CAMPUS TO CORPORATE

“If you don’t find a way to make money while you sleep, you will work until you

die”-Warren Buffet.
 CAMPUS TO CORPORATE
Record Work Submitted to Periyar University,

In Partial Fulfillment of the degree of

BACHELAR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Submitted By

S.PAVITHRAN

II BBA

Reg No: 19UBA2380

IV – SEMESTER

March/April 2021

Under the Guidance of

Mr.G. YUVARAJ M.Com., M.Phil., PGDCFA.,

Assistant Professor in Business Administration

Muthayammal Memorial College of Arts & Science.

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

MUTHAYAMMAL MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE

KAKKAVERI, RASIPURAM

NAMAKKAL – 637 408

March/April – 2020- 2021

 MUTHAYAMMAL MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
(Affiliated to Periyar University – Salem 11)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this report entitled is a bonafide record work done by

S.PAVITHRAN (Reg No : 19UBA2380) Submitted to periyar University in Partial fulfillment

of the requirement of the awards of BBA, Periyar University, Salem during the academic year

2020 – 2021.

Signature of the faculty Signature of the Head of the Department

Submitted for the university examination (viva voce) held on…………………………………..

Signature of the Internal Examiner Signature of the External Examiner

 CONTENTS

S.No Particulars Page

No

UNIT–I

Overview of corporate – History of corporate–campus and corporate –

distinction overview of BPO Industry in India and world Enhancing the reading
ability of students (at a speed of minimum 150 words per minute with appropriate
stress, voice modulation and correct pronunciation). Students should be exposed to
1
the practice of reading news papers viz., The Hindu, Indian Express, Business
Line, Economic Times etc., and magazines like business world, etc., Enhancing the
spontaneous writing skill of the students–writing articles on simple to pics given–
preparing speeches–preparing reports on various events / functions held in the
college.

UNIT–II

Enhancing the spontaneous speaking skill of the students–self

2
introduction at various forums and during interviews – Effective Public Speaking
(EPS) – Role playing. Mock interviews for recruitment – mock press meets.

UNIT–III

Enhancing the presentation skill of the students – Individual seminar

presentation and Group seminar presentation (Students may be organized in to
3
groups, which will prepare paper so current issues pertaining to trade, commerce
and industry or any social issue and present the same to audience). Each group
may consist of 3 or 4 students.

UNIT–IV
4
Enhancing the interpersonal communication skill of the students – Group
Commission (Students may be organized in to 4 and 5 groups). All the groups may
 be give management problem relating to real life experiences of trade and industry
in the country or the world. They will be asked to find group solution through
discussion and the group leader will present the same to the audience in the class.

UNIT–V

Fundamentals of English – constructing sentences – correct use of tenses

– articles –international phonetic alphabet – vowel and consonant sounds–syllable
stress – in to nation – listening – principles of good listening – accent
5 comprehension – practical exercises Corporate etiquette – Dressing and grooming
skills – Work place etiquette – Business etiquette – Email etiquette – Telephone
and meeting etiquette – Presentation skills. Professional competencies : analytical
thinking – listening skills – time management – team skills – stress management –
assertiveness – Facing group discussion and interview.

1. HISTORY OF CORPORATE OR BPO

 Business process outsourcing to India refers to the business process outsourcing
services in the outsourcing industry in India, catering mainly to Western operations of
multinational corporations.

As of 2012, around 2.8 million people work in outsourcing sector. Annual revenues are
around $11 billion, around 1% of GDP. Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year.
Wages are rising by 10–15 percent as a result of skill shortage.

In the second half of the 1980s, American Express consolidated its JAPAC (Japan and
Asia Pacific) back office operations into Gurgaon region. This centre (called the Financial
Resource Centre East or FRC-E) was headed by an Expat Harry Robertson, a veteran American
Express employee with Raman Roy reporting to him, Raman Roy later on quit Amex to join GE
and later on started his own enterprise called Spectra mind which got later on merged with Wipro
and then later on started Quattro BPO.

In the 1990s Jack Welch was influenced by K.P. Singh, (a Delhi-based realtor) to look
at Gurgaon in the NCR region as a base for back office operations. Pramod Bhasin, the India
head of G.E. hired Raman Roy and several of his management from American Express to start
this enterprise called GECIS (GE Capital International Services). Raman for the first time tried
out voice operations out of India. The operations in India were the Beta site for the GE Six sigma
enterprise, as well. The results made GE ramp up their Indian presence and look at other
locations. In 2004 GECIS was spun off as a separate legal entity by GE, called Genpact. GE has
retained a 40% stake and sold a 60% stake for $500 million to two equity companies, Oak Hill
Capital Partners and General Atlantic Partners.

Until G.E. most of the work was being done by "captives"- a term used for in house
work being done for the parent organisation. In 2000 Raman Roy and some team members from
GECIS quit, and with VC funding from Chrysalis Capital, started Spectra mind. At the same
time, an organisation called Efunds started in Mumbai and Gurgaon, vCustomer in New Delhi
and Daksh in Gurgaon. One of the current big BPO firms, EXL Services, started in April 1999,
and in 2012 hit $442.9 million in revenues.
 However, recently, most of the Indian BPOs, even smaller and mid-sized ones, are
setting up their onshore presence in the markets they serve. Most of the large players are
improving the outsourced business processes by leveraging on their years of experience, and now
some are offering more than just plain vanilla BPO processes. KPO, transformation and

Consulting opportunities are gaining favour among large third party BPO providers like Genpact,
WNS and EXL Services.

Analysts believe that India remains a vital destination for outsourcing and expect its
annual GDP to grow at 8–10% for the next decade. In addition, outsourcing efforts to India are
held up as an effective remedy for concerns about both Chinese government policy and labour
force issues, such as increasing costs and shortages.

The industry has been growing rapidly. It grew at a rate of 38% over 2005. For the
FY06 financial year the projections is of US$7.2 billion worth of services provided by this
industry. The base in terms of headcount being roughly 400,000 people directly employed in this
Industry. The global BPO Industry is estimated to be worth 120–150 billion dollars; of this the
offshore BPO is estimated to be some US$11.4 billion. India thus has some 5–6% share of the
total Industry, but a commanding 63% share of the offshore component. The U.S $7.2 billion
also represents some 20% of the IT and BPO Industry which is in total expected to have
revenues worth US$36 billion for 2006. The headcount at 400,000 is some 40% of the
approximate one million workers estimated to be directly employed in the IT and BPO Sector.

The related Industry dependent on this are Catering, BPO training and recruitment,
transport vendors (home pick up and drops for night shifts being the norm in the industry),
security agencies, facilities management companies.

BPO/KPO/Domestic & International Call Centres/NOC etc. are covered under the
'Other Service Provider' (OSP) Category by the Department of Telecommunications.
 2. OVERVIEW OF CORPORATE

A corporate is a chronological account of a business or other co-operative organization.

Usually it is produced in written format but it can also be done in audio or audio visually.
Thousands of companies across the industrialized world have put their stories to paper, albeit in
their own unique ways – from relatively begin, albeit colorful chronicles, usually written for the
private archives of founding families, to titles with well-defined corporate applications.
Corporate histories in the United States have been particularly prolific, those in the UK less so.

In the late 19th century, corporate histories were initially written by Victorian era
businessmen, either the founder of a company himself, members of the surviving family owners
or long-serving employees. Rather than being sequential histories, as is now done, many of them
were diary-type personal recollections or short, superficial public relations exercises. One of the
earliest corporate histories, that of a publishing company in the UK called the Catnach Press, was
done in 1886. A notable early US corporate history, published in 1902, was that of Standard Oil.

Academic involvement probably started in 1924 when George Unwin and co-author
George Taylor published a detailed history, Samuel Old know and the Arkwrights. The Industrial
Revolution at Stockport and Marple. It was published by the Manchester University Press.

Between the World Wars, the majority of business histories, and especially in the UK,
were house histories, consisting mainly of reminiscences and anecdotes. Only a tiny handful of
serious work existed using business records which had found their way into museums, county
record offices or the private possession of collectors. Corporate histories were typically
unplanned. Relevant records were often discovered by chance and deemed interesting enough to
turn into historical narratives which were funded either by the family descendants of the long-
dead businessmen in question or, less frequently, the author in association with a publisher. They
had one thing in common - they were generally records of companies that had died or otherwise
dropped out of sight. One exception occurred In 1938, when the Bank of England commissioned
a two-volume 250-year anniversary history. Written by J. H. Clapham, professor of economic
history at Cambridge, it took six years to produce. It was a deliberately celebratory vehicle for
this famous British institution.
 Modern corporate history took a large conceptual step in 1947 when the then chairman of
Unilever, Geoffrey Heyworth (later Lord Heyworth) approached G. N. Clark, who had led the
national campaign against the destruction of business records, for his advice on writing the
history Unilever, an Anglo-Dutch manufacturing company. Clark, who had just become a
professor of modern history at Oxford, suggested as author a younger colleague, Charles Wilson.
The result was a classic, two-volume work that transformed the writing of business history in the

UK from a public relations exercise into a reputable branch of scholarship. Wilson's work, about
one of western Europe's most important companies, made him the father of modern corporate
histories in the UK.

The majority of books written today are PR projects expressly designed to celebrate
important anniversaries. There are also fewer: More histories of British companies were being
produced in the last year of the 19th century than were published in the last year of the 20th
century.

Many more corporate histories are used in the education system of the US than in the UK
and other countries.

Many companies see their corporate histories as effective purveyors of long-term

organizational memory and especially suitable for transmitting strategy. As such it can provide
an efficient induction/educational tool for transient employees in the highly flexible labor
market. Corporate historians collect and catalog materials and disseminate information for
internal use. "When people think of an archives, they tend to think of the National Archives in
Washington," Dave Smith, the manager of Walt Disney Co.'s multimillion-piece collection of
artifacts, said in 2003. "But a lot of organizations maintain them, including businesses."
 3. CAMPUS & CORPORATE

A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related

institutional buildings are situated. A modern campus is a collection of buildings that belong to a
given institution, either academic or non-academic. Corporation come in many difference types
but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered into two kinds: by
whether or not they can issue stock or by whether or not they are for profit.

CORPORATE

DEFINITION:

Pertaining to corporate. Corporations are the most common form of business organization
and one which is character by a state and given many legal rights as an entity separate from its
owners. Incorporate also provides companies with a more flexible way to manage their
ownership structure. In these respects corporation differs from sole proprietorship and limited
partnership.

HISTORY:

The traditions of a campus began with the medieval European universities where the
students and teachers lived and worked together in a cloistered environment. The notion of the
importance of the setting to academic life later migrated to America, and early colonial
educational institutions were based on the Scottish and English collegiate system.

UNIVERSITIES:

The word campus has also been applied to European universities, although most such
instructions are characterized by ownership of individual buildings in urban settings rather than
park-like lawns in which buildings are placed.

CAMPUS

INTRODUCTION:
 Joseph Jacques Ramee’s original plan for Union College in Schenectady, New York the
first comprehensively planned campus in the United States.

A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related

institutional buildings are situated.

CAMPUS:

Campus is common word describe the place or ground and buildings of and colleges or a
university or a branch of university away from the main branch. Their way of interacting with
their mates would unconditionally be casual and the languages they use would be casual. They
can reach college late and can be seated anywhere usually the last bench. They have a very little
amount of responsibility of only studying and being true and loyal to their teachers different
from the word of college from which they are.

CONCLUTION:

Here it gives a clear informative that every human on this earth the campus where they
live their lives are moved to a systematic life where they do everything according to their
agenda. The disciplinary step comes into everyone’s life is default.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAMPUS AND CORPORATE

The incorporation would survive longer then the lives of any particular members, existing
in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the stora Kopparberg
mining community in falun, Sweden, obtained a cheater form king Magnus Eriksson in 1347.
 CAMPUS CORPORATE

Grooming here is not very strictly followed Grooming is very much strictly followed as to
be formal

Punctuality is very not mandatory Punctuality is mandatory

Supportive character is very rarely seen Supportive character is always seen

Friendship without responsibility Friendship is with great responsibility

No targets or work pressure Targets and work pressure

Care-free life Highly cautious life

Theoretical application plays a vital role Practical application plays a vital role

Freedom is given without any rules Freedom is given by abiding the rules

Place to develop silks Place to apply silks

Effortless life Effort is needed to be stable

Disorganized group of people Clearly organized group of people

No ethics are needed Professional ethics are needed

Assignments can be completed after the data Assignments must be completed on time
allocated

No need of high planning capacity High planning capacity is essential

Limitless expectation Level of expectation must be limited

Must be a follower of rules Must be a good follower of rules and

instructions

No need to build cordial relationship Building a cordial relationship is very much

essential
 4. BPO INDUSTRY IN WORLD

Business process outsourcing (BPO) is a subset of outsourcing that involves the

contracting of the operations and responsibilities of a specific business process to a third-party
service provider. Originally, this was associated with manufacturing firms, such as Coca Cola
that outsourced large segments of its supply chain.

BPO is typically categorized into back office outsourcing, which includes internal
business functions such as human resources or finance and accounting, and front office
outsourcing, which includes customer-related services such as contact centre services.

BPO that is contracted outside a company's country is called offshore outsourcing. BPO
that is contracted to a company's neighbouring (or nearby) country is called nearshore
outsourcing.

Often the business processes are information technology-based, and are referred to as
ITES-BPO, where ITES stands for Information Technology Enabled Service. Knowledge
process outsourcing (KPO) and legal process outsourcing (LPO) are some of the sub-segments of
business process outsourcing industry.

The main advantage of any BPO is the way in which it helps increase a company's
flexibility. However, several sources which? have different ways in which they perceive
organizational flexibility. In early 2000s BPO was all about cost efficiency, which allowed a
certain level of flexibility at the time. Due to technological advances and changes in the industry
(specifically the move to more service-based rather than product-based contracts), companies
who choose to outsource their back-office increasingly look for time flexibility and direct quality
control. Business process outsourcing enhances the flexibility of an organization in different
ways:

Most services provided by BPO vendors are offered on a fee-for-service basis, using
business models such as Remote In-Sourcing or similar software development and outsourcing
models. This can help a company to become more flexible by transforming fixed into variable
costs. A variable cost structure helps a company responding to changes in required capacity and
does not require a company to invest in assets, thereby making the company more flexible.
 Another way in which BPO contributes to a company’s flexibility is that a company is
able to focus on its core competencies, without being burdened by the demands of bureaucratic
restraints. Key employees are herewith released from performing non-core or administrative
processes and can invest more time and energy in building the firm’s core businesses. The key
lies in knowing which of the main value drivers to focus on – customer intimacy, product
leadership, or operational excellence. Focusing more on one of these drivers may help a
company create a competitive edge.

A third way in which BPO increases organizational flexibility is by increasing the speed
of business processes. Supply chain management with the effective use of supply chain partners
and business process outsourcing increases the speed of several business processes, such as the
throughput in the case of a manufacturing company.

Finally, flexibility is seen as a stage in the organizational life cycle. A company can
maintain growth goals while avoiding standard business bottlenecks. BPO therefore allows firms
to retain their entrepreneurial speed and agility, which they would otherwise sacrifice in order to
become efficient as they expanded. It avoids a premature internal transition from its informal
entrepreneurial phase to a more bureaucratic mode of operation.

A company may be able to grow at a faster pace as it will be less constrained by large
capital expenditures for people or equipment that may take years to amortize, may become
outdated or turn out to be a poor match for the company over time.

Although the above-mentioned arguments favour the view that BPO increases the
flexibility of organizations, management needs to be careful with the implementation of it as
there are issues, which work against these advantages. Among problems, which arise in practice
are a failure to meet service levels, unclear contractual issues, changing requirements and
unforeseen charges, and a dependence on the BPO which reduces flexibility. Consequently, these
challenges need to be considered before a company decides to engage in business process
outsourcing.
5. NEWS PAPER CUTTING - I
6.NEWS PAPER CUTTING - II
 7. MAGAZINE CUTTING – I

.
8. MAGAZINE CUTTING – II
 9. SELF INTRODUCTION

 I am Pavithran. S, coming from Vennandur.

 I did my school education Senthil Public School, Salem.

 Now I am persuing 2nd BBA in Muthayammal Memorial College of Arts &

Science, Kakkaveri, Rasipuram.

 My father name is G. Selvam, he is doing business.

 My mother name is S.Geetha, she is home maker.

 I have one younger brother, he is studying.

 My strenghth is hardwork.

 Hardwork and simplicity is my approach to attain success in my life.

 My short time goal MBA.

 My ambition is bank manager.

 My hobbies are cricket and kabaddi.

 10. RESUME

Pavithran. S
13/21, Nethaji St,
Venandur (Po), Namakkal.

CAREER OBJECTIVE

Seeking a challenging position where my technical and analytical skills can be explored.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

COURSE NAME OF THE PASSING YEAR PERCENTAGE

INSTITUTION
BBA Muthayammal Persuing 70%
Memorial College of (Upto 2nd sem)
Arts & Science,
Rasipuram
HSC Senthil Public 2019 84%
School, Salem
SSLC Senthil Public 2017 81%
School, Salem

STRENGTH

Hard work.

EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Kabbadi player.

LANGUAGES KNOWN

To Read & Write : Tamil, English.

To Speak : Tamil ,English.

HOBBIES

Cricket and Kabbadi.

PERSONAL DETAILS

Name : Pavithran. S

Age :19 year

Sex : Male

Father name : G. Selvam

Mother name : S.Geetha

Nationality : Indian

Religion : Hindu

DECLARATION

I declare that above information are true and correct to the best of my knowledge.

Thanking you,

Date: Yours Truly

Place: (Pavithran. S)
 11. EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SPEAKING

My Favourite Book

Introduction

Reading books is a good habit. It inculcates knowledge and moral values in us. Every one
of us should have a good reading habit. Books are like our companions. Books are the storehouse
of knowledge and we can obtain the knowledge to develop a passion for reading in us.

I have read many books. I am very fond of reading novels and storybooks. My favorite
book is Ramayana. It is the greatest Epic after Mahabharata written by Rishi Valmiki. It is the
holy book of Hindus.

Story of Ramayana

The great epic Ramayana illustrates the story of Lord Rama. He was the son of Ayodhya
King Dasharatha. King Dasharatha had four sons from his three wives namely Ram, Lakshman,
Bharata, Shatrughan. There was a lot of love and affection between the brothers.

All four of them left Ayodhya the first time to gain an education. They completed their
education and returned to Ayodhya. Further, they all were married. Lord Ram was married to
Sita. Lord Ram has to leave his family and go to exile for a period of 14 years, following the
orders of his mother Kaikeyi. He left to spend his exile period with his wife Sita and brother
Lakshman.

In the jungle, Sita was kidnapped by the Demon King Ravana. Lord Ram defeated
Ravana and rescued his wife back to Ayodhya. Then only Ram was conferred as King of
Ayodhya. He saved the lives of many saints by punishing the evil characters. He was the ideal
king for his people of kingdom Ayodhya. He took care of his people and sometimes went into
the public by changing his identity to know the real scenario. He would hear to everybody in his
kingdom and did justice.
Lesson from the Life of Different Characters of Ramayana

Lord Ram - He was an ideal son for his father, mother, and country, ideal husband for his
wife Sita, an Ideal brother, and Ideal king for the public of his kingdom.

Lakshman - He was an Ideal brother and took care of his elder brother Ram. All of the
brothers had a lot of love and affection for each other.

Bharata - He was an ideal brother. It has been stated that when Lord Ram went to exile
for 14 years, Bharata has kept the slippers of his elder brother on the throne and did not accept
the throne as a king. He also had sacrificed the pleasures of the palace and resided in a small hut.
These things represent the respect and love of a brother.

Sita - Lord Ram was married to Sita. She was an ideal wife. She went along with Lord
Ram for the exile period. She stated that - How could a wife enjoy all pleasures of life when the
husband has to go for exile period? She always stood with her husband in good or bad times of
life.

Shabri - Her character is also an important character as a great Devotee of Ram. She
spread the flowers and selected berries daily to welcome Lord Ram and finally her wish was
fulfilled. In the same way, we should not lose hope till the end and try our best.

All other characters were also great like Hanuman the greatest devotee of Lord Ram, all
the mothers of Lord Ram, wife of all four brothers, Jatayu, etc.

Moral Derived after Reading the Book

We must be brave and courageous in our life with a high spirit. Life has both phases i.e.
happiness and grief. We must be readily accepting both phases of life. This epic teaches us to
respect our elders and teachers. We should listen and follow what they say.

We learn that evil or wrong deeds never give a better result. We should use our energy in
a positive direction to achieve success. As the demon Ravana took away Maa Sita by betrayal,
therefore, was punished. Instead of being a person with intellect, he did not use his mind and
energy in a positive direction.
 12. PAPER PRESENTATION

EMPLOYEES RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

Employees

Employees are the major assets of an organization. It is essential that the employees
perform together as a collective unit and contribute equally towards the realization of a common
goal. No task can be accomplished if the individuals are engaged in constant conflicts and
misunderstandings. It has been observed that targets are achieved at a much faster rate if the
employees work together and share a warm relationship with each other. Employees must be
comfortable with each other to deliver their best and enjoy their work.

Management

Management is nothing but a technique which brings people together on a common

platform and guides them so that they achieve their desired targets without fighting with each
other. In a layman’s language, management is nothing but managing things effectively so that
tasks are accomplished without any hassles and confusions. Management is required everywhere.

Every individual goes for shopping. The moment you enter in an outlet, a sales person
would come to you and assist you in your shopping. He would try his level best to convince you
and guide you in selecting an outfit according to your taste as well as budget. The moment you
finalize something, you automatically would be directed to the billing section for the monetary
transactions. Your shopping basket in no time would reach the packing area where the officials
would nicely put the outfits in a smart carry bag flaunting the logo of the store. Finally there
would be a supervisor who would recheck your bill and thank you for your valuable time.

How do you think such a smooth coordination is possible? Not a single moment, there
was any confusion. All this is possible through management. Every thing was well managed and
organized effectively to avoid confusions and meet the ultimate objective of the store ie selling
the product as well as making the customer happy.
EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

Employer/employee relations refer to the communication that takes place between

representatives of employees and employers. Much of the employee relations involve employees
and employers working together. Indeed, part of the aim of the European Union's social policy
today is to create a system of shared responsibility of employers and employees for working
practices, conditions and other areas of working life. This policy of shared responsibility is called
co-determination.

Maintaining a strong employer and employee relationship can be the key to the ultimate
success of an organisation, the results are advantageous. It is known that if a strong relationship
is in place employees will be more productive, more efficient, create less conflict and will be
more loyal.

Human resource management practices result in creation of relations between the

employee management and trade unions. Such relations are called industrial relations. The
concept of industrial relations means the relationship between employees and the management
the day to day the working of industry. But the concept has a wide sense industrial relation is a
“set of functional interdependence involving historical ,economic, social ,psychological,
demographic,technological,occupational political and legal variables”.
 13. CASE STUTY AND ANALYSIS

PRODUCT NAME: ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Electric two-wheelers are popular in many Chinese cities, in many cases driven by
outright bans on their fossil-fuelled equivalents. Murcia (Spain) installed public charging stations
for electric two-wheelers to encourage the deployment of electric motorcycles and electric bikes
(Eltis, 2012). As part of the CIVITAS Initiative, Rome (Italy) introduced about 400 electric
scooters and suitable recharging infrastructure. In addition, Rotterdam (Netherlands) and
Barcelona (Spain) installed charging infrastructure for electric scooters and bicycles – and the
latter launched the first electric scooter sharing project in 2013. Naples (Italy) promoted electric
two wheelers by cooperating with manufacturers to offer discounts for electric scooters and
pedelecs (Edegger et al. 2012). To help replace fossil-fuelled two-wheelers (or passenger cars)
with electric two-wheelers, cities can write a plan with appropriate goals based on an
examination of the role and implications of electric two-wheelers in the entire local transport
system.

Technical and financial considerations

In contrast to electric cars, charging electric two-wheelers is relatively easy and requires
less infrastructure, and to date a number of small projects have demonstrated that there is
potential for electric two-wheelers (in China they are gaining popularity). However, in many
cities their benefits are diminished because of insufficient regulations and enforcement, and
because they are not integrated properly within the transport system. In addition, cities should
develop or improve charging infrastructure and guarantee charging sites. Increasing the amount
of energy that batteries can store is important in allowing electric two-wheelers to travel further
distances between charges, although less so than for electric cars. Regulations should be
implemented to enforce the use of sustainable lithium batteries instead of the cheaper, short-life
sealed lead acid (SLA) batteries. Technological improvements are also necessary to improve the
affordability of electric two-wheelers.2 Electric bicycles have the potential to cause accidents
due to their higher speeds (for unaccustomed riders) and traffic regulations and infrastructure not
designed with them in mind. Similarly, as they also have no turn indicators or horn and are
noiseless, are further points of accident potential. In the past, some cities have implemented
isolated measures regarding electric two-wheelers such as an integrated citywide electric two-
wheeler plan. Improving the regulation of their use can reduce safety issues. Kuala Lumpur
(Malaysia) and Taipei (Taiwan) have reduced accidents by introducing motorcycle lanes and
waiting boxes at junctions (Hook and Fabian, 2009).

China is the world’s largest electric two-wheeler manufacturer and exporter, and the
country with the highest number of electric two-wheelers. The national government is
responsible for type approval of vehicles, and thus for defining what counts as a bicycle and
what as a motorcycle.

In action While the Chinese national government is responsible for type approval, the
cities have power over how the standards are enforced and over traffic management. In 1996, in
response to air quality problems and excessive car use, Shanghai banned the sale of petrol-
powered scooters, and as of 2006 only two-wheeled vehicles allowed to be sold in Shanghai are
LPG, electric or onlyhuman powered. The ill-defined regulations regarding power output,
maximum speed, licensing requirements, safety equipment (lights, indicators etc.) governing
electric two wheelers has led to safety problems, and led to Shanghai banning some types in
20165 . In addition, the solid waste from electric two-wheelers is considerable higher than
conventional bikes and scooters, mostly from battery disposal. While electric two-wheelers do
not have a dedicated infrastructure they have to either compete with cars or bicycles and
pedestrians. Both can lead to an increase of accidents. While cars can move more people, electric
two-wheelers are mostly only providing mobility for one or two persons. This leads to an
increase in two-wheelers in the street and can have a negative effect on congestion in cities.

Solution

Conventional two-wheelers contribute substantially to pollution in cities. When switching

from conventional to electric two-wheelers emission of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide can
be largely avoided. Promoting electric two-wheelers can help raise awareness and change the
behaviour of citizens and tourists in favour of using more sustainable forms of transport. Electric
twowheelers provide a more affordable, and more sustainable, alternative to fossil-fuelled cars,
especially for low- and middle income groups.
 14. GROOMING

CORPORATE ETIQUETTE

It is essential for every individual to behave in a socially acceptable way.

Etiquette refers to good manners which help an individual leave his mark in the society.

An individual must know how to behave at the workplace. There is a huge difference
between college and professional life. One needs to be disciplined at the workplace.

Corporate Etiquette refers to set of rules an individual must follow while he is at work.
One must respect his organization and maintain the decorum of the place.

Corporate Etiquette refers to behaving sensibly and appropriately at the workplace to

create an everlasting impression. No one would take you seriously if you do not behave well at
the workplace. Remember we can’t behave the same way at work place as we behave at our
homes. One needs to be professional and organized.

It is important to behave well at the workplace to earn respect and appreciation.

Let us go through some Do’s and Don’ts at workplace:

• Never adopt a casual attitude at work. Your office pays you for your hard work and not
for loitering around.

• Don’t peep into other’s cubicles and workstations. Knock before entering anyone’s cabin.
Respect each other’s privacy.

• Put your hand phone in the silent or vibrating mode at the workplace. Loud ring tones are
totally unprofessional and also disturb other people.

• Don’t open anyone else’s notepads registers or files without his permission.

• It is bad manners to sneeze or cough in public without covering your mouth. Use a
handkerchief or tissue for the same.
 DRESSING ETIQUETTE

Dressing etiquette is the way we communicate with our clothing and dress. Dressing
elegant has much to do with dressing appropriately for the occasion. Learn the secret language of
clothing etiquette. clothing etiquette, dress etiquette dressing /clothing etiquette. Clothing
etiquette, dress etiquette.

Long gone were the days of 'one size fits all'. Before the wide variety of clothing,
gentlemen wore suits everywhere and ladies wore dresses. Now with the enormous clothing
options, how does one figure out when and where are jeans and a tee shirt appropriate? Where do
dresses have their place? Thus, the greater need for the knowledge of clothing etiquette.

Of course, that goes without saying, if you want to be dress elegant, you'll have employ
good grooming, and be aware of the dress code for the occasion, whether it is stated explicitly or
not. Clothes have a secret language of their own..

They communicate more than we realize. That is why big time movies stars pay tens of
thousands of dollars for top stylists to dress them and organize their wardrobe. They need to be
dressed in a certain way to send out a certain message - to their fans, the media and the many
directors who could send them potential jobs and scripts.

While most of us won't suffer by having our picture splashed in magazines all over in the
'worst dressed list', being inappropriately dressed may just harm you on more ways than one.
Sending the wrong message about yourself could jeopardize your chances of desired friendships,
love, career. Good impressions count. Sadly, though you may have a heart of gold, most people
won't stick around long enough to find out. Sometimes, people just don't have the time.

Have you noticed people who hang out together dress similarly or at least appreciate their
style. If you would like to socialize with a more elegant crowd...yes, that's right - you've got to
speak the same clothing language (or dress etiquette) as them.
 WORK ETIQUETTE

Workplaces can differ in every sense. From dress codes to the informalities of how
people interact with each other, the protocol of the accepted etiquette will vary both from
industry to industry and also between companies involved in the same industry themselves.

Therefore, when you move to a new workplace, always err on the side of caution and use
those first few days to casually observe your fellow colleagues and to try to establish what’s
considered ‘reasonable’ behaviour and what isn’t. If you’re unsure about certain things such as if
it’s acceptable to have your mobile phone on, for example, or the specifics of the dress code, ask
a colleague. However, there are a number of workplace ‘dos and don’ts’ that are commonly
accepted by most companies.

Workplace Don’ts:

Often, it’s a simple matter of using your common sense and behaving in a manner that
shows courtesy and respect for others but there are numerous things that you should obviously
not get involved with or encourage. Here’s a list of some of the most commonly cited examples
of behaviour that is often frowned upon and even not tolerated by most companies, regardless of
type. Disregarding these, it can often, at best, make you unpopular or, at worst, might even get
you the sack. Things you shouldn’t do at work include:

• Engage in idle gossip about other colleagues or your boss or ‘bad mouth’ them

• Be modest and don’t harp on about any of your previous achievements or be an attention
seeker

• Don’t try to court favour with your boss or immediate supervisors. Just doing your job in
the best way you can is the most productive way of impressing those higher up the ladder
than you

• Don’t assume something is acceptable practice in either conversations you might have or
actions you might consider taking. A good example of this is assuming that it’s ok to
leave your mobile phone on silent or vibrate, yet still respond to text messages.
 15. BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

Unprofessional behavior could lose your business. Here are 15 basic etiquette rules you
should be following.

1. When in doubt, introduce others:

Always introduce people to others whenever the opportunity arises, unless you know that
they’re already acquainted. It makes people feel valued, regardless of their status or position.

2. A handshake is still the professional standard:

Not only does this simple gesture demonstrate that you’re polite, confident and
approachable, it also sets the tone for any potential future professional relationship. In a very
casual work atmosphere, you might be able to get away with a nod or a hello, but it’s worth it to
make the extra effort to offer your hand.

3. Always say “Please” and “Thank you”:

This should go without saying, but even in a very casual professional atmosphere, this
basic form of courtesy is still imperative. Today, sending a thank you e-mail is perfectly
acceptable, but a handwritten thank you note is always a nice touch.

4. Don’t interrupt:

We’ve become a nation of “over-talkers,” so eager to offer our own opinions or press our
point that we often interrupt others mid-sentence. It can be tongue-bitingly difficult to force
ourselves not to interject, especially when the discussion is heated. Don’t. It’s rude and shows
disrespect for the opinions of others. Remember, be assertive, not aggressive.

5. Watch your language:

Verbal and written communications are often much less formal than in times past, but be
careful to choose your words wisely. Of course, derogatory, rude or offensive language is
unacceptable, but so is slang. While it may be commonplace in our society, it’s never acceptable
in a professional atmosphere.
6. Double check before you hit send:

While we’re on the subject of communication, always check your e-mails for spelling and
grammar errors. Since the advent of spell check, there is no excuse for typos. Also, do a quick
read to make sure the meaning and tone are what you wish to convey. And no smileys, please.

E-MAIL ETIQUETTE

In the age of the Internet, you might find yourself clicking "reply," typing up a quick
response, and hitting "send" without giving so much as a thought about what you've just written.
But experts agree that your e-mail behavior has the potential to sabotage your reputation both
personally and professionally. Inc.com got in touch with some of the industry's most seasoned e-
mail experts and had they weigh in on how to perfect your e-mail etiquette.

1. Only discuss public matters. We've all heard the stories about a "private" e-mail that ended
up being passed around to the entire company, and in some cases, all over the Internet. One of
the most important things to consider when it comes to e-mail etiquette is whether the matter
you're discussing is a public one, or something that should be talked about behind closed doors.
Ask yourself if the topic being discussed is something you'd write on company letterhead or post
on a bulletin board for all to see before clicking "send." Judith Kallos, author of E-Mail Etiquette
Made Easy, E-Mail: The Manual, and E-Mail: A Write It Well Guide

2. Briefly introduce yourself. Do not assume the person receiving your e-mail knows who you
are, or remembers meeting you. If you are uncertain whether the recipient recognizes your e-mail
address or name, include a simple reminder of who you are in relation to the person you are
reaching out to; a formal and extensive biography of yourself is not necessary. Peggy Duncan,
personal productivity expert and author of Conquer Email Overload with Better Habits,
Etiquette, and Outlook 2007.
 TELEPHONE AND MEETING ETIQUETTE

The convenience of cell phones has made it possible to talk to others anytime and
anywhere, but there is still an art to using the phone properly in a professional setting.

We pulled out the most important ones you need to know:

1. Announce your name when picking up the phone:

When answering your phone, use a proper greeting and announce your full name, says
Pachter. Using your first name alone can sound too informal for every professional call and using
only your last name can sound too abrupt. The best thing to say is: "This is Brittany Jones
speaking," or, "This is Jake Jones."

2. Be aware of your speaking volume:

Some people just don't know how loud they are, especially when their attention is
focused on the person on the other line.

"People still need to be reminded to speak in a quiet, conversational voice," says Pachter. "If the
people around you are glaring at you, chances are, you need to lower your voice." You should
also be aware of your surroundings because you never know who's paying attention to your
conversation.

3. Don't answer your phone when meeting with others:

At a meeting or meal, if you answer a call, you're basically telling the person you're
meeting with that someone else is more deserving of your time than they are, says Pachter. If you
are expecting an important phone call during your meeting and there's no way you can
reschedule it, then make sure to let the person you're meeting with know ahead of time.

This isn't the best scenario, but if it happens, you can say "I have to answer this" and
briefly explain why before taking the call.
4. Don't place your phone on the table when meeting others:

Pachter says this is another way of showing the person you're meeting that they're not
worth your time"How does this look to the people with whom they are meeting?" writes Pachter.
"That the phone fanatics are so ready to drop them and connect with someone else." Even if you
don't actually answer the phone, it can be distracting.

5. Respect quiet zones:

If you're in the middle of a meeting or a conference, it's rude to have your phone go off
and disrupt the speaker and everyone in the audience. The easiest fix is turning on the vibrate
button on your cellphone.

6. Choose a normal ring:

Do you really want your colleagues to hear Kanye West's latest single blasting on your
cellphone while you're fumbling to silence it? Hopefully not. You need to consider what you use
as a ringtone and think about how other people are going to react to it, says Pachter.

7. Let the other person know when you have them on speaker phone:

If you must put someone on speaker phone, make sure you immediately let them know
who else is in the room with you, advises Pachter.

"There are many horror stories of callers not being told, and then criticizing someone in
the room," she writes.

8. Don't leave long voicemails:

"Saving time is one of the major reasons people give for not listening to their messages,"
says Pachter, so when they do, don't leave them long-winded ones. Make your message quick
and straight-forward, just like you would an email.