subject talk more of the case.
6. The examiner must be courteous and gentle at all times. This is

important to gain the respect of the subject.
7. He must be resourceful.
8. He must be firm. Must not be swayed by emotions of the subject. He

must not cry when the subjects starts to cry or laugh.
9. Dress formally when interrogating a subject. Never interrogate a

subject in a police uniform.
10. Use clean and understandable language.
THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER SHOULD KNOW THE FOLLOWING:
1. A complete physical description of the subject to determine the

technique to be used (as for example the subject is deaf or blind).
2. The complete history of the subject.
3. Experience, training, and educational attainment of the subject (to make

the subject talk to himself).
4. A brief synopsis of the case (fact of he case so the examiner can
formulate the questioners).
5. Reason why the subject is to be interrogated.
Attitude and Conduct of an Investigation of a suspect or witness, the interrogator

must observe the following:
1. The interrogator should avoid creating an impression that he is an

investigator seeking a confession or conviction. It is better for him to appear in
the role of one who is merely seeking the truth.
2. Such realistic words or expressions as “kill” “steal”, “confess” your crime,
etc.
3. The interrogator should sit fairly close to the subject and between the
two; there would not be a table to other pieces furniture.
4. The interrogator should avoid facing about the room. To give undirected
attention to the person being interrogated, make it as such that will be more
difficult for him to evade detection of deception or conceals his guilt.
5. The interrogator should avoid or at least minimize smoking and should
also refrain from fumbling with a pencil pen or other room accessories for all this
tend to create an impression of lack of interest or confidence.
6. The interrogator should adopt his language to that used and understood
by the subject himself. I dealing with an uneducated and ignorant, the interrogator
should use simple words and sentences.
7. Since the interrogator should always occupy a fearless position with
regards to his subject and to the condition and circumstances attending the
interview, the subject should not be handcuff or shackled during his presence in
the interrogation. The interrogator should face the subject as “man” and as man
prisoner.
Is the result of PVE admissible as court evidence?

In most cases, polygraph evidence is used during pre-trial investigation and

preparations rather than during the actual trial.
In the OJ Simpson civil trial, the result of a polygraph were admitted into evidence.
This established a precedent across US allowing polygraph examinations in civil trials
such as divorce cases.
In the Philippine Setting, PVE using the polygraph is not fully developed. The following
are the reasons why at this stage results of PVE are not admissible as evidence in the
Philippine trial courts:
a. Qualifications of the polygraph examiners are not standardized
b. PVE using the polygraph is not standardized.
c. No standard instrumentation.
WHO USES POLYGRAPH MACHINES?
1. In US, polygraph services are often used in government agencies such

as:
a. National Security Agency
b. Intelligence Agencies (CIA, etc.)
c. State Law Enforcement Agency
d. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies (FBI)
e. Local Law Enforcement Agencies (Police and Sheriff

Department)
2. In the legal community, polygraph services are used by the:
a. US Attorney Offices
b. District Attorney Offices
c. Public Defense Offices
d. Parole and Probation Department
e. Private Prosecutors
3. Polygraph services can also be used in the private sector such as the:
a. Companies and Corporations within the bounds of the law (EPPA

of 1988)
b. Marital and family counselors to alleviate fears and prove

innocence of spouse and family members
c. Private citizens on matters not involving the legal or criminal
justice.
KINDS OF PEOPLE TO BE INTERROGATED
A. Suspect - Offenders of society who are presumed to have committed the crime.
B. Complainants - Are those persons who are offended by the suspects.
C. Witnesses - A person who knows something about the crime.
TYPES OF SUBJECT FOR LIE DETECTION OR INTERROGATION IN CRIMINAL

CASES:
I. SUBJECT WHOSE GUILT IS DEFINITE OR REASONABLE
A. Emotional Offenders
1. Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion, anger or revenge

[homicide injuries, etc.]
2. Persons whose offenses are accidental in nature like hit and run
motorist. Emotional offenders have a feeling of remorse, mental anguish as a
result of his act. HE is bothered by his conscience and has difficulty of resting
or sleeping.
Techniques for this kind of Subject
a. Display an air of confidence on the subjects guilt
b. Pint out the circumstantial evidence indicative of guilt
c. Call attention to the subjects psychological and physiological symptoms

of guilt.
d. Sympathize with the subject by telling him that anyone else under similar
conditions or circumstances have committed similar offense.
e. Reduce a subject feeling by minimizing the moral seriousness of the
offense.
f. Sympathize with the subject by condemning his victim or his accomplice,

or anyone else whom some degree of responsibility might conceivably be
placed for the commission of the crime in question.
g. Express friendship in arguing with the subject to tell the truth by:
1. Extend external sympathy by such friendly gestures as a pat on

the shoulder or knee, or by a grip of the hand
2. Tell the subject to tell the truth for the sake of his own conscience;
or moral well-being, as well as because it is the only decent and
honorable thing to do.
3. Urge the subject to tell the truth for the sake of his own
conscience; or moral well-being, as for the sake of everybody
concerned, and also because it is the only decent and honorable thing
to do.
4. Let the subject talk of his misfortune and troubles in general, listen
and console as a very mush interested and understanding friend.
h. Indicate to the subject, as a reason for telling the truth the possibility of
exaggeration on the part of his accuser.
I. Seek a general admission of guilt. First ask the subject a question as to some
detail pertaining to the offense.
B. Non-Emotional Offenders
These are persons who commit crimes for financial gain, theft, robbery, killing
for money, or more, particular persons who are repeaters. These offenders have no
moral guilt not troubled by conscience. They do not wake up at night. His only concern
is that will he be going to be caught.
Techniques for non-emotional offenders:
a. Point out the fertility of resistance
b. Appeal to the subject’s prude by well-selected flattery, or by a challenge

to his honor.
c. Point out the subject the grave consequence and fertility of a
continuation of his offensive behavior.
d. When unsuccessful in obtaining a confession regarding the offense in
question seek [for use a wedge-to crowd or compress]
e. When co-offenders are being interrogated and the previously described
techniques have been found to be ineffective “Play one against the other” [point
out that among one of them has already admitted his guilt and implicit him in
the offense]
II. SUSPECT WHOSE GUILT IS DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN

Techniques in interrogating this kind of offenders
1. Create a situation [fishing technique question]
2. Detect the clues of deception
3. Try to determine what crimes these subject/person has committed.
4. Never agree or condemn the subject 5. Create in the subject at belief

relationship.
6. Understand the subject’s point of view.
7. Confidence and belief relationship should come before empathy.
8. Have interest in personal problem of the subject.
9. Establish relationship. Never be little the subject.
10. There should be no criticism [never condemn the person or anybody

else]
11. Feedback is intended to keep the subject talking.
12. Never criticize the subject.
Types or kinds of subject for polygraph test
1. Subject whose guilt is definite or reasonably certain.
a. Emotional Offender.
1. Person who commit crimes I the beat of passion.
2. Person whose offense is of accidental in nature.
b. Non-emotional Offender
1. Person who commit crimes for financial gain.

2. Subject whose guilt is doubtful or uncertain.
The (3) General Types of Subjects.

1. Victim or complainant
2. Witness
3. Suspect
NOTE: All Subjects must be in good physical and mental condition before
he/she may be submitted for polygraph Examination. The following may not be
submitted for Polygraph Test:
1. Person who has extreme nervousness.
2. Person who has physiological abnormalities

such as high blood pressure/hypertension, heart disease,
respiratory disorder, toothaches, severe headaches and practically any painful
ailments.
3. Person with mental abnormality.
4. Unresponsive persons, such as person who suffer mental fatique or

under the influenced of drugs or alcohol.
KINDS OF SUBJECT IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
B. AS TO AGE
7-12 Years Old: Fantastic Stage of Subject
13-19 Years Old: Fantastic and Reality Stage of

Subject o Association to gang/groups o Age of
imitation and idolatry
o Most juvenile delinquents are
at this stage o Ego is developed
20-25 years old: Ego of the Subject Begins to Lessen o
They realize that they are not that important persons
o They begin to be adults o They become
responsible
o At this stage girls start to
marry o They begin to be sociable
26-60 Years Old: They Can be the Best

Witnesses o He begin to realize his place
in the society o Materialistic
o They are already matured o
Temper begins to lessen
61 Years Old to Death o Begin to act like

children o Memories are like children o
Senses are already defective o They are
not quite good witnesses o They need
respect from others o They are irritable
and sensitive o Become more religious
o Preparation to death o Beginning to
tell experiences of the pass
TYPES OF LIAR
PANIC LIAR. Is one who lies in

order to avoid the consequences of
A.
confession for he believes that
confession will just make the matter
worst. The person is afraid of
embarrassment to love ones and it is
serious blow to his/her ego..
B.
OCCUPATIONAL LIAR. Is someone who has lied for spare

years. He is the kind of person which is called a practical liar and lies when it
has higher “pay off” than telling the truth.
C. TOURNAMENT LIAR. This is the type of liar where the person lies
because it is the only weapon remaining to defend his side. This person realizes
that he or she will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction
of hearing his confessions. He wants that people will believe that the law
punishes an innocent person.
D. PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR. The type of liar that is considered the most

difficult one for the person has no conscience and shows no regret for dishonest
and no manifestation of guilt.
E. ETHOLOGICAL LIAR. Is one who was taught not to be a squealer. This

kind of liar is usually coming from the underworld gang in order for the member
not to reveal any secret of their organization.
F. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR. Refers to a person who cannot really

distinguish right from wrong. Sometimes, other professional authors of book
refers to an insane person or to a person whose mind is sick.
G. BLACK LIAR. Is a person who always pretends. It also refers to those

persons who keep on adding remarks to themselves.
KINDS OF LIE
1. BENIGN OR WHITE LIE. The kind of lie that is used to maintain the
harmony of friendship, relationship in the home and or office.
2. RED LIE. The kind of lie of a person that has something to do with
communist propaganda that is against the government of the country.
3. MALICIOUS LIE. The kind of lie that has the purpose of misleading the
justice in favor of himself or towards other persons. It is sometimes called
chronic lie for it is done occasionally accompanied by plots and plans.
OTHER TYPES OF LIE INCLUDES:

1. Direct Denial
2. Lie of Omission
3. Lie of fabrication
4. Lie of Minimization
5. Lie of Exaggeration
SOME OF THE PHYSICAL SIGNS OF LYING ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. Blushing (to blush to become red, as in the cheeks, from shame or
confusion)
2. Twitching of the lips (short, sudden quick short spasmodic contraction of

the fibers or muscles
3. Squinting of the eyes (looking obliquely)
4. Failure to look the inquirer “straight to the eye”
5. A peculiar monotone of the voice
6. A forced laugh
7. A counter inquiry saying “who me”?
8. Unnecessary request for repetition of question
9. Movement of the hands and feel exhibiting a state of uneasiness.
a. Flight from interrogation room
b. Fear of detection
10. Increased activity of the Adam’s apple and many reactions of similar
nature.
11. Unusual perspiration /Excessive sweating
12. Dryness of the mouth
13. Rapid breathing

14. Unusual blood pressure
15. Fidgeting (restless motion) of the hands.
16. Stammering
17. Swearing before God that he did not commit a crime
18. Subjects refuses to answer questions
19. Subject is absent- minded
20. Pointing his guilt to somebody else.
21. Subject reference marks (i.e. “I’m honorable person how could I do that)
22. Subject often ask permission by gong to a certain place like a comfort
room. Etc.
23. Subject: reuses to answer the questions directly by offering alibis (i.e
“Wait a minute why do you have to ask that question?” “How I answer that I was
in Cavite at the time?”)
24. Not that I remember (question) expression.
25. Spotless past record religious man.
The reason why some people are better liar than the other is that others are not
very much disturbed over the telling of the lie. They are better and able to control their
emotional disturbances produced by lying and thus avoid display of the outward
indications exhibited by persons less fortified with these essential of successful lying.
THE EXAMINATION ROOM
The Polygraph Test must be conducted in a quiet, private semi-sound-proof

room. Extraneous noises, such as the ringing of the telephone or the conversation of
persons outside the examination room, or the presence of investigators or other
spectators in the room itself, would induce disturbances and distractions that in turn
would distort the various physiological recording and seriously interfere with a
satisfactory polygraph diagnosis. It should be very conservative as to painted wall and
furniture. It should contain no ornaments, pictures, or other objects which would in any
way distract the attention of the person being examined. It should be properly
ventilated with an even comfortable temperature. There should have an observation
room adjoining with the examination room equipped with one-way.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXAMINATION ROOM
1. It must be semi-sound proof room.

2. Free from extraneous noises.
3. No other spectators allowed in the room.
4. No conversation of persons outside the examination room.
5. No ringing of telephones, pagers or cellular phones.
6. The arresting officer should be kept out.

7. It should contain no ornaments, picture or other objects.
8. The subject should not face a glass window or another room during the
test because of the possible destruction, which may affect test responses.
9. The lightning fixture of the room should be arranging in such a way to
provide good but not excessive glaring illumination.
10. Should be adequately ventilated, with an even and comfortable
temperature.
11. There should be an observation room or a one way mirror or the

arrangement should be similar to a psychology laboratory. It should be concealed
with an equipped microphone, camera, video cameras, so that outside the
observation room can hear a well as see what occurs on the examination room.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=po_DCBGExP4
How it Works: Polygraph Test
Types of Liars https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3EofCi1fhc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stL-KaO4SYE
7 Subtle Body Language
Signs of Lying
References:
King-eo, Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection. Unpublished notes from the
University of the Cordilleras: Baguio City http://www.truthverifier.com.html
CHAPTER VII
TEST PROCEDURE IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
 Discuss the uses of polygraph examination;
 Identify the limitations of polygraph examination.
When a mentally normal person tells a lie, physiological changes occur within his/her
body that could be recorded by polygraph machine and evaluated by a polygraph
examiner.
WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION?
The nervous control of the human body includes the Central Nervous System (CNS)-
(the brain and the spinal cord) and the automatic or regulating nervous system that
has two complimentary branches: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous
system acting opposite to each other. When a person is under the influence of physical
exertion or emotional stimuli such as anger, excitement, fear, telling lie, etc. stimuli,
the sympathetic will prevail and override the parasympathetic, therefore, there will be
changes in the heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory tracing,
psychogalvanic reflexes, time of response to question, voice tracing, etc. The
parasympathetic nervous system works to bring back things to normal when the
conditions of stress have been removed. It is the prevailing branch when the situation
is normal and the subject is calm, contented and relaxed. When the subject is asked
a series of questions, the recording of the several psycho-physiological reaction and
the scientific interpretations are the bases of the tests by the polygraph examiner.
PURPOSES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

The main purpose of the examination is to determine the truth or deception based on
the presence of emotional disturbances of the subject a appearing on the recorded
physiological responses to question relative to the case under investigation.
USES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. It serves as investigative aid for the investigators to:
a. confirm the statements of victims
b. ascertain the credibility of witnesses
c. asses the truthfulness of suspects.
2. It speeds up the process of investigation
3. It eliminates innocent subjects
OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. Determine if the subject is telling the truth by verifying statements and/or

comparing conflicting statements.
2. Acquire additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense.
3. Locate fruits or tools of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons.
4. Identify the other persons involved.
5. Gain valuable information from unwilling subject.
The reliability of polygraph examination depends on the examiner, but the employment
of the polygraph has its limitations to include:
1. It is an invaluable aid but not a substitute for investigation

2. It does not determine facts; it records responses from the subject knows to be
true
3. It is not a lie detector; it is scientific diagnostic instrument
4. It is as accurate as the examiner is competent
5. The test should not be administered until enough facts of the case have been
established to permit an examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable question.
6. A test should not be administered without the voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication will be given to any person or written in any report that a person
is guilty because he refuses to take the test.
8. The test should not be administered until the accusation has been explained to
the subject.
9. No attempt to use the polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. Examination should not be conducted to unfit subjects.
LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. The subject must have a good night sleep atleast five (5) hours prior to the test.
2. The subject must refrain from smoking for atleast two (2) hours prior to the test.
3. The subject should not undergo prolonged interrogation prior to the test.
4. The subject must not have been subjected to physical abuse or body contact.
5. The subject must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages or any drugs 12
hours before the test.
6. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary illnesses like headache,
toothache, menstruation (female), colds, etc.
7. The subject should be physically fed.
8. The subject should not be engaged in sexual activities few hours before the
test.
Undergoing a lie detector test can be an intimidating experience that can challenge
the nerves of even the most enduring person. You are sitting there with wires and
tubes attached to and wrapped aound your body. Even if you have nothing to hide,
you could be afraid that the metal box instrument sitting next to you will say otherwise.
Polygraph examination is long process that can be divided into several phases.
HOW DOES THE PROCESS WORKS?
1. The examiner receives and reviews the facts of the case.
2. The examiner explains the test process to the subject and reviews the facts of
the case during pre-test interview.
3. The examiner designs the specific questions and read each question to the
subject to make sure each one is easily understood.
4. The polygraph instrument is attached on the subject’s body and he is given an
additional instruction.
5. The questions are read to the subject several times while the polygraph sensors
are attached on the subject’s body.
6. After charts (polygram) have been run, the examiner analyses the charts and
develops a numerical score for the test. This score results in a conclusion of
truthful, deceptive or inconclusive.
7. The examiner will transmit the test result to the client verbally and a written
report maybe requested.
NOTE: Polygraph examination is conducted in a private room with no other person

permitted in the examination room during the test except if an interpreter is needed.
PHASE I. INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH THE INVESTIGATOR HANDLING THE CASE
It is essential to the examiner to obtain accurate information concerning all the

available facts and circumstances that form the basis for the suspicion or accusation
directed against the person to be examined in order to conduct a satisfactory
polygraph examination. If the victim or other witnesses to an occurrence are available,
they should be interviewed. Whenever several investigator have been working on the
case, they should be interviewed, otherwise the examiner may obtain only garbled
version of the facts of the case.
For better polygraph examination purposes than more verbal description or even
photographs, a crime scene sketch prepared by the investigator is preferred. Unless
the examiner is fully informed about the case, he will not be in the position to conduct
a sufficient pre-test interview with the subject. It is during this phase that the relevant,
irrelevant, control and sometimes, guilt complex questions are formulated. It is also
helpful to the examiner to know as much about the subject and his background as is
available. Such information facilitates the pre-test interview as well as post test
interrogation of a lying subject.
THIS PHASE INCLUDES:
1. Acquiring and evaluating the facts.
2. Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked.
3. The investigator must furnish the examiner the following:

a. Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and victim/ complainant.
b. Incident or spot report.
c. Background investigation (BI) of suspects, witnesses, and victims/

complainants.
d. Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as:
specific article and exact amount of money stolen peculiar aspect of the
offense or any strange set.
• The exact time of the commission of the offense
• Known facts about the suspect’s action or movement.
• Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victims

and witnesses.
• Exact type of weapon, tool or firearm used
• Result of the laboratory test
• Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim,

suspects and the investigator of the case.
PHASE II. PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
The examiner pre-test interview with the subject prior to the test is considered
essential both for the purpose of conditioning the subject for the examination and also
to provoke and observe indications of guilt of innocence. The examiner should not hold
back any information from the subject about the instrument its attachment or recording.
This will serve to increase a lying subject concerned over possible detection.
The examiner should be friendly to the subject but reserve during the pre-test
interview. No accusatory approach is made in this phase. The subject himself is
usually the best source of information about his behavior.
The primary purpose of the pre-test interview is to prepare or condition the subject for
the test. This phase includes:
1. The appraisal of the subject’s constitutional rights
2. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo polygraph test by signing statement

of consent.
3. The taking of personal data of the subject.
4. Determine his suitability as the subject
5. Clinical observation of the subject.
6. Evaluating the psychological evaluation of the subject.
7. Informing the subject of his involvement of the case investigated.
The type of test that the examiner will conduct is based on the pre-test interview. It
also serves to condition the subject physiologically for the test upon meeting the
subject for the first time. The polygraph examiner identifies himself and shakes hands
with the subject. He then guides the subject to sit on the chair. The examiner will also
pulls out a chair and set himself infront of the subject. The examiner then informs the
subject of his constitutional rights and proceed to secure the subject’s consent to
undergo polygraph examination. Should the subject given his consent, he is told to
sign a “statement of consent” in duplicate, then the examiner will ask the subject
whether he was already examined by other polygraph examiner for the same case or
other separate case.
If the answer of the subject is positive, the examiner will about inquire details of the
test as to where it was conducted, who conducted the test, the examiner will also ask
whether or not the subject was informed of the result of the past test that was
conducted if any. (As a matter of professional ethics, a polygraph examiner should not
continue the test if the subject was previously examined by any polygraphist for the
same case, except, for a worthy cause or reason). After this, the examiner will then
obtain information regarding the subject’s biodata for file or reference.
Any person who shall be subjected to undergo polygraph examination should be

informed of the following rights:
1. To be examined by a qualified examiner.
2. To be determined if fit for the examination
3. To be informed of the reason for the lie detector test.
4. To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does.
5. To give consent to the subject about the test.
6. Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning.
7. Not to be exposed to oral criticism or abuse.
8. Not to be exposed to physical, mental, psychological abuse, and

9. To refuse to submit to the lie detector test.
PHASE III. THE ACTUAL TEST: THE CONDUCT OF INSTRUMENTATION
After the pre-test interview, the examiner will proceed to place the attachment of
polygraph components on the subject. In practice, the first to be attached is the
pneumograph, followed by the cardiosphymograph and the galvanograph. Review all
the questions being prepared with the subject before the actual examination is
conducted. The examiner should discourage any lengthy comments or statement by
the subject respecting the matter of incident under investigation or his disclaimer of
responsibility for it.
Test instruction is given to the subject. Any movement of the body will have an effect
on the results of the chart paper. The answer of the subject is limited to YES or NO in
order to avoid distortion of tracing on the chart.
PHASE IV. POST TEST INTERVIEW/ INTERROGATION
This phase includes all consideration that bears on the examination just after the
instrument are turned off. If there are significant fluctuations that show up on the
polygraph test result that may signal the subject has been deceptive, especially if the
person displayed similar responses to the question that was repeatedly asked, the
examiner will then proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of which is to
obtain confession or admission. However, if the chart of the polygraph indicates that
the subject is innocent, the examiner will just release the subject cordially and thanks
him/her for the cooperation shown.
Whether you pass or fail a polygraph examination, it will often have very little legal
importance. Often, defense lawyers boast that their client has passed a polygraph. Of
course, you will rarely hear of a defendant taking a polygraph if he/she failed it. In the
next lessons, you will learn on the legalities of polygraph examination and its
acceptability as court evidence.
Can a person be compelled to undergo lie detector test?
In as much as the test requires the subject to answer the question either by YES or
NO, it infers the use of intelligence and attention or other mental faculties which is
selfincriminatory. Therefore, you cannot compel a person to be subjected to the test.
Is there a best time of the day to conduct a polygraph examination?

Yes. Since it is important that the person tested be capable of the maximum reactions
(for scoring purposes), that person should be well rested prior to the
examination. In other words, testing conducted in the morning will be more productive
than those examinations conducted in the later in the day and in the evening, these
significantly increases the risk of an inconclusive result. The person also should not
be tested right after the argument, interrogation or one day or work if possible.
Can a person below 18 years of age qualified to be a subject for polygraph

examination?
Yes, but the examiner must have first the consent of the parents or any guardian of
the person below 18. However, most examiners will not test anyone who is less than
12 years of age, except for extraordinary circumstances.
Can medication affect the result of the examination?
Yes, any drug or medication that suppresses normal activity of the CNS will reduce
the strength of reactions found on the polygraph charts, resulting in a higher likelihood
of inconclusive result. Examples of drugs are sedatives, anti-anxiety meds, blood
pressure stabilizer, etc. The medication will not change the outcome of the
examination but it serves to reduce the chances of resolving the problem.
Can a pregnant person be tested?
Yes, a pregnant person can become a subject of polygraph examination. If the fetus
is making excessive movements inside the womb or causing pain to the mother during
the test, the test should be stopped or should not begin.
Most examiners will not test pregnant woman under any circumstances but others
conduct examination to pregnant woman after the first trimester. Some examiners will
only test if there is a note from the woman’s physician that there are no complications
from the pregnancy and the stress of taking a polygraph test would not have an impact
on the health of the mother of the fetus.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAkI8I-bmfA
PHASES OF
POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
Polygraphy Part 6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbuxWnD4WXg&t=39s
Lie Detection vs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MckjXl4Txp4

Polygraphy
References:
King-eo, Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection. Unpublished notes
from the University of the Cordilleras: Baguio City
CHAPTER VIII
TEST QUESTIONS: TYPES AND PURPOSES

 Assess the types of test questions used in lie detection examination; 
Determine the three phases of polygraph examination.
Types of Test Questions

1. Irrelevant Questions – These are questions formulated from information that
do not relate to the matter under investigation and deals with a known fact about
which the subject cannot lie.
Purpose: To establish and re-establish the subject’s normal tracing plus response
capability (excitement level) with verbal stimuli.
2. Relevant Questions – are questions formulated from the information

pertaining to the subject of the examination and pointed at determining the
subject’s knowledge of complicity in, or truthfulness or deception regarding the
issue in question.
Purpose: To produce a change from the subject’s norm tracing plus excitement
level plus stimulus.
To detect deception as a result of physiological changes in subject’s norm

To resolve objectivity of the polygraph examination via chat probe and further
testing on potential reaction that result.
Classes:
a. Strong or primary relevant – having an intense and specific
relationship to the offense or problem being considered.
b. Secondary or weak relevant – deals with secondary elements

of the crime and probe mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
Types:
a. Sacrifice or DYAT – designed to uncover the subject’s attitude,
cooperation towards the test. DYAT – Do you intend to answer the question
truthfully?
b. Knowledge or DYK – designed to probe whether the subject’s possess

information regarding the identity of the offender, the location of the
evidence or other necessary elements of the case facts, DYK – Do You
Know?
c. Evidence Connecting questions – are questions about some specific

piece of evidence found at the scene of the crime, to focus the subject’s
attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would establish his
guilt.
d. LTQ Questions – are questions used for protection against loss of

psychological control as approaching the end of the question series.
LTQ – Lied to any Questions.
3. Control Questions – are questions regarding a wrongdoing, unrelated but is

of similar and less serious nature to the investigation, and to which the subject will
lie or if he does not really lie he will think about it at the time it is asked or be unsure
of the complete truthfulness of his answer.
Purpose: To produce greater stress than offense (relevant) questions in the

subject’s responding truthfully to queries about the offense.
To evoke less stress than the offense (relevant) questions in deceitful subjects.
4. Guilt Complex Questions – are questions about the fictitious crime which is
almost similar in nature and equal in weight to the offense under investigation.
Purpose: To determine if the subject is a guilt complex reactor with an abnormal

mental association.
To ascertain if the subject is giving reflected reactions due to knowledge of a

complicity in crime with similar situation.
To determine if there is deception in answering the relevant questions pertaining

to the offense under investigation.
5. Symptomatic Questions – are questions that relates about the subject trust in
the examiner regarding confinement to the original issue under investigation.
Purpose: To ascertain presence of subject’s hidden fears or apprehension

unrelated to the issue.
6. SKY Questions - S = Suspect ex. Do you suspect anyone in particular who

committed the offense? K = Know or Knowledge and Y = You.
Pupose: To confirm specific response from previous charts taken.

To detect indirect/direct involvement or guilty knowledge.
A. TEST PROCEDURE (ACTUAL)

1. Preliminaries – the mere observation made by the examiner to the

subject upon his/her arrival until the subjects is brought to the examination
room.
2. Pre-Test or Interview – an initial interview made upon the subject
before the actual test or polygraph examination is made.
3. Test/Question Preparation – question formulation
4. Attachment – the placement of the instrumental attachment upon the

body of the subject for polygraph test.
5. Review of the test question upon the subject.
6. Actual or activation of the instrument, actual questioning and

deactivation of the instrument.
7. Diagnosis, reading and chart evaluation and interpretation.
8. Post- Interview.
9. Release of the subject.
NOTE: a polygraph tracing can be dissected into four (4) classifications or

segment.
a. Average Tracing Segment – a segment within a tracing that shows no

physiological evidence in the emotional level within the stress area on the
polygraph chart – polygrams. (no value)
b. Reaction Tracing Segment – a segment within a tracing that shows

physiological evidence that the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic
nervous system has become more active indicating a psychological change
from the subject’s average emotional level. (with Value)
c. Relief Tracing Segment – a segment within a tracing that shows

physiological evidence that the parasympathetic subdivision of the autonomic
nervous system has become active, following the stress area on the polygraph
char, indicating a psychological return to the subject’s exhibited average
emotional level. (With Value)
d. Distortion tracing Segment – a segment within a tracing that departs

from the average emotional level but lacks physiological evidence of either
sympathetic or parasympathetic activation within the stress area on the
polygraph chart, indicating a lack in psychological origin. (Conditional)
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED:
1. They should be as much as possible answerable by mere “yes” or “no”.
2. The question should be clearly understood.
3. The question may either be shown before the subject.
4. The question must have only single unambiguous meaning.
5. Lengthily question should be avoided.
6. Avoid legal terminology such as rape, murder, embezzlement, because

they are sufficiency precise in meaning.
7. It should cover factual information; they should no9t be based on
opinion.
8. It must not be in a form of accusation.
9. Question must be clear and phrase in language that the subject can
easily understand.
10. They must not contain interference in one’s relation or practical belief.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

Types of Questions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab4waBR5tfA
How to Pass a Lie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4NrEw9GZhA&t=441s
Detector Test and
Prepare for It
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoWfxyqm_UE
Types of Questions in
Polygraphy (Relevant,
Irrelevant, Control
questions, etc.)
References:
CHAPTER IX
TEST TECHNIQUES WITH SOME SAMPLES
OF SET OF QUESTIONS
 Discuss the different test use in case investigation;
 Define the purposes of question.
TEST I. THE GENERAL QUESTION TEST (GQT) is the test about the case under
investigation. These are sequence of relevant, irrelevant and control questions asked
in a designed order. The questions are arranged in order to contrast the subject’s
responses between relevant questions and control questions. The answer to the
questions is restricted to yes or no only.
Given below is a sample of GQT. The subject Jerry was suspected to have stolen the
P50, 000.00 cash money of Juan Dela Cruz in the office of the latter. The investigators
then of the case have requested polygraph examination of said suspect. Applying the
several techniques are shown in the preceding pages.
Q# TYPE QUESTION
1Q IQ Is your first name Jerry?
2Q IQ Do you know that today is Thursday?
3Q WRQ Between 1-5 PM of June 10, 2006 did you open the table drawer
of Juan Dela Cruz?
4Q IQ Are you married?

5Q SRQ Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50, 000.00 cash
money of Juan Dela Cruz?
6Q IQ Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?

7Q SRQ Do you know how to read?
8Q CQ Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Dela Cruz
yours?
9Q KQ Do you know who stole the P50, 000.00 cash money of Juan Dela
Cruz?
10Q SCQ Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?
TEST II. CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION OR VERIFICATION TEST)
Upon finishing the first test, here is another part of the test; the examiner will show to
the subject seven (7) variously numbered cards, face down. The cards are set in such
a way the examiner will right away know which card which has been chosen by the
subject. The numbers 7, 11, and 13 should not be used because other subjects are
too superstitious and numbers 6 and 9 should not be included to avoid confusion on
the part of the subject. The cards with numbers 15, 8, 5, 3, 4, 14, and 12 are used.
The subject is given an instruction to get a card, look at it and memorize the number
of the card that was chosen and return it without showing or telling the number to the
examiner. After the selection is finished, the examiner shuffles the cards and will
instruct the subject to answer NO to each question regarding the cards, even if the
number of the card he has chosen is asked by the examiner. In short one of the
subject’s answers to the questions is a LIE.
The verification test is intended to assure the innocent examinee of the accurateness
of the test and of the test and of the competency of the polygraphist. It further serves
to arouse the guilty examinee.
TEST III. SPOT RESPONDER TEST

This test contains questions previously asked in the General Question test (GQT).
With the same number of the same question on the earlier test, the sequence is shown
in the table below.
Q# TYPE QUESTION
3Q WRQ Between 1-5 PM of June 10, 2006, did you open the table drawer
of Juan Dela Cruz?

5Q SRQ Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50, 000.00
cash money of Juan Dela Cruz?

6Q CQ Before attaining the age of 25 have you ever stolen anything?
7Q IQ Do you know how to read?
8Q ECQ Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Dela Cruz
yours?
9Q KQ Do you know who stole the P50, 000.00 cash money of Dela
Cruz?
TEST IV. MIXED QUESTION TEST

This test is the same with test III but questions of GQT is again mixed and the
sentences of the questions are as follows:
Q# TYPE QUESTION

9Q KQ Do you know who stole the cash money of Juan Dela Cruz?
6Q CQ Before attaining the age of 20 have you stolen anything?
3Q WRQ Between 1-5 PM of June 10, 2006 did you open the table drawer
of Juan Dela Cruz?
5Q SRQ Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50, 000.00
cash money of Juan Dela Cruz?
6Q CQ Before attaining the age of 20 have you ever stolen anything?

8Q ECQ Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Juan Dela
Cruz yours?
10Q CQ Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?
TEST V. SILENT AMSWER TEST (SAT)

In this test, the subject is instructed by the examiner to avoid from giving any verbal
answer to the questions asked towards him entire the test. The subject must also be
instructed to pay attention to each question and answer the question only to himself,
silently. In short, the subject should “sub-vocalize” his/her answers.
Two important points was found to be essential in order to achieve the utmost benefits
from the test: First, the subject should understand clearly that in this kind of test (SAT)
the subject will be asked of the same questions just like on his previous tests and is
exactly in the order they were asked before. Secondly, it is significant for the subject
to understand that though he is not to answer all test questions silently in his mind with
truthful answers only.
PURPOSE OF EACH TEST
TEST I The two irrelevant questions are designed to condition the subject to have
standard tracing and establish truth-telling pattern for the primary part of
the record.
TEST II To check possible distortion when the selected number is asked.
TEST III To determine the responsiveness of the subject to critical questions and also
serves as a check on possibility of spot respond.
TEST V To serve as affirmative check

THE SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS
In order to have a better conclusion, supplementary tests may be conducted or
incorporated as part of the standard procedure as special test depending upon the
result of the standard test conducted.
1. YES TEST is conducted when there are distortions arose on the general question
test (GQT), card or third test, the yes test should be administered before the
mixed question test. The YES TEST is performed by giving instruction to the
subject to answer yes to all the questions to be asked including those questions
that pertains to the issue under investigation. The control question is removed as
a preventive measure for the subject to avoid from being concerned over the
control questions and having a temptation to distort the polygraph record.
2. GUILT COMPLEX TEST is conducted when the respond to the previous

questions are doubtful. This consist of a test concerning fabricated incident of a
similar nature but one which appears to be real is so far as the subject is
concerned. The purpose of this test is to compare the responses with those that
emerge on the actual test record when questions were asked about the issue
under investigation.
3. PEAK OF TENSION TEST is applicable when the subject was not informed by
the investigator or any other person or the print media of all the vital facts of the
offense in question.
The investigator prepares seven (7) questions in which one of them has a
specific bearing on the case under investigation. The specific question must refer
to several facts of the event that the subject doesn’t know.
Example: 1Q -Introductory phrase plus padding question – Do you know

whether the stolen watch of Jenny is a Citizen?
2Q - Padding – Is it a Seiko?
3Q - Padding – Is it a Rolex?
4Q - Padding – Is it a Guess?
5Q - Padding – Is it a Gucci?
6Q - Padding – Is it a Timex?
7Q - Padding – Is it a Bulova?
4. THE ZONE COMPARISON TECHNIQUE (ZCT) is one of the techniques in

polygraph examination developed by Cleve Backster. It has sub-techniques to
include the following:
1. Backster Tri-Zone Comparison Technique (BTZCT) is usually used

for polygraph interrogation regarding single issue; particularly used in criminal
investigation.
2. Matte Quadri-Track Comparison Technique (MQZCT) was developed

by Prof. James Allan Matte in 1977 after 2 years of research and
experimentation with facetious (teasing) crime test used in conjunction with
actual test in real life circumstances; employed to deal with an innocent subject’
fear of error and the guilty subject’s hope of error.
3. Bi-Spot Zone Comparison Technique (BZCT) was developed by the

DoDPI also known as BiZone Comparison Test.
4. Integrated Zone Comparison Technique (IZCT) was developed in

1987 by Nathan J. Gordon, William W. Waid and Philip M. Cocheti; most
significant deviation from the original ZCT of Cleve Backster.
5. The Utah Zone Comparison Technique (UZCT) is the improved

version of BZCT. Some trditinal polygraph examiners still use and they ususlally
administer it in this manner:
a. Chart I: ZCT without SKY

b. Chart II: Card or Number Test (Stimulation Test)
c. Chart III: ZCT without SKY
d. Chart IV: ZCT without SKY
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

Metyrapone Stimulation Test https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkV2AvW5prY
- Indication, Mechanism, and
Results (Corticotropin -
Releasing Hormone
Polygraph Test Question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMyCCmeYOxU

Formulation
Scientific detecting deception https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0Cbp - i6ZLw

References:
CHAPTER X
CHART MARKING WITH LEGAL AND JUDICIAL VALUE OF
THE POLYGRAPH RESULTS

 Familiarize in different chart marking used in the result;
 Compare the legal value of polygraph test in other tests used in

investigation.
Chart marking is the process of writing standard and customized signs on the
polygraph chart to denote the subject’s reactions and other circumstances that occur
during the actual polygraph test. Marking the paper chart while the polygraph pens are
writing on it will facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of the subject’s reactions.
Chart marking is a procedure that plays a vital role. Neglecting the appropriate chart
marking procedure for a couple of seconds may cause misinterpretations later on that
further result to tragic consequences. Simply failing to punctually write the stimulus
marks on the paper chart that will cause misinterpretation of the polygram.
Stimulus marks are short vertical lines (normally about 1/8 of an inch) placed below
the descending stroke of the cardio tracing denoting exactly the beginning and at the
end of the stimulus question.
Polygram refers to the compete record of the pneumograph, cardiograph and

galvanograph tracings from the moment the actual questioning of the subject starts
until it ends. It contains the tracings (norm and deviation from norm), stimulus marks
and symbols skillfully written by the polygraph examiner while asking questions to a
subject.
It was Cleve Backster who developed and introduced uniform chart marking. In
1959, he completed a 4-page article entitle “Uniform Chart Marking” which was
published by CH Stoelting Company. Standardized chart markings used by the PE/FP
in conducting a polygraph examination enable the reconstruction of the test conditions
for subsequent independent review and analysis.
The following chart markings are uniformly used by FP during polygraph

examination:
SYMBOL USE/ DESCRIPTION WHERE IT IS PLACED
X Beginning point of the test Below the c/tracing

XX Ending point of the test -do
I (Stimulus mark) beginning and -do
ending point of a stimulus
question
+ indicates YES or affirmative -do

answer of the subject
--- indicates NO or negative answer -do

of the subject
T-T Talking made by the subject -do

other than the normal “Yes or
No”
TI Talking instruction is given by the -do

PE
C Coughing made by the subject Below p/tracing where break is
present
M Movement of the subject limb or Exactly above/ below break in the

body tracing
MI Movement instruction given by Below the c/tracing

the PE
Increasing mechanical Adjacent to pattern where

adjustment adjustment is made
Decreasing mechanical -do

adjustment
CT Subject cleared his throat Usually placed below the

p/tracing
OSN Outside noise penetrated the Below g or p/tracing where

polygraph examination room deviation is present
S The subject made a sigh At the break point of p/tracing

SN The subject sniffed Below the p/tracing where sniff
was noted
SZ The subject sneezed Below p/tracing at the point where

it happened
B The subject burped or belched Below the p/tracing where it

coccured
L The subject laughed Below break point of p/tracing

Y The subject made a yawn Below pneumo tracing
VC Voice change while answering At the break point of the cardio
question tracing
IM The subject made an involuntary -do

movement
ARM Movement of arm due to Below the cardio tracing

extraneous factors usually
caused by BPC discomfort
BI The examiner gave a breathing Below the cardio tracing

instruction
R The subject requested for Below the cardio tracing

repetition of question
PJ Paper jam occurred during the Below the cardio tracing

test
Other markings written on the paper chart which are necessary for identification and
filing purposes. Take note that after the actual test, the subject is required to put his
signature along the 3 (or 4) tracings on the Polygram for purposes of positive
identification (ID). Specifically, the markings are written above the pneumo tracing
near the beginning of the paper chart, are the following:
1. Subject’s name and position of rank
2. date and time of the actual test
3. Test / Chart number
4. Examiner’s name of initials
LEGAL AND JUDICIAL VALUE OF THE POLYGRAPH RESULTS
IN GENERAL
Although perfection in the test is not a pre-requisite to the admissibility of evidence

obtainable by the use of scientific instrument or techniques, the standard practice has
been to grant judicial recognition only after the proponents of the unprecedented
evidence have shown that the instrument of technique has a reasonable measure of
precision in its indications, and that it is an accepted one in particular profession or

field of science to which it belongs. A more modern view will accord judicial recognition
upon the general acceptance by specialist within a profession or field of science, even
though the group as a whole may be completely unfamiliar with the instrument or
technique.
Irrespective of the guidelines of admissibility, the prevailing judicial attitude, as

of January 1977, was one of a general unwillingness on the part of the Appellate
Courts to approve the admissibility of Polygraph Test Result as trial court evidence.
Exceptions however, have been made by a number of State Appellate Courts whereby
the test results may be used pursuant to a pre-test agreement and stipulation between
the opposing parties. Moreover, One State Supreme Court has held the results to be
admissible where subject to certain condition, the defendant request a polygraph
examination and agrees to permit the results to be used even though they may be
unfavorable to him; an another
Supreme Court has held that a defendant is entitled, as a matter of constitutional “Due
Process”, to have the test results admitted as evidence, provided proof is forthcoming
as to test reliability and the examiner competency.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
In 1972, in the case of Reid vs. State, the Indiana Supreme Court sustained the
admissibility of Polygraph Test Results for the purpose of rebutting the defendant’s
testimony, but it did so upon the basis of a “waiver” concept, because the defendant’s
testimony had filed a pre-trial petition for an order permitting him to submit to a
polygraph examination. Judge Charles W. Jeiner of the District Court of Michigan
admits or sustained the admissibility of the Polygraph Results as evidence in the case
on the “United States vs. Ridling”. He also stated that in order that the Polygraph
Results may be admitted as an evidence, it must passed thereof the two essential
requisites/grounds; a. if a subject agrees to take a Polygraph Test after being aware
of his privilege to refuse (following the Miranda warnings, where required), he waives
his privilege. B. There can be no coercion at the time the Test is taken if it is to be a
valid test.
In USA, they have specific laws that provide sanctions regarding the use of polygraph
method. The most significant law is the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA)
of 1988. This law prohibits most private employers from using polygraph testing to
screen applicants for employment. It does not however affect public employees such
as police agencies or other governmental institutions.
Every court jurisdiction in USA must be checked to determine admissibility standards

of polygraph examination result. Some courts allow the introduction of polygraph
evidence while other courts have not. In most cases, polygraph evidence is used
during pre-trial investigation and preparations rather than during the actual trial.
In criminal cases, the history regarding the use of polygraph goes way back in 1932
during the investigation of the Lindbergh Kidnapping Case.
At the US Federal level, there have been specific legal cases that have shaped
the admissibility of results of polygraph examination. The results of these cases are
mixed- there have been some federal circuits that have admitted polygraph results,
while others have flatly denied them. Here are just a few of the legal cases that have
shaped how polygraphs are viewed by the US Courts:
1. Frye v. United States (1923)
2. United Sates v. Piccinona (1989)
3. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993)
4. United States v. Scheffer (1998)

Few representative cases involving admissibility of polygraph examination result in

USA are listed below distributed in some states:
1. Arizona - State v. Mendez
2. California - People v. Espinoza
3. Delaware - Foraker v. State
4. Hawaii - State v. Okumura
5. Indiana - Sanchez v. State
6. Kansas - State v. Wakefield
7. North Carolina - State v. Fleming
8. Ohio - State v. Hesson
9. Texas - Perkins v. State 10. Federal Courts:- US v Pasado

- US v. Thomas
- US v. Piccinonna
- US v. Galbreth
PHILIPPINES
In the Philippines, no law has been enacted yet to officially permit or limit the use of
polygraph machines. Nor is there any proposed bill regarding polygraph examination
that is already filed at the congress, Hopefully, a law similar to EPPA of 1988 of USA
will proposed here in our country for the future.
In the Philippines, in People of the Philippines Vs. Amado Daniel alias “Amado
Ato” accused-appellant (86 SCRA 511-541), the Supreme Court quoted that; “The
efficacy of the Polygraph depends upon the time, place and the circumstances when
taken and the nature of the Subject”.
Other criminal cases in the Philippines that involve the use of polygraph
examination results are the following:
1. People of the Philippines vs. Amado Daniel alias Amado Ato

(Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA). Vol 86, pp. 511-541. (Rape)
2. People of the Philippines vs. Danilo J. Bajas (Criminal Case No. 92-
7817 at the RTC of Makati Branch 146 MM). (Illegal Possession of Firearm).
3. Judith Asilo vs. Melanio M. Sporas; Virginia L. Sporas and Elena
Falzon.
(Criminal Case No. 94-6985 at the RTC of Makati Branch 146 MM) (Estafa)
Civil cases involving results of polygraph examination are included in the following
civil cases:
1. Crisencia Isaguirre vs. Elvira Isaguirre, et. al. (Civil case No. 58092
filed in the RTC of Pasig Branch 162 MM)
2. Jesusa Reyes and Conrado B. Reyes vs. Bank of the Philippine

Islands (BPI). (Criminal case No. 91-3453 in the RTC of Pasig Branch 142 MM)
As of this time, results of polygraph examination are not admissible in the Philippine
Courts. There are three (3) basic arguments/ reasons why at this stage result of
polygraph examination is not yet admissible as evidence:
1. Polygraph examination is not yet standardized as to the qualifications of

the polygraph examiner.
2. Polygraph examination is not yet standardized as to testing procedure.
3. Polygraph is not yet standardized as to instrumentation.

Asides from this case, there are several cases I our country both civil and criminal
cases where the results of the Polygraph Test were taken into accounts or
considerations.
The Basic law that provides legal sanctions covering criminal confessin is found in the
1987 Constitutional provision was further emphasized in other subsequent sections.
RA No. 7438, otherwise known as the law that defines the rights of the accuse under
custodial investigation must have to be observed during criminal interrogation as part
f the Miranda Doctrine/Warning.
TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

Are Lie Detector Tests Admissible In Court? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1teAPJNhFNU
Concept of Lie Detection Techniques https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qiLg1mlx5U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2BLBvYlx24
Using a Polygraph
Examination (Lie Detector) in
Criminal Defense
References:
http://www.truthverifier.com.html http://wwwpolytest.org/polyfaq.htm

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Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)

At the end of this chapter the student’s should be able to understand:

 Enumerate the methods of detecting deception on early years;

Polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood pressure,

It was derived from the two Greek words poly which

Polygraphy (sometimes called scientific truth

The polygraph is commonly called as lie detector; polygraph machine, deceptograph

A. THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH

Why do people seek truth?

1. In decision making process, success primarily depends on true information (simply

B. METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

1. Cross-checking the information with: testimonies; physical evidence; or any other

However, there are new sophisticated

1. Computerized Voice Stress Analysis

1. Psychophysiological veracity examination (PVE)

TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

Lie Detection and Interrogation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdhgla6tHBI

Three (3) Methods of Detecting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgHgxfkme-8

The Science of Hypnosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWMYNTnoEyQ

 Know the personalities and the contributions on Polygraph.

1. Cesare Lombroso (1895) an

3. William Moulton Marston (1915) an American Scientist who used an

“Sphygmomanometer” by means of which he obtained periodic,

4. John A. Larson (1921) an American Psychologist who constructed an

5. Leonarde A. Keeler (1926) is an American Psychologist who

B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PNEUMOGRAPH

2. Harold E. Burtt (1918) improvised and conformingly utilized the

1. Luigi Galvani (1791) is an Italian

2. Sticker (1879) is responsible in discovering the amazing possibility of

D. DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE

2. John E. Reid (1945) an American Lawyer/Polygraphist who developed

“reviewed control question” consisting of a known lie incorporated into

E. EARLY PUBLICATIONS ON POLYGRAPH AND POLYGRAPHY

2. Max Wertheimer (1904) published a paper with Julius Klein entitled

4. James Mackenzie (1906) a famous heart specialist who said polygraph

5. Vittorio Benussi (1913) presented a paper before the second meeting

6. Richard O. Archer (1953) is the first polygraphist to record

7. Richard I. Golden (1969) presented a paper during the Annual Seminar

F. OTHER PIONEERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPHY

2. Francis Galton (1879) developed the much acclaimed psychological

3. Wilhelm Wundt (1879). He founded the first physiological laboratory

4. Fere (1888) is a French Scientist who discovered the electro-cement

5. Charles E. Cady (19th Century) recommended the use of chloroform

6. Arthur McDonald (1908) is the acquaintance of Cesare Lombroso who

7. Hugo Munterberg (1908). A German-Ameican psychologist and

8. Otto Lowenstein (1920) is a German psychiatrist who introduced an

9. C.W. Darrow (1930). He devised a research on photo polygraph,

c. Heart beat rate

d. Time between verbal stimuli and verbal response

f. Involuntary tremors of one hand

g. Breathing amplitude and frequency

h. Voluntary movement of the hand

10. Akamatsu, Uchida & Togawa (1933) are Japanese

11. Christian Ruckmick (1936) repudiated the term

13. Allen Bell (1972) is an American inventor who developed a

14. Alexander R. Luria (20th Century) is a Russian psychologist who

15. Galilei Galileo devised a gadget called “Pulsilogium,” an

16. D’ Arsonval is a French Scientist who declared that electricity is

17. Walter G. Summers. He developed the pathometer which

18. E.P. Coffey. He is an FBI special agent who observed and

19. Thomas Hayes Jaycox. Conducted a “name test” which he

20. Clarence D. Lee. He designed in 1938 the Berkeley

21. Ronald E. Decker. He is the head of the Army Polygraph