Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College Curriculum & Study Guide First Year BDS Deaniod@cmhlahore - Edu.pk

Institute of Dentistry,
CMH Lahore Medical College

Curriculum & Study Guide
First Year BDS
deaniod@cmhlahore.edu.pk
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION TO STUDY GUIDE ................................................................................................. 1

VISION STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 2
MISSION STATEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 2
Rationale of Curriculum .......................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction to Curricular Framework.................................................................................................. 4
4 Years Curricular Framework ................................................................................................................ 5
BDS Curriculum Map ............................................................................................................................. 6
BDS Programme Curricular Outcomes ................................................................................................... 7
Undergraduate Competencies for Dental Graduates ............................................................................... 8
Co-ordinators First Year BDS 2018-2019 .............................................................................................. 9
Class Representatives ............................................................................................................................ 10
Hours of Teaching for Year 1 BDS for the Session .............................................................................. 11
ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE ................................................... 12
Introduction to Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology ............................................................................. 13
Resources .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Teaching Resources ........................................................................................................................... 14
Supporting Staff ................................................................................................................................. 15
Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................... 15
Teaching and Learning Strategies ......................................................................................................... 16
Learning Methodologies ....................................................................................................................... 17
Curriculum Implementation .................................................................................................................. 19
Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ................................................................................. 19
Time Frame........................................................................................................................................ 20
Course Outline....................................................................................................................................... 21
Table of Specifications for Teaching and Learning Outcomes ............................................................. 23
Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................... 44
Other Learning Resources ................................................................................................................. 45
Study Models and Lab Supplies ........................................................................................................ 46
Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ..................................................................................... 47
Table of Specification (TOS) for Annual Examination ........................................................................ 50
Sample Theory Paper Questions ........................................................................................................... 52
Curriculum Map Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology .......................................................................... 54
ANATOMY STUDY GUIDE ................................................................................................................. 55
Introduction to Anatomy ....................................................................................................................... 56
Resources .............................................................................................................................................. 57
Teaching Resources ........................................................................................................................... 57
Supporting Staff ................................................................................................................................. 57
Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................... 58
Teaching and Learning Strategies ......................................................................................................... 59
Learning Methodologies ....................................................................................................................... 60
Curriculum Implementation .................................................................................................................. 61
Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ................................................................................. 61
Time Frame........................................................................................................................................ 62
Course Outline....................................................................................................................................... 63
Table of Specification for Teaching and Learning Objectives ............................................................. 64
Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................... 92
Other Learning Resources ................................................................................................................. 94
Cadavers and Specimens in Anatomy Department ........................................................................... 94
List of Study Models in Anatomy Museum ...................................................................................... 95
Histological Slides, Equipment and Facilities in Histology Lab ....................................................... 97
Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ..................................................................................... 98
Table of Specification (TOS) for Annual Examination ...................................................................... 101
Curriculum Map Anatomy .................................................................................................................. 103
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 104
Introduction to Physiology Department .............................................................................................. 105
Aim ...................................................................................................................................................... 105
Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 106
Teaching Resources ......................................................................................................................... 106
Supporting Staff ............................................................................................................................... 106
Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................. 107
Teaching and Learning Strategies ....................................................................................................... 108
Learning Methodologies ..................................................................................................................... 109
Curriculum Implementation ................................................................................................................ 110
Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ............................................................................... 110
Time Frame...................................................................................................................................... 111
Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 112
List of Practical ................................................................................................................................ 120
Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................. 121
Other Learning Resources ............................................................................................................... 121
Departmental Library ...................................................................................................................... 122
Technical Equipment and Lab Supplies .......................................................................................... 123
Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ................................................................................... 126
Curriculum Map Physiology ............................................................................................................... 131
BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE .................................................................................................... 132
Introduction to Biochemistry Department........................................................................................... 133
Aim ...................................................................................................................................................... 133
Resources ............................................................................................................................................ 134
Teaching Resources ......................................................................................................................... 134
Supporting Staff ............................................................................................................................... 134
Infrastructure Resources .................................................................................................................. 135
Teaching and Learning Strategies ....................................................................................................... 136
Learning Methodologies ..................................................................................................................... 137
Curriculum Implementation ................................................................................................................ 138
Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation ............................................................................... 138
Time Frame...................................................................................................................................... 139
Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 140
Learning Resources ............................................................................................................................. 144
Other Learning Resources ............................................................................................................... 145
Technical Items in Biochemistry Lab .............................................................................................. 146
Summative Assessment Methods and Policies ................................................................................... 149
Curriculum Map Biochemistry ........................................................................................................... 155
INTRODUCTION TO STUDY GUIDE
This study guide book is designed for Dental undergraduates by consolidated effort of all subjects across
the year to provide Dental students of IOD CMH Lahore Medical College a resource material which would
highlight important aspects of curriculum. The study guide aims to promote self-regulated lifelong
learning among students by giving them the control over their learning.
The pervasive curriculum aspects of undergraduates’ competencies, assessment policies and curriculum
coordinators are mapped in his guide book. Horizontal integration across the year better conceptual
understanding while vertical integration promotes clinically relevant understanding. IOD CMH aims to
improve health indicates of society by improvement of students and doctors in preventive health service
provision and health education provision to society through community programs.
The study guide gives an overview of intended course outcomes and objectives in relation to the course
content. The assessment methodology tailored to intuitional strategy is provided.
This study guide has been carefully designed keeping in view PMDC and NUMS curriculum and guide
lining dedicated effort by faculty is done to make this guide tailored to student’s needs. Students feedback
has been seeded and incorporated at all stages during study guide development. Curriculum is a living
dynamic entity. Our aim to improve it by every passing day. This humble effort of all faculty acts as a
guiding light for our dear students.
1
VISION STATEMENT
To ensure the development of internationally acclaimed quality standards and

practices for NUMS Higher Education that benefits and lives up to the
stakeholder’s needs and expectations.
MISSION STATEMENT
To provide an excellent learning and teaching environment, inculcating ethical
values and social responsibilities in undergraduate and postgraduate medical &
dental students and nursing and allied health sciences students to enhance the
level of comprehensive healthcare in the Army/Country
2
Rationale of Curriculum
The curriculum is designed to address both local and international needs. The curriculum is focused to
prepare students for the international licencing exams and training abroad as well as empowering them to
treat local patients with safety and efficiency. Dentists work as a healer in the community. A dentist should
have evidence based and update knowledge about the epidemiology of the practicing area. The curriculum
of IOD CMH LMC is planned with a collaboration of clinical and basic sciences faculty in addition to
students and family medicine department to ensure that the prevailing health conditions of the society are
treated and dealt with effectively. The emergence of new techniques in preservation of existing dentition
and restoration of the lost dentition and oral structures has led to changes in the curriculum with more
emphasis on new and advanced techniques, procedures and evolution of new and advanced technology
(e.g. CADCAM & Implants).
3
Introduction to Curricular Framework
This study guide is developed as resource assistance to the students and faculty. The study guide
development process included representation from teaching faculty, management, leadership of college
and students. The study guide is made to achieve and alignment between societies’ needs, institutional
needs, patient needs & student’s needs.
The curriculum implemented is a hybrid type of curriculum which has both horizontal and vertical
integration. Spiral integration is introduced as an adjunct to horizontal and vertical integration. The
curriculum spans over 3 phases
PHASE 1 (Year 1&2): Includes basic sciences Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Oral Biology &
Tooth Morphology, Sciences of Dental Materials, Pharmacology and Community Dentistry, General
Pathology, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies. It also includes preclinical Prosthodontics and Operative
Dentistry.
PHASE 2 (Year 3rd & Final Year): includes Periodontology, Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine, General
Medicine, General Surgery, Oral Surgery, Prosthodontics, Orthodontics, Operative Dentistry.
4
4 Years Curricular Framework
BDS SCHEME OF STUDIES
BASIC DENTAL SCIENCES / PRE- CLINICAL YEARS

CLINICAL YEAR
st
1 YEAR 2nd Year 3rd Year Final Year
Anatomy Science of Dental Periodontology Prosthodontics

Material
Physiology General Pathology Oral pathology Operative Dentistry
Biochemistry Pharmacology Oral Medicine Oral Surgery
Pak studies & Islamic Community Dentistry Gen. Medicine Orthodontics

Studies
Oral Biology & Tooth Pre-Prosthodontics Gen. Surgery
Morphology
Pre-Operative Oral Surgery
Dentistry
Prosthodontics
Self-Directed Learning Sessions
5
BDS Curriculum Map
6
BDS Programme Curricular Outcomes
At the end of four years dental undergraduate program, the graduates should be able to:
1. Independently assess the patients, order relevant investigations, and formulate a treatment plan.
2. Render treatments in the domain of general dental practitioners to their patients in time efficient
and quality-controlled manner.
3. Practice evidence-based dentistry.
4. Correlate basic dental sciences knowledge and skills with clinical dental practice.
5. Modify dental treatments according to patient’s special needs, if any, in the form of medical
conditions, physical or mental disabilities etc.
6. Assess and refer the patients with case difficulty indices requiring consultation or treatment by
specialists.
7. Show empathy and respect in their attitude and behavior towards their patients.
8. Maintain high ethical and professional standards in their pursuit of clinical excellence.
9. Draw upon their existing knowledge and update it through continuing education programs.
10. Exercise infection control protocol guidelines laid out by their local health councils.
11. Exercise management qualities to maintain single or multiple unit private practices where
applicable.
12. Work in a team of other health care professionals including dentists, dental assistants, dental
hygienists, laboratory technicians, ceramists and dental nurses etc.
13. Maintain patient records with emphasis on legal and patient confidentiality aspects.
14. Provide basic life support to patients requiring critical care in or outside dental set up.
15. Manage dental emergencies in a dental set up.
16. Demonstrate clear verbal and written communication skills.
7
Undergraduate Competencies for Dental Graduates
IOD CMH Lahore medical College envisions to produce graduates who are proficient in following
competencies at the end of 4th year
 Dental Expertise
 Communication
 Critical thinking
 Management
 Scholar
 Professionalism
 Evidence based practice providing holistic care
 Empathetic
 Providing Community service
8
Co-ordinators First Year BDS 2018-2019
Coordinator Name Department Tel Extension
Prof. Dr. Uzma Naseer Anatomy 492

Professor
Prof. Dr. Tanzeela

Akram Physiology 463
Professor
Oral Biology & Tooth
Dr. Saira Atif 335
Associate Professor Morphology
Dr. Sahar Javed

Chawla Bio Chemistry 501
Assistant Professor
9
Class Representatives
Name Designation
Saad Khakwani CR 1st Year BDS
Hafiza Eman GR 1st Year BDS
Muhammad Ahsan Fayyaz CR 2nd Year BDS
Alizay Fatima GR 2nd Year BDS
Rehan CR 3rd Year BDS
Arzoo Zulfiqra GR 3rd Year BDS
Ahmad Waheed CR Final Year BDS
Noor Fatima GR Final Year BDS
10
Hours of Teaching for Year 1 BDS for the Session
Sr. Subject Lecture Practical/ Self-study Total Hours

No. & Dissection hours hours hours at required by
Tutorial IOD PMDC
hours
1 Anatomy 116 336 - 452 400
2 Physiology 152 66 36 254 250
3 Biochemistry 132 66 - 198 170
4 Oral Biology & Tooth 135 72 - 207 160

Morphology
5 Islamiyat & Pakistan 36 - - 36 35

Studies
11
ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE
12
Introduction to Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology
Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology is a basic science course taught during first year BDS. The subject
deals with the development, gross and histological structure, functions and interactions of oral and
craniofacial tissues. The subject of Oral Biology and Tooth Morphology includes the following main
topics taught in collaboration with Anatomy and Physiology Departments.
- Oral and Developmental Histology

- Tooth Morphology and Occlusion
- Oral Physiology
- General and Orofacial Embryology
- Oral Anatomy
13
Resources
A. Teaching resources
B. Supporting staff
C. Infrastructure resources
Teaching Resources
Faculty members
Department of Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology
Associate
1 Dr. Saira BDS, M.Phil
Professor
Assistant
2 Dr. Mustafa Qadeer BDS, MSc.
Professor
Assistant
3 Dr. Naauman Zaheer BDS, M.Phil
Professor
4 Dr. Hajira Arham Demonstrator BDS
5 Dr. Muhammad Usman Iqbal Demonstrator BDS
6 Dr. Kashish Liaqat Demonstrator BDS
7 Dr. Maryam Mumtaz Demonstrator BDS
8 Dr. Noor Ul Sabah Demonstrator BDS
14
Supporting Staff
• Computer operator/lecture hall attendant at appointed by Medical Education Dept.
Infrastructure Resources
Sr. Infrastructure Resources Quantity

#.
1 Lecture hall 1
• Seating Capacity 140
• Multimedia
• Microphone
• Computer system
• White Board
2 Oral biology and tooth morphology lab 1
• Study models
• Microscopes
• Moulds for making plaster
models of teeth
• Oral histological slides
• Wax knives and carvers
3 Mini library 1
15
Teaching and Learning Strategies
Multiple educational methods will be used comprising of self-study, interactive lectures, group
discussions, practical, and manual dexterity skill sessions.
(i) Methods for achieving cognitive objectives

• Interactive lectures using audio visual aids on power point presentation
• Group discussions in form of large group and small group
• Collaborative learning
• Self-study and reading from learning resources
(ii) Methods for achieving psychomotor objectives

• Focusing the histological slides on microscope
• Identification of normal histological structures on slides under different magnification
• Drawing and labeling the histological slides on practical note books
(iii) Methods for achieving affective objectives

• Interaction with peers, group members, teachers, support staff etc.
• Group discussions (small and large)
• Oral presentations by students
16
Learning Methodologies
The following teaching /learning methods are used to promote better understanding:
• Interactive lectures
• Small group discussions
• Practical
• Skill sessions
• Self-directed learning
• Assignments
Interactive lectures
In large group, the lecturer introduces a topic which explains the underlying phenomena through
questions, pictures, exercise, etc. Students are actively involved in the learning process.
Small group discussions

This format helps students to clarify concepts and acquire skills and attitudes. Students exchange opinions
and apply knowledge gained from lectures and self-study. The facilitator role is to ask probing questions,
summarize, or rephrase to help clarify concepts.
Practical
In practical sessions students observe histological slides under microscope or on multimedia for better
understanding of the subject. They are also required to maintain practical manuals in which they draw and
label histological diagrams and different aspects/views of teeth for better understanding.
Skill session
Students are taught to accurately carve out tooth models from soap for better understanding of tooth
morphology.
17
Self- directed learning
Students' take responsibilities of their own learning through individual study, sharing and discussing with
peers, seeking information from Learning Resource Center, teachers and resource persons within and
outside the college. Students can utilize the time within the college scheduled hours or afterwards for self-
study.
Assignments
Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics. Revision of the topics already
covered by anatomy and physiology departments are given to students as oral presentations.
Oral presentations by students

Students are assigned topics during revision session to enhance their communication skills and group
learning.
18
Curriculum Implementation
Curriculum implementation refers to putting into practice the official document including course content,
objectives, learning and teaching strategies. Implementation process helps the learner to achieve
knowledge, skills and attitudes required of the learning tasks. Learners are a pertinent component of the
implementation process. Implementation occurs when the learner achieves the intended learning
experiences, knowledge, ideas, skills and attitudes which are aimed to make the learner an effective part
of the society. Curriculum implementation also refers to the stage at which curriculum is put into effect.
There has to be an implementing agent as well. Teacher is an important part of this process and
implementation of the curriculum is the way the teacher selects and utilizes various components of the
curriculum. Implementation occurs when the teacher’s formulated course content, teacher’s personality
and teaching and learning environment interact with the learners. Therefore, curriculum implementation
is how the officially planned course of study is translated and reflected by the teacher into schemes of
work, lesson plans, syllabus and resources are effectively transferred to the learners. Curriculum
implementation can be affected by certain factors such as teachers, learners, learning environment,
resource materials and facilities, culture and ideology, instructional supervision and assessments.
Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation
(i) Lectures delivery by: Dr Saira Atif (Associate Professor & subject in-charge)
Dr Mustafa Qadeer (Assistant Professor)
Dr Naauman Zaheer (Assistant Professor)
(ii) Demonstrators for practical and small group discussion sessions:

Dr Hajira Arham, Dr Muhammad Usman Iqbal, Dr Kashish Liaqat, Dr Maryam Mumtaz,
Dr Noor Ul Sabah
(iii) Support staff: As nominated by the medical education department
19
Time Frame
Course duration: 36 weeks

Lectures: Monday & Wednesday (1:05 to 2:00 pm), Tuesday (11:15am to 12:10 pm), Friday
(10:00 to 110:00 am)
Practical: Monday & Wednesday (2:00 to 3:00 pm)
20
Course Outline
Section I Oral and Developmental Histology
This subject deals with the histological study of orofacial structures including teeth. It gives a detailed
information on the developmental and functional histology, of teeth and orofacial regions including
periodontium, bone, salivary glands, temporomandibular joint, oral mucosa, growth, eruption and
shedding of teeth. It is designed to relate the histological information to clinical significance. Part of this
section is taught in collaboration with Anatomy department. It also includes association developmental
anomalies.
Section II Tooth Morphology and Occlusion
This subject deals with the morphology and occlusion of permanent and deciduous teeth including
morphological anomalies. It provides the basis of the skills needed in all aspects of clinical dental sciences.
Without the correct knowledge of tooth morphology, it is impossible to restore or replace a tooth or part
of tooth in oral cavity.
Section III Oral Physiology
This subject deals with the study of functional basis of oro-faical structures during the process of speech,
mastication, deglutition, taste, saliva, pain and proprioception; and is taught in collaboration with
Physiology department and revised in oral biology session.
Section IV General and Orofacial Embryology
This subject deals with the development of embryo and development of components of head and neck
region such as tonsils, tongue, salivary glands, thyroid, parathyroid glands, palate, lips, face, nose,
paranasal sinuses, mandible and maxilla. Taught in collaboration with Anatomy department.
21
Section V Oral Anatomy
This subject deals with the anatomy of head and neck region including skeletal gross anatomy of skull and
mandible and glands, origin insertion action of muscles of mastication, muscles of facial expressions,
muscles of tongue and pharynx. It also incorporates study of blood vessels and nerves of orofacial region.
Taught in collaboration with Anatomy department.
22
Table of Specifications for Teaching and Learning Outcomes
SECTION I - ORAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL HISTOLOGY

Topic weightage: 44%
Time allocation: Approximately 16 weeks (110 hours)
Assessment items in Final Exam: 13 MCQs, 04 SEQ/SAQ, OSPE stations 10 out of 17
At the end of the session, first year BDS students should be able to:
DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH CPA Teaching/ Assessment

Lectures delivered by Dr. Saira Atif Learning Methods
Practical sessions facilitated by demonstrators Methods
1 Describe sequence of developmental changes occurring in C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
maxillary and mandibular processes in areas of future dental VIVA
arches during 6th & 7th weeks of intra uterine life
2 Define the following terms/structure: neural crest cells, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
ectomesenchyme, primary epithelial band, dental lamina, VIVA
vestibular lamina, tooth bud, lateral lamina, successional
lamina, epithelial pearls/Rest cells of Serres, Enamel organ,
dental papilla, dental follicle, cervical loop, enamel knot,
enamel cord, enamel niche, enamel septum, enamel navel,
papillary layer, reduced enamel epithelium, pulp limiting
membrane, rest cells of Malassez
3 Identify on a histological picture/slide the following C2 Practical OSPE
structures: Oral Epithelium, Mesenchyme, Dental lamina, P3
vestibular lamina, tooth bud also draw and label
4 Distinguish, in a table, between dental and vestibular lamina C2 Lecture SEQ
on basis of development, location, histology, function, and
fate
5 Explain components/parts of dental lamina on basis of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
developmental timings & their attachment to primary, VIVA
permanent and non-succedenous tooth buds
6 Identify components of dental lamina in histological C2 Practical OSPE
pictures/slides (lateral lamina, successional lamina) P3
7 Explain the clinical significance of remnants of dental C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
lamina(epithelial pearls) i.e. eruption cysts, odontome, VIVA
supernumerary tooth
8 Explain histological aspects of bud, cap and bell stages of C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
tooth development with emphasis on cell shapes, types of cell
layers and function of each cell layer (outer enamel
23
epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stratum intermedium,
stellate reticulum)
9 Identify draw and label enamel organ, dental papilla and C2 Practical OSPE
dental follicle along with stages of tooth development in P3
histological pictures (bud, early and late cap stage, early and
late bell stage)
10 Describe composition, location, histological appearance C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
(arrangement of fibers, condensation) & fate of dental papilla VIVA
and dental follicle/sac
11 Describe location, histological appearance (cell shape) & C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
function of enamel knot, enamel cord and enamel niche VIVA
12 Identify enamel knot, cord and niche in histological pictures. C2 Practical OSPE
P3
13 Discuss importance and process of angiogenesis in relation C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
with the developing tooth germ with reference to location and VIVA
timings
14 Discuss relation of developing nerve fibers with early tooth C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
germ with reference to location and timings VIVA
15 Explain inductive influences of inner enamel epithelial cells C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
of enamel organ and peripheral cells of dental papilla on each VIVA
other
16 Describe histodifferentiation, function and movement of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
enamel and dentin forming cells (ameloblasts and VIVA
odontoblasts) in relation to each other
17 Explain source of nourishment for ameloblasts and C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
odontoblasts during hard tissue formation VIVA
18 Describe the formation, histological structure, role and fate C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
(disintegration and rest cells of Malassez) of Hertwig VIVA
epithelial root sheath in formation of roots of single and
multi-rooted teeth
19 Identify draw and label HERS, Rest cells of Malassez and C2 Practical OSPE
root formation in histological pictures P3
20 Describe clinical relevance of Hertwig epithelial root sheath C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
(lateral canals/accessory canals formation, cyst development) VIVA
21 Explain relevance of root formation and root completion with C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
tooth eruption in oral cavity with emphasis on time required VIVA
for primary and permanent teeth
22 Explain the abnormalities expected to occur during tooth C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
development in relation with tooth size and number VIVA
(microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, anodontia,
supernumery and supplemental teeth)
24
ENAMEL AND AMELOGENESIS CPA Teaching/ Assessment
1 Describe physical characteristics of enamel in terms of C1 Lecture SEQ
anatomical location, hardness, thickness, permeability, color,
translucency and brittleness
2 Define the following terms/structure: rods, inter-rod, rod C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
sheath, amelogenesis, aprismatic enamel, papillary layer, VIVA
apoptosis, primary enamel cuticle, reduced enamel
epithelium, nasymyth’s membrane, neonatal line, striae of
retzius, cross striation, perikymata, hunter schreger bands,
dentinoenamel junction, enamel tufts, enamel lamellae,
enamel spindles, gnarled enamel, pits, enamel caps, focal
holes, enamel brochs, attrition, abrasion, erosion
3 Describe embryological origin (from germ layer) and C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
functions of enamel VIVA
4 Enlist chemical composition of enamel including percentage C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ

of each content
5 Describe and identify key-hole/fish scale pattern of enamel C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

as seen in electron microscope (arrangement of rod, inter-rod OSPE
and rod sheath) also draw and label
6 Describe dimension, shape, function and growth of enamel C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ
crystallites (hydroxyapatite)
7 Describe number, course, orientation, dimension, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

constituents and significance of enamel rods in primary and VIVA
permanent teeth
8 Enumerate different morphological and functional C1 Lecture SEQ
phases/stages which an ameloblast passes through during
amelogenesis
9 Identify, draw and label ameloblast in different stages of C2 Practical OSPE
amelogenesis P3
10 Explain morphogenetic, histodifferentiation and secretory C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

phases of amelogenesis in terms of function, VIVA
presence/absence of basal lamina, shape, size and
arrangement of cells, location and shape of nucleus,
presence/absence of mitotic activity and location of
junctional complexes
11 Explain formation and location of Tome’s process and its role C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
in enamel mineralization during secretory phase of
amelogenesis
25
12 Describe location, formation and function of prismatic and C1 Lecture SEQ
aprismatic enamel
13 Classify enamel proteins according to their function during C1 Lecture SEQ

amelogensis
14 Describe cell shape, size and volume, protein secreting C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
activity, apoptosis, basal lamina formation seen in
ameloblasts during Transition phase of amelogenesis
15 Explain the modulation cycle seen during maturation phase C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
of amelogensis in terms of significance, changes in VIVA
morphology and function of ameloblasts, and permeability of
junctional complexes
16 Describe process of hydroxyapatite crystal growth and C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
organic content degradation and removal during maturation VIVA
proper of amelogenesis
17 Describe morphological changes in ameloblasts, during post C1 Lecture SEQ
maturation phase of amelogenesis
18 Discuss incremental growth lines in enamel in terms of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

daily/weekly growth in um, significance, direction and VIVA
causes
19 Explain cause of formation, location and significance of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
neonatal line in primary and permanent teeth VIVA
20 Describe location, cause, course, histological appearance and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

number (per um occlusally and cervically) of Perikymata in VIVA
enamel
21 Describe location, cause of formation, course and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
histological appearance of Hunter Schreger bands in enamel VIVA
22 Identify neonatal line in pictures/histological slides of ground C2 Practical OSPE

section of enamel, Striae of Retzius, Perikymata and Hunter P3
Schreger bands in images/pictures, draw and label
23 Describe histological appearance and significance of C1 Lecture MCQ
Dentinoenamel junction in longitudinal and cross section of
a tooth
24 Describe location, cause of formation, course, distance and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
content of Enamel Tufts. VIVA
25 Explain location, appearance, content and clinical C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

significance of Enamel Lamellae VIVA
26
26 Discuss location, appearance, cause of formation, dimension, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
extension of Enamel Spindles VIVA
27 Identify, draw and label Enamel Lamellae, dentinoenamel C2 Practical OSPE

junction, Enamel Tufts Enamel Spindles in pictures/images P3
28 Describe cause of formation, location and significance of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

Gnarled enamel VIVA
29 Describe size, location and histological appearance, cause of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

formation of pits, enamel caps, focal holes and enamel brochs VIVA
30 Discuss morphological, histological, environmental and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

functional changes which occur in enamel due to aging VIVA
31 Discuss flourosis, congenital syphilis, amelogenesis C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

imperfecta and its types in terms of clinical presentation and VIVA
affected stages of amelogenesis
DENTIN AND DENTINOGENESIS CPA Teaching/ Assessment
Lectures delivered by Dr. Mustafa Qadeer Learning Methods
1 Define dentin, predentin, mantle dentin, circumpulpal dentin, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, reactive VIVA
dentin, reactionary dentin, dentinogenesis, osteodentin, von
Korff’s fibers, Hyaline layer, dentinal tubules, dead tracts,
peritubular dentin, inter tubular dentin, inter globular dentin,
granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin, contour lines of
Owen, Lines of von Ebner
2 Describe composition by weight and volume, physical C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
properties, innervation, vascularity, permeability, functions VIVA
and age changes of dentin
3 Describe formation, location, structure, thickness and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
function of predentin, primary, secondary and tertiary dentin. P2 Practical VIVA
Also draw and label
4 Discuss process of dentinogenesis in terms of odontoblasts C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
formation and differentiation, role of Hertwig’s epithelial VIVA
root sheath, organic matrix deposition and mineralization
5 Draw and label stages of dentinogenesis C2 Practical OSPE
P3
6 Describe Globular and Linear Mineralization in terms of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
matrix vesicle formation and fusion VIVA
7 Tabulate the differences between coronal and radicular C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
dentin in terms of location, formation and orientation of VIVA
dentinal tubules
27
8 Identify in histological slides/pictures pre dentin, primary C2 Practical OSPE
dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, dentinal tubule, P3
intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin, interglobular dentin,
Incremental lines, granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin,
dead tracts
9 Discuss the dentinal tubules in terms of extension diameter, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
content and functions VIVA
10 Describe and identify location, appearance, cause and C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
significance of interglobular dentin, sclerotic dentin, VIVA/
Granular layer of Tomes. Draw and label granular layer of OSPE
Tomes
11 Describe different theories to explain the process of dentin C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
sensitivity VIVA
DENTAL PULP CPA Teaching/ Assessment
1 Describe pulp in terms of location, content, developmental C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
origin and function VIVA
2 Describe the names, location, content and function of four C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
histological zones seen in dental pulp under microscope VIVA
3 Identify, draw and label four histological zones of dental pulp C2 Practical OSPE
as seen in images/slides. P3
4 Enlist constituents of dental pulp in terms of cells and C1 Lecture SEQ

extracellular substances
5 Discuss origin, type, size, orientation, and location of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

collagen fibers in dental pulp VIVA
6 Identify, draw and label functional odontoblastic cell at C2 Practical OSPE

higher magnification P3
7 Describe location, shape, number, arrangement, function and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

histological features of odontoblastic cells in a functional VIVA
tooth
8 Differentiate active and resting odontoblastic cell in terms of C2 Lecture SEQ
histological features and functionality
9 Describe histological features, shape, location and functions C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

of cells present in pulp (fibroblasts, undifferentiated VIVA
mesenchymal cells, macrophages, dendritic cells,
lymphocytes)
28
10 Describe the orientation, histology, size, type and functions C1 Lecture SEQ
of blood vessels and nerves (myelinated, unmyelinated) in
dental pulp
11 Define and identify plexus of Rashkow in terms of C1 Lecture MCQ/
histological appearance, location and function OSPE
12 Discuss age related changes seen in dental pulp in terms of C1 Lecture SEQ
volume, content, vascularity, innervation, pathology
13 Describe types, formation, location, arrangement, C1 Lecture SEQ

appearance and clinical significance of pulp stones
14 Identify pulp stones in pictures/images C2 Lecture OSPE
PERIODONTIUM CPA Teaching/ Assessment

1 Define and enumerate the components of periodontium C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
2 Define cementum, periodontal ligament, gingiva, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

cementoenamel junction, Sharpey’s fibers, cementoid, VIVA
cementodentinal junction, hypercementosis, ankylosis,
cementicles, lamina dura, bundle bone
3 Describe physical properties of cementum in terms of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
harness, location, thickness, function, vascularity, VIVA
innervation, types, formative cells and permeability
4 Identify cementum in images/slides of ground section of C2 Lecture OSPE
tooth
5 Discuss chemical composition of cementum in %age C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
(inorganic and organic including names of cells, types of VIVA
collagen fibers and non collagenous proteins)
6 Classify cementum in terms of presence or absence of cells, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
origin of collagen fibers (extrinsic and intrinsic) and VIVA
combination of both
7 Identify in histological pictures/slides also draw and label the C2 Practical OSPE
different types of cementum P3
8 Describe the four cementum types (primary, secondary, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
mixed and acellular) in terms of cells, origin of fibers, VIVA
location, function, formation/development and
mineralization
9 Differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic collagen fibers in terms C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
of formation, location, histology and dimension VIVA
10 Classify cementoenamel junction in terms of enamel and C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
cementum overlapping also discuss clinical significance VIVA
29
11 Describe histological appearance and significance of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
cementodentinal junction VIVA
12 Discuss age related changes occurring in cementum in terms C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
of appearance, thickness, cementicles and repair process VIVA
13 Describe periodontal ligament development, location, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
average width, content ( names of cells, types of collagen VIVA
fibers, elastic and reticular fibers, ground substance)
function, remodeling and age changes
14 Enumerate the five principal fiber bundles of periodontal C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
ligament VIVA
15 Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/

also describe the location, direction/orientation, origin, P3 Practical VIVA/
insertion and function of principal fibers of periodontal OSPE
ligament
16 Describe blood supply of periodontal ligament in terms of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
names of blood vessels, branching pattern, routes, plexus VIVA
location, diameter, difference in vascularity of anterior vs
posterior teeth, mandible vs maxillary teeth.
17 Discuss nerve supply of periodontal ligament in terms of C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
names of nerves, types of nerve fibers, location and VIVA
branching
18 Discuss names, location, histological appearance and C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
function of nerve endings present in periodontal ligament VIVA
19 Discuss histological changes seen in supporting system of C1 Lecture SEQ/ VIVA
tooth in increased or decreased function load
20 Define Attached gingiva, free gingiva, gingival sulcus, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
junctional epithelium, sulcular epithelium, dentogingival VIVA
junction, Col
21 Identify in images/ patients gingiva, free gingiva, attached C2 Practical OSPE
gingiva, col, interdental gingiva P3
22 Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and C2 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/
also describe the location, direction/orientation, origin, Practical VIVA/
insertion and function of principal fibers of gingival ligament OSPE
SALIVARY GLANDS CPA Teaching/ Assessment
Learning Methods
Methods
Anatomy Department
1 Define saliva, acini, myoepithelial cell, pellicle, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
2 Describe development, histological structure (of acini and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

ductal system e.g. staining, shape of acini, number of VIVA
secretory cells per acini, shape of secretory cells, shape
location and size of nucleus, location of cell organelles,
lumen size, granules, serous demilunes etc ) and gross
30
anatomy of major and minor salivary glands (location, size,
number, name and opening of ducts, nerve supply and blood
supply)
3 Identify, on histological slides/images, serious, mucous and C2 Practical OSPE
mixed salivary glands P3
4 Describe myoepithelial cells in terms of location, histological C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

appearance (shape, processes) and function VIVA
5 Classify ductal system of salivary glands C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
Oral Biology Department

Lectures delivered by Dr. Mustafa Qadeer
Practical sessions facilitated by demonstrators
6 Define sialolith, mucocele, sialadentits, Sjorgen syndrome, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
primary saliva, secondary saliva VIVA
7 Describe process of ductal modification and regulation of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

primary and secondary saliva in terms of VIVA
secretion/reabsorption of electrolytes at different flow rates
8 Describe histological and functional changes in salivary C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
glands due to aging
9 Enlist local and systemic diseases effecting salivary glands C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
anatomy and function (ductal blockage, autoimmune
diseases, bacterial and viral infections, trauma, diabetes,
cysts, fibrosis, dry mouth)
10 Draw and label purely serous and mixed glands C2 Practical OSPE
P3
ORAL MUCOSA CPA Teaching/ Assessment
Learning Methods
Methods
Anatomy Department
1 Define oral mucosa, vermillion border, vermillion zone, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
vestibule, mucogingival junction, mucocutaneous junction, VIVA
submucosa
2 Describe boundaries, appearance, texture, histology, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
functions, age changes, blood supply and nerve supply of oral VIVA
mucosa
3 Classify and identify (in images/pictures/slides) oral mucosa C2 Lecture SEQ/VIVA/
according to location and function (masticatory mucosa, P3 Practical OSPE
lining mucosa, specialized mucosa)
4 Describe histological features of lamina propria (papillary C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
layer, reticular layers, cells, fibers, ground substance, blood
vessels, nerves)
31
5 Tabulate histological differences between keratinized and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
non-keratinized oral epithelium in terms of name of cell VIVA
layers, cell shapes, nucleus size and location
6 Identify in histological pictures/images keratinized and non- C2 Practical OSPE
keratinized epithelium P3
7 Discuss location, shape, covering epithelium and function of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
tongue papillae (fungiform, filliform, circumvallate papillae) VIVA
8 Identify tongue papillae in histological slides/images C2 Practical OSPE
P3
9 Discuss and identify histological features (shape, size, type C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
of cells), location and function of taste bud P2 Practical VIVA/
OSPE
Oral Biology Department CPA Teaching/ Assessment
10 Define Fordyce spot, linea alba, odland body, keratohyaline C1 Lecture MCQ/
granules, orthokeratinization, parakeratinization, acanthosis, VIVA
acantholysis, hyperkeratosis, keratinocytes, non-
keratinocyte, melanosomes, melanophage
11 Identify fordyce’s granules in pictures/images C2 Practical OSPE
P3
12 Describe location, shape, size and significance of Odland C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
bodies/membrane coating granules/lamellar bodies in VIVA
keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium
13 Describe location, shape, size of keratohyaline granules in C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium VIVA
14 Describe and identify histological features and functions of C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
non-keratinocyte in oral epithelium (melanocytes, VIVA
langerhans, merkel , inflammatory cells) in terms of shape of
cell, origin and location
15 Describe exogenous and endogenous pigmentation in oral C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
cavity with examples (Amalgam tattoo, Burton line) VIVA
16 Identify on patients/images junctions in oral cavity C2 Practical OSPE
(mucogingival, dentogingival, mucocutaneous) P2
17 Draw and label histology of taste bud C2 Practical OSPE
P2
BONE CPA Teaching/ Assessment

Learning Methods
Methods
Anatomy Department
1 Define bone , alveolar bone, alveolar process, lamina dura, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
sharpey’s fibres, bundle bone, Supporting bone, cortical VIVA
bone, spongy bone, interdental bone, inter radicular bone,
32
periosteum, endosteum, osteon, haversian canal, volkman’s
canal, circumferential lamellae, concentric lamellae,
interstitial lamellae
2 Classify bone according to gross appearance and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
development VIVA
3 Discuss histology of compact and spongy bone in terms of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
formative and resorptive cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, VIVA
osteoclasts), lamellae, Haversian and volkman’s canals
4 Describe histology and function of osteoblast, osteocyte and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
osteoclasts VIVA
5 Identify in histological slides/images compact and spongy C2 Practical OSPE
bone and bone cells P3

Lectures delivered by Dr. Naauman Zaheer Learning Methods
6 Describe and identify histological changes and features of C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
intramembranous and intracartilaginous ossification VIVA
7 Describe composition, function, regulation, remodeling C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
(phases, normal turnover rate in cortical and trabecular bone, VIVA
turnover rate in children /adults/old age) and age changes and
repair and regeneration of bone
8 Draw and label compact bone histology C2 Practical OSPE
P3
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT CPA Teaching/ Assessment
Learning Methods
Methods
Anatomy Department
1 Classify joints (Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) according to C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
their morphology
2 Define temporomandibular joint, bilaminar zone, synovial C1 Lecture MCQ/
membrane, capsule VIVA
3 Describe TMJ in terms of its gross anatomy, components, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
biomechanics (also including origin, insertion and action of VIVA
muscles of mastication), blood supply, innervation

4 Describe temporomandibular joint in terms of its C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
development, histology of its components, nerve endings VIVA
(location and function) and clinical significance (dislocation,
ankylosis, arthritis, articular disk displacement, TMJ
Dysfunction)
33
5 Describe articular disk in terms of its shape, location, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
histology (fiber types and their orientation/arrangement, VIVA
types of ground substance and cells) location, function,
vascularity, innervation, anterior and posterior bands/laminae
along with their attachment
6 Describe histology, attachment, appearance, vascularity, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
innervation and function of joint capsule VIVA
7 Describe location, extent, function, appearance, histology of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
synovial membrane (cellular intima and sub intima) VIVA
8 Identify, draw and label cellular intima and subintima of C2 Practical OSPE
synovial membrane P2
9 Describe formation, appearance, consistency, composition C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
and function of synovial fluid VIVA
10 Identify, draw and label Temporomandibular joint showing C2 Practical OSPE
its different components P3
TOOTH ERUPTION AND SHEDDING CPA Teaching/ Assessment
1 Define eruption, shedding, preeruptive tooth movement, C1 Lecture MCQ/
eruptive tooth movement, post eruptive tooth movement, VIVA
active eruption, passive eruption, Gaubernacular cord,
Gaubernacular canal, natal teeth, neo natal teeth
2 Differentiate the three types of physiological tooth C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
movements (pre-eruptive, eruptive and post eruptive) in VIVA
terms of direction of movement, movement in µm, need and
significance
3 Discuss mechanism and factors responsible for eruptive tooth C1 Lecture SEQ/ VIVA
movement
4 Describe the three types of movement a tooth makes post C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
eruption to maintain its functional position in the jaw in terms VIVA
of mechanism and significance
5 Discuss histology and causes of tooth shedding C1 Lecture SEQ/ VIVA
6 Enlist local and systemic causes of premature and delayed C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
eruption of teeth
7 Identify in images/slides also draw and label Gaubernacular C2 Practical OSPE
cord P2
34
SECTION II - TOOTH MORPHOLOGY AND OCCLUSION
Assessment items in Final Exam: 06 MCQs, 02 SEQ/SAQ, OSPE stations 07 out of 17
Introduction to Tooth Morphology/ Nomenclature CPA Teaching/ Assessment

1 Classify dentition according to shape (homodont, heterodont), C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
sets of teeth (monophyodont, diphyodont, polyphyodont), time
period (deciduous, permanent)
2 Discuss time frame and significance of dentition periods C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
(primary, mixed and permanent) VIVA
3 Describe dental formulae, sequence of eruption and age of C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
emergence of permanent and deciduous teeth. VIVA
4 Discuss commonly used numbering systems (universal, palmer C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
notation and FDI) used in dentistry with examples from primary VIVA
and permanent teeth
5 Define, identify and differentiate, on tooth C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
specimen/models/images, anatomical crown, clinical crown, P3 Practical VIVA/
anatomical root, clinical root, enamel, dentin, cementum, OSPE
cervical line, pulp cavity, cusps, tubercles, cingulum, ridges
(marginal, triangular, transverse, oblique and cusp ridges),
inclined plane, mamelons, fossa, developmental (primary)
groove, supplemental (secondary) groove, fissure, embrasures,
sulcus, pit, contact point, contact area, lobe, line angles, point
angles, tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, lingual/palatal,
buccal/labial, incisal/occlusal), height of contour
6 Enumerate line and point angles of anterior and posterior teeth. C2 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
7 Describe number and significance of lobes in permanent and C1 Lecture MCQ/

primary teeth VIVA
8 Describe shape, location and function of interproximal spaces, C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
embrasures and contact areas VIVA
PERMANENT INCISORS CPA Teaching/ Assessment
1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and C1 Lectures MCQ/
root in terms of months/years VIVA
35
2 Discuss and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of P3 Practical VIVA/
mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal OSPE
dimensions and contours, inclination of incisal margin, shape of
mesioincisal and distoincisal line angles, shape and curvature of
cervical margin, number and location of developmental
depressions, location and boundaries of lingual fossa, location,
shape and inclination of cingulum, location of imbrications
lines, marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area
3 Describe number, shape and inclination of root C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
pulp horns VIVA
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, central and lateral incisor C2 Assignment SEQ/VIVA
of the same and/or different arch A /
Small
group
discussion
6 Draw and label incisors from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and C2 Practical Manual &
incisal aspect P3 OSPE
7 Carving of Maxillary central incisor according to natural tooth P2 Practical -
dimensions on wax block/soap
PERMANENT CANINES CPA Teaching/ Assessment
1 Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA
root in terms of months/years
2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of P3 VIVA/
mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal OSPE
dimensions and contours, length and inclination of mesioincisal
and distoincisal slope, shape and curvature of cervical margin,
location, and extent of lingual and buccal ridges, number and
location of developmental depressions, location and boundaries
of lingual fossae, location shape and inclination of cingulum,
marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area
3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variation of root C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
pulp horns VIVA
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and C2 Formative -
maxillary canine, canine and incisors Assignment
6 Draw and label canines from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and C2 Practical Manual &
occlusal aspect P3 OSPE
36
PREMOLARS CPA Teaching/ Assessment
2 Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and P3 VIVA/
occlusal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, shape OSPE
and curvature of cervical margin, boundaries of occlusal table;
number, location, size, variation (U, H and Y type occlusal
morphology in case of mandibular 2nd premolar) of cusps,
name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae,
boundaries of fossae, location, size, variations of marginal
ridges, height of contour, contact area, mesial concavity,
developmental depressions, location and formation of
transverse ridge, location and names of cusp ridges and inclined
planes,
3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
pulp horns VIVA
maxillary premolars Assignment
6 Draw and label premolars from buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, C2 Practical Manual &
distal and occlusal aspect P3 OSPE
MOLARS CPA Teaching/ Assessment
surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and P3 Practical VIVA/
occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and OSPE
contours, shape and curvature of cervical margin; boundaries of
occlusal table, number, location, size, variation of cusps; name,
number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of
fossae, location, size, location of marginal ridges, height of
contour, contact area, mesial concavity, developmental
depressions, location and formation of transverse ridge, location
and formation of oblique ridge in case of maxillary molars,
location and names of cusp ridges and inclined planes
3 Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
pulp horns VIVA
37
maxillary molars, first and second molars of the same arch, Assignment
molars and other permanent teeth
6 Draw and label first, second and third molars from buccal, C2 Practical Manual &
lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect P3 OSPE
7 Carving of maxillary and mandibular first permanent molars P2 Practical -
according to normal tooth dimension on wax block/soap
DECIDUOUS TEETH CPA Teaching/ Assessment
Lectures delivered by Dr. Naauman Zaheer & Dr. Mustafa Learning Methods
1 Describe general morphological differences between permanent C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA
and deciduous teeth
surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and P3 VIVA/
occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and OSPE
contours, boundaries of occlusal table, number, location, size,
variation of cusps; name, number and location of pits, grooves
and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, location of
marginal ridges, height of contour, developmental depressions,
location and formation of transverse and oblique ridge.
3 Describe number, shape, inclination of root/roots C1 Lecture VIVA
4 Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals C1 Lecture MCQ/VIVA
5 Differentiate, on morphological basis, deciduous incisors vs C2 Formative -
permanent incisors, mandibular vs maxillary deciduous molars, Assignment
first vs second molars of the same arch, deciduous vs permanent
molars
6 Draw and label deciduous teeth from labial/buccal, C2 Practical Manual &
lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and incisal/occlusal aspect P3 OSPE
OCCLUSION CPA Teaching/ Assessment
1 Define occlusion, articulation, freeway space (normal value in C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
mm), leeway space (normal value in mm), normal class 1 VIVA
occlusion (incisal, canine and molar relation), malocclusion (I,
II and III), centric occlusion, centric relation, primate space,
ugly duckling stage, diastema
2 Describe features of ideal occlusion in terms of spacing, vertical C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
inclination, overjet, overbite, and generalized spacing between
the teeth in primary dentition
3 Describe features of ideal occlusion in mixed and permanent C1 Lecture SEQ/VIVA
dentition
4 Define over jet (along with normal value in mm), increased, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
decreased, edge-to-edge and reverse ove rjet VIVA
5 Define over bite (along with normal value in mm), deep bite, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
open bite and closed bite VIVA
38
6 Define three types of molar relations in primary dentition C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
(mesial step, distal step, flush terminal plane) VIVA
7 Describe occlusal curvatures (curve of Spee, Wilson and C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
Monsoon) along with formation, direction, shape and VIVA
significance
DEVELOPMENTAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CPA Teaching/ Assessment
ANOMALIES Learning Methods
Methods
1 Define and discuss developmental causes and morphological C1 Assignment MCQ/SEQ/
appearance of effected teeth in anodontia, hypodontia, VIVA
mesiodens, distodens, macrodontia, microdontia, taurodontium,
dilacerations, flexion, germination, fusion, concrescence,
segmented roots, dwarfed roots, hypercementosis, accessory
cusps, accessory roots, enamel pearls, peg laterals, Talon’s
cusp, Hutchinson’s incisors, Mulberry molars, dens in dente,
complex odontoma, compound odontoma, enamel dysplasia,
dentin dysplasia, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypocalcification,
enamel hypomaturation, amelogenesis imperfect, mottled
enamel, dentinogenesis imperfect, tetracycline staining,
Turner’s tooth
2 Enlist common anomalies effecting development, size, number C1 Assignment SEQ/VIVA
and shape of teeth
39
SECTION III - ORAL PHYSIOLOGY
Assessment items in Final Exam: 02 MCQs, 01 SEQ/SAQ
ORAL PHYSIOLOGY CPA Teaching/ Assessment

Learning Methods
Methods
Physiology Department
1 Describe basic events of speech production (initiation, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
phonation, articulation) and its neurological control by higher VIVA
centers
2 Describe mastication in terms of structural apparatus, muscles C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
involved, chewing cycle (opening, closing and occlusal phase) VIVA
and neurological pathway controlling mastication
3 Enumerate stages of mastication (pull back process of tongue, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
squeeze back mechanism), and reflexes of mastication (jaw jerk VIVA
reflex, jaw unloading reflex, jaw open reflex)
4 Discuss stages of swallowing (oral, pharyngeal and esophageal C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
phases), names of higher centers along with neurological VIVA
pathway controlling it
5 Describe physiology of pain C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
6 Describe physiology of propioception C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
7 Describe composition, pH, volume, function (in terms of effects C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
and components responsible for those effects), formation and VIVA
secretion of saliva
8 Describe taste pathway along with its neurological control from C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
higher centers VIVA
40
SECTION IV - GENERAL AND OROFACIAL EMBRYOLOGY
General and Orofacial Embryology CPA Teaching/ Assessment

Learning Methods
Methods
Anatomy Department
1 Define fertilization, zygote, embryo, germ layer, notochord, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
morula, blastocyst, trophoblast, neural crest cells VIVA
2 Describe germ layer formation and fate C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
3 Describe neural crest cells in terms of formation, migration, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
role in orofacial development and associated anomalies VIVA
(Treacher Collins syndrome)
4 Enumerate derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
neural crest cells, pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts VIVA
5 Describe and identify development of face in terms of C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
processes involved and their role in formation of lips, nose, VIVA/
forehead, cheeks and jaws OSPE
6 Discuss and identify in pictures/images developmental C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
anomalies associated with incomplete fusion of facial VIVA/
processes (unilateral, bilateral and median cleft lip, oblique OSPE
facial cleft, median cleft/frontonasal dysplasia, lateral facial
cleft, mandibular cleft)
7 Describe and identify development of primary and C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
secondary palate in terms of time frame, processes involved, VIVA/
fusion of shelves and associated anomalies (cleft palate and OSPE
its types)
8 Discuss etiological factors responsible for congenital defects C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
effecting facial development VIVA
9 Describe the development of tongue C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
10 Describe development of thyroid gland C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
VIVA
Oral Biology Department Teaching/ Assessment
11 Describe the developmental of mandible in terms of growth C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
cartilages (names, period of activity, role and fate of primary VIVA
41
and secondary growth cartilages), ossification centers,
spread of ossification, post natal growth
12 Describe the formation of different components of mandible C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
condyle, ramus, coronoid process and body of mandible VIVA
13 Describe the prenatal growth of maxilla in terms of time C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
frame, processes involved, location of ossification center, VIVA
spread of ossification, name, location, role and fate of
growth cartilages
14 Describe postnatal growth of maxilla in terms of theories C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
associated with growth (functional matrix, cartilage growth, VIVA
sutural growth), bone remodeling and its impact on growth
and position of maxilla
15 Draw and label and identify in images/models both C2 Practical OSPE
developing and mature mandible bone P3
42
SECTION V – ORAL ANATOMY
Oral Anatomy CPA Teaching/ Assessment

Anatomy department Learning Methods
Methods
1 Tabulate muscles of facial expressions (corrugator C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
supercilii, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma, P3 Dissection VIVA
buccinators,mentalis, risorius, zygomaticus majorand A Student oral
minor,depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, presentation
levator labii superior alaequae nasii, procerus, compressor
naris, dilator nariis, depressor septi) with their origin,
insertion, action and nerve supply
2 Tabulate muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid) with their origin, A Student oral VIVA
insertion, action and nerve supply presentation
3 Tabulate intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue with their C1 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
origin, insertion, action and nerve supply A Student oral VIVA
presentation
4 Discuss clinical significance of muscles of facial C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
expressions, muscles of mastication, muscles of tongue VIVA
5 Describe and identify course and relations of cranial nerves, C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
associated ganglia, functional components (SVE, GVE, P3 Dissection VIVA
GVA, SVA, GSA), surface marking, nuclei, branches and A Student oral
clinical significance presentation
6 Describe and identify bones of face in terms of shape, C1 Demonstration MCQ/SEQ/
attachments, boundaries, foramina and their content VIVA/
OSPE
7 Describe and identify blood supply of face (surface C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/
marking, course, branches and anastomosis) and lymphatic Dissection VIVAOSPE
drainage of face along with clinical considerations
8 Identify in models/images muscles of facial expressions, C2 Practical OSPE
muscles of tongue, muscles of mastication, land marks on P3
skull and mandible
Cognition Domain (Knowledge) Psychomotor Domain (Skills) Affective Domain (Attitudes, values
C1 Recognition and Recall P1 Observe
and behaviors)
C2 Interpretation and application P2 Perform under supervision
C3 Problem-solving (analysis, synthesis P3 Perform independently
and judgment)
43
Learning Resources
Subject component Learning resources
Oral and Developmental Histology
1. Development of tooth Ten Cate, A.R. and Nanci, A., 2013. Ten Cate's oral
2. Enamel and amelogenesis histology: development, structure, and function. Elsevier.
3. Dentin and dentinogrnsis 8th edition.
4. Dental pulp
5. Periodontium Berkovitz, B.K.B., Holland, G.R., Moxham, B.J., Holland,
6. Salivary glands G.R. and Moxham, B.J., 2009. Oral anatomy, Histology
7. Oral mucosa and Embryology. Mosby. 4th International edition, 4.
8. Bone
9. Temporomandibular joint
10. Tooth eruption and shedding
Tooth Morphology and Occlusion
1. Introduction to Tooth Fuller, J.L., Denehy, G.E. and Hall, S.A., 1999. Concise
Morphology/ Nomenclature dental anatomy and morphology. University of Iowa,
2. Permanent dentition Publications Department.
3. Deciduous dentition
4. Occlusion Nelson, S.J., 2014. Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology
5. Dental anomalies and Occlusion-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Oral Physiology
1. Speech Nelson, S.J., 2014. Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology
2. Pain and Occlusion-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3. Taste
Berkovitz, B.K.B., Holland, G.R., Moxham, B.J., Holland,
4. Swallowing
G.R. and Moxham, B.J., 2009. Oral anatomy, Histology
6. Propioception and Embryology. Mosby. 4th International edition, 4.
7. Mastication
General and Orofacial Embryology
1. General embryology Sadler, T.W., 2011. Langman's medical embryology.
2. Orofacial embryology Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 12th edition.
Oral Anatomy
1. Muscles of facial expression Snell, R.S., 2011. Clinical anatomy by regions. Lippincott
2. Muscles of mastication Williams & Wilkins. 9th edition.
3. Cranial nerves
4. Bones of head and neck
5. Muscles of tongue
6. Blood supply of head and neck
44
Other Learning Resources
Hands-on activities Students will be involved in practical session
and hands-on activities to enhance learning.
Labs Utilize the lab to relate knowledge to specimens
and models available.
Videos Animated videos of developmental histology to
clear the concepts of the students shown during
interactive lecture sessions.
Computer lab/CDs/DVDs/Internet resources To increase the knowledge, students should
utilize the available internet resources and
CDs/DVDs in main IT lab/personal laptops.
Self-study Self-study is incorporated to help the student in
managing individual tasks/assignments. Student
will search for information through available
resources.
45
Study Models and Lab Supplies
Oral Biology Lab Equipment and Supplies

1 Microscopes (shared with oral pathology lab)
2 Model trimmers (shared with prosthetics lab)
3 Bench grinders (shared with prosthetics lab)
4 Set of single tooth silicon moulds for making plaster models (4 sets)
5 Complete permanent dentition moulds for making plaster models (3 sets)
6 Oral Histology slides set
7 Development study models (PE.PD 1001 Japan)
10 Deciduous teeth study models-20 (B4-309 B Japan)
11 Permanent teeth study models-28 (B2-306 Japan)
12 Mixed dentition study models
13 Developing dentition model
14 Classic skull with open lower jaw
15 Tongue model
16 Classic skull painted model
17 Skull with teeth for extraction
18 Classic tooth model series
19 Half lower jaw
20 Advanced half lower jaw
21 Deciduous dentures
22 Adult dentures
23 Dentition development model
24 Plaster spatula
25 Base former silicon
26 Tooth carving step model kit 1.5x size C11.TUI Japan
46
Summative Assessment Methods and Policies
Internal Assessment
• Weightage of internal assessment shall be 10 %, each for theory and practical, in BDS Professional
Examination.
• The Internal Assessment shall comprise of monthly test / assignments / class presentation / send-
ups /class tests / OSPE etc.
• The Internal Assessment record shall be kept in the respective department of the College / Institute
and after approval of Principal, a summary as per University registration number shall be furnished
to the Controller of Examinations, at least two weeks before the commencement of final
examination.
• The result of all the class tests / tools which contribute towards IA will be displayed to the students
during an academic year.
• The same internal assessment shall be counted both for annual and supplementary examinations.
• The students who are relegated, however, can improve the internal assessment during subsequent
year
• Internal assessment tools of any subject may be changed after the approval of respective FBS
Annual Examination
• The weightage of Annual Examination shall be 90%, each for theory and practical, in BDS.
• The examination comprises of a theory paper and practical/clinical examinations as per PM&DC
regulations and the Table of Specifications (TOS) of the University.
• The gap between two consecutive theory papers shall not be more than two days.
• The Theory Paper shall be of 3-hours duration, held under the arrangements of the university. It
shall have two parts; MCQs and SEQs for the year 2019. It may be changed after the approval of
Academic Council.
Internal Examiner
He/she shall be Professor and Head of Department who has been involved in teaching of the class
being examined for at least six months. Second preference shall be Associate/Assistant Professor
who is involved in teaching of the class and posted there for one year. Third preference shall be a
recognized Professor of the subject.
External Examiner
He/she shall be a Professor/Associate Professor of a recognized Medical/Dental College or at least
an Assistant Professor with three years teaching experience in the relevant subject.
47
Conflict of Interest
No person shall serve as an examiner whose close relative (wife, husband, son, daughter, adopted
son, adopted daughter, grand-son, grand-daughter, brother, sister, niece /nephew, son and
daughter- in-law brother and sister- in-law, parental and maternal uncle and aunt etc) is appearing
in the examination. All examiners likely to serve as an examiner shall render a certificate in
compliance to this para.
Paper Setting
• Each College / Institute shall forward a set of two question papers as per TOS along with the key
for each subject to the Controller of Examinations, at least three months in advance of the annual
examination. The question paper as a whole / a question without a comprehensive key shall not be
considered towards final paper setting.
• The set of question papers shall be prepared by the respective Head of Department (HoD) and
furnished to Controller of Examinations through Head of Institution (HoI)
• The Controller of Examinations shall approve the faculty for the final paper settinghaving fair
representation of each college / institute
Paper Assessment
• The Controller of Examinations shall approve the faculty for the theory paper marking, to be
undertaken in the manner as deemed appropriate.
• The Examination Directorate shall coordinate directly with the faculty,earmarked for the paper
marking
• A student who scores 85% and above marks in any subject shall qualify for distinction in that
particular subject.
• A fraction in aggregate marks of a subject shall be rounded off to whole number. If it is less than
0.5 then it will be rounded off to the previous whole number while 0.5 or more will be rounded off
to the next whole number.
Practical Examinations
• The Controller of Examiners shall approve the faculty to serve as the internal & external
examiners.
• The number of external and internal examiners shall be equal.
• One external& internal examiner each shall be marked for a group of 100 students.
• Candidates may be divided into groups practical examinations and be standardized by
incorporating OSPE stations.
• Practical examination shall be held after the theory examination of the subject but in special
cases, it may be held before the theory examination with the approval of the Controller of
Examinations. For the purpose of practical/clinical examination, the candidates may be divided
into sub groups by the examiners.
48
• The assessment of the practical examination duly signed by internal & external examiner shall be
furnished to the Controller of Examinations within one week of the conclusion of examination.
Pass Marks
• Pass marks for all subjects shall be 50 % in theory and practical, separately.
• No grace marks shall be allowed to any student in any examination.
Declaration of Result
Every effort shall be made to declare the result of each examination within one month of the last
practical examination or earlier.
Promotion
No student shall be promoted to the higher classes unless he/she passes all the subjects of the
previous class
Re-totaling
Any student may apply to the Controller of Examinations on a prescribed form along with the
specified fee.
Supplementary Examination
The interval between a supplementary examination and the previous professional examination
shall not be more than two months. There shall be no special supplementary examination.
Academic Audit
The Vice Chancellor may get any academic matter deliberated in the manner as deemed
appropriate.
Issue of Academic Transcript/Detailed Marks Sheet

A student desirous of obtaining Academic Transcript / Detailed Mark Sheet may apply to
Controller of Examinations along with the prescribed fee for each original copy.
Withdrawal/Failure
Any student who fails to clear the first Professional in BDS orfirst in four chances, availed or un-
availed, shall be expelled as per PM& DC policy and shall not be eligible for fresh admission as a
fresh candidate in either BDS.
49
Table of Specification (TOS) for Annual Examination
First Professional BDS Examination
ORAL BIOLOGY & TOOTH MORPHOLOGY
Theory
Marks of Written Paper= 90 Time Allowed = 03 hrs

Marks of Internal Assessment= 10 (Including MCQs)
Max Marks= 100 Date:
Pass Marks = 50
25 x MCQs (on separate sheet) (25 Marks) (Time = 30 min)

07 x SAQs/ SEQs (Cl & C2) = 07 marks each
02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2) = 08 marks each (65 Marks) (Time = 2hrs 30 min)
S. Topic Number of MCQs (25) Number of SAQs/SEQs (09)
No (C1=15, C2=10) • (07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &
1 mark each C2) = 07 marks each
• 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &
C2) = 08 marks each
1. Oral Anatomy 02 01
2. Oral Embryology 02 01
3. Oral Histology 13 04
4. Oral Physiology 02 01
5. Tooth Morphology & 06 02
occlusion
Total 25 (25 Marks) 09 (65 Marks)
Internal Assessment Calculation (Theory Annual)
A B C D
Roll no. Name All terms, pre annual Total marks of
exams or any other Internal Assessment
exam out of 10
Total marks Sum of marks

obtained x 10 / sum of
total marks in all
exams
50
Table of Specifications for Annual Professional Exam: Practical
VIVA Practical (OSPE • Draw and label Total

50 marks Task) 40 marks
Examiner 1 Examiner 2 OSPE Draw and
10 Stations=Oral Label Task
Histology
7 Stations= Tooth
Morphology
Total = 17 Stations
25 marks 25 marks 34 marks 06 marks 90 marks
Internal Assessment Calculation (Practical)
A B C D
Roll no. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class Total marks of
tests though out the Internal Assessment
year/ Pre annual out of 10
exams or any other
exam
Total Marks Sum of marks

total marks in all
exams
51
Sample Theory Paper Questions
MCQ
1. A 12 years old patient present to the dental clinic with esthetics concerns regarding his
Maxillary Central Incisors. On examination enamel is found to be of normal thickness but
chips off easily by applying pressure with a blunt instrument. This defect of enamel most
probably occurs during which stage of amelogenesis
a. Histodifferentiation phase
b. Maturation phase
c. Secretory phase
d. Transition phase
Key: Maturation phase option b
SEQ
Q. While visiting the clinics the students noticed pigmentation on the gingiva. What type of
epithelium is present in gingiva and how do you differentiate epithelium of gingiva with that of
buccal mucosa on histological basis? Write down in tabulated form.
ANSWER: Gingiva has keratinized epithelium. Buccal mucosa has non-keratinized epithelium.
Keratinized Epithelium Non-keratinized Epithelium

Features Cell Layer Features Cell Layers
Cuboidal or columnar cells Basal Cuboidal or columnar cells Basal
containing bundles of containing spate
tonofibrils and other cell tonofilments and other cell
organelles, site of most cell organelles, site of most cell
divisions divisions
Larger ovoid containing Prickle/spinosum Larger ovoid cells Prickle/spinosum
conspicuous tonofibrils containing dispersed
bundle, membrane –coating tonofilaments, membrane-
granules appear in upper coating granules appear in
part of layer upper part of layer:
filaments becoming
numerous
52
Flattened cells containing Granular Slightly flattened cells Intermediate
conspicuous keratohyaline containing many dispersed
granules associated with tonofilaments and
tonofibrils: membrane – glycogen.
coating granules fuse with
cells membrane in upper
part: internal membrane
thickening also occurs.
Extremely flattened and Keratinized Slightly flattened cells with Superficial
dehydrated cells in which dispersed filaments and
all organelles have been glycogen, fewer organelles
lost, cells filled only with are present, but nuclei
packed fibrillar material. persist.
When pyknotic nuclei are
retained, parakeratinization
occurs.
53
Curriculum Map Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology
54
ANATOMY STUDY GUIDE
55
Introduction to Anatomy
Department Vision:
To train undergraduate students by qualified faculty and state of the art infrastructure and technology so
that students can meet the community challenges of 21st century infrastructure.
Department Mission:
To impart core knowledge of anatomy in interesting, compact and practical way to undergraduate students
by Hybrid/Spiral integrated system of teaching so that they can differentiate between normal and abnormal
structure at gross, microscopic and embryological level. The objectives are achieved through knowledge
of Anatomy on principles of pedagogy. Skills are developed by dissection and prosection, simulation –
models, cyber teaching, surface anatomy, modern histological techniques. Attitudes are developed by
employing communication skills, lecture and presentations, self-directed learning, RBL museum Atlas,
integrated journal, cyber teaching, e-learning, quest for research, journal club meetings, library,
professionalism, empathy, inter-personal skills, and extra-curricular activities.
56
Resources
B. Supporting staff
Teaching Resources
Faculty Members
Department of Anatomy Involved in Bds Teaching

Professor
1 Dr. Uzma Naseer Subject in-charge MBBS, M.Phil
for IOD
2 Dr. Tayyaba Tahir Demonstrator MBBS
3 Dr. Gull Snober Demonstrator MBBS
Supporting Staff
Sr No Supporting staff Number
1 Lab assistant 2
2 Lab technologist 1
3 Computer operator 1
4 Dissection hall attendant 4
5 Curator 1
6 Embalmer 1
7 Runner 1
57

#.
1 Lecture hall 1
• Multimedia
• Microphone
• Computer system
• White board
2 Small group discussion rooms 5
2 Histology Lab 1
• Microscopes
• Histological slides
3 Museum 1
• Study models
• Atlas
4 Dissection Hall 1
5 Mini library 1
58



59
• Large group discussions
• Demonstrations
• Dissections / Prosection (Skill sessions)
• Practical
• Integrated and proactive histology journal
• Study models with museum atlas
60
(i) Lectures delivery by: Dr Uzma Naseer (Professor & subject in-charge), Prof. Dr. Nazreen,
Prof. Dr Ansa Rabia, Dr Shaista Arshad, Dr. Tayyaba Mahmud
(ii) Demonstrators and facilitators for practical, dissection and small group discussion
sessions:
Dr. Tayya Tahir, Dr. Gul Snober, Dr. Ayesha Taimur, Dr. Yumna Mazafar, Dr. Arwa
Khawar, Dr. Falaq Shahid, Dr. Saman Rauf, Dr. Sara Ismail, Dr. Hammad Ali
(iii) Support staff: Lab assistants, lab technologist, computer operator, dissection hall attendants,
curator, embalmer, runner
61
Time Frame

Lectures: Monday (9:50 to 10:45am), Tuesday (8:00 to 8:55am), Thursday (8:00 to 8:55am)
Tutorial: Tuesday (9:50 to 10:45am) alternate week
Dissection: Monday (11:15am to 01:05pm), Tuesday (1:05 to 3:00pm), Wednesday & Thursday
(8:55 to 10:45am)
Practical: Wednesday (11:15am to 1:05pm), Thursday (1:05 to 3:00 pm), Friday (11:00am to
01:00pm)
62
Course Outline
Teaching & Learning Evaluation

Term Subject
Gross Anatomy Head & Neck - 3 Substages

Term – I
Exam
Embryology Mitosis and meiosis, Term – I Exam
Term - I
Gametogenesis Ovulation
&Implantation
1st - 8th week of development
Fetal Period
Placenta & Fetal Membrane
Birth Defects
Histology Cell Term – I Exam
Surface and glandular epithelium
Connective Tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Muscle
Lymphoid System
Rest of the body Thorax Term – I Exam
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Gross Anatomy Brain & Neuro Anatomy - 2 Substages
- Term – II Exam
Embryology Development of: Term – II Exam
Term - II CNS
Musculo Skeletal System (Skull)
Respiratory System
Head & Neck
CNS
Special Senses
Histology Nervous System Term – II Exam
Digestive System
Endocrine Gland
Respiratory System
Integumentary System
Special Senses
General Nervous System Term – II Exam
Anatomy Integumentary System
63
Table of Specification for Teaching and Learning Objectives
FIRST TERM
GENERAL ANATOMY
Topics Learning objectives Suggested
MIT
Students should be able to: LGIS (Large
1. Define different disciplines of Anatomy group
2. Define terms of position in relation to anatomical position: interactive
o Anterior / Posterior session)
o Ventral / Dorsal
o Superior / Inferior
o Caudal / Rostral / Cranial
o Medial / Lateral
o Proximal / Distal
o Palmar / plantar
o Superficial /Deep
o Supine / Prone
3. Demonstrate the normal anatomical position

4. Describe the following anatomical planes with the help of diagrams.
o Coronal
Introductio
o Sagittal
n to
o Horizontal
Anatomy
o Parasagittal
5. Describe the terms of movements with general reference to the axis
and planes in which they occur and demonstrate each on subject.
o Flexion / Extension
o Abduction / Adduction
o Lateral rotation / Medial rotation
o Pronation / Supination
o Plantar flexion / Dorsal flexion
o Circumduction
o Eversion / Inversion
6. Discuss the various techniques to study anatomy in the
living such as:

o Plain radiographs
64
1. Identify the axial and appendicular parts of a human skeleton. LGIS
2. Classify bones according to their development and shape giving
examples of each type especially from head and neck (wherever
possible).
3. Enumerate parts of a developing bone and their definitive
Osteology derivatives.
4. Describe the process of both types of ossification
5. Describe blood supply of the long & diploic bones.
6. List the parts of young bone.
1. Classify joints according to their structure with examples of each LGIS

type especially from head and neck (wherever possible)
2. Describe the general structure of a synovial joint
Arthrology 3. Discuss anatomy of joints with reference to dislocation, sprain and
inflammation
4. Describe Hilton’s law
1. Classify muscles into three basic types LGIS

2. Classify skeletal muscles according to their shape and functions with
Myology examples of each type
3. Enlist the structures forming a neuromuscular junction
4. Discuss applied anatomy of the muscle with reference to paralysis,
atrophy and regeneration.
1. Discuss general plan of systemic, portal and lymphatic circulatory LGIS
system.
2. Classify blood vessels according to their sizes and functions with
Circulatory examples of each type.
system 3. Define anastomosis; describe various types of anastomosis with
example and their clinical significance.
GENERAL HISTOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE
1. Describe the principles behind eosin and LGIS
haematoxylin staining.
Cell 2. Differentiate between acidophilia and basophilia.
3. Enumerate different cell organelles and identify
staining reaction of each.
4. Enumerate different components of the
65
cytoskeleton, explain the structure of each while
correlating with clinical applications.
5. Classify intercellular junctions
6. Discuss the structure of each type of intercellular
junction and correlate with their functions.
SKILL
7. Focus the prepared slide at different magnifications.
8. Identify the different shapes of cells and their
examples
9. Draw the labelled diagram of cells having various
shapes.
KNOWLEDGE
1. Define epithelium and classify its two basic types LGIS
(surface and glandular).
2. Classify surface epithelium with examples of each type.
3. Explain the role of epithelium in the development of
tumors and regeneration of cells
4. Enumerate the motile and immotile apical
modifications of epithelial cells with examples of
each type.
5. Describe ultrastructure of microvilli, stereocilia and
cilia and correlate with their roles in various cellular
Epithelium functions
6. Classify glands according to their morphology,
secretory products and mode of secretion with
examples of each type
SKILL
7. Identify different types of epithelia under light
microscope and enlist at least two identification
points for each type. Lab
8. Draw labelled diagrams of each type of epithelium.
9. Compare and contrast between the histological
structure of serous and mucous secreting cells.
10. Draw labelled diagram of mucous and serous acini
KNOWLEDGE
1. Define connective tissue and enlist three basic LGIS
components of connective tissue.
2. Enlist different types of cells and fibres in the
Connective tissue
connective tissue.
3. Enlist various constituents of the ground substance
4. Classify various types of connective tissue with
example of each type.
66
5. Give a brief account of histological features of
different types of connective tissue.
6. Explain the roleoffibroblasts in woundcontraction
7. Describe the role of collagen in keloid and
hypertrophic scar
SKILL
8. Identify the slides of loose connective tissue, dense
regular, dense irregular and adipose connective
tissue under light microscope and enlist at least two
identification points of each type.
9. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic Lab
structure of loose connective tissue, dense regular,
irregular and adipose connective tissue
KNOWLEDGE
1. Describe histological structure of various types of LGIS
cartilages with examples
SKILL
Cartilage 2. Identify the slides of hyaline, elastic and fibro
cartilage under light microscope and enlist at least Lab
two identification points of each type.
3. Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic
structure of hyaline, elastic and fibro cartilage.
KNOWLEDGE LGIS
1. Describe microscopic structure of compact and
cancellous bone
2. Differentiate between the lamellar and a lamellar
bone.
3. Describe the process of bone remodelling and
correlate it with tooth bracing and adjustment.
4. Describe the histological stages of healing of a
Bone
fracture.
5. Define osteoporosis, osteomalacia and osteopenia
SKILL
6. Identify the slides of cancellous and compact bone
under light microscope and enlist at least two
identification points of each type. Lab
structure of cancellous and compact bones.
67
KNOWLEDGE
1. Enumerate different types of lymphoid cells and LGIS
identify their distribution in the body
2. Describe the histological features and cells of the
lymphoid system
3. Describe the histological features of tonsils, thymus,
Lymphoid system lymph node andspleen
SKILL
1. Identify histological sections of tonsils, thymus,
lymph node and spleen under light microscope and Lab
enlist at least two identification points of each.
structure of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen
KNOWLEDGE
1. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal, LGIS
smooth and cardiac muscle while correlating with
their functions.
2. Explain the histological differences of different types
of muscles.
3. Correlate the regenerating capacity of each type of
Muscle tissue
muscle with relevant clinical conditions.
SKILL
4. Identify microscopic sections of different types of Lab
muscle under light microscope and enlist at least
two identification points of each type
structure of different types of muscles.
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE:
68
1. Describe the events of spermatogenesis
2. Describe the events of spermiogenesis
3. Define azoospermia and oligospermia LGIS
4. Describe the relationship of sub-fertility with
production of abnormalsperms
Gametogenesis & 5. Describe the maturation of oocytes before birth
Transport ofovum 6. Describe the maturation of oocytes at puberty
& Fertilization 7. Describe the relation of ovarian cycle
with maturation of follicles.
8. Describe the stages of follicular maturation
• Primary
• Preantral
• Secondary
• Preovulatory.
9. Describe the process of ovulation and correlate its
timing with ovariancycle.
10. Define fertilization
11. State normal site of fertilization
12. Describe the results of fertilization
13. Enlist the factors affecting fertilization
14. Enumerate the changes that occur in spermatozoa
before fertilization
15. Explain the factors affecting penetration of sperm
through the zona pellucida for formation of Pro-
nuclei
16. Discuss the formation of zygote
1. Define implantation LGIS
2. State its normal site
3. Describe the changes in uterus at time of
1st week of implantation.
development 4. Explain the process of cleavage
5. Explain the formation of morula and blastula
6. Describe the formation of inner and outer cell mass
within the blastocystcavity
7. Enumerate the abnormal sites for implantation
(ectopic pregnancy) and correlate with clinical
significance.
69
1. Discuss the formation of bilaminar embryonic disc LGIS
from embryoblast.
2. Describe early differentiation of trophoblast
3. Explain the formation of amniotic cavity
2nd week of 4. Explain the formation of chorion, secondary yolk sac
development and chorionic plate.
5. Explain the establishment of uteroplacental
circulation.
6. Justifythat 2nd weekis alsoknown asweek oftwos.
7. Correlate the clinical relevance of production of β
HCG by the syncytiotrophoblast and pregnancy test.
1. Define gastrulation (formation of three germ layers) LGIS
2. Discuss the development, significance and fate of
primitive streak and related congenital anomalies
(Sacrococcygeal Teratoma)
3. Describe the development of notochordal process,
notochord canal, prechordal plate and cloacal
membrane
4. Describe the formation of three germ layers
3rd week of 5. Describe topographic arrangement of three
development components of intraembryonic Mesoderm (Paraxial,
Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm)
6. Describe early development of CVS.
7. Describe differentiation of trophoblast during third
week and formation of primary, secondary and
tertiary chorionic villi
8. Describe formation and fate of allantois.
9. Correlate the knowledge of normal development
with anomalies like teratoma and chordoma.
70
The embryonic 1. Describe process of formation of neural plate,
period; 3rd to 8th neural tube and neural crest cells.
week 2. Enlist derivatives of:
a. Surface ectoderm
b. Neurectoderm
c. Neural crest
d. Intraembryonic mesoderm (paraxial,
intermediate, lateral plate)
e. Endoderm
3. Describe early differentiation of somites
4. Describe the development of intraembryonic
coelom.
5. Describe the folding of the embryo in the median
plane and correlate it with its consequences
6. Describethefoldingoftheembryointhehorizontal
plane and correlate it with its consequences
7. Describe relocation of connecting stalk to the
anterior abdominal wall and its differentiation into
umbilical cord.
1. Enumerate variousmethods to estimate fetalage LGIS
2. Describe factors affecting fetal growth
The fetal period 3. Enlist the external body landmarks from third month
to birth.
Placenta and fetal 1. Enlist types of chorion with fate of each. LGIS
membranes 2. Enlist types of decidua and fate of each.
3. Enumerate the fetal and maternal components of
placenta.
4. Define stem, anchoring and terminal villi
5. Describe development of the placenta
6. Enumerate functions of the placenta
7. Enlist the features of maternal and fetal surfaces of
placenta.
8. Describe composition, circulation and significance
of the amniotic fluid.
9. Name two basic types of twins.
10. Describe the mechanism behind occurrence of
dizygotic & monozygotic twins.
11. Discuss the possible arrangements of fetal
membranes in case of monozygotic twins.
12. Discuss fetus papyraceus, twin transfusion
syndrome and conjoined twins on basis of
71
knowledge of embryology.
1. Define critical period of organ development. LGIS

2. Describe following numerical and structural
chromosomal abnormalities:
◦ Euploidy
◦ Aneuploidy
◦ Nondisjunction
◦ Trisomy
◦ Monosomy
Birth defects ◦ Translocation
3. Co-relate the chromosomal abnormalities with
clinical conditions like Downs’ Syndrome,
Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner syndrome
4. Discuss the role of different factors leading to
teratogenesis.
5. Enlist common teratogens and possible congenital
defects they can produce in exposed fetus.
SKILLS:
Identify the structures related to general SGD
General
development on given models of general
Embryology
embryology
GROSS ANATOMY
HEAD and NECK
72
1. Identify important bony land marks of norma SGD (small group
frontalis, norma occipitalis, norma lateralis, norma discussion) and
verticalis and norma basalis on a skull. dissection
2. Identify important bony land marks of interior of
skull on a model or human skull.
3. Identify the attachment of clinically important
Skull
muscles and ligaments on skull.
4. Enlist the structures passing through important,
foramina, fissures and meatuses of skull.
5. Identify the common sites of fracture of skull on
radiographs correlating with its predisposition to
fracture.
6. Describe the parts of a typical cervical vertebra. SGD and dissection
7. Name the peculiar identification point of any
Cervical vertebrae cervical vertebra.
8. Describe the bony features of atlas, axis and C7, and
how they differ from typical vertebrae.
9. Identify the parts of mandible on a dry bone. SGD and dissection
10. Identify the borders and surfaces of ramus and body
of mandible.
Mandible 11. Describe the bony features of ramus and body of
mandible.
12. Identify the attachment of muscles and ligaments
on mandible.
13. Enumerate layers of scalp. SGD and dissection
14. Describe gross features of each layer.
15. Describe the course of arteries, veins and nerves
Scalp supplying the scalp with the help of model.
16. Describe the danger area of the scalp.
17. Describe the role of occipito-frontalis in preventing
spread of scalp Infections towards neck.
18. Name the muscles of facial expressions along with SGD and dissection
their nerve supply with the help of models.
19. Describe the actions of muscles of face.
20. Describe the course of blood supply, lymphatic
drainage and motor and cutaneous innervation of
Face
face with the help of models and prossected
specimens.
21. Outline the danger area of face and correlate it with
possible consequence of cavernous sinus
thrombosis.
73
22. Describe the clinical presentation of trigeminal
neuralgia and herpes zoster of face.
Mandibular and 23. Describe the pathway of mandibular nerve from SGD and dissection
maxillary branches nucleus totarget organs
Of Trigeminal 24. Describe the pathway of maxillary nerve from
Nerve nucleus totarget organs
25. Describe the lesions of nerves with special reference
to infections of molar teeth
Facial Nerve 26. Describe the course of facial nerve in face SGD and dissection
27. Enumerate its branches
28. Discuss the involvement of nuclei of facial nerve in
Bell Palsy.
Deep Cervical 29. Enumerate the modifications of deep cervical fascia. SGD and dissection
Fascia 30. Describe the attachments of investing, pretracheal,
and prevertebral layers of fascia and carotid sheath.
31. Describe the modification of prevertebral layer into
axillary sheath.
32. Describe the spaces within cervical fascia
33. Describe the clinical significance of retropharyngeal
space
34. Describe the relation of layers of fascia and spread of
infection
35. Describe the significance of merging of carotid
sheath with pretracheal layer of fascia to prevent
spread of infections.
Muscles Of Neck 36. Describe the muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoid, SGD and dissection
trapezius and infrahyoid muscles) along with their
nerve supply with the help of models.
37. Describe the features of Torticollis
38. Enumerate triangles of neck. SGD and dissection
39. Identify the boundaries of various triangles of neck.
40. Describe the muscles forming the boundaries of
Triangles Of Neck triangles
41. Describe the contents of triangles.
42. Describe the effects of lesions of the Spinal
Accessory Nerve in posterior triangle
43. Enumerate the main vessels in neck. SGD and dissection
44. Describe the course and branches of
Vessels Of Neck ◦ External carotid artery
◦ Subclavian artery
◦ External jugular vein
74
◦ Internal jugular vein
45. Describe the importance of monitoring jugular
venous pulse in the heart diseases.
46. Enumerate the main nerves in neck SGD and dissection
47. Trace the course of glossopharyngeal, vagus,
accessory and hypoglossal nerve on the given
Nerves Of Neck
model
48. Enumerate branches of each of the above nerve and
identify their area of supply.
49.Enumerate the groups of lymph nodes of neck. SGD and dissection
Lymphatic 50.Describe their location and areas of drainage
Drainage Of Head 51.Describe the formation of jugular lymph trunk
And Neck 52.Describe the clinical importance of lymphatic
drainage of head and neck
53. Describe the relations of trachea and esophagus in SGD, dissection
neck region with the help of dissection and skills lab
Viscera ofneck
54. Describe the structures involved in
cricothyroidotomy and Tracheostomy with the help
of dissection.
55. Demonstrate the gross features of thyroid and SGD and dissection
parathyroid glands on models
56. Describe capsules, parts, relations, location, blood
Thyroid and supply and nerve supply of thyroid and parathyroid
parathyroid gland glands
57. Describe the relations of vessels and nerves
supplying the thyroid gland and their significance
while performing thyroidectomy
58. Name the prevertebral muscles SGD and dissection
59. Describe origin, insertion, action and nerve supply
of prevertebral muscles
60. Identify the boundaries of pyramidal space.
61.Describe the peculiar arrangement of prevertebral
Prevertebral
fascia in prevertebral region and justify formation
region and root of
of axillary sheath around axillary artery and brachial
neck
plexus but not axillary vein.
62. Describetherelations ofkeymuscleof rootofneck
(scalenus anterior)
63. Describe the parts and branches of subclavian
artery.
75
64. Enumerate the cartilages of larynx and identify their SGD and dissection
types.
65. Describe the gross features of cartilages and mucosa of
larynx.
66. Explain the gross features of Inlet of larynx, piriform
fossa, laryngeal folds and cavity of larynx
67. Correlate the Laryngeal anatomy to foreign bodies
aspiration and impaction.
68. Enumerate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of
Larynx larynx.
69. Explain the attachments, actions and nerve supply of
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of larynx with special
reference to position of vocal cords.
70. Identify the course of following nerves of larynx
◦ Internal laryngeal nerve
◦ External laryngeal nerve
◦ Recurrent laryngeal nerve
71. Describe the effects of injury to aforementioned
nerves.
72. Identify the location of parotid region on a model. SGD and dissection
73. Describe the shape, capsule, duct, nerve and blood
supply of parotidgland.
74. Name the structures traversing the parotid gland
Parotid region
and their inter-relationship.
75. Correlate the damage to facial nerve within parotid
gland with resultant effects.
76. Discuss the clinical presentation of mumps.
77. Identify the location of infratemporal fossa on a SGD and dissection
given model andskull.
78. Enlist the structures forming various boundaries of
infratemporal fossa.
79. Enlist the communications of infratemporal fossa
and the structures traversing each.
Infratempora
80. Enumerate the contents of infratemporal fossa.
l region
81. Discuss the relationships of various contents of
infratemporal fossa.
82. Discuss the mandibular nerve with reference to its
course, branches, relations and distribution
83. Discuss the course, branches and distribution of
maxillary artery
76
84. Discuss the location and relations of otic ganglion.
Trace the pathways of different roots of otic
ganglion
85. Discuss the formation, tributaries and
communications of pterygoid venous plexus.
Correlate its communications with danger area of
face
86. Discuss the attachments, actions and nerve supply of
muscles ofmastication.
87. Identify the type of TMJ. SGD and dissection

88. Identify the articular surfaces of TMJ on a given
model or drybones.
89. Explain the attachments of capsule.
90. Name the ligaments of TMJ.
91. Describe the attachments and relations of ligaments
Temporomandibul of TMJ.
ar joint (TMJ) 92. Describe the type and shape of articular disc.
93. Justify the presence of two joint cavities and types
of movements occurring in each.
94. Describe the movements of jaw at TMJ with special
reference to axis and muscles producing them.
95. Describe the clinical signs of anterior dislocation of
TMJ and explain the steps of its reduction.
96. Describe the muscles present in the submandibular SGD and dissection
region andsublingual region withthe help ofmodel
97. Enumerate the nerves vessels and ganglion in
Submandibular submandibular and sublingual region and identify
region them on a given model.
98. Trace various roots of submandibular ganglion
99. Trace the pathway of innervation of the
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
100. Discuss the bony framework of hard palate. SGD and dissection
101. Identify the gross features of hard palate and soft
palate.
Hard and soft 102. Identify muscles of soft palate on the model
palate 103. Describethe attachments, nerve supply and actions
of muscles of soft palate
104. Describe blood supply and nerve supply of soft
palate
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105. Identify the main muscles forming the
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
106. Name different boundaries of oral cavity. SGD and dissection

107. Describe blood and nerve supply and lymphatic
drainage of oral cavity.
108. Identifythelocationofinferioralveolarnerve block
109. Describe the salient features of floor of mouth.
110. Discuss the attachments, actions, nerve supply and
relations of suprahyoid muscles
Oral cavity 111. Identify parts oftongue
112. Identify the gross features of dorsal and ventral
surfaces of tongue
113. Name the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue.
114. Describe attachments, actions and nerve supply of
muscles of tongue
115. Describe the motor, general and special sensory
innervation of tongue
116. Describe the following parts of pharynx and their SGD and dissection
boundaries on the given model:
◦ Oropharynx
◦ Nasopharynx
◦ Laryngopharynx
117. Enumerate muscles of pharynx
118. Describe attachments, actions and nerve supply
of muscles of pharynx.
119. Describe formation and distribution of
pharyngeal plexus.
Pharynx 120. Enlist the contents of different parts of pharynx.
121. Describe internal features of each part of
pharynx.
122. Describe lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.
(Waldeyer’s ring)
123. Describe the importance of structures passing
through the spaces between muscles of pharynx
while performing tonsillectomy
124. Describe spread of infections from nasopharynx
to middle ear
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125. Describe the structure of External nose and nasal SGD and dissection
cavity
126. Describe the conchae and meatuses in the lateral
wall
127. Enumerate the sinuses opening in them
128. Discuss anatomical structures involved in nasal
fractures
129. Correlate the anatomical structure of nasal
mucosa with clinical manifestations of rhinitis
Nose and 130. Describe the gross features of paranasal sinuses
paranasal sinuses 131. Describe the Drainage of mucus in relation to
sinusitis and epistaxis.
132. Enumerate paranasal sinuses.
133. Identify the location and drainage of each
paranasal sinus.
134. Describe the Function of Paranasal Sinuses
135. Discuss the anatomical structures involved in
sinusitis with special reference to clinical
consequences of infections of the ethmoidal cells of
the ethmoidal sinuses
136. Identifythelocationofpterygopalatinefossaona SGD and dissection
skull.
137. Enlist the boundaries of various walls and
structures forming them.
138. Enlist the communications of pterygopalatine
Pterygopalatine
fossa and structures traversing them.
fossa
139. Enlist contents of pterygopalatine fossa.
140. Describe the salient anatomical features of
contents of pterygopalatine fossa.
141. Trace the various roots of pterygopalatine
ganglion.
79
142. Describe the bony framework of various walls of SGD and dissection
orbit on a model.
143. Enlistthestructurespresentintheorbit
144. Describe the gross features of eyelashes
145. Describe gross features of eye lids
146. Describe the attachment of muscles of eyelid
Orbit
147. Describe the attachment of orbital septum
148. Describe the distribution of Blood Vessels and
Lymph Vessels of the Orbit
149. Describe the anatomical structures involved in
Inflammation of the Palpebral Glands.
150. Name the extraocular muscles.
151. Describe the attachments, actions and nerve
supply of extraocular muscles on a model.
152. Describe the distribution of nerves of the Orbit.
153. Describe the clinical manifestations of lesions of
oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves and
how the integrity of these nerves can be checked.
154. Describe the coats and parts of eye ball on a given
model.
155. Describe the blood supply and nerve supply of
eyeball
156. Describe the action of muscles of pupil
157. Describe the appearance of optic disc and macula
lutea on ophthalmoscope.
158. Enumerate the structures forming lacrimal SGD and dissection
apparatus
159. Describe the gross features of each part of lacrimal
Lacrimal apparatus apparatus
160. Describe the nerve supply of lacrimal apparatus
161. Correlate the anatomical structures of lacrimal
apparatus with the features of blocked Lacrimal duct
80
162. Describe the gross anatomical features of external SGD and dissection
ear and its parts.
163. Describe the gross anatomical features of
tympanic membrane and epitympanic recess.
164. Describe the blood supply, nerve supply and
lymphatic drainage of external ear.
165. Correlate the significance of straightening the
auditory canal during clinical examination with the
anatomical structure ofcanal.
166. Describe the gross anatomical features of middle
Ear (external,
ear
middle and
167. Describe the features of and structures forming
internal)
various walls of middle ear cavity on the given model
168. Describe the contents of middle ear cavity.
169. Identify the ear ossicles on the given model.
170. Describe the muscles present in middle ear cavity.
171. Describe the gross features of auditory tube.
172. Describe the nerve supply of auditory tube.
173. Describe the effects of paralysis of the stapedius
and blockage of pharyngotympanic Tube.
174. Identify the parts of bony labyrinth on the given
model
175. Identify the parts of membranous labyrinth on the
given model
176. Identify parts of cochlea and semi-circular canal on
the given model.
177. Describe the gross features of bony labyrinth.
178. Describe the gross features of membranous
labyrinth
179. Describe the orientation of semi-circular canals
and ducts within the inner ear
180. Describe the gross features of internal acoustic
meatus
181. Explain the possible occurrence of sigmoid sinus
thrombosis as a complication of mastoiditis.
182. Describe the course, relations and distribution of
facial nerve from internal acoustic meatus to
stylomastoid foramen.
183. Explain the clinical presentation of lesions of facial
nerve at different levels.
81
184. Name the typical and atypical intervertebral joints SGD and dissection
of neck.
185. Identify the types of atlanto-occipital and atlanto-
Joints of neck
axial joints.
186. Describe the movements of these joints with
muscles producing them.
187. Name the muscles of back of neck. SGD and dissection
188. Identify the boundaries and contents of
Back of neck suboccipital triangle.
189. Describe the course and relations of 3rd and 4th
parts of vertebralarteries.
SKILLS:
SGD and dissection
190. Identify muscles, bones, ligaments, nerves,
Gross Anatomyof
vessels, organs and their parts on given models and
head andneck
dissected specimens.
191. Identify the important landmarks of head and neck SGD and Skills lab
and mark them on a subject.
Surface marking
192. Mark the parotid duct, thyroid gland, main vessels
and nerves of the head and neck on the given subject
193. Describe the appearance of structures of head, SGDand skills lab
Imaging of head neck and face in radiographs.
and neck
REST OF BODY
THORAX
1. Describe the gross anatomy of diaphragm with SGD
reference to its parts, origin, insertion, nerve supply,
major orifices and structures passing through them.
Diaphragm, Heart
2. Enumerate the subdivisions of mediastinum with
and Mediastinum
their contents
3. Describe the gross features of heart with its blood
supply.
UPPER LIMB
82
1. Identify side and main features of clavicle, scapula, SGD
humerus, ulna and radius.
2. Discuss main arterial supply and venous drainage of
Gen. outline,
upper limb
vessels, nerves,
3. Explain formation of brachial plexus, enumerate its
brachial plexus
branches and describe distribution of radial, ulnar
and median nerves.
LOWER LIMB
1. Identify side and main features of femur, tibia, SGD
fibula & hip bone.
Gen. outline, 2. Discuss main arterial supply and venous drainage of
vessels, nerves lower limb
3. Enumerate the nerves of different compartments of
thigh and leg.
SKILLS:
1. Identify the main bones, muscles, nerves and
vessels of upper limb, lower limb and thorax on
Upper limb, lower
models and specimens. SGD
limb and thorax
2. Identify surfaces and chambers of heart on model
or specimen.
83
SPECIAL HISTOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE LGIS
1. Describe the histological features of nerve tissue,
neurons, nerve and ganglia.
2. Describe the histological changes in nerve in injury,
neuroma and regeneration
3. Describe the histological structure of sensory and
autonomic ganglia, spinal cord, cerebrum and
Nervous tissue & cerebellum.
system SKILL
4. Identify the slides of peripheral nerve, sensory & Lab
autonomic ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum &
spinal cord under light microscope and enlist at least
two identification points of each.
structure of peripheral nerve, sensory & autonomic
ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum & spinal cord.
KNOWLEDGE LGIS
1. Discuss the general organization of wall of digestive
tract
2. Discuss the histological structure of lip.
3. Describe the microscopic structure of tongue, with
special reference to epithelium on its two surfaces,
types of lingual papillae and taste buds with their
location and structure
4. Describe the histological organization of the wall of
Digestive System oesophagus and variation in types of muscles and
(Lip, Tongue, glands in its three parts.
Salivary glands, 5. Describe the Histological features of parotid,
Esophagus) submandibular and sublingual glands with reference
to their type, parenchyma, stroma and duct system.
SKILL
6. Identify microscopic sections of lip, tongue, Lab
esophagus, submandibular, sublingual and parotid
glands under light microscope and enlist at least two
identification points ofeach.
structure of lip, tongue, esophagus, submandibular,
sublingual and parotid glands.
Endocrine glands KNOWLEDGE
84
(Pituitary, 1. Describe the topographic arrangement of different LGIS
Parathyroid & parts of pituitarygland.
Thyroid glands) 2. Enumerate the cells of pars distalis, pars tuberalis,
pars intermedia and nervosa.
3. Describe the histological structure of parenchyma
and stroma of aforementioned parts of pituitary
gland while correlating the structure of
parenchymal cells with their functions and
disorders.
4. Describe the cytoarchitecture of parenchyma and
stroma of thyroid and parathyroid gland while
correlating the structure of parenchymal cells with
their functions and disorders.
SKILL
5. Identify microscopic sections of pituitary, thyroid Lab
and parathyroid glands under light microscope and
enlist at least two identification points of each.
structure of pituitary, parathyroid and thyroid
glands.
KNOWLEDGE
1. Describe the histological structure of nasal cavity, LGIS
trachea & larynx with special reference to:
• Type of epithelium
• Goblet cells
• Glands
Respiratory system
• Cartilage (shape and type)
(Nasal cavity
SKILL
Trachea & Larynx)
2. Identify microscopic sections of nose, larynx and Lab
trachea under light microscope and enlist at least
two identification points of each.
structure larynx and trachea.
85
KNOWLEDGE
1. Enumerate the layers of skin. LGIS
2. Enumerate the cells of epidermis and describe the
Integumentary structure and function of each.
system 3. Describe the histological structure of dermis
4. Describe the topographic arrangement of hair
follicles, erector pilorum muscle, sweat and
sebaceous glands in skin.
5. Give a brief account of histological structure of hair
follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands.
6. Enlist the differences between thick and thin skin.
SKILL
7. Identify microscopic sections of thick and thin skin Lab
under light microscope and enlist at least two
structure thick and thin skin.
KNOWLEDGE
1. Describe the histological features of lens, cornea & LGIS
retina
SKILL
Eye 2. Identify microscopic sections of lens, cornea and Lab
retina under light microscope and enlist at least two
structure of cornea and retina.
KNOWLEDGE
1. Describe the histological structure of external ear. LGIS
2. Identify the histological features of semi-circular
canal and cochlea
3. Describe the cells and spaces present in the cochlea
and semi-circular canal.
SKILL
Ear
4. Identify microscopic sections of external ear, semi- Lab
circular canals and cochlea under light microscope
and enlist at least two identification points of each.
structure of external ear, semi-circular canals and
cochlea.
86
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY
1. Identify the sources of skull LGIS
2. Classify Skull on embryological basis
3. Describe the events in development of cartilaginous
Musculo-Skeletal
and membranous neurocranium
System (skull)
4. Outline features of a newborn skull
5. Identify the fontanalles with reference to their
location, closing time and clinical significance
6. Explain the embryological basis of acrania,
microcephaly and various types of craniosynostosis.
1. Discuss the origin of respiratory diverticulum from LGIS

the foregut.
2. Describe the formation and then separation of
Respiratory System
tracheoesophageal diverticulum.
(till trachea)
3. Correlate clinical presentation of various variants of
trachea-esophageal fistula with normal
development of trachea.
87
1. Define pharyngeal arch, pharyngeal groove, LGIS
pharyngeal cleft and pharyngeal membrane
2. Enlist the derivatives of pharyngeal arches
pharyngeal grooves, pharyngeal clefts and
pharyngeal membranes.
3. Discuss the development of tongue.
4. Correlate the development of tongue with its nerve
supply and possible lingual anomalies.
5. Discuss the development of face with special
reference to role of neural crest cells.
6. Describe the development of nasal cavities and
paranasal sinuses
7. Justify the association of craniofacial anomalies with
Head & Neck other anomalies caused by improper migration of
neural crest cells.
8. Discuss development of palate.
9. Correlate various palatal and facial clefts with your
knowledge of development of palate and face
respectively.
10. Discuss development of thyroid gland and correlate it
with ectopic thyroid tissue.
11. Discuss development of parathyroid glands.
12. Discuss the descent of thyroid and parathyroid
glands to their definitive positions.
13. Justify the definitive positioning of parathyroid
gland arising from third arch lower than the one
arising from fourtharch
1. Discuss the origin and formation of optic cup and LGIS
lens placode.
2. Enlist the sources of origin of different components
of eyeball.
3. Relate the differentiation of wall of optic cup and
surrounding mesenchyme with the formation of
layers of eyeball.
Eye 4. Describe the transformation of optic stalk into optic
nerve
5. Identify the layers between which the congenital
retinal detachment occurs and correlate that with
the knowledge of optic cup.
6. Correlate the congenital eye defects with the
normal development of eyeball.
88
1. Discuss the origin and formation of otic vesicle, LGIS
tubotympanic recess and auricular hillocks.
2. Discuss the development of external, middle and
Ear inner ear.
3. Correlate the congenital defects of ear with its
normal development.
1. Describe the development of spinal cord. LGIS

2. Describe the positional changes of the cord.
3. Explain the causes of neural tube defects
4. Enlist various variants of spina bifida.
CNS
5. Explain the process of development of various
variants of spinabifida
6. Name primary and secondary brain vesicles with
their derivatives.
GROSS ANATOMY
BRAIN and NEUROANATOMY

1. Describe the attachments, reflections, nerve supply SGD&Dissection
and blood supply of Dura mater, arachnoid mater
and pia mater.
Brain & 2. Describe the various subarachnoid cisterns with
Neuroanatomy clinical correlates.
3. Describe the anatomy of Spinal cord and locate it on a
cadaver.
4. Discuss Ascending and descending pathways with
89
clinical correlates
5. Describe Gross anatomy of medulla oblongata on a
model.
6. Discuss anatomical organization of structures
present in sections at different levels and draw
them.
7. Describe Gross anatomy of pons. Discuss
anatomical organization of structures present in
transverse section at different levels of pons and
draw them
8. Discuss Gross appearance lobes and peduncles of
cerebellum and locate them on a cadaver. Discuss
course of afferent and efferent cerebellar fibres
9. Describe Gross anatomy of midbrain and anatomical
organization of structures present at different levels
with clinical correlates.
10. Enumerate the functions of Reticular activating
system.
11. Enlist the parts of limbic system and enumerate
their functions.
12. Describe Boundaries of 3rd, lateral and the 4th
ventricle. Discuss theformation and drainage of CSF
13. Describe and locate subdivisions of cerebrum on a
prosected specimen.
14. Describe General appearance of cerebral
hemisphere and main sulci and gyri on its
superolateral surface, medial and inferior surfaces
on a brain.
15. Enumerate Cortical areas and their functional
significance. Correlate them with clinical
applications.
16. Compare the characteristics of upper and lower
motor neuron lesions.
17. Discuss Commissural, association and projection
fibers.
18. Discuss subdivisions and gross features of
Diencephalon on a model/specimen.
19. Discuss Gross appearance of thalamus and
enumerate its mainnuclei.
20. Discuss Gross appearance of hypothalamus and
enumerate its mainnuclei.
21. Name various basal ganglia.
22. Discuss the topography and main connections of
90
basal ganglia.
23. Correlate the signs and symptoms of parkinsonism
with knowledge ofneuroanatomy.
24. Describe the anatomy and clinical application of
Blood vessels supplying the brain.
25. Describe the course and clinical application of
superficial vessels on base of the brain
26. Discuss all Cranial nerves with reference to their
functional components, nuclei, intra and
extracranial course, distribution and clinical
correlates
SKILLS:
27. Identify gross features of various parts of brain on its SGD

surface as well as in sections on given models and
dissected specimens.
Brain
28. Identify various vessels of brain, meninges, their
sinuses and nerves arising from brain on given
models or specimens.
GENERAL ANATOMY
1. Classify nervous system LGIS
2. Identify the parts of the nervous system
contributing in formation of central and peripheral
nervous system.
Nervous system
3. Define the grey matter, white matter, ganglion,
nucleus and nerve.
4. Describe the formation, course and distribution of a
typical spinal nerve
1. Differentiate between thick and thin skin LGIS
2. List functions ofskin
3. Identify different types of skin creases and lines
4. Define fascia
Integumentary 5. Differentiate between its different modifications of
System fascia
6. Describe the importance of cleavage lines and
wound healing
7. Enlist the structures involved in first, second and
third degrees ofburns.
91
Learning Resources
92
HISTOLOGY
Text Books Reference Books
Basic Histology Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain

(6th edition)
By Luiz carlos Junqeira (14th Edition)
Di-fiore`s Atlas of Histology (12th Edition) Histology
By Michel H. Ross (6th Edition)
Contextual journal of Histology Vol-I (For both

MBBS and BDS)
By Prof. Dr. Nazreen Sharif
Contextual journal of Histology Vol-II
By Prof. Dr. Nazreen Sharif (for BDS only)
93
Lab, Museum and Dissection Hall Utilize the lab to relate knowledge to specimens
Videos Animated videos of developmental histology,
simulated patients etc. to clear the concepts of
the students shown during interactive lecture
sessions.
resources.
Cadavers and Specimens in Anatomy Department
Sr. No Subject (items in Dissection Hall) Description

1 Mortuary Full Cadavers
Torso
2 Specimens in jars Brain
Head & Neck
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Thorax
Abdomen/Pelvis
Embryology
3 Specimens in tanks Upper Limb
Lower Limb
4 Specimens in buckets Lungs
Heart
94
Sr. No Subject (items in Dissection Hall) Description
Liver
Cut vertebral column
Foot
Spleen
Spine
Abdominal wall
Thoracic wall
Abdomen
Intestine
Kidney
Head and Neck
Abdomen
Pelvis
Female pelvis
Thorax
List of Study Models in Anatomy Museum
Sr. No. Item Names

1 Head & neck
2 Brain / spinal cord
3 Lower limb
4 Upper limb
5 Thorax
6 Abdomen
7 Pelvis & perineum
8 General Embryology
9 Special Embryology
10 Histology
95
Sr. No. Item Names
11 Whole Skeletal
12 Skull
13 Lower limb joints
14 Upper limb joints
15 Vertebral column
16 Whole pelvis
17 Torso
96
Histological Slides, Equipment and Facilities in Histology Lab
Sr. No. Items

1 Local & imported slides of General and Special
histology
2 Slides of Embryology
3 Slides of Neuroanatomy
4 Binocular microscopes
5 Multi-head teaching microscope
6 Tissue processor
7 Microtome (rotary)
8 Embedding station
9 Operation room
10 Refrigerator (large)
11 Computer with internet facility
12 Stools
97
Internal Assessment
Examination.
examination.
The students who are relegated, however, can improve the internal assessment during subsequent
year
Annual Examination
Academic Council.
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
98
Paper Setting
Paper Assessment
marking
particular subject.
examiners.
99
Pass Marks
Promotion
previous class
Re-totaling
specified fee.
Academic Audit
appropriate.

Withdrawal/Failure
100
ANATOMY
Theory

Pass Marks = 50

Topic Number of MCQs Number of SAQs/SEQs

(25) (C1=15, (09) • (07 x SAQs/
C2=10) SEQs (C1 & C2) = 07
1 mark each marks each
• 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1
& C2) = 08 marks each
1 General Anatomy 02 01
2 General Histology 04 01
3 Special Histology 02
4 General Embryology 04 01
5 Special Embryology 02
6 Head and Neck 05 03
7 Brain and neuroanatomy 04 02
8 Rest of the body - 01
101
102
Curriculum Map Anatomy
103
PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
104
Introduction to Physiology Department
The Physiology Department since inception of the college has made a steady and noteworthy progress.
The department is headed by Prof. Dr. Tanzeela Akram ably supported by a team of seasoned and
experience teachers. This department is well known for providing not only world class training to the
under-graduates but also in breeding curiosity to know the unknown. The faculty members of this
department who are highly qualified and dedicated are the source of inspiration for all their students to
seek guidance for their academic and professional excellence. They along with the Head of the Department
have established an up-to-date laboratory as well as BIOPAC student lab that is an integrated life science
teaching solution that includes hardware, software and curriculum materials that students and faculty use
to record data from their own bodies, animals or tissue preparations. A post-graduate section has been
established where, under permission from the NUMS University we hope to start our M.Phil (Physiology)
classes in the very near future.
Aim
• To expedite the academic growth and development of the undergraduate students

• To enhance the culture of research in both under and post graduate students
• Development of trained medical faculty in basic sciences
105
Resources
B. Supporting staff
Teaching Resources
Faculty Members
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY INVOLVED IN BDS TEACHING
1 Dr. Tanzeela Akram Professor (Head of Dept IOD) MBBS, M.Phil
2 Dr. Mahwish Qamar Demonstrator MBBS, M.Phil
3 Dr. Sarah Azam Demonstrator MBBS
4 Dr. Amina Qudus Qureshi Demonstrator MBBS
5 Dr. Asma Khan Demonstrator BDS
Supporting Staff
• Lab in-charge 1
• Lab assistants and technician 5
• Computer operator 1
• Personal assistant 1
• Lecture hall attendant 1
• Store keeper 1
• Runner 1
106

#.
1 Lecture hall 1
• Multimedia
• Microphone
• Computer system
• White board
2 Physiology lab 1
• Lab supplies
• Equipment
• Microscopes
Small group discussion room 1
3 Mini library 1
107
discussions, tutorials, practical, and manual dexterity skill sessions.


• Performing lab exercises and practical

108
• Practical and manual skill sessions
• Assignments

Practical and manual skills

In practical sessions students perform practical as assigned in the curriculum and syllabus provided by
PMDC. They are also required to maintain a practical manual of the lab work. Understanding and
effectively using the microscope, lab apparatus, blood pressure apparatus etc.

study.
Assignments
Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics.
109
(i) Lectures delivery by: Prof. Dr. Tanzeela Akram (subject in-charge IOD)
Dr. Ambreen Tauseef (Associate Professor)
Dr. Huma Saeed Khan (Associate Professor)
Dr. Ayesha Akmal (Assistant Professor)
Dr. Farhat Khurram (Assistant Professor)
Dr. Qudsia Umaira (Assistant Professor)
(ii) Demonstrators for practical sessions:

Dr. Mehwish Qamar, Aamina Quddus, Dr. Sarah Azam, Dr. Asma Khan, Dr. Muhammad Ilyas,
Dr. Sidra Zahid, Dr. Syeda Abeer Fatima, Dr. Amna Nadeem, Dr. Haseeb Ahmed Khan, Dr.
Ayesha Khalid, Dr. Umme Farwa, Dr. Qureshi, Dr. Hurria Hannan Khalid, Dr. Sarah Saad
(iii) Support staff: 11
110
Time Frame
Lectures: Monday (08:00 to 08:55am), Tuesday (8:55 to 9:50am), Thursday (12:10 to 01:05am),
Friday (08:00-09:00)
Tutorial: Tuesday (9:50 to 10:45am) alternate week
Practical: Wednesday (11:15am to 1:05pm), Thursday (1:05 to 3:00 pm), Friday (11:00am to
01:00pm)
Self-study: Friday (02:00 to 03:00pm)
111
Learning Objectives
At the end of first year BDS Oral Physiology course, the students will be able to:
Topic Learning objectives
Blood ➢ Enlist composition and functions of blood

➢ Explain plasma & plasma proteins and types of blood cells
➢ Discuss stages of erythropoiesis and factors required for maturation of RBCs
➢ Discuss formation of hemoglobin, transport and storage of iron
➢ Discuss anemia and its types
➢ Discuss types of polycythemia,
➢ Describe characteristics of leukocytes, Discuss reticulo-endothelial system,
➢ Describe types of leukemias
➢ Discuss function of platelets, formation of platelets plug, and clotting
mechanisms
➢ Explain types of blood groups, blood typing, blood transfusion reaction, and
erythroblastosis fetalis, and hemophilia
Nerve Physiology ➢ Define the following properties of ion channels: gating, activation, and
inactivation.
➢ Differentiate between the properties of electrotonic conduction, conduction
of an action potential, and saltatory conduction.
➢ Contrast the cell to cell spread of depolarization at a chemical synapse with
that at a gap junction.
➢ At the chemical synapse, contrast the terms temporal summation and spatial
summation.
➢ Understand how the activity of voltage-gated Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels
generates an action potential and the roles of those channels in each phase
(depolarization, overshoot, repolarization, hyperpolarization) of the action
potential.
Muscle ➢ Draw and label neuromuscular junction, the sequence of events taking place
during neuromuscular transmission and factors affecting it.
➢ To understand the structure of Actin and myosin molecule and describe the
function of their subunits.
➢ Illustrate functional and histological differences in skeletal, smooth and
cardiac muscles.
➢ Appreciate the ionic and chemical basis of muscle contraction and explain
walk along theory of muscle contraction
➢ List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, and
describe the roles of the sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, thin filaments, and calcium ions.
➢ Describe the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation.
➢ To explain the concept of summation, treppe, tetanization, rigor mortis &
muscle remodeling
➢ Differentiate between slow and fast muscle fibers.
➢ Classify smooth muscles into unitary and multi-unit muscles based on
structural and functional differences
112
➢ Explain the chemical processes involved in smooth muscle contraction and

relaxation
➢ Explain latch mechanism and stress relaxation
Biological ➢ Understand the general concepts of homeostasis and the principles of
Membranes, positive and negative feedback in physiological systems.
Solutes and ➢ Describe the structure and functions of cell.
Solutions ➢ Describe the composition of a cell membrane. Diagram its cross section,
and explain how the distribution of phospholipids and proteins influences
the membrane permeability of ions, hydrophilic and hydrophobic
compounds
➢ Contrast the following units used to describe concentration: mM, mEq/l,
mg/dl, mg%.
➢ List the typical value and normal range for plasma Na+, K+, H+ (pH),
HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, and glucose, and the typical intracellular pH and
concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and HCO3
➢ Write Fick’s Law of diffusion, and explain how changes in the
concentration gradient, surface area, time, and distance will influence the
diffusional movement of a compound.
➢ Define the equilibrium potential, and give internal and external ion
concentrations. Be able to calculate an equilibrium potential for that ion
using the Nernst equation
➢ Differentiate between: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active
transport, and primary active transport.
➢ Describe how transport rates of certain molecules and ions are accelerated
by specific membrane transport proteins (“transporter” and “channel”
molecules).
➢ Describe how energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport ions such as
Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+ against their electrochemical differences.
➢ Explain how energy from the Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across
the plasma membrane can be used to drive uphill movement of other
solutes (e.g., Na+/glucose co-transport; Na+/Ca2+ exchange or counter-
transport).
➢ Discuss the functions of mitochondria, lyzosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,
golgi apparatus and peroxisomes
Heart & Circulation
Physiologic anatomy of ➢ Know the physiologic anatomy of cardiac muscles and difference
heart and cardiac action between cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscles.
potential ➢ Know the phases of action potential in cardiac muscle and auto-rhythmic
cells
113
➢ Appreciate characteristics of spread of cardiac impulse through
conductive system, atrial and ventricular myocardium and its
association with the function of heart.
Cardiac cycle ➢ To understand various cardiac events in relation to each other
➢ To understand and interpret cardiac cycle diagram
➢ Comprehend preload and afterload, its influence on stroke volume.
The Frank-Starling’s mechanism and role of autonomic regulation of
heart rate and pumping action.
ECG ➢ Comprehend genesis of ECG
➢ Understand significance of waves, segments and intervals of ECG
recording.
➢ Know general principles of analysis of ECG.
Control of Local Blood ➢ To know about acute and chronic control of local blood flow
➢ To know theories of metabolic control of blood flow
➢ To know about active and reactive hyperemia
Cardiac output ➢ Understand the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting
cardiac output.
➢ Comprehend the factors affecting stroke volume, heart rate and total
peripheral resistance.
Venous return ➢ Recognize the role of veins in blood flow, their functions and factors
regulating venous return and significance of venous reservoirs.
➢ To understand factors affecting venous return
Arterial blood pressure ➢ Comprehend the determinants of arterial pressure, factors affecting
and mechanisms regulating blood pressure on short and long term
basis.
➢ Comprehend the individual and integrative role of baro receptors,
chemoreceptor and Renin-angiotensin – aldosterone system in
regulation of arterial pressure.
Heart sounds / ➢ To know about origin of heart sounds
Coronary circulation ➢ To know about murmurs
➢ To know about clinical importance of various heat sounds
➢ To know the pattern of coronary circulation and its basis
Circulatory shock ➢ Define shock, its types, stages of development and differences
between compensated and uncompensated shock.
➢ Understand the pathophysiology of compensated and uncompensated
shock.
➢ Comprehend the short term and long term compensatory mechanisms
in circulatory shock.
114
Topics Learning objectives
GIT
Chewing/ ➢ To know the mechanism of chewing reflex

swallowing ➢ To be able to describe the process of swallowing
➢ To understand different phases of swallowing reflex
➢ To understand different steps occurring in the involuntary phase of
swallowing
Stomach Functions ➢ To be able to categorize different functions of stomach
& emptying ➢ To understand the process of stomach emptying
➢ To be able to explain the different factors regulating stomach emptying
Small intestine / ➢ To understand functions of small intestine
large intestine ➢ To be able to categorize different types of movements taking place in small
intestine
➢ To be able to categorize different functions of large intestine
➢ To be able to explain different types of movements taking place in colon
Defecation reflex / ➢ To be able to explain the process of defecation
Vomiting reflex ➢ To understand the pathway of defecation reflex
➢ To know different types of defecation reflex To understand the factors
leading to the process of vomiting
➢ To be able to explain the vomiting reflex
Functions of liver ➢ To be able to categorize different functions of liver
➢ To understand the role of liver in the metabolism of bilirubin
➢ To know the synthetic functions of liver
Nervous system
Organization of ➢ To be able to explain the general organization of nervous system
Nervous System
Neurotransmitters ➢ To be able to explain Types of Neurotransmitters and Synapses
➢ To know the Electrical Events During Neuronal Excitation and Electrical
Events During Neuronal Inhibition
➢ To know about the Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal
Pools
Sensory receptors ➢ To understand Types of Sensory Receptors and the Sensory Stimuli
& sensory ➢ To understand the Transduction of Sensory Stimuli into Nerve Impulses
Pathways ➢ To know the Receptor Potentials and Adaptation of Receptors
➢ To know the functional anatomy of dorsal colum medial leminiscal system
and anterolateral pathway
➢ To understand the sensations carried by different sensory tracts
Pain/Touch ➢ To understand the Types of Pain and Their Qualities— Fast Pain and Slow
/Temperature Pain
➢ To understand the Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals into the
Central Nervous System
➢ To understand the Referred Pain and Visceral Pain
115
➢ To know the Pain Suppression (“Analgesia”) System in the Brain and Spinal
Cord
➢ To know the physiology of Touch and temperature sensation
Muscle Spindle ➢ To understand the receptor function of the muscle Spindle and Muscle
Stretch Reflex
➢ To understand the Role of the Muscle Spindle in Voluntary Motor Activity
➢ To know the Clinical Applications of the Stretch Reflex
Muscle Tone ➢ To understand the maintenance of muscle tone
Cerebellum ➢ To know Functional Areas of the Cerebellum

➢ To understand Neuronal Circuit of the Cerebellum
➢ To know the Clinical Abnormalities of the Cerebellum
Basal ganglia ➢ To understand Function of the Basal Ganglia in Executing Patterns of Motor
Activity—The Putamen Circuit
➢ To know the Role of the Basal Ganglia for Cognitive Control of Sequences
of Motor Patterns— The Caudate Circuit
➢ To be able to explain the Functions of Specific Neurotransmitter Substances
in the Basal Ganglia
Speech ➢ To know the Functions of Specific Cortical Areas and Association Areas in
Speech
➢ To understand the Comprehensive Interpretative Function of the Posterior
Superior Temporal Lobe-Wernicke’s Area (a General Interpretative Area)
➢ To understand the abnormalities of speech
Hypothalmus / ➢ To learn the physiological important functions performed by hypothamlmus
Body temperature ➢ To know the mechanism of temperature regulation in human body and role
regulation of hypothalamus in it
Autonomic ➢ To learn the structure and functions of autonomic nervous system
Nervous System
Special Senses
Physiology of • To be able to explain Olfactory Membrane and Stimulation of the Olfactory

olfaction Cells
➢ To understand the Transmission of Smell Signals into the Central Nervous
System
Physiology of ➢ To be able to describe Conduction of Sound from the Tympanic Membrane
middle ear to the Cochlea
➢ To understand the Transmission of Sound Through Bone
Inner ear ➢ To be able to explain Central Auditory Mechanisms and Auditory Nervous
Pathways
➢ To understand the function of the Cerebral Cortex in hearing and
determination of the direction from which sound comes
Refractive errors / ➢ To understand the basis of physiology of vision
light and dark ➢ To be able to explain the light and dark adaptation
adaptation ➢ To be able to explain Refractive errors
Visual pathways / ➢ To know the anatomy of Visual Pathways
accommodation ➢ To know the physiology of accommodation reflex
reflex
116
➢ Discuss physiology of vision, accommodation / light reflex, refractive
errors, light & dark adaptation, visual pathways,
Taste sensations ➢ Describe primary sensation of taste, taste buds and their functions,
transmission of taste sensation, dysfunctions of sense of taste along with its
neurological control from higher centers
Respiratory System
➢ Discuss muscles of respiration, pleural pressure, alveolar pressure,
compliance. Describe surfactant, work of breathing
➢ Explain tidal volume, IRV, ERV, residual volume, inspiratory capacity,
FRC, VC, TLC
➢ Discuss molecular basis of gas diffusion, factors affecting gas diffusion
➢ Discuss transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
➢ Describe respiratory center, components of center
➢ Discuss changes in respiratory rate, minute ventilation, rate of breathing
during exercise
➢ Discuss effects of hypoxia, circulatory changes during acclimatization
➢ Discuss nitrogen narcosis, oxygen toxicity at high pressures
➢ Describe hypoxia and its types, oxygen therapy
➢ Discuss cause of cyanosis, effects of hypoxia on body systems
➢ Discuss briefly asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, atelectasis
Renal Physiology
➢ Describe structure of Nephron, blood supply of kidney

➢ Discuss glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion, and factors
affecting GFR
➢ Discuss blood supply of urinary bladder, innervation of bladder, details
of micturition reflex
➢ Discuss terms such as atonic bladder, automatic bladder, neurogenic
bladder
➢ Discuss body fluid compartments, measurement of fluid volumes
➢ Describe strong and weak acids and bases, body buffer systems
Endocrine& Reproductive physiology
General Principles ➢ Explain the principle of negative and positive feedback control of hormone
of hormone action secretion.
➢ Contrast the terms endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine, and describe major
differences in mechanisms of action of peptides and steroids hormones
➢ Contrast membrane bound and intracellular hormone receptors.
➢ Compare and contrast hormone actions that are exerted through changes in
gene expression with those exerted through changes in protein activity, such
as through phosphorylation.
➢ Contrast the signal transduction pathways involved in G-protein coupled
receptors, receptor enzymes (i.e., tyrosine kinase), and ligand-gated ion
channels.
117
Pituitary Gland – ➢ List the target organs and functional effects of oxytocin primarily
Posterior reproductive and lactational.
➢ List the target cells for vasopressin and explain why vasopressin is also
known as antidiuretic hormone.
➢ Identify disease states caused by a) over-secretion, and b) under-secretion of
vasopressin and list the principle symptoms of each.
Pituitary Gland – ➢ Describe the 3 major families of the anterior pituitary hormones and their
Anterior biosynthetic and structural relationships.
➢ Identify appropriate hypothalamic factors that control the secretion of each
of the anterior pituitary hormones, and describe their route of transport from
the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Growth Hormone ➢ Describe the relationship between growth hormone and the insulin-like
growth factors and their binding proteins in the regulation of growth.
➢ Describe the metabolic and growth promoting actions of growth hormone.
Thyroid Gland ➢ Identify the steps in the biosynthesis, storage, and secretion of tri-
iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and their regulation.
➢ Explain the importance of thyroid hormone binding in blood on free and total
thyroid hormone levels.
➢ Describe the physiologic effects and mechanisms of action of thyroid
hormones.
➢ Differentiate between over-secretion and under-secretion of thyroid
hormones both in childhood and in adults. Explain what conditions can cause
an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hormonal ➢ Identify the normal range of dietary calcium intake, calcium distribution in
Regulation of the body, and routes of calcium excretion.
Calcium and ➢ Identify the normal range of dietary phosphate intake, phosphate distribution
Phosphate in the body, and routes of phosphate excretion.
➢ Know the cells of origin for parathyroid hormone and list its target organs
and cell types and describe its effects on each.
➢ Describe the functions of the osteoblasts and the osteoclasts in bone
remodeling and the factors that regulate their activities.
➢ Understand the causes and consequences of a) over-secretion, and b) under-
secretion of parathyroid hormone, as well as its therapeutic use.
➢ Describe the normal function of parathyroid hormone related protein
(PTHrP) and its role as a marker for some cancers.
➢ Identify the sources of vitamin D and diagram the biosynthetic pathway and
the organs involved in modifying it to the biologically active 1, 25(OH2)
D3.
➢ Identify the target organs and cellular mechanisms of action for vitamin D.
➢ Describe the negative feedback relationship between parathyroid hormone
and the biologically active form of vitamin D [1, 25(OH2) D3].
➢ Describe the consequences of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D excess.
➢ Name the stimuli that can promote secretion of calcitonin, its actions, and
identify which (if any) are physiologically important.
118
Adrenal Gland ➢ Identify the functional zones of adrenals and the principal hormones secreted
from each zone.
➢ Identify the major physiological actions and therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids
➢ Identify the causes and consequences of over-secretion and under-secretion of
glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens.
➢ Describe the principal physiological stimuli that cause increased
mineralocorticoid secretion. Relate these stimuli to regulation of sodium and
potassium excretion.
➢ Identify the causes and consequences of over-secretion and under-secretion of
mineralocorticoids.
➢ Describe the interactions of adrenal medullary and cortical hormones in response
to stress.
Pancreas ➢ Identify the major hormones secreted from the endocrine pancreas, their cells of
origin, and their chemical nature.
➢ List the target organs or cell types for glucagon and describe its principal actions
on each.
➢ List the major target organs or cell types for insulin, the major effects of insulin
on each, and the consequent changes in concentration of blood constituents.
➢ Identify disease states caused by over-secretion & under-secretion of insulin,
and describe the principal symptoms of each.
Reproductive ➢ Describe the hormonal regulation of estrogen and progesterone biosynthesis and
Physiology Female secretion by the ovary. Identify the cells responsible for their biosynthesis.
➢ List the major target organs and cell types for estrogen action and describe its
effects on each.
➢ Describe the actions and cellular mechanisms of estrogen.
➢ List the principal physiological actions of progesterone, its major target organs
and cell types, and describe its effects on each.
➢ Explain the changes occurring in female body during pregnancy and their
hormonal basis
119
List of Practical
• RBC Count
• WBC Count
• Hb Estimation & ESR
• Red Cell indices + Determination of Haematocrit
• Osmotic fragility & Blood typing
• DLC + BT + CT
• Examination of Respiratory System & PEFR
• Examination of Spirometer & Stethography
• Examination of Chest (CVS) + Arterial Pulse
• Recording of B.P and ECG
• Examination of Sensory System
• Examination of Motor System
• Examination of Reflexes (superficial & Deep)
• First six Cranial Nerves & Temp Regulation
• Last six Cranial Nerves & Cerebellar System
• Visual Reflexes & colour vision
• Accommodation and light reflexes + Confrontation Method
• Hearing test
• Pregnancy test
• Specific gravity of urine
120
Learning Resources
Subject components Learning resources/Books

Blood Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical
Nerve physiology Physiology, 13th Edition by John E. Hall.
Muscle
Biological membranes, solutes and solutions Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 8th
Heart and circulation Edition by Lauralee Sherwood.
Respiratory system
GIT Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24th
Nervous system Edition (LANGE Basic Science) by Kim E.
Special sensory including oral physiology Barrett, Susan M. Barman, Scott Boitano,
Endocrine and reproductive physiology Heddwen Brooks.
Renal physiology
Electronic modes

resources.
121
Departmental Library
S. Book Name Edition Author

No.
1. Guyton and Hall 12th Edition JOHN E. HALL
2. Guyton and Hall 13th Edition JOHN E. HALL
3. Human Physiology 3rd Edition Slivertborn
Robert M. Berne
4. Principles of Physiology 3rd Edition
Matthew N. Levy
5. USMLE Step 1(Lecture notes) 2007-2008 Edition KAPLAN
6. Basis of Clinical Physiology Volume 2 Professor M. Akram
st
7. Manual of Experimental Physiology 1 Edition Prof. Dr. Shireen Khawar
8. Manual of Experimental Physiology 4th Edition Prof. Dr. Zafar Ali Choudry
9. Practical Physiology 1st Edition Prof. Dr. Shafiq Ahmed Iqbal
10. Basis of Clinical Physiology Volume 1 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram

11. Basis of Clinical Physiology Volume 2 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram
ACSM’s Resources for Clinical
12.
Exercise physiology
System wise SEQs and MCQs with key
13. 1st Edition Prof. Dr. Samina Malik
Reference: Physiology by Guyton
Applicton & Lange’s Review of
14. Twentieth Edition David G. Penney
PHYSIOLOGY
15. Guyton and Hall Physiology Review Third Edition JOHN E. HALL
Human Physiology (A Study Guide for
16. M. Yusuf Abro
Student)
17. Lab Manual Physiology (P-1) Second Edition M. Mazhar Hussain
18. Clinical Electrophysiology
Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews
19. Robin R. Preston
Physiology
20. Review of Medical Physiology Twentieth edition William G. Ganong
21. Board Review Series Physiology 2nd Edition Linda S. Costanzo
22. Clinical Scenarios in Physiology Saqib Sohail
Essentials of Medical Physiology K Sembulingam
23. 5th Edition
(JAYPEE) Prema Sembulingam
Study Guide for Understanding
24. Seventh Edition Robert R. Pagano
Statistics
25. High-Yield Physiology Ronald W. Dudek
26. Nerve And Muscle Excitation Second Edition Douglas Junge
27. Essentials of Medical Physiology Volume 1 Mushtaq Ahmad
122
S. Book Name Edition Author
No.
28. Essentials of Medical Physiology Volume 2 Mushtaq Ahmad
29. MCQ’s Physiology 2nd Edition Vijaya D Joshi
30. Human Physiology (MCQ’s) 4th Edition Lan C. Roddie
31. Practical Physiology Second Edition G K PAL
Ganong’s (Review of Medical
32. 23rd Edition Kim E. Barrett
Physiology)
Seventeenth
33. Principles and Practice of Medicine Christopher R. W. Edwards
Edition
Technical Equipment and Lab Supplies
Sr. No Items/ Nomenclature

1. Blood Pressure sets
2. Bed Sheets
3. Centrifuge machine
4. Clinical hammer
5. Digital balance
6. Illuminated Snellen chart
7. DLC counter
8. Distillation plant
9. Haemocytometer
10. Haemometer
11. Hammer (steel)
12. Kymo graph
13. Microscope
14. Micropipette
15. Measuring tape
16. Neubauer’s chamber
17. Opthalmoscope
18. Over head projector (Apollo JL-3)
19. Peak flow meter
20. Perimeter
21. Pipette sucker
22. Stethoscope
23. Spirometer
24. Stethograph
25. Surgical trays (small, medium, large)
123
26. Stop match
27. Test tube rack steel
28. Tuning fork (256)
31. Torch
32. ECG machine
33. Examination couch
34. Exercise cycle
35. ESR stand
36. Weighing machine
37. White board
38. White board stand
39. Tourniquet
40. Burner
41. Burner stand
42. Pipette stand
43. Screw driver set
44. Plaier
45. Glucometer
46. Ishihara book
47. Refrigerator
48. Stabilizer
49. Divider
50. Table bell
51. Slide box plastic
52. Height weight machines
53. Snellen’s chart
54. Revolving screen
55. Syringe cutter
56. Gallon plastic
57. Bucket plastic
58. Magnetic strirrer
59. Biopac BSL physiology
60. Advance half body with box
61. Thermometer clinical
62. Beakers
63. Bottle with stopper
124
64. Bottler with stopper 24
65. ESR tubes
66. Glass funnel
67. HB diluting tube
68. Test tubes
69. Wintrob tube
70. Urinometer
71. Measuring cylinders (500ml, 250ml, 100ml)
72. Pipette 2ml
73. Pipette 5ml
74. Pipette 10ml
75. Thermometer
76. Ear model
77. Heart model
78. Kidney model
79. Eye model
80. Kidney model female complete
81. Stomach model
82. Lung model
83. Wall charts
84. Coin jars (500ml) plastic
85. Pricking pen
125
Internal Assessment
Examination.
examination.
year
Annual Examination
Academic Council.
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
126
Paper Setting
Paper Assessment
marking
particular subject.
examiners.
127
Pass Marks
Promotion
previous class
Re-totaling
specified fee.
Academic Audit
appropriate.

Withdrawal/Failure
128
PHYSIOLOGY
Theory

Pass Marks = 50

S. TOPIC Number of MCQs (25) Number of SAQs/SEQs (09)
No • (07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)
(C1=15, C2=10) = 07 marks each
1 mark each • 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 & C2)
= 08 marks each
1. Cell/General Physiology 05 01
Nerve and Muscle
2. Blood 04 01
3. GIT 04 01
4. Renal 02 01
5. CVS 03 01
6. Respiration 02 01
7. CNS / Special Senses 03 02
8. Endocrinology & 02 01
reproduction
129
A B C D
Roll no. Name All term exams/ tests/ Total Marks of
pre annual exams or Internal Assessment
any other exam out of 10

total marks in all
exams
VIVA 50 marks Practical Total

40 marks
Internal External OSPE Experimental Practical Practical
Examiner Examiner (20) physiology + procedure journal
Observed Unobserved table viva
25 25 10 10 12 5 3 90
A B C D
Roll no. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class tests though Total Marks of
out the year/ Pre annual Exams or Internal assessment
any other exam out of 10
Total Marks Sum of marks obtained x 10 / sum

of total marks in all exams
130
Curriculum Map Physiology
131
BIOCHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE
132
Introduction to Biochemistry Department
Biochemistry department since the inception of the college has made a study and note-worthy progress.
The department is headed by Prof Dr Naheed Z Razwi ably supported by a team of seasoned and
experienced teachers. This department is well known for providing not only world class training to the
undergraduates but also in breeding curiosity to know the unknown. The faculty members of this
department who are highly qualified and dedicated are the source of inspiration for all their students to
seek guidance for their academic and professional excellence. They along with the Head of Department
have established an up-to-date laboratory as well as student lab that is an integrated life science teaching
solution that include hardware, software and curriculum materials that students and faculty used to record
data from their own bodies, animals or tissue preparations. A post graduate session has been established
where, under permission from the NUMS University we hope to start our M.Phil (Biochemistry) classes
in the very near future.
Aim
• To expedite the academic growth and development of the undergraduate students.

• To enhance the culture of research in both under and post graduate students.
• Development of trained medical faculty in basic sciences.
133
Resources
B. Supporting staff
Teaching Resources
Faculty Members
Department of Biochemistry
Faculty designated for BDS
Assistant
1 Dr. Sahad Javed Chawla BDS, M.Phil
Professor
2 Dr. Anam Zia Demonstrator BDS
3 Dr. Amna Noor Demonstrator BDS
Supporting Staff
• Lab assistant/technician assistant/personal assistant - 4

• Computer operator - 1
• Lecture hall attendant -1
• Store keeper - 1
134

#.
1 Lecture hall 1
• Multimedia
• Microphone
• Computer system
• White Board
2 Biochemistry lab 1
3 Mini library 1
135



136
• Practical
• Assignments

Practical and manual skills

In practical sessions students perform practical as assigned in the curriculum and syllabus provided by
PMDC. They are also required to maintain a practical manual of the lab work. Understanding and
effectively using the microscope, lab apparatus, blood pressure apparatus

study.
Assignments
Students are given written formative assignments on designated topics.
137
(i) Lectures delivery by: Dr Sahad Javed Chawla (Assistant Professor & subject in-charge)
Prof. Dr. Naheed Z Razwi, Prof. Dr. Irum Fayyaz, Dr. Aamenah Malik, Dr. Huma Ashraf, Dr Hira
Sohail
(ii) Demonstrators for practical and tutorials sessions:
Dr. M. Omar Akeel, Dr Mustafa Haider, Dr Khadija Anjum, Dr. Anam Malik, Dr Anam Zia,
Dr Amna Noor, Dr Taskeen Zahra
(iii) Support staff: Personal assistants, lab assistants, store keeper, lecture hall attendant, computer
operator
138
Time Frame
Lectures: Monday (08:55 to 09:50am), Tuesday (12:10 to 01:05pm), Wednesday (08:00 to 08:55
am), Friday (09:00 to 10:00am)
Practical: Wednesday (11:15am to 01:05pm), Thursday (01:05 to 03:00pm) Friday (11:00am to
01:00pm)
139
Learning Objectives
S. No Topic Learning Outcome
1. Introduction to • What is Biochemistry?

Biochemistry • The scope of biochemistry
• Importance of biochemistry
2. Biochemistry of • Introduction to cell (biochemical point of view)
cell • Scientific methods to study cell biochemistry
• Biochemical composition of cell
3. Biochemistry of • Ionization of water and weak acids and bases
body fluids • Concept of pH and pH scale
• Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acids, the concept
of pK values
• Buffers, their mechanism of action
• Henderson-Hesselbalch Equation (No derivation)
• Biomedical Importance of - Osmosis, Osmotic pressure, surface
tension, viscosity & their importance related to body fluids
4. Biological • Biochemical composition

Membranes • Biochemistry of cell membrane-chemical composition
• Importance of lipid and proteins in membranes
• Biomedical Importance of selectively permeable membranes
• Chemistry of signals and receptors
• Mechanisms of signal transduction (e.g G Proteins associated
pathways)
• Biochemistry of membrane transport mechanism -active transport,
Passive transport, simple and facilitated diffusion and their
biomedical role in human body
5. Biochemistry of • Overview of digestion and absorption of
GIT Lipids,
o Carbohydrates, Proteins
• Introduction, composition, functions, secretion, stimulants and
depressants of: - Saliva
o Gastric juice
o Bile
o Pancreatic juice
140
o Succusentericus
6. Enzymes • Introduction, definition

• Mechanism of catalysis
• Coenzymes, co-factors and their Biomedical role in human body
• Isoenzymes, their clinical importance
• Factors affecting enzymes activity in the human body
• Michaelis-Menten Equation and its biomedical importance (no
derivation of equations)
• Enzyme inhibitors and their classification and biomedical
importance
• Regulation of enzyme activity-overview
• Application of enzymes in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic use
7. Vitamins • Introduction, classification
• Fat soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency
manifestations, daily allowances, sources and hypervitaminosis
• Water soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions,
deficiency manifestations, daily allowances, sources and
hypervitaminosis
8. Carbohydrate • Definition, biochemical functions and classification
Chemistry • The biomedical importance of carbohydrates
• Structure and functions of Monosaccharides, and their derivatives
• Disaccharides - their important examples
• Oligosaccharides-their combination with other
macromolecules
• Polysaccharides- their important examples and biochemical role
9. Carbohydrate • Overview of major Metabolic pathways (Glycolysis, TCA cycle,
Metabolism Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis, Gylocogenolysis) their biomedical
importance and hormonal regulation (Insulin, Glucagon)
• Glycolysis
• Phases and reactions of Glycolysis
• Energetics of Aerobic and Anaerobic glycolysis
141
• The fate of Pyruvate

• The Citric Acid Cycle
• Reactions, energetics of Citric acid cycle
• Diabetes Mellitus
10. Protein • Definitions, Biomedical importance and classification of proteins
Chemistry based on:
• Physiochemical properties
• Functional properties
• Nutritional properties
• Amino acids, their structure, properties and functions
• Classification and nutritional significance of amino acids
• Structure of proteins and their significance
• Separation of proteins e.g. salting out, Electrophoresis,
Chromatography, Centrifugation
• Plasma proteins & their clinical significance
11. Protein • Amino acid oxidation, transamination, deamination,
Metabolism decarboxylation, deamidation and transamination
• Transport of Ammonia
• Ammonia intoxication
• Urea cycle
12. Porphyrin and • Chemistry and biosynthesis of haemoglobin
Haemoglobin • Structure, functions and types of haemoglobin
• Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin, factors affecting and
regulating the oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin
• Degradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, its types,
transport and excretion
• Hyperbilirubinimea, their biochemical causes and differentiation
• Jaundice and its types
• Hemoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalasemia) and theirbiochemical
causes
13. Lipid Chemistry • Definition, biomedical function, Classification of lipids
• Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids and their biochemical
Significance
• Fatty acids, chemistry, classification and biochemical function,
Essential fatty acids
• Eicosanoids, their classification and functions in health and
disease
• Steroids, sterol e.g. cholesterol, their chemistry, functions and
clinical significance
142
14. Lipid • Mobilization and transport of fatty acids, triacylglycerol, and

Metabolism sterols
• Oxidation of fatty acids
• Activation and transport of fatty acid in the mitochondria
• B-oxidation, fate of Acetyl CoA
• Ketogenesis and Ketolysis. Mechanism and utilization of Ketone
bodies and significance
• Overview of Lipoprotein Metabolism.
• Cholesterol Synthesis (rate limiting step)
• Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis
15. Nutrition • Balanced Diet, DRIs (EAR, RDA, AI, UL), AMDR
• Proteins (Protein turnover, Amino acid Pool, Nitrogen Balance,
Protein Quality, Protein Requirement
• Biomedical importance, requirements of dietary Carbohydrates,
Proteins and Lipids
• Glycemic Index
• Protein-Energy Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor, Marasmus)
16. Minerals and • Classification and biochemical role of Macro minerals (Na, K ,
Trace elements Ca, Cl, PO4)
• Classification and biochemical role of Micro minerals (Fe, Zn,
Mg, Se, I, F, Cu, Cr, Cd, Mn)
17. Nucleotides • Nucleic acids, their types, structure and functions
• Chemistry and structure of nucleotides and their biochemical role
• Nucleotides, structure, their derivatives and their biochemical role
18. Genetics and • Biotechnology and human disease
techniques
143
Learning Resources
Departmental library
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry (MN Chatterjea) 8th Edition

Lippincott’s Biochemistry 7th Edition
Pre Test Biochemistry and Genetics 4th Edition
Instant Biochemistry (Faiq) 2nd Edition
Biochemistry A Case-Oriented Approach 4th Edition
Textbook of Physiology and Biochemistry 9th Edition
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistery 29th Edition
Hashmi’s complete Textbook of Biochemistry 5th Edition
BRS Biochemistry Molecular Biology & Genetics 5th Edition
Kaplan Medical Biochemistry and Genetics -
Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol1 7th Edition
Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol 2 7th Edition
Clinical chemistry : Principles, Methods and Interpretations 3rd Edition
Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations 6th Edition
Clinical chemistry (MARSHALL) 2nd Edition
Organic Chemistry ( Vollhardt) -
Mathews Van Holde Biochemistry -
Recommended Books
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry (MN Chatterjea)

Lippincott’s Biochemistry
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistery
Hashmi’s complete Textbook of Biochemistry
Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol1
Essentials of Medical Biochemistry vol 2
144
resources.
145
Technical Items in Biochemistry Lab

86. Centrifuge machine (Hettich EBA20)
87. Digital balance (AND GR200)(Setra RS232)
88. D/W Apparatus (Hemilton WSC/4)
89. Microscopes (Austria MC50)
90. Magnetic stirrer (VELP SCIENTIFICA)
91. Over head projector (APPOLLO JL 3)
92. Oven (Lab) (Binder ED53)
93. Spectrophotometer (OPTIMA SP300)
94. Water Bath (MEMMERT)
95. Micro pipettes (Capp Aero Single &Techno)
96. pH Meter (Jenway 3510)
97. Stop watch (FAST TIME)
98. DNA Model
99. Glucometer (CC LEVER CHECK-TD 4225)
100. Vortex Mixer (VELP SCIENTIFICA)
101. Beaker (Glass) 1 L
102. Beaker (Glass) 100 ML
103. Beaker (Glass) 500 ML
104. Beaker (Plastic) 1000 ML
105. Burette 1000 ML With Bottle with stand
106. Benson Burner
107. Centrifuge Tube (Measuring)
108. Centrifuge Tube (Plain)
109. Centrifuge Tube (Plastic)
110. Cylinder 1 L
111. Cylinder 100 ML
112. Cylinder 500 ML
146
113. Dropper (Glass) With Rubber
114. Dropper Plastic
115. Flask 100 ML Conical
116. Funnel 6”
117. FUNNEL SMALL 75 Mm
118. Glass Rods
119. Pipettes (Glass) 0.1 ML
120. Pipettes (Glass) 1 ML
124. Pipette Stand
125. Pipette Sucker
126. Reagent Bottles Brown 1 L
127. Reagent Bottles Brown 125 ML
128. Reagent Bottles Brown 2.5 L
129. Reagent Bottles Brown 500 ML
130. Reagent Bottles White 125 ML
131. Reagent Bottles White 2.5 L
132. Reagent Bottles White 500 ML
133. Safety Goggle
134. Test Tube (disposable items)
135. Test tube Holder
136. Test tube Stand (Plastic)
137. Test tube Stand (Steel)
138. Test tube Tongs
139. Tourniquet
140. Tripod Stand
141. Urinometer
147
142. Volumetric Flask 1 L
143. Volumetric Flask 100 ML
146. Washing brush
147. Steel Mug
148. Wire Gauze
149. Sprit lamp
150. Iron stand Rack for chemical
151. Glass Rack
152. Syringes cutter
148
Internal Assessment
Examination.
examination.
year
Annual Examination
Academic Council.
149
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Paper Setting
Paper Assessment
150
marking
particular subject.
examiners.
Pass Marks
151
Promotion
previous class
Re-totaling
specified fee.
Academic Audit
appropriate.

Withdrawal/Failure
152
BIOCHEMISTRY
Theory

Pass Marks = 50

S. Topic Number of MCQs Number of SAQs/SEQs (09)

No (25) (C1=15, • (07 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &
C2=10) C2) = 07 marks each
1 mark each • 02 x SAQs/ SEQs (C1 &
C2) = 08 marks each
1. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid, 02 01
GIT
2. Lipids Chemistry & Metabolism 02 01
3. Chemistry of CHO & 04 01
Metabolism
4. Minerals and Trace elements 02 01
5. Porphyrins & Hemoglobin 02 01
6. Protein & Amino Acids 03 01
Chemistry of Metabolism
7. Enzymes 03 01
8. Biochemistry of cell & Body 03 01
Fluids + Biological membranes
9. Vitamins 04 01
153
A B C D
Roll no. Name All terms, pre annual Total marks of
exams or any other Internal Assessment
exam out of 10
Total marks Sum of marks

total marks in all
exams
Viva Practical Total

40 marks
50 marks
Examiner 1 Examiner 2 Principal Writing Practical Viva Practical
Notebook
25 marks 25 marks 10 marks 25 marks 05 marks 90 marks
A B C D
Roll no. Name OSPE/ PTT/ Class Total marks of
tests though out the Internal Assessment
year/ Pre annual out of 10
exams or any other
exam

total marks in all
exams
154
Curriculum Map Biochemistry
155

Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College Curriculum & Study Guide First Year BDS Deaniod@cmhlahore - Edu.pk

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Institute of Dentistry,

CMH Lahore Medical College

INTRODUCTION TO STUDY GUIDE ................................................................................................. 1

To ensure the development of internationally acclaimed quality standards and

BDS SCHEME OF STUDIES

BASIC DENTAL SCIENCES / PRE- CLINICAL YEARS

Anatomy Science of Dental Periodontology Prosthodontics

Physiology General Pathology Oral pathology Operative Dentistry

Biochemistry Pharmacology Oral Medicine Oral Surgery

Pak studies & Islamic Community Dentistry Gen. Medicine Orthodontics

Self-Directed Learning Sessions

Coordinator Name Department Tel Extension

Prof. Dr. Uzma Naseer Anatomy 492

Prof. Dr. Tanzeela

Dr. Sahar Javed

Saad Khakwani CR 1st Year BDS

Hafiza Eman GR 1st Year BDS

Muhammad Ahsan Fayyaz CR 2nd Year BDS

Alizay Fatima GR 2nd Year BDS

Rehan CR 3rd Year BDS

Arzoo Zulfiqra GR 3rd Year BDS

Ahmad Waheed CR Final Year BDS

Noor Fatima GR Final Year BDS

Sr. Subject Lecture Practical/ Self-study Total Hours

2 Physiology 152 66 36 254 250

3 Biochemistry 132 66 - 198 170

4 Oral Biology & Tooth 135 72 - 207 160

5 Islamiyat & Pakistan 36 - - 36 35

- Oral and Developmental Histology

Department of Oral Biology & Tooth Morphology

4 Dr. Hajira Arham Demonstrator BDS

5 Dr. Muhammad Usman Iqbal Demonstrator BDS

6 Dr. Kashish Liaqat Demonstrator BDS

7 Dr. Maryam Mumtaz Demonstrator BDS

8 Dr. Noor Ul Sabah Demonstrator BDS

• Computer operator/lecture hall attendant at appointed by Medical Education Dept.

Sr. Infrastructure Resources Quantity

(i) Methods for achieving cognitive objectives

• Group discussions in form of large group and small group

• Self-study and reading from learning resources

(ii) Methods for achieving psychomotor objectives

• Identification of normal histological structures on slides under different magnification

• Drawing and labeling the histological slides on practical note books

(iii) Methods for achieving affective objectives

• Group discussions (small and large)

• Oral presentations by students

Small group discussions

Oral presentations by students

Personnel involved in teaching and facilitation

(ii) Demonstrators for practical and small group discussion sessions:

(iii) Support staff: As nominated by the medical education department

Course duration: 36 weeks

Section I Oral and Developmental Histology

Section II Tooth Morphology and Occlusion

Section III Oral Physiology

Section IV General and Orofacial Embryology

SECTION I - ORAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL HISTOLOGY

Time allocation: Approximately 16 weeks (110 hours)

Assessment items in Final Exam: 13 MCQs, 04 SEQ/SAQ, OSPE stations 10 out of 17

DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH CPA Teaching/ Assessment

4 Enlist chemical composition of enamel including percentage C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ

5 Describe and identify key-hole/fish scale pattern of enamel C2 Lecture MCQ/SEQ/

7 Describe number, course, orientation, dimension, C1 Lecture SEQ/MCQ/