JACQUES D’ARSONVAL - The basic idea behind JOHN LARSON- “Larson Polygraph” continuously

lie detection is that when a person lies, they
may experience physiological changes such as
increased sweating or changes in skin
resistance. This phenomenon is known as
external fiction.
CHARLES SAMSON FERE- He introduced the
concept of "psychogalvanism," which involves
measuring changes in electrical conductivity of
the skin during emotional responses.
ANGELO MOSSO- Studied fear and its influence
on the heart. He found that during moments of
intense mental activity, blood flow increased to
the specific area of the brain responsible for
that activity. It became a basis for the
development of sphygmomanometer.
CESARE LOMBROSO- employed the first
scientific instrument known as
hydrosphygmograph that measure changes in
pulse and blood pressure.
GEORGE STICKER- Theorized about galvanic skin
phenomenon that was influenced by mental
impressions and the use of galvanograph.
SIR JAMES MCKENZIE- “The ink polygraph”
OTTO VERAGUTH- “Psychogalvanic reflex” refers
to when a person experiences emotional
arousal or stress, the activity of the sweat
glands increases.
HUGO MUNSTERBURG- admissibility of lie tests
recording of blood pressure, pulse and
respiration.
LEONARDO KEELER- “Keeler Polygraph” adds
galvanic skin reflex to larson’s. He also devised
chart paper and kymograph.
CAPT. CLARENCE D. LEE- “Lee Psychograph”
includes chart drive, pneumograph, cardiograph
and stimulus signal unit.
CHESTER W. DARROW- third modification to the
Larson’s. It incorporated psycho-galvanometric
record, electrodes on the palm and back of the
hand.
JOHN E. REID- “Reid Polygraph” records
muscular activity, movement sensors.
CLEVE BACKSTER- Developed the “Control
question technique”
Control questions are typically designed to
create a mild level of anxiety or stress in the
examinee, usually by asking about past
behaviors or actions that could be considered
morally questionable or embarrassing. These
questions are meant to establish a baseline for
the individual's physiological responses to
stress.
PAUL WILHELM & DONALD BURNS- known as
lie detector specialist who invented Electronic
Psychometric using electrodermal response as
the basis for detection.

VITTORIO BENUSSI- detected deception using

pneumography that measures inhalation and
exhalation (breathing patterns)
WILLIAM MARSTON- systolic and diastolic blood
pressure. Dealt with sphygmomanometer,
pneumography and galvanometer.
HAROLD BURTT- found out that systolic blood
pressure has greater value in determining
deception than changes in respiration.