Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Definition of Terms
1.1. Admission- is a statement of facts, partial acknowledgement of guilt and usually given with some
justification or exemption in admitting.
1.2. Confession- direct acknowledgement of guilt or a statement of guilt.
1.3. Deception- is the act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying.
1.4. Diastolic blood pressure- refers to the downward blood pressure representing the low pressure to
the closing of the valves and heart relaxed.
1.5. Diacrotic notch- refers to the short horizontal notch in a cardio-tracing located at the middle of the
diastolic stem.
1.6. Electro dermal response- it refers to human body phenomenon in which the skin changes resistance
electrically upon the application of certain external stimuli. Also referred to a Psycho galvanic skin reflex
or galvanic skin response.
1.7. Emotion- it refers to an emotion response to specific danger that appears to be beyond a person’s
defensive power.
1.8. Environment- is the sum total of the dissimulation that a person acquired from the time he was
conceived and his exposure to his surroundings.
1.9. Heredity- is the transmission of physical and mental traits of the parents to their offspring through the
genes.
1.10. Interview- simple questioning of one who is willing and cooperative.
1.11. Interrogation- forceful questioning of one who is reluctant to divulge information.
1.12. Lying- is the act of uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a false or misleading impression with
the intention of affecting wrongfully
1.13. Normal response- refers to any activity or inhibition of a previous activity of an organism or part of
the organism resulting from stimulation.
1.14. Ordeal- refers to the oldest form of crime detection done by subjecting a subject to an obstacle or
trial and sometimes even involving third degree.
1.15. Polygraph machine- is a sensitive machine which is likened or compared to an X-ray, which requires
proper interpretation for validation and its accuracy is said to be directly proportional to the knowledge,
skills, education, desire, competency and integrity of the operator. Hence, the attitude of “let’s put them on
the lie box” should be firmly discouraged.
1.16. Specific response- refers to the response given by the subject which considered a deviation from the
normal tracing or norms of the subject.
1.17. Stimulus- refers to any force or motion coming from the environment and which reach an organism
has the tendency to arouse.
1.18. Systolic Blood pressure- the upward blood pressure as the apex of the curve caused by the
contraction of the heart, valves are open and blood is rushing into the arteries.
2. Nature of Polygraph
- Polygraph is an instrument that is used for instrumental interrogation, it does not and cannot detect lies,
and it is incapable of drawing or reporting any conclusion. It is constructed and designed to assist a
qualified examiner in arriving a diagnostic opinion.
- The term POLYGRAPH literally means, Multiple writings”, and is now often connected to the term “lie
detector”. It is an instrument for recording several pulsations (as of physiological variables)
simultaneously.
- What comes out of polygraph examiner’s mind is a supposition of diagnostic opinion. The value of
polygraph is directly proportionate to the training and skills of the examiner. An examiner is a fallible
human being subject to error. We must concede that the examiner can be wrong.
4.4. Keymograpgh
a. Leonarde Keeler- Developed the kymograph machine and the Keeler’s Polygraph in the year
1926 as one of the great advancement to the development of the polygraph machine.
5. Other Considerations
5.1. Thomas Jefferson- first man to used the word “polygraph”
5.2. John E. Reid- developed the Reid Polygraph with an incorporation of muscular resistance compare
to the Keelers and the Stoelting. Also developed the SAT test and Control Question Test.
5.3. Francis Galton- formulated the Word Association Test.
5.4. Cleve Backster- formulated the Numerical Scoring on the Polygraph chart and standardizing
quantitative polygraph technique.
5.5. Sir James Mackenzie- a heart specialist who published in two British journal the machine he used in
his work and named it “Ink Polygraph”
5.6. Ayur Vida- a hindu book of science and health around 500 B.C Considered as an earliest known
reference to a method of detecting deception.
10.3.1. Examples:
- Before this year, did you ever steal anything in your life?
- Before this year, did you ever lie to someone who trusted you?
- Do you remember if you ever stole anything from a place where you work?
- Do you remember seriously lying to any of your colleagues?
- (The question is typically a “no” question)
Relevant (Strong) 5. Were you the one who stole the missing P5000.00 cash inside
your office at FEBTC Palanca branch last Oct. 15, 2004?
Control (Primary Control) 6. Before reaching the age of_______, have you ever stolen
anything?
Relevant 9. Do you know for sure who stole the missing P5000.00 cash
(Knowledge question) inside your office last Oct. 15, 2004?
Irrelevant 10. Have you ever stolen anything from your past employment?
(Secondary Control Question)
16.1. Other very obvious effects will take place known by all of us:
- The mouth gets dry, due to salivary glands producing much thicker saliva
- The heart pumps faster, thereby increasing blood volume and pulse
- Stimulation f the respiratory muscles leads to breathing changes
- The sweat glands are stimulated and forced to release perspiration
- The iris of the eye dilates, permitting more light into the eye.
- Involuntary muscles contract.
17. COMPARISON OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATION TO POLYGRAPH IN EVALUATING
TRUTH OR DECEPTION VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS
- Charles R. Mc Quiston coined the name “Voice Stress Analysis” and together with two retired
friends, Wilson Ford and Allan Bell, he developed the first prototype of his Psychological stress
evaluator (PSE)
- In 1970 the three of them founded “Dektor counterintelligence and Security, Inc. This
company brought the first PSE on the market and is still one of the biggest manufacturers and
suppliers of the instrument.
- This instrument, applying voice stress analysis, represented the first major advance since the
introduction of the Kymograph in 1920 by Keeler ( a device that physically records motion or
pressure)
- For over 20 years the PSE was dominant in stress analysis, until the Verimetrics system,
another invention of Mc Quiston, appeared.
- The verimetrics allowed the analytical process to take advantage of the newly developed
personal computers to more conveniently and effectively produce charts
- Shortly afterwards Charles Humble brought the Computer Voice Stress Analysis (CVSA) system
on the market the major advantage of this system brought was of “real time” analysis.
- The interview could now be committed directly to the instrument, without the need of an
intermediate recording on magnetic tape.
17.4. Disadvantages
- The VSA is a relatively young instrument using a techniques, which has not been as
thoroughly evaluated as the psycho physiological data recorded by the polygraph.
- The polygraph has been used for many decades and has been a study object of many
universities and agencies all over the world.
- There is no doubt that the future will still bring dramatic improvements and the faults will be
documented.
- The VSA analyses only one single item, namely the tremor in the voice while the polygraph as
its name says, reads multiple items, thoracic and abdominal breathing, blood pulse, blood
volume, galvanic skin response and movement
- However, the frequency and amplitude modulations in the voice cover a broad spectrum.
17.6. Conclusion
- It is the investigator’s duty to analyse his needs and weigh the advantages and disadvantages
of the two system.
- The VSA is quicker, more versatile, can be easily hidden and can perform an interview as well
as an interrogation
- The polygraph is considered in general more researched and filed-tested.