HYPERTENSION

Presented by: Edet Unyime Treasure

Matric No: 019/0102/0077
Content
INTRODUCTION
DEFINTION
TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
CAUSES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
DIAGNOSIS
TREAMENT AND MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION 2
Introduction
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the
walls of the arteries. Each time the heart beats, it pumps
blood into the arteries, the more the heart pumps and the
narrower the arteries the higher the blood pressure. This
includes the Systolic blood pressure and the Diastolic blood
pressure.
Definition
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a common condition
in which the long-term force of the blood against the artery
walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health
problems, such as heart disease. A person can have high
blood pressure for years without any symptoms, even
without symptoms damage to blood vessels and the heart
continues and can be detected. Uncontrolled high blood
pressure increases the risk of serious health problems,
including heart attack and stroke.
Normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg.
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Hypertension: 140/90 or above.
Types
1. Primary hypertension
2. Secondary hypertension

Other types of hypertension are:

 Malignant hypertension
 Resistant hypertension
 Pulmonary hypertension
 Pseudo-hypertension

Classification
Hypertension has four categories base on the
blood pressure measurement of the patient
• Normal
• Elevated/ Prehypertension
• Stage I hypertension
• Stage II hypertension 4
Causes
 Causes of primary hypertension

 Lifestyle include: smoking, drinking, excessive alcohol drinking, stress, obesity, eating
excessive salt and not getting enough exercise.

 Causes of secondary hypertension

 Thyroid abnormalities
 Adrenal gland disease
 Narrowing of the arteries that supplies the kidney or kidney problems.
 Congenital defects
 Obstructive sleep apnea
 Side effect of some medications: such as over-counter medications, birth control pills,
diet aids.
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Other causes are: older age, genetics.
Signs and Symptoms
Physical examination may reveal no abnormalities except for an elevated blood pressure,
so one must be prepared to recognize hypertension at its earliest.
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Chest pain
 Blurred vision
 Irregular heart-beats

Pathophysiology
In a normal circulation, pressure is transferred from the heart muscle to the blood each
time the heart contracts and then pressure is exerted by the blood as it flows through the
blood vessels. Hypertension is a multifactorial when there is excess sodium intake, renal
sodium retention occurs, which increases fluid volume resulting in increased preload
and increase in contractility.
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Risk factor
 Family history and Race: more common in blacks
 Age
 Overweight and not being physically active
 Using tobacco
 Too much salt in diet and little potassium in diet
 Medications: combined oral contraceptive drugs, steroid medications, recreational drugs (cocaine
and amphetamines) and others.

Complications
If hypertension is left untreated, it could progress to complication of the different body organs.
 Heart failure
 Myocardial infarction
 Impaired vision
 Renal failure
 Trouble with memory or understanding picture.


Aneurysm 7
Amputation
 Hypertensive retinopathies
Complications of Hypertension
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Prevention
 Eating healthily
 Maintaining a healthy weight
 Taking regular exercise
 Drinking alcohol in moderation and not smoking
 Manage stress
 Monitor blood pressure at home

Diagnosis
 Urinalysis: to check the Concentration of sodium in the urine
 Sphygmomanometer: is a machine used in measuring blood pressure.
 Electrocardiogram (ECG OR EKG) - to be performed to rule presence of cardiovascular damage
 Blood chemistry- to check the level of sodium and fat in the body.

Management
 Maintain/ enhance cardiovascular functioning
 Prevent complications
 Provide information about disease process/ prognosis and treatment regimen 9
 Support active patient control of Condition
Treatment / Medications
 Calcium channel blockers: Amlodipine (Norvasc) and Diltiazem (cardizem, Tiazac) - help relax the muscle
of blood vessels & slow heart rate.
 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) and Benazepril (lotensin
captopril) - help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural chemical that narrow blood
vessels
 Thiazide diuretics: chlorthalidone, hydrochlorothiazide (microzide) - helps kidney eliminate sodium &
water from the body.
 Beta blockers: they help to reduce the workload on the heart and open blood vessels, causing heartbeats to
be slower with less force, they include acebutolol(sectral), atenolol (Tenormin) and others.
 Renin inhibitors: it slows down the production of renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys that start a
chain of chemical steps that increases blood pressure, the drug Aliskiren(tekturna) works by reducing
ability of renin to begin the process. N.B renin inhibitors shouldn’t be taken with ACE inhibitors.
Other medications are alpha blockers, alpha-beta blockers, central acting agents, vasodilators,
aldosterone antagonists.
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Conclusion
Hypertension is a very important disorder in aged people and is associated with higher
risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The fact of reducing blood pressure value
decreases the risk for cardiac death as well as neurological metabolic and musculoskeletal
system sequelae in aged people.

THANK YOU
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