CHAPTER 1 : MATTER AND MEASUREMENT

1.1 Classification of matter

Classification of matter Definition

Matter Matter is anything that has ____________ and ____________.

Pure substances A matter that consists of a _____________________ or __________________ that has no other
substances.

Elements The pure substances that made of _____________________ of atom which cannot be chemically
__________________________ into simpler substances.

Compounds The pure substances that made up of _____________________ elements chemically bonded in
definite proportion.

Mixture A matter that consists of ____________________________________ that are physically

_________________, not chemically ____________________.

Homogeneous mixture The mixture that has _____________________ composition throughout a sample of matter.

Heterogeneous mixture The mixture that __________________________ composition throughout a sample of matter.

Exercises

1. Classify the following as atom, molecule or ion.

Copper, Cu Octasulphur, S8
Nitrogen gas, N2 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Fluorine ion, F- Zinc ion, Zn2+
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Water, H2O
Ammonia gas, NH3 Nitric acid, HNO3
Hydroxide ion, OH- Potassium metal, K

2. Classify the following as element, compound, heterogeneous mixture or homogeneous mixture.

Dettol Ink
Chicken curry Bromine gas
Carbon monoxide Aqueous calcium hydroxide
Petrol Paint
Ice tea with cincau jelly Mud
Shampoo Galactose

1.2 Physical and Chemical change

Properties of matter Physical properties:

Definition
Displayed by a sample of matter __________________________ any change in its composition.

Chemical properties:
Definition
Displayed by a sample of matter as it __________________________ a change in its composition.
Exercise

Identify the following as physical or chemical changes.

Ultraviolet light converts ozone, O3 to oxygen, O2

Chopping firewood
Fermentation process of tofu
Reaction between acid and base
Plants’ leaves turn into yellow
Sublimation of dry ice

1.3 Application of Measurement in Chemistry

Measurement Definition:
The assignment to a _______________________ of an object or event, which can be compared with
other objects or events.

Conversion SI unit

Base unit Unit

Length m
Mass
Time s
Standard unit
Electric current
Temperature
Amount of mole
Litre L
Honorary unit
Unified atomic mass unit

Common prefixes
Example:

Equivalent to Prefix Unit Same concept

10-3 kg if we use
10-1 dg metre, m;
10-2 cg litre, l;
1g =
103 mg second, s
106 µg
109 ng

Steps to convert measurements:

1. Identify intermediate.
2. Set up conversion factor
3. Determine the value of conversion factor
4. Solve.
Conversion factor
a. Convert 2.50 kg to mg b. Convert 95600 nm to km
Answer: Answer:
1g 103 mg 1m 10-3 km
= 2.50 kg × -3 × = 95600 nm × 9 ×
10 kg 1g 10 nm 1m

= 2500000 mg = 9.56 × 10-8 km

Uncertainty of
measurement Accuracy Precision
Definition

Mathematical Percentage error Standard deviation

method

Relationship High accuracy, ________ %error High precision, ________ standard

with error / Low accuracy, ________ %error deviation
standard Low precision, ________ standard
deviation deviation

Scientific notation Definition:

A way of expressing really big numbers or really small numbers.

➢ Consists of two parts and written as follows:

N × 10n
N = number between 1 and 10 (1 ≤ N < 10)
n = any integer numbers as a power of 10 (n = ±1, ±2, …)

Example:

Convert these numbers into scientific notation:

1. 720000 3. 0.0062
Answer: Answer:
7.2 × 105 6.2 × 10-3

2. 0.093267 4. 0.940
Answer: Answer:
9.3267 × 10-2 9.40 × 10-1

Rounding off number Rules:

1. If the digit at the righthand side is less than 5, the rounding digit stays the same.
2. If the digit at the righthand side is equal or more than 5, the rounding digit increased by 1.

Significant figures Definition:

Number of digits that expresses the result to the true measured precision.

Rules:
1. All nonzero numbers are significant. Example: 432 = 3 sig figs
2. Leading zeroes are not significant. Example: 0.000302 = 3 sig figs
3. 0’s between nonzero numbers is significant. Example: 401 = 3 sig figs
4. Trailing zeroes are not significant unless there is a decimal point. Example: 4000 = 1 sig fig;
400.0 = 4 sig figs

So, when counting significant digits, always start from the left and don't start counting until you
meet the first non-zero digit.
Rounding off in Addition and Subtraction
calculation
Step 1: Identify the number of decimal places for each of the measurements
Step 2: Round off the final answer with the least number of decimal places

Example:

1. 212.2 + 26.7 + 402.09 = 2. 52.331 - 26.01 - 0.9981 =

Answer: Answer:

= 640.99 = 25.3229
= 641.0 (the lowest dp is 1dp) = 25.32

Multiplication and Division

Step 1: Identify the number of significant figures for each of the measurements
Step 2: Round off the final answer with the least number of significant figures

1. 0.2122 × 26.7 × 0.40209 = 2. 26.3 ÷ 0.9981 =

Answer: Answer:

= 2.278137397 = 26.35006512
= 2.28 (least sf is 3sf) = 26.4

Exact number 1. Defined number

2. Conversion factor *If exact number is used in calculation, decimal
3. The words percent, 100% point and sig, fig. is not counted
4. Average denominator
5. Constant value

Dimensional analysis Definition:

A procedure to convert between units in solving chemistry problem involving conversion factor.

➢ In dimensional analysis, the units are carried out through the entire sequence of calculations.
➢ Therefore, if the equation is set up correctly, then all units will cancel except the desired one.
➢ The units are canceled as follows:

desired unit
Given unit × = desired unit
given unit

Use Conversion factor

(exact number)

Example:

1. How many moles are there if you have 2.90 L of hydrogen gas, H2 under STP condition?

Answer:

1 mol Conversion factor

2.90 L ×
22.4 L

= 0.129464285 mol
= 0.129 mol
 2. How many Cl2 molecules in 0.63 moles of molecules?

Answer:

No. of Cl2 molecules

6.022 × 1023 molecules Conversion factor

= 0.632 mol ×
1 mol

= 3.805904 ×1023
= 3.81 ×1023 molecules

3. What is the mass in grams of 4.30 mol of Aluminum, Al?

[Molar mass of Al = 26.98 g mol-1]

Answer:
Conversion factor
26.98 g
4.30 mol × = 116 g
1 mol

4. Iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 can be converted to iron, Fe by treatment with aluminum, Al.

Fe2O3 (s) + 2 Al(s) → 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)

Calculate the moles of Fe produced if 3.75 moles of Fe2O3 was completely reacted.

Answer:

2 mol Fe Conversion factor

3.75 mol Fe2 O3 ×
1 mol Fe2 O3

= 7.50 mol Fe

Exercises:

1. Convert

a. 0.023 km to cm c. Convert 15000000 µg to kg

Answer: Answer:

b. Convert 54.0 mL to L d. Convert 76543 ns to ms

Answer: Answer:

2. Classify the following as measured and exact number.

95.0 g 6.022 × 1023 (Avogadro’s number)

100% 10 eggs
2.50 mol 1.3 M
0.0821 atm L mol-1 K-1 18.02 g mol-1
1 mol = 22.4 L 0 °C = 273.15 K
6.5 Pa 1 kg = 1000 g
3. Convert these numbers into scientific notation:

a. 10000 d. 0.003840
Answer: Answer:

b. 0.0048 e. 463.8052
Answer: Answer:

c. 17.00 f. 95 × 10-3
Answer: Answer:

4. Complete the table below.

Numbers Significant figures Scientific notation

4
40
400
4.0
40.0
400.0
0.4
0.04
0.004
0.40
0.400
0.404
0.4040

5. Round off the following numbers in 2 significant figures.

a. 463.8052 : 460 = 4.6 x 102

b. 52.331 : 52 = 5.2 x 101
c. 294.5 nm : 290 = 2.9 x 102
d. 3.365 × 105 : 3.4 x 105
e. 313 K : 310 K
f. 2021 : 2000 = 2.0 x 103
g. 7.14 g/cm3 : 7.1
h. 37.3488 g : 37 = 3.7 x 101
i. 100 : 1.
6. A student performed an analysis of a sample for its calcium content and got the following results:

14.92% , 14.91% , 14.88% , 14.91%

The actual amount of calcium in the sample is 15.70%. what conclusions can you draw about the accuracy and precision
of these results?
Answer:

5. In analysing a sample of polluted water, a chemist measured out a 25.00 mL water sample with a pipette. At another point
in the analysis, the chemist used a graduated cylinder to measure 25 mL of a solution. Which one of the measuring
instruments has greater precision to measure the volume of a sample of polluted water?
Answer:

6. The theoretical mass of lead(II) iodide, PbI2 from golden rain reaction shows 0.075 g. When a student carried out the
experiment, the actual mass is shown in the table below.

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

0.085 g 0.086 g 0.085 g

What can we conclude in terms of accuracy and precision based on the results shown in the table?
Answer: