EVOLUTION OF THE POLYGRAPH

EVOLUTION OF THE POLYGRAPH

 DEVELOPMENT OF
CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH

Researchers employed different apparatus in

monitoring the blood pressure and pulse activity
of a person.
 THE FIRST TO CONDUCT
EXPIREMENT USING
PULSIOLOGIUM

AN APPARATUS
DESIGNED FOR
MEASURING HUMAN
PULSE.

GALILEO
 • HIS STUDY ABOUT EMOTION AND MENTAL
FUNCTIONS WAS CONCIEVED IN 1728
• EMOTIONS ARE PERCIEVED BY THOUGHT, BY
MORE OR LESS FORCEFUL HEART ACTION.
• THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIND
DERIVED FROM THE STRUCTURE AND
PHYSICAL CHANGES GOING ON IN THE BODY

GIOVANI MARIA
LANCISI
 • ENGLISH CLERGY MAN
• A PRIEST WHO PIONEERED CLINICAL
PHYSIOLOGY .
• THE FIRST TO STUDY THE MEASUREMENT OF
BLOOD PRESSURE IN ANIMALS IN 1733.

STEPHEN HALES
 • ITALIAN PHYSIOLOGIST
• HE USED PLETHYSMOGRAPHIN HIS
STUDIES OF EMOTION AND FEAR AND IT
EFFECT ON THE HEART AND RESPIRATION
• PERFORMED HIS STUIDY TO MEASURE
THE INFLUENCE OF FEAR USING A
SCIENTIFIC CRADLE – AN INSTRUMENT
DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE FLOW OF
BLOOD IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY

ANGELO MOSSO
 • HE WAS THE FIRST TO ATTEMPT USING SCIENTIFIC
INSTRUMENT FOR DETECTING DECEPTION IN CRIMINAL
CASES.
• HE USE SPHYGMOGRAPH, PLETHYSMOGRAPH, AND
HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH IN THE INTERROGATION AND
INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL SUSPECTS
• HE PUBLISHED THE REPORTS OF HIS SUCCESSFUL
FINDINGS ABOUT THE CHANGES IN BLOOD VOLUME
AND PULSE RATE, ATTRIBUTED TO TRUTH AND
DECEPTION

CESARE LOMBROSO
 HE SUGGESTED THE USE OF BLOOD
PRESSURE TEST, PULSE TRACING FOR
MEASURING DECEPTION IN COURT
PROCEEDINGS

HUGO MUNSTERBERG
 • HE DEVELOPED A DISCONTINUOUS SYSTOLIC
BLOOD PRESSURE TEST IN 1915.
• USED AN ORDINARYSPHYGMOMANOMETER TO
OBTAIN PERIODIC, DISCOUNTINUOUS BLOOD
PRESSURE TO TEST A SUSPECTED PERSON
INVOLVED IN CRIME.
• HE ATTEMPTED TO PRESENT AS EVIDENCE THE
RESULT OF HIS TECHNIQUE IN U.S VS FRYE CASE.

WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON

 • CONSTRUCTED AN INSTRUMENT
CAPABLE OF CONTINUOUSLY
RECORDING BLOOD PRESSURE, PULSE
AND RESPIRATION DURING
EXAMINATION

JOHN AUGUSTUS LARSON

DEVELOPMENT OF
PNEUMOGRAPH
Respiration is one of the
physiological signals recorded
by a polygraph for the
detection of deception.
• He conducted experiments using the
pneumograph for the detection of deception.
• Observed changes in the inspiration or
expiration ratio during deception.
• His theory suggest that, if the length of
inspiration was divided by the length of
expiration, the ratio would be greater after lying
than before lying

VITTORIO BENUSSI (1914)

• He partially confirmed the theory of Benussi for detecting
deception.
• In 1921, he conducted study with Marston and Troland on
the three methods of determining deception
1. Word association reaction
2. Inspiration/Expiration reaction
3. Systolic blood pressure method

HAROLD BURTT (1918)

 • Made significant changes in the polygraph instrument
by adding channels for recording blood-pressure pulse,
respiration, a galvanograph and kymograph. The
instrument records breathing pattern , galvanic skin
response, heartbeat, pulse rate and strength plus
changes in mean blood pressure

LEONARDE KEELER
Devised an instrument capable of
recording muscular activity along
with changes in blood pressure,
pulse, respiration and GSR

JOHN E. REID
• Experiments to record the respiration
and the time of the subject’s verbal
responses.

WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON

DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANIC
SKIN RESPONSE CHANNEL
• It was named after Luigi Galvani- an Italian physician and physicist,
Conducted study of electricity on animals. His discovery lead to the invention
of battery
• GSR is an outdated term that is no longer use in the science of
psychophysiology.
• The recommended appropriate term is electrodermal activity as applied in
modern polygraphy.
 • German physician and physiologist
• 1849- Discovered the flow of current from two limbs by
applying chemical compound on the hands and feet.
• Inferred that the human skin is a conductor of electricity.
• He regarded that the observed phenomena was influenced
potentially by muscle activity.

EMIL DU BOIS-
REYMOND
HERMANN AND
LUCHSINGER

• 1878 They reported their findings above the connection of sweat gland activity
and flow of current in the skin of a cat.
• 1881, Hermann discovered that finger and palm areas of the hands produces
greater sweat compared to other body parts.
 • Famous for his work on
hysteria and hypnosis.
• Charcot laboratory was
used by Vigouroux and
JEAN MARTIN
Fere in their research.
CHARCOT
 • Electrotherapist
• In 1879, he conducted research
ROMAIN VIGOUROX
on emotionally disturbed
patients by measuring the
changes in skin resistance
through adjusted dosages of
medications applied to them.
• He suggested the vascular
theory in electrodermal activity
which associated the changes in
skin resistance with changes in
blood flow.
 • French neurologist
• In 1888, he observed changes in
resistance as response to various
form of stimuli using a direct
current on hysterical patients.
• His works leads to the discovery
of exosomatic EDR recording.
• He believed that the changes in
CHARLES FERE resistance were result of
vasomotor changes.
 • RUSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST
• In 1889, he was the first to report changes in
skin potential measurements a several sensory
and physical stimulations.
• He assumed that the electrodermal
phenomena was attributed to sweat gland
activity.
• He proposed that secretory theory which
associate the electrodermal activity with
sweat glands activity.

IVAN TARCHANOFF
 • In 1897, he was the first to suggest for the
application of psychogalvanometer to
forensic problem.
• Sticker believed that the origin of the
galvanic skin phenomena is under the
influence of exciting mental impressions
and that the will has no effect upon it.
• His conclusion was derived from the
experimental work of several
predecessors.

GEORG STICKER
 • In 1907, Veraguth was one of the first to
used galvanometer in his experiment with
word association.
• Considered as the first to use the term
psychogalvanic reflex
• Believed that the electrical phenomena
are connected with sweat gland activity.
• His findings contradicted with the
observation mad by Fere, Tarchanoff and
Muller.

OTTO VERAGUTH
 • Suggested the use of
galvanometer in measuring the
resistance of electrodermal
activity in 1908
• He used the importance of word
association test in determining
the guilt of criminal suspect.

HUGO MUNSTERBERG
 • He introduced the
psychogalvanometer on the
existing two-channel polygraph
and has become a significant and
standard component of all
polygraph devices.

JOHN LARSON
 • He reported conducting experiments
with Troland and Burtt usng
galvanometer while designing
deception techniques for the US army
intelligence service to address war-
time problems. However, the result of
experiment was not successful.

WILLIAM MARSTON
 • He was credited for
adding the EDR
component in existing
polygraph that records
respiration, and relative
blood pressure as early
as 1949.

LEONARD KEELER
 OTHER SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AND
PERSONALITIES IN THE HISTORY OF
LIE DECTECTION
 WORD ASSOCIATION TEST

• Conceptualized in 1879
• Sir Francis Galton.
• These procedure involves presenting numerous
words that are IRRELEVANT and inserted with
words that are PERTINENT TO THE ISSUE
under investigation.
THE INK POLYGRAPH

• Sir James Mackenzie- famous English

heart surgeon
• The machine based sphygmograph was
designed not for lie detection but for
medical used
• The instrument record tracings of the
radial, jugular and hepatic pulse.
 THE CARDIO-PNEUMO-PSYCHOGRAM
OR BREADBOARD POLYGRAPH

• John Larson
• Was used in Berkeley police department.
• The instrument is capable of continuously
recording blood pressure pulse and respiration
during examination.
KEELER POLYGRAPH

• Originally manufactured by the western electro-

mechanical company.
• The kymograph could be adjusted to run the chart
paper to 3, 6, or 12 inches per minute.
 RELEVANT IRRELEVANT TECHNIQUE

• Both relevant and irrelevant questions

pertaining to the case ion hand are asked.
 PEAK TENSION TEST

KNOWN SOLUTION POT (KSPOT) SEARCHING PEAK OF TENSION

• Used to determine if the examinee has • Used to determine details of crime that
knowledge of details of a crime that have are not known to officials, such as the
not been disclosed to anyone. location of a undercovered body, but
would be known to a participant in the
• It is presumed that only the perpetrator,
crime.
victim or the investigator have
knowledge about the details of the crime
being investigated.
 PEAK TENSION TEST

The chart is evaluated by simply identifying the point in the tracings

where psychological arousal has peaked.
This test are not generally used to determine truth or deception but rather
to assist in the investigation or interrogation.
 BERKELEY POLYGRAPH

• Capt. Clarence D. Lee of Berkeley Police

Department
• The instrument consists of a chart drive
recording unit, a pneumograph, cardiograph,
and a stimulus signal unit
 REID POLYGRAPH

• John E. Reid
• An instrument capable of recording
muscular activity along with changes in
blood pressure, pulse, respiration and GSR.
 THE REID CONTROL QUESTION
TECHNIQUE (GENERAL QUESTION
TEST)