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:Submitted to :Submitted by
Dr. Shimaa Said Hassna maquta ali alharthy
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:Course Name 2023101792
Pathophysiology
PATH 200

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INTRODUCTION •
DEFINITION •
ETIOLOGY •
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY •
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 6. SUMMARY •
REFERENCES •

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Introduction:

High blood pressure, termed "hypertension," is a

condition that afflicts almost 1 billion people worldwide
and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over
20% of Americans are hypertensive, and one-third of
these Americans are not even aware they are
hypertensive. Therefore, this disease is sometimes called
the "silent killer." This disease is usually asymptomatic
until the damaging effects of hypertension (such as stroke,
myocardial infarction, renal dysfunction, visual problems)
are observed. Hypertension is a major risk factor for
coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction ("heart
.attacks") and stroke

Definition:

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood

pushing against the walls of your arteries.

Arteries carry blood from your heart to

other parts of your body. Your blood

pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day.

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Etiology:

What causes high blood pressure?

High blood pressure usually develops over time. It can happen because of
unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as not getting enough regular physical activity.
Certain health conditions, such as diabetes and having obesity, can also increase
the risk for developing high blood pressure.

Things that can increase your risk of getting high blood pressure.

You might be more at risk if you:

• are overweight.

• eat too much salt and do not eat enough fruit and vegetables.

• do not do enough exercise.

• drink too much alcohol or coffee (or other caffeine-based drinks)

• smoke

• do not get much sleep or have disturbed sleep.

• are over 65.

• have a relative with high blood pressure.

• are of black African or black Caribbean descent

• live in a deprived area.

Making healthy lifestyle changes can sometimes help reduce your chances of
getting high blood pressure and help lower your blood pressure if it's already high.

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Find out more about how to prevent high blood pressure

Known causes of high blood pressure

In about 1 in 20 cases, high blood pressure happens as the result of an underlying

health condition or taking a certain medicine.

Health conditions that can cause high blood pressure include:

• kidney disease

• diabetes

• long-term kidney infections

• obstructive sleep apnea – where the walls of the throat relax and narrow
during sleep, interrupting normal breathing.

• glomerulonephritis – damage to the tiny filters inside the kidneys

• narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys

• hormone problems – such as an underactive thyroid, an overactive

thyroid, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, increased levels of the hormone
aldosterone (hyperaldosteronism), and phaeochromocytoma

• lupus – a condition in which the immune system attacks parts of the body,
such as the skin, joints and organs

• scleroderma – a condition that causes thickened skin, and sometimes

problems with organs and blood vessels.

Medicines that can increase your blood pressure include:

• the contraceptive pill

• steroids

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – such as ibuprofen and

naproxen
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 • some pharmacy cough and cold remedies

• some herbal remedies – particularly those containing liquor ice.

• some recreational drugs – such as cocaine and amphetamines-some

selective serotonin-noradrenaline repute inhibitor
(SSNRI) antidepressants – such as venlafaxine

In these cases, your blood pressure may return to normal once you stop taking the
medicine or drug.

Pathophysiology:

pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which

attempts to explain mechanistically the causes
of hypertension, which is a chronic disease
characterized by elevation of blood pressure.
Hypertension can be classified by cause as
either essential (also known as primary
or idiopathic) or secondary. About 90–95% of
hypertension is essential
hypertension.[1][2][3][4] Some authorities define
essential hypertension as that which has no
known explanation, while others define its cause
as being due to overconsumption of sodium and under consumption of

potassium. Secondary hypertension indicates that the hypertension is a

result of a specific underlying condition with a well-known mechanism,

such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of the aorta or kidney arteries,

or endocrine disorders such as excess aldosterone, cortisol,

or catecholamines. Persistent hypertension is a major risk factor for

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‫يب‬hypertensive heart disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, aortic

aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease.

Clinical manifestations:
:Symptoms
Most people with high blood pressure do not have any signs or symptoms, even
:if the blood pressure readings are dangerously high. But some may suffer from
.headache
.shortness of breath
nosebleeds
But these signs and symptoms are not specific and usually do not occur until
high blood pressure has reached a serious or life-threatening stage

Conclusion:
Long-term high blood pressure It usually has no symptoms, but causes

serious problems such as stroke, heart and kidney failure.

The increase in the proportion of work on physical activity.

Its detection relies on reading blood pressure measurements.

Lifestyle and medication can be controlled

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Reference
)(no date) Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/ar/diseases-conditions/high-blood-
pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410 (Accessed: April 12, 2023).

High blood pressure symptoms and causes (2021) Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at:
https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/about.htm (Accessed: April 12, 2023).

Brenner, B. M., & Stein, J. H. (1981). Hypertension. Churchill Livingstone.

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