The City School: PAF Chapter

The City School
PAF Chapter
Prep + Senior 1 Section
GEOGRAPHY
Class – 8
Worksheets for Intervention Classes
SECOND TERM
GEOGRAPHY TODAY BOOK 3 REVISED EDITION
TOPIC: AGRICULTURE ( Pg.no : 61-72 )
Q.1 Fill in the blanks.
1. Pakistan has held agricultural censuses in 1960, 1972, ____________ and ____________
2. In the 1950s, agriculture was largely ignored because attention was being paid to the
development of __________.
3. From 1960 onwards an important reason for the increase in crop yields and output was
the_____________________.
4. This has been described as one of the most important events in the history of agriculture in
____________.
5. In the 1960s high – yield varieties of _________ and _________ were developed by research
institute.
6. Mexi-Pak wheat was produced at the international wheat and maize institute in
__________.
7. IRRI rice , called “miracle rice”, was produced at the International Rice research institute in
the ____________.
8. These HYV seeds required the accurate amount of the _________ and _________ to be
applied at the right times for them to produce the high yields. Water was the most
important _________.
9. The production of these seeds came at the time when Pakistan was increasing its irrigation
facilities manly from _________ and later from _________.
10. In 1991, IRRI announced the development of a new type of rice which has a larger yield then
“miracle rice” called as ______________.
11. This type of rice has been genetically modified to enrich it with _________ because it is
lacking in the diets of millions of people in __________.
12. This type of rice has ________,________ stalks on one plant and bigger clusters of _______
than present varieties of rice.
13. This type of rice is also being bred to resist _______ and _______.
14. IRRI hoped to send seeds of this type of rice to ______ major rice _______ growing
countries for testing in 2001.
15. It was forecast that farmers in South and _________ Asia would be able to grow it would be
able to grow it after 2002.
16. In the 1950s there were only a ____________ tube wells in Pakistan, but by the end of
1960s there were ________ tube well.
17. Most of these tube wells were installed in a few parts of the __________ province of
Pakistan.
18. The hard , stony mountainous land of Balochistan and KPK made them too _________ to
install there.
19. Only a few were install in Sindh because much of the ground water there is _______.
20. Rural ______________ also influenced the location of tube wells.
21. Research found that on a 50 acre farm in the Gujranwala district the increase in the crop
yield paid off the cost of an electric water in ______ year/s.
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (2 nd Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 3 of 34
22. 70 % of the tube wells were installed by farmers with ______ acres or more. Only ______ %
were installed by farmers owning fewer than 13 acres.
23. The word “tractor” comes from a Latin verb meaning “__________________”.
24. The hiring of tractors mean that 550,000 farms used tractors it is still a smaller number
compared with __________ which is the total No of farms.
25. 75 % of privately owned tractors have been bought by the farmers who have _________
tube wells.
26. In recent years some small and medium farmers have bought tractors with the _________
from their family members working in the Middle East.
27. Irrigation has a long history in Pakistan. The first canals were built around _________ BC
during the _____________________ Civilization.
28. The Indus River Irrigation system is one of the largest and______________________systems
in the world.
29. An insect called the “stem-borer” which lives in dead rice – stubble may attack the next
___________ crop.
30. The first canals were built around 2000BC during the time of the
___________________________.
31. By 2000 the total area irrigated increased to ________________ hectares.
32. The Bhakra- Nangal Dam was built on the river _____________________.
33. After 1960 there was also an increase in_________________ cropping.
34. The deposition of silt is a major problem in ______________ Dam.
35. Mangla Dam and Reservoir were completed in _____________.
Q.2(a) - Match the year with the event and write the correct year in column C.
A B C
a. 1960,1972, Mangla Dam
1980,1990
b. 1950s Tarbela Dam loses 50% of its capacity
c. 1960 Few hundred tube wells
d. 1999 Agriculture was ignored, industry was set up
e. 2001 Tarbela Dam
f. 1950s IRRI Rice
g. 1960s Indus Water Treaty
h. End of 1960s 79,000 tube wells
i. After 2002 Testing of Super Rice
j. 1968 HYV seeds
k. 1982 Agricultural censuses in Pakistan
l. 2030 Growing Super Rice
Q.2 (b) - Match column A and B with a ruler and a blue ink pen.
A B
a. HYV seeds Deposition of silt
b. Tractor Less than 13 acres
c. Bhakra- Nangal Dam cultivation
d. Tarbela Dam To pull
e. Multi-purpose dam harvesting
f. Karez insect
g. Watering crops Green Revolution
h. Growing crops 25 acres or more
i. Stem-borer Super Rice
j. Iron Underground water channel
k. Cutting crops Tarbela and Mangla Dam
l. 4% tube wells Sutlej
m. 70% tube wells irrigation
Q.3- Write full forms for these short forms/ abbreviations.
S.NO. Short Form/ Full form

Abbreviation
1 HYV seeds
2 IRRI
3 KPK
4 IWT
5 IRIS
Q.4- Give short answers to the following questions.
Economic Development- Agriculture (Pg: 61-62)
1) Look at the given tables and answer the question given below.
Q (1) - Name the crops that had been grown on the largest area in the following years and discuss
whether the crops gave the highest output and highest yield that year. (Fig- 3.16, 3.14, 3.15)
1965:____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________1995:____
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________2010:_____________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________2015:______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
The Green Revolution: (Pg: 62)

a) What was the Green Revolution?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b) What led to the Green Revolution?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) What thing brought the Green Revolution?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
d) For which crops the improved quality seeds were produced?
_________________________________________________________________________________
e) What was Mexi- Pak wheat and where was it produced?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
f) What was IRRI, What did it produce and when?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
g) What did the HYV seeds need in order to give higher yield of the crops?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
h) What was the most important input for growing these seeds?
_________________________________________________________________________________
i) When were these seeds produced?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Super Rice: (Pg: 62)

j) What was Super Rice, when was it produced and by whom?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
k) Describe how was the Super Rice modified and what were its characteristics?
 ________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________________________________
l) To how many countries were the seeds of Super Rice sent and for what reason and when?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
The sinking of tube wells (Pg: 62)
m) How did the NO. of tube wells grow in Pakistan from 1950s to 1960s?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Location (Pg: 62)

n) Where were the most of the tube wells installed in Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
o) What factors affected the installation of the tube wells in Sindh, Balochistan and KPK?
1.________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
p) What other factor also affected the installation of the tube wells? How was that problem
overcome?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Cost (Pg: 63)

q) What were the %ages for the installation of tube wells by farmers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
r) Why the larger farmers were mainly benefited from the Green Revolution?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
s) What were the reasons that the poorer farmers could not benefit from the Green
Revolution as much as the larger farmers have?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Mechanisation: (Pg: 63)

t) What does mechanisation mean?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
u) What is the origin of the word “tractor”?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
v) What different jobs can a tractor do? Give examples.

 ___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
w) What does draught animal mean? Give examples.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Growth in the use of tractors (Pg: 63 -64)
x) How many total NO. of farms are there in Pakistan and on how many farms are tractors
used?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
y) What sizes of the tractors are usually used and who owns these tractors?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
z) How do the larger farmers make more use of their tractors?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1) How have some small and medium farmers managed to buy tractors?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2) How do these small- scale farmers make some extra income by using their tractors?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Hiring tractors (Pg: 64-65)

3) Who usually hires a tractor? What may be the problems related to hiring a tractor?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4) How is the farm prepared for wheat after harvesting rice?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5) What could be the problem faced by a small- scale farmer at this stage of preparing the
farm?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6) What is the “stem borer”? Which crop does it affect and how?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7) Look at the picture of a tractor given below and list the jobs of a,
 Plough:_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 Disc cutter:________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
8) What has happened due to the increased use of tractors?
a)____________________________________________________________________________b)__
__________________________________________________________________________c)______
______________________________________________________________________d)_________
___________________________________________________________________
Irrigation (Pg: 65-67)

9) How old is the history of irrigation in Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10) What ways are mainly used for irrigation in Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11) What led to the development of the irrigation system in Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12) What is the importance of the Indus River Irrigation System (IRIS)?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13) Look at the map given below, What do you mean by the” cultivated area is irrigated”?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
14) In which areas of Pakistan 70% of the cultivated area is irrigated?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15) Where does Nara Irrigation canal start from and which area does it pass through?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
16) Look at the Fig. given below and answer the question.
Q- The area irrigated by tube well water is about 25% of the total irrigated land. How much larger is
the area irrigated by canal water?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
17) Name a few old methods of irrigation in Pakistan.
_________________________________________________________________________________
18) Define those methods of irrigation mentioned in the answer above.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
19) Why don’t we usually use these old methods of irrigation nowadays?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
20) How much area was irrigated in the year 2000?
_________________________________________________________________________________
21) Compare the tube well water with canal water. Which one is better and why?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) (Pg: 67, 70)
22) When and by whom the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) was signed?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
23) Which dam was built on the river Sutlej? Where is the river Sutlej?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
24) How much area in Pakistan was irrigated by the water of river Sutlej at the time of
partition?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
25) Who should have got the water of river Sutlej? What did India do to the water of river
Sutlej? How was Pakistan affected by that act of India?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
26) How did Pakistan manage to overcome that problem caused by India for river Sutlej?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
27) Who developed the idea of a treaty between India and Pakistan? How was the water of the
rivers divided between India and Pakistan according to the treaty?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
28) What happened to the water of the eastern rivers at the point where they enter Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
29) How did Pakistan solve this problem caused by having no water in the eastern rivers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
30) Apart from the distribution of rivers between the two countries what else was included in
the Indus Water Treaty to be done in Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
31) Who is supposed to resolve any issues with obeying the Indus Water Treaty by the two
countries?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
32) Look at the Fig. given below and answer the related questions.
a) How many rivers are mentioned in the Fig? _____________________________________
b) Name all the rivers mentioned in the Fig.
______________________________________________________________________________
c) Name the western rivers:___________________________________________________

d) Name the eastern rivers:____________________________________________________
e) According to the IWT India got western/ eastern rivers and Pakistan got western/ eastern
rivers. (Encircle the correct answers for both).
f) Name all the dams in the Fig. ________________________________________________
g) How many link canals are shown on the Fig? In what directions do these canals flow?
h) How many barrages are mentioned in the Fig? __________________________________
i) Name the barrages built on river Indus
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
j) Name the barrages built on river Jhelum
_____________________________________________________________________________
k) Name the barrages built on river Chenab
______________________________________________________________________________
l) Name the barrages built on river Ravi
______________________________________________________________________________
m) Name the barrages built on river Sutlej
______________________________________________________________________________
n) Name the barrages on the river Indus from where link canals originate and go to river
Jhelum.
______________________________________________________________________________
o) Name the barrages on the river Jhelum from where link canals originate and go to river
Chenab.
______________________________________________________________________________
p) Name the barrages on the river Chenab from where link canals originate and go to river Ravi.
_________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
q) Name the barrages on the river Ravi from where link canals originate and go to river Sutlej.
___________________________________________________________________________
r) Name the barrages on the river Jhelum from where link canals originate and go to river Ravi
and then to river Sutlej.
______________________________________________________________________________
s) At which barrage does the water of river Jhelum and river Chenab join together?
______________________________________________________________________________
t) After which barrage does the water of river Ravi joins with the collected water of rivers
Jhelum and Chenab?
______________________________________________________________________________
u) How does Bahawal canal get water in it?
______________________________________________________________________________
v) At which barrage does the water of all four rivers, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej joins
together?
______________________________________________________________________________
w) Which barrages are built on river Indus after all the other four rivers join with river Indus?
______________________________________________________________________________
x) After which barrage the water of river Indus along with the water of all other four rivers falls
into the Arabian Sea?
______________________________________________________________________________
y) What does Mailsi gated syphon on the Fig. mean?
______________________________________________________________________________
z) What does the Upper and lower course of the river mean? What is Upper Chenab link?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
33) What does “double cropping” mean, when did it start in Pakistan?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
34) What were the results of the Indus Water Treaty?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
The Background to the Indus Water Treaty (Pg: 68-69)

Q.1-Fill in the blanks.
I. The sub-continent was divided into ________, _________ and India.

II. Pakistan and India have borders on the land, water (Sea), _________ and _________.
III. Prof. Spat was born in __________, his father was __________, and mother was English.
IV. As a boy he developed interest in _________ and History.
V. In the 1930’s he studied _________ and English at _________ University.
VI. In 1937 he moved to the university of Rangoon Myanmar then _________.
1) What factors had to be taken in account in order to draw the boundary line?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2) What factors were particularly important for dividing the Punjab?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3) While dividing countries to possibly be the boundary lines?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4) Why did Prof. Spate regard the idea that rivers in the Punjab were “natural boundaries” was a
mistake?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5) What was the problem in using rivers as natural boundaries?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6) What was the Punjab boundary commission made up of and how did it have to work?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7) What problems were caused as a result of drawing this line for dividing the rivers?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8) Who was Prof. Spate? Write a note on his life.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
The Tarbela and the Mangla Dams and reservoirs (Pg: 70)
a) The Mangla Dam and Reservoir were completed in
_________ and built on the river _____________.The
Tarbela Dam and Reservoir were completed in
___________and built on river________________.
b) The Tarbela Dam is the largest _________ and
______________ filled dam in the world.
c) When the reservoir of Tarbela Dam is very full, the water
is allowed to flow out of the _______ spillways, which are
__________ of the dam.
d) Due to the construction of the Tarbela Dam and
Reservoir__________ villages were drowned and
___________ people lost their homes and farms.
e) When Mangla Dam and Reservoir were constructed many
people who lost their homes and farms migrated to
_________, but the people who were affected by the
construction of Tarbela Dam could not migrate to the
________ as no more workers were needed over there.
f) The Tarbela Dam is towards the _____________ of its
spillways.
g) What is the purpose of a dam and a reservoir? What type of dams are the Tarbela and the
Mangla Dam? Why are they called so?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Deposition of silt (Pg: 71-72)

h) What is the negative effect of a dam made at a reservoir?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
i) What is silt? Which reservoir has got serious problem of deposition of silt?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
j) What causes the deposition of silt in that reservoir and not much deposition of silt in the
other reservoir?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
k) What will happen to that reservoir in 2030?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
l) How many rivers carry silt into that reservoir?( shown in Fig.3.26)
_________________________________________________________________________________
m) What are the effects of deposition of silt on the floor of the reservoir?
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Unit: Agriculture (Additional information)
Introduction More than two thirds of the population of Pakistan lives in rural areas, and
about 68% are directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture. It constitutes the largest sector
and is considered to be the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. It accounts for 21% of the GDP
and together with agro-based products fetches 80% of the country’s total export earnings.
However, the recent trend in agriculture does not show a very good picture. After the
steady growth of almost three decades, contributing substantially to poverty reduction
during the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural income has shown a decline. The poverty level
since 2000 is back to where it was at the beginning of the 1990s. This has happened despite
favorable policies on prices and markets and a liberal environment. Though climatic hazards
such as drought and floods have played an important role in the decline of the performance
of this sector, there are other constraints as well which have hindered the sector’s
contribution to economic growth and poverty reduction.
Agricultural Export Products: Pakistan’s chief agricultural export products are textiles
(fabric and yarn), apparel and clothing, and rice. Other exports are fruit, tobacco, sugarcane,
cotton, grams and pulses, maize, barley and millet and wheat.
Trade Partners: Pakistan’s trade partners are USA, UAE, UK, Germany, China, Japan and
India.
Pakistan’s Agriculture in the International Market: The economy of every state
depends on three sectors i.e. agriculture, industry and commerce. These three are
interrelated with each other as the progress of one sector effects the other two. Pakistan is
an agricultural state thus agriculture gains are of greater importance than any other sector.
The importance of this sector is manifold as it feeds people, provides raw material for
industry and is a base for foreign trade. Foreign exchange earned from merchandise exports
is 45% of the total exports of Pakistan. It contributes 26% of GDP and 52% of the total
populace is getting its livelihood from it.
There are two growing seasons in Pakistan i.e. Rabi and Kharif.
Crop Sowing Season Harvesting Season

Kharif April - June October - December
Rabi October - December April - May
Major crops in Pakistan are wheat, rice, maize, cotton and sugar cane. Minor crops
are canola, onions, mangoes and pulses. Pakistan’s exports are highly concentrated.
Currently the majority of exports originate in the textiles and apparels sectors which earn
the largest share of export income. The phenomenal increase in global trade has created
many new market opportunities for agricultural producers and processors worldwide. Let us
have a look at the major agricultural exports of Pakistan in the international market.
Textile and Textile Products: For a long time, textile and clothing have played an
important role in the economic development of the country. Its development has been the
major economic objective in industrialised countries as well as the less developed countries
(LDCs). Textiles and clothing, no doubt, is the largest industrial sector of Pakistan from the
investment, employment and export point of view. It accounts for approximately 27 percent
of total industrial output, absorbs about 38 percent of industrial labor force, and contributes
around 60 percent to export earnings. However, despite its impressive contribution at the
national level, the share in the world exports of textile and clothing is marginal. For clothing
in particular, Pakistan’s share is negligible. Apparel export is relatively new for Pakistan.
The major share of our textile exports goes to U.S.A., E.U., Canada and Japan. The U.S.A. is
the largest market for our textile products. The exports to these economies are in the form
of quotas (a proportional share of goods assigned to a group or to each member of a group).
Japan is the only exception. In the textile industry much of the emphasis is on yarn spinning.
The major portion of good quality yarn produced is exported instead of utilising large part of
it for producing high value-added products like fabrics, or garments. This is an important
structural weakness in our textile industry. Countries like Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong
which do not grow cotton but have well-established textile industries, buy cotton yarn from
Pakistan and convert it into high value added products and fetch much higher prices in the
international market.
Another problem is lack of investment in this sector even though Pakistan has the
advantage of a large labour force and very good quality local cotton. The shrinking weaving
sector is another problem which is faced by the exporters. This is due to the fact that
maximum efforts focus on spinning and we see almost no effort to develop or modernise
the weaving sector. This is happening in the mill sector. The non-mill sector weaves cloth
but we do not fetch good prices in the international market compared to other countries
due to the lack of modern technology and a qualified work force. Another area of attention
of everyone is the need to fund research studies so that new genetically modified cotton
seeds are introduced to meet the gap between consumption and production. All around the
world, MMF (man-made fibre) is mixed with cotton. This is due to the changing trends in the
world market where the demand for synthetics is rising. Secondly, the cotton price has shot
up by more than 115%, forcing mill owners to shift from producing pure cotton to
synthetics. The ratio in Pakistan is far less than the standard ratio adopted world-wide.
More investment is needed in this sector to compete in the international market. All the
above mentioned factors are hampering Pakistan’s progress in the international market and
for raising its share of export earnings from textiles in the GDP.
Rice : Pakistani basmati and non-basmati rice has good demand in the international market due to
its quality. Currently China, The Gulf, Middle East and most African nations are buying rice from
Pakistan. Rice is a high valued cash crop. However, there has been a general decline in its export.
This decline has been experienced in both the basmati and non-basmati varieties. The major reason
for this decline is the high price of Pakistani rice in the international market. Another reason for this
decline is that investors usually hold back stocks of rice which means that exporters do not get them
in time for exporting to the international market. Pakistan cannot export rice to Iran due to the
international ban. This has deprived Pakistan of its traditional market. Another setback to rice export
to international markets is that India has lifted a four year ban on the export of rice. This coupled
with the lack of research facilities, certain restrictions and levies on rice export by the government
and the high cost of input has led to the decline in rice exports. If the levies are eased by the
Government of Pakistan, it cannot only provide rice to the traditional markets but also capture
newer markets such as USA, Canada, UK and other European countries which are flooded with
Indian basmati rice. Every year the land area use for rice cultivation is shrinking because of these
reasons.
Fruit and Vegetables: Pakistan is blessed with diverse environment conducive to the
production of nearly thirty types of fruits mainly citrus, mango, apple, guava, banana, dates
and melons. Pakistani fruit and vegetables are being demanded all over the world. Presently
Pakistan is exporting fruits and vegetables to the USA, the Europe, Middle East, Far East,
India and Sri Lanka. Mango, kino, apple, dates, pine nuts, oranges and guava are a few well-
exported fruit and among vegetables are potato, onion, mushroom, garlic, chilies etc.
Pakistan relies heavily on one market for each item. For example, Dubai is the biggest
market for Pakistani Mango followed by England and Saudi Arabia. Sri Lanka is the biggest
market for Pakistani apples. In such situations, the buyer dictates the terms. There is a need
to explore new markets for Pakistani fruits and vegetables to gain good prices. The Export
Promotion Bureau is striving hard to explore new markets and assist interested exporters to
increase exports. Kino is the most exportable fruit of Pakistan. More than 30% is exported
only to the Middle East, followed by Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and the rest of the
world. Pakistan’s ranking has declined in the export of mango and has declined to fourth
position from second in the world. This is due to the fact that Mexico and China have both
taken over much of the market share by increasing their production through plant
protection and area expansion. Pakistan must find more markets for its fruits and
vegetables instead of relying on a few countries.
Wheat: Wheat is the staple food of Pakistan. It is a food crop but is also exported when the
production is good due to good climatic conditions. Wheat is exported to Afghanistan every
year even if it is not exported to other countries. The Government of Pakistan is the primary
buyer of wheat and controls the market by setting the procurement and issue prices.
Government decisions are based on politics. Pakistani wheat is struggling in the
international market for a number of reasons. First of all the quality of wheat is inferior to
the wheat sold in the international market. Secondly, the price of this low quality wheat is
higher compared to other exporting countries. The exporters are not happy with the policies
of the government. There is a lack of coordination between government agencies and
farmers (growers) e.g. in the year 2011, the Government gave ambitious figures for
procurement of wheat in spite of the claims from growers that they will plant less wheat.
Low wheat plantation was a result of increased prices of input and water shortages both of
which lead to low production. The Government increased the procurement prices but the
farmers thought that they have not been increased enough. Exporters are also facing logistic
problems as trucks are not available for the haulage of wheat from the government silos to
the ports in Karachi. The exporters have seen setbacks also in the world market after the
government put a sudden ban on wheat exports after the exporters had signed deals with
different buyers. As a result Pakistani exporters lost their credibility. The exporters demand
that the Government should allow wheat export ahead of wheat crop every year. Due to
inconsistent government policies, Pakistani wheat does not have a large international
market. At present Pakistan is exporting wheat to Bangladesh, Singapore, Afghanistan, the
Middle East and Africa.
Comparison of Pakistani commodities against international standards
Pakistani agricultural commodities have big competition in the international market against the
same agricultural products of other developing countries and also with the developed countries. The
fact is that Pakistan has an edge over developed countries in many agricultural products. However,
Pakistan has not been able to maintain or expand its ability to meet the demands of the world
trading system, not only in terms of competitive prices but also quality of products and safety
standards. It is also a fact that Pakistan lacks in resources to comply with international standards and
misses opportunities to capture new markets or retain the old ones.
Q.2 Give answers to these questions.
1) Changes in three aspects of agriculture in Pakistan are shown in figure 3.14,3.15 and
3.16.Which crop increase its yield to give a total output in 2015, that was more than 5 times
as large as in 1965?
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Define “Rabi crop” and “Kharif crop”
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Name the main “Rabi and Kharif crops” grown in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4) The Green Revolution was widely successful and improved the overall crop yield and output.
Evaluate why all farmers were not able to benefit from these new changes.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Discuss how mechanization helped increase agricultural output and how tractors were used
for various jobs around the farms
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Discuss the various ways in which the increased use of tractors has affected the population.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7) Explain the need of signing the Indus Water Treaty and its impact on agriculture in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8) Describe the problems associated with the Green Revolution.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9) Explain in detail why has there been in a reduction in the flow of water to the Indus delta.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
TOPIC : INDUSTRIES (Page.no: 54 – 61), ( Pg.no : 72 - 86)
Q.1-Answer the following questions.
1) Define the term development.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Explain the two types of development.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Describe the need for development in a country.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4) Relate the economic progression of a country with its social development.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Describe how people can be important for the economic development of a country.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Describe the negative impacts of development decisions taken by the government.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7) Differentiate between developed and developing countries.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8) Explain how the levels of development of countries are measured.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9) Examine different levels of development with in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10) Explore the reasons for development in Saudi Arabia.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11) Explore the relationship between the industrial development and economic development
with reference to large and small scale manufacturing industry.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12) Identify the types of tourism.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
13) Describe the factors which have helped in the growth of tourism.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
14) Explain the factors which affect the growth of tourism negatively.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
15) Explain the effects of tourism on development.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
16) Explain the levels of social development with references to social development indicators in
Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
17) Highlight the attempts to improve the level of social development in Pakistan by different
governments and NGOs.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
18) Describe the UN development goals and their results in the World.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
19) Explain why the Egyptians wanted to build the Aswan dam and the lake Nasser.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
TOPIC: POWER (project)
Power potential in Pakistan The Material Power potential in Pakistan Pakistan does not have
large proven reserves of fossil fuels but is fortunate enough to have been endowed with
considerable hydroelectric potential. Unfortunately Pakistan’s energy market investment in hydel
power generation has shown no significant improvement. At present, Pakistan is generating power
from a number of sources which are as follows:
 Hydel
 Thermal
 Nuclear
 Solar
 Wind
 Bio Fuels
Hydel Pakistan is a water rich country. The hydel resources are mainly in the north; the
resources in the south being scarce. The hydel potential of Pakistan can be divided into six
sectorial regions namely:
 KPK
 Punjab
 Azad Jammu & Kashmir
 Gilgit-Baltistan
 Sindh
 Baluchistan
Pakistan is endowed with a hydel potential of approximately 41722 MW, most of which lies in the
province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Northern Areas, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. However,
an abundant hydel potential (about 27,000MWh) is still untapped which needs to be harnessed.
Pakistan’s hydel power generation capacities have deteriorated as a result of lower water levels in
rivers. Hydel electricity is a considerably cheaper source when compared to thermal sources.
WAPDA controls the country’s major hydroelectric plants; with the largest being the Tarbela plant
at 3,046 MWh installed capacity. Additional hydroelectric plants in operation include Mangla
1,000MWh, Warsak 240MWh. Hydro-electric power represents about a third of Pakistan’s power
source. However, periodic droughts affect the availability of hydroelectric production. Due to this
WAPDA and other power generation companies have to rely more on thermal power generators to
cater the power demand of the country and are facing difficulties in coping with the high prices of
oil on the international market. Following are the large existing hydel power stations of Pakistan
according to their installed capacity:
Name of Project Installed Capacity
Tarbela 3478
Ghazi Brotha 1450
Mangla 1000
Warsak 240
Chashma 184
Jagran 1 30.4
Rasool 22
Dargai 20
Malakand 19.6
Shadiwal 13.5
Chichoki Malian 13.2
There are other smaller projects also generating electricity in small amounts.
Thermal To combat the recent power crisis in Pakistan due to the underutilisation of the power
potential, it is necessary to look for other ways of generating electricity. There are a number of
reasons for which it is beneficial to establish thermal power plants.
Transmission costs of thermal power are much less compared to hydel power because thermal
power stations are close to the distribution centres.
 Thermal power production is more demand driven and can accommodate daily, seasonal and
annual fluctuations and peaking requirements.
 Thermal power stations can be designed and constructed in relatively less time and therefore are
planned for short/medium needs.
 Mostly thermal power stations do not cause displacement problems.
 Initial capital cost of thermal projects is relatively less compared to hydel projects WAPDA (Water
and Power Development Authority) operates the majority of thermal power plants in Pakistan, with
over 5000MW of installed capacity in its control. The Guddu plant is the largest plant operated by
WAPDA with a capacity of 1,650 MW. In recent years, growth in thermal power generation has
come primarily from new IPPs (Independent Power Producers), some of which have been funded by
the foreign investors. The two largest IPPs in Pakistan are Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hub Power
(1,292 MW), both of which provide power to WAPDA.
Nuclear Power Generation Pakistan has three nuclear power plants; Chashma 1 or Chasnupp
with a capacity of 330MWe and Kanupp with a capacity of 125MWe. Chasnupp 2 with a capacity of
325 MWe was connected to the national grid on 14th March, 2011. The Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) operates these power plants. Kanupp was Pakistan’s first nuclear power reactor
and was set up in 1971 whereas Chasnupp 1 became operational in 2000. Government of Pakistan
is having negotiations with China National Nuclear Corporation to set up two more plants in Karachi
(Kanupp II and III).
Solar Energy Pakistan is lucky to have longer sunshine hours coupled with high insolation levels
and is ideally located to benefit from solar energy for power generation. Pakistan is currently
building solar power plants in Kashmir, Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan. The program is currently
under development by the International Renewable Energy Agency, China and Pakistani private
sector energy companies.
Pakistan has stepped ahead by inaugurating the first ever solar power on-grid power plant in
Islamabad. This has been set up with the assistance of Japan under Cool Earth Partnership Program.
This project includes the installation of a Solar System each at two offices in Islamabad.
Wind Power The Government of Pakistan has developed Alternative Energy Development Board
(AEDB) which looks after the development of wind power farms for the generation of wind power.
Wind farms have not been developed on a larger scale though Pakistan has the potential to
produce up to 346 gigawatts of electricity through wind energy alone. This can be achieved if the
Government of Pakistan utilises the potential and encourages more companies to build wind
energy projects in the country. Pakistan’s first 50MW wind energy project at Jhimpir in Thatta
District started its trial production in June 2012. This wind farm has been set up with the technical
assistance of a Turkish company. Other local and foreign companies have shown keenness to invest
in this sector as well.
Bio fuels The Government of Pakistan is focusing on promoting bio technology. Since more than
60% of exports come from the agricultural sector, bio-technology is of utmost importance. The
energy crisis is badly affecting agricultural activities and the Pakistani Government needs to put a
lot of stress on developing the bio fuel sector. The Government has handed over bio gas plants to
many villages especially in Punjab to overcome the electricity problem.
Most villages are away from main transmission lines or the population is not large enough to make
the provision of electricity feasible. Under such conditions alternative energy methods need to be
developed, bio fuels being one of them.
Reasons for low productivity and transmission and line losses For years, the matter of
balancing Pakistan's supply against the demand for electricity has remained a largely unresolved
matter. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in revamping its network responsible for the supply of
electricity. One major issue is the disparity between returns from foreign and domestic investors.
Contrary to Pakistani Government claims, Pakistan suffers from a massive electricity shortage.
Electricity generation in Pakistan has shrunk by up to 50% in recent years due to an over-reliance on
fossil fuels. Pakistan was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007 when production fell by 6000
Megawatts and massive blackouts followed suit. Load shedding and power blackouts have
drastically hampered the economy and public life. The main reasons for Pakistan's poor power
generation are given below:
Political instability
 Under exploitation of indigenous resources
 Poor governance and lack of integrated planning
 Existing power plants not working to full capacity
 Low efficiency of thermal power plants
 Power line losses
The reasons for power or transmission line losses are:
 use of old transmission lines which do not have the required diameter conductor
 old transformers instead of low loss transformers which are more energy efficient
 use of solid conductors instead of twisted conductors
 lack of use of high temperatures super conductors
 lack of monitoring of transmission equipment
 low maintenance level
There is a dire need for the Government to make an integrated plan and encourage the
electric supply companies to minimise line losses to combat the current situation.
POWER (project)
Answer the following questions.
1) List the sources used to generate power in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Investigate why Pakistan’s hydel potential to generate power is deteriorating slowly.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Name a few major hydel plants in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4) Give reasons for the development of thermal generation in Pakistan.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Name the nuclear power plants in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Investigate the prospects of alternative energy generation in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7) Explore the possibilities of relying on bio fuels in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8) Examine the reasons for low productivity, transmission and line losses in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Topic : ENVIRONMENT ( Pg no : 87 – 94 ), (Pg no : 97 – 117 )
1) Explain the impact between environment and development.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Explore the inter dependences of society, the economy and the environment.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Describe different areas which had serious environmental problems after the
developmental work in Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4) Explain the repercussions of agricultural and industrial development on environment of
Pakistan.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Explain how tourism is damaging the environment in Murree.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Describe examples of developmental disaster to Aral Sea due to natural and human factors.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7) Describe how Aral Sea has increased in area and volume of water.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
8) Explain the impact of air pollution on the environment.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Topic : TRANSPORT,TELECOMMUNICATION AND TRADE (Pg no. : 135 - 140 )
1) State the meaning of the term “globalization”.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Describe the factors that lead to globalization.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Discuss the effects of globalization on the economy of a developing country.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4) Discuss how modern methods of transport and communication have brought us even closer
together in the world.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5) Describe how the textile industry has helped in bringing Pakistan into global context.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6) Describe the importance of geography to become an effective global citizen.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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The City School

Prep + Senior 1 Section

Worksheets for Intervention Classes

S.NO. Short Form/ Full form

The Green Revolution: (Pg: 62)

b) What led to the Green Revolution?

c) What thing brought the Green Revolution?

d) For which crops the improved quality seeds were produced?

e) What was Mexi- Pak wheat and where was it produced?

f) What was IRRI, What did it produce and when?

i) When were these seeds produced?

Super Rice: (Pg: 62)

Location (Pg: 62)

Cost (Pg: 63)

Mechanisation: (Pg: 63)

u) What is the origin of the word “tractor”?

v) What different jobs can a tractor do? Give examples.

Hiring tractors (Pg: 64-65)

4) How is the farm prepared for wheat after harvesting rice?

8) What has happened due to the increased use of tractors?

Irrigation (Pg: 65-67)

10) What ways are mainly used for irrigation in Pakistan?

11) What led to the development of the irrigation system in Pakistan?

14) In which areas of Pakistan 70% of the cultivated area is irrigated?

c) Name the western rivers:___________________________________________________

j) Name the barrages built on river Jhelum

k) Name the barrages built on river Chenab

l) Name the barrages built on river Ravi

m) Name the barrages built on river Sutlej

u) How does Bahawal canal get water in it?

y) What does Mailsi gated syphon on the Fig. mean?

The Background to the Indus Water Treaty (Pg: 68-69)

I. The sub-continent was divided into ________, _________ and India.

2) What factors were particularly important for dividing the Punjab?

3) While dividing countries to possibly be the boundary lines?

5) What was the problem in using rivers as natural boundaries?

Deposition of silt (Pg: 71-72)

k) What will happen to that reservoir in 2030?

Crop Sowing Season Harvesting Season

1) Define the term development.

 Mostly thermal power stations do not cause displacement problems.

4) Give reasons for the development of thermal generation in Pakistan.

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I. The sub-continent was divided into , _ and India.