ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH PASSIVE

TECHNIQUES TAKING EXAMPLES FROM

TRADITIONAL INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
ABSTRACT

Building energy consumption is a vital component of the global energy mandate. A major part
of the building energy is consumed in providing thermal comfort to occupants. For which,
Passive cooling techniques can be a promising alternative to satisfy the cooling requirements
of the building as well as to reduce the building energy consumption.

Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review on passive cooling
techniques along with the other factors that effect energy consumption in a building. The
review with the help of case studies and analysis of traditional Indian architecture establishes
that passive cooling techniques have the potential to maintain indoor comfort while reducing
the building’s energy consumption thus, achieving sustainability and reviving traditional
Indian architecture.

Key words: Energy consumption, Sustainability, Passive techniques, comfort, Traditional

Indian architecture
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
i. List of Figures
ii. List of Tables
iii. List of Abbreviations
iv. Aim
v. Need
vi. Objectives
vii. Methodology
CHAPTER 2:
1. Introduction
2. Passive Cooling and it’s techniques
2.1. Induced ventilation techniques
2.1.1. Solar Chimney
2.1.2. Wind Tower
2.2. Radiative cooling techniques
2.2.1. Diode Roof
2.2.2. Roof Pond
2.3. Evaporative cooling techniques
2.3.1. Passive downdraft evaporative cooling
2.3.2. Roof surface evaporative cooling
2.4. Earth coupling
2.4.1. Earth air tunnel
2.4.2. Earth berming
CHAPTER 3: Factors affecting sustainability of a building
3.1. Orientation
3.2. Thermal Mass
3.3. Shading
3.3.1. Types of shading
3.3.2. Wall- Window Ratio (WWR)
3.4. Glazing
3.4.1. Types of glazing
3.4.2. Types of glass
 3.5. Daylighting
3.5.1. Factors affecting daylight distribution
3.5.2. Daylighting Systems
CHAPTER 4: Case Studies
4.1. Suzlon One Earth, Pune
4.2. Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi
4.3. Infosys, Hyderabad
CHAPTER 5: Analysis
5.1. Analysis Table
5.2. Recommendations
5.3. Conclusion
i. LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.1. Working of a Solar Chimney
Fig.2. View of a Solar Chimney expaining its parts
Fig.3.working of a Wind Tower
Fig.4. Types of Roof Pond Systems
Fig.5. Section explaining PDEC System
Fig.6. PDEC at Torrent Research Centre, Ahemdabad
Fig.7. Working of a RSEC System
Fig.8. Working Principle of Earth Air Tunnel
Fig.9. Surface area affecting the heat transfer
Fig.10. Different planforms have different perimeter-to-area ratio
Fig.11. North-South Orientation
Fig.12. Schematic sections and views of self-shading facade for noon
Fig.13. Schematic sections and views of self-shading facade for morning and evening
Fig.14. Schematic sections and views of types of external SDs
Fig.15. Shading types of louvers and overhangs
Fig.16. Roof shading by solid cover
Fig.17. Roof shading by plant cover
Fig.18. Roof shading by earthern pots
Fig.19. Removable roof shades
Fig.20. Integrated view of trees and vegetation as summer shading
Fig.21. Schematic 3D view of WWRs in relation to their daylighting and visibility
Fig.22. Key properties of glass
Fig.23. Cross-sectional detail of single, double and triple glazing units
Fig.24. Recommended percentage of openings with varying room depth
Fig.25. Dimensions of a light shelf
Fig.26. Light shelf at an angle
Fig.27. Moveable louvers
Fig.28. Position of louvers on an overcast day
Fig.29. Orientation of the atrium
Fig.30. View of Suzlon One Earth, Pune
Fig.31. Orientation and site planning of Suzlon
Fig.32. Shading devices used and terraces created
Fig.33. Glass chimney for passive cooling
Fig.34. Water body in Central plaza for Evaporative cooling
Fig.35. Use of solar a d wind technologies for energy generation
Fig.36. View of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
Fig.37. Front view of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
Fig.38. Orientation and wind movement
Fig.39. Daylighting and ventilation through central courtyard
Fig.40. Schematic diagram showing passive cooling and energy generation
Fig.41. Elevational orientation showing shading devices
Fig.42. Effective Landscaping with no additional energy consumption
Fig.43. View of Infosys, Hyderabad
Fig.44. Plan of Infosys
Fig.45. Radiative cooling system
Fig.46. Schematic diagram of light shelf
Fig.47. View of light shelf
Fig.48. Use of horizontal louvers
Fig.49. View of Courtyard
Fig.50. Wind catcher in Havelis of Jaislamer
Fig.51. Jharokhas in Forts of Rajasthan
Fig.52. Use of Jaalis in jharokhas
Fig.53. Sketch of Hawa Mahal showing evaporative cooling
Fig.54. Facade of Hawa Mahal

ii. LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Shading types according to orientation
Table 2. Optical and thermal properties of glazing
Table 3. Analysis table of Case studies
iii. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
kW - KiloWatt
kWh - KiloWatt Hours
N-S - North-South
E-W - East-West
SD - Shading Device
Low-e - Low Emissivity
AAC - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
PCM - Phase Change Material
PHG - Preventive Heat Group
MHG - Modulate Heat Group
DHG - Dissipate Heat Group
VLT - Visual Light Transmittance
WWR - Window to Wall Ratio
NGA - Net Glazing Area
GWA - Gross Wall Area
MoEF - Ministry of Environment and Forest
PDEC - Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling
RSEC - Roof Surface Evaporative Cooling
NECB - National Energy Code for Buildings
SHGC - Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
BIPV - Building Integrated Photovoltaic
HVAC - Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
UPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
GRIHA - Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
ASHRAE - American Society of Hearing, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
iv. AIM
Aim of the paper is to study and analyse the importance of passive cooling techniques used in
traditional Indian architecture and incorporating them with modern technologies to achieve
sustainability.

v. NEED
Sustainable Buildings are the future of Building Industry. For the protection of environment
and conservation of energy resources which most of the convention buildings cannot fulfil,
there is a need of shift towards Sustainable buildings.

Q. How buildings in India can solve the problem of energy consumption or achieve
sustainability and occupant’s comfort through passive techniques.

vi. OBJECTIVE
Now a days modern buildings are planned with the objective of decreasing expenses by
reducing energy consumption and using sustainable design approaches. However because of
technology and cost constraints in India, the focus is on how modify building into sustainable
one only using passive techniques taking examples from traditional Indian architecture.
Fundamentals for Development of Sustainable Buildings:
 Long-term Cost effectiveness
 End user satisfaction
 Climate responsive

vii. METHODOLOGY
This paper covers the study of passive techniques along with other factors like types of shade,
materials for glazing, etc. and analysis of occupant’s comfort and energy conservation due to
these techniques. The review establishes that passive cooling techniques have the potential to
maintain indoor comfort while reducing the building’s energy consumption thus, achieving
sustainability. Scope of the study is limited to achieving sustainability through building
envelope; other factors like landscaping, etc. are not included.
To support the above review some Indian case studies were chosen and the techniques
applied in those building and factors affecting energy consumption and comfort were
analysed. Case studies from traditional Indian architecture is also taken to bring the fact to
notice that India has deep roots of passive techniques and sustainable architecture which is
being lost somewhere in Modern architecture.
Moreover, quantitative measure of sustainability of these chosen case studies are studied to
support sustainability through passive techniques.
1. INTRODUCTION
Building sector which includes residential, commercial, public service, agriculture, forestry,
fishing, etc. is responsible for approximately 30 to 40% of total energy demand [7]. Also, the
worldwide building energy consumption is expected to increase at an average rate of 1.5%
per year from 2012 to 2040 [8]. Most of this energy is derived for space cooling, space
heating, lighting and appliances. Energy demands for space heating in cold climates and
space cooling in hot climates are among the world’s biggest concerns.
Hence, there is a need for passive design strategies which reduces energy consumption,
supports the environment and ecosystem and provide a satisfactory degree of comfort.
Passive design strategies are the most feasible and economic ways of energy and thermal
management in buildings, if appropriately incorporated at the conceptual design stage.
However, in order to address the energy and environmental impact associated with building
applications, the selection of suitable passive cooling technique plays a vital role.
Even Traditional buildings in India have proven to be strong, durable, and climate-responsive
over a long period. These buildings have been proven to provide a comfortable environment
inside the building even in extreme climatic conditions via natural and passive cooling
techniques. Today architecture is isolated from the outer world and mechanical systems are
used to create comfortable interiors deciding thermal comfort for people [9]. As a result,
understanding passive techniques and applying them in modern construction techniques is a
need of today. Courtyard planning, lattice screens, cooling tower, jharokha, evaporative
cooling, and landscaping with water bodies are a few techniques and elements which were
used for passive cooling in traditional buildings.
In this regard, the paper summarizes the details of available passive cooling techniques along
with their classification, working, applications and performance parameters. The article also
provides guidelines for the selection of suitable passive cooling technique for building
applications. Further, at the last, the major conclusions drawn from the literature and case
studies related to passive cooling techniques and their energy conservation is analysed.

2. PASSIVE COOLING
Passive cooling is where the building design and materials are used to reduce heat gain and
increase heat loss. A ‘passive’ design involves the use of natural processes for heating or
cooling to achieve indoor comfort. The flow of energy in passive design is by natural means:
radiation, conduction, or convection without using any electrical device. To prevent heat
from entering into the building or to remove once it has entered is the underlying principle for
accomplishing cooling in passive cooling concepts. Therefore, lessons should be learnt from
the traditional Indian passive cooling elements to create more appropriate and acceptable
environment for present day users and sustainable development. The basic understanding of
the passive cooling technique can be understood by using examples of traditional buildings
such as Hawa Mahal, Chand Baori, and forts of the Mughal period [9].
For this Passive cooling strategies can be classified into three groups that prevent, modulate
or dissipate heat [8].
 The preventive heat group (PHG) seeks to eliminate the possibility of heat gains by
blocking the sun’s radiation from entering the building.
 The strategies of the modulate heat group (MHG) attempt to modify the heat gained in
the space. Usually, this heat is stored during the day and slowly released during the night.
 The strategies of the dissipate heat group (DHG) aim to remove heat from the building
using on-site natural cooling (to an environmental sink of lower temperature, like the
ground, water, and ambient air or sky)[8].

PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
2.1. INDUCED VENTILATION TECHNIQUES
2.1.1. Solar Chimney
The solar chimney is one of the technology which working on the buoyancy principle. Where
the air is heated through greenhouse effect which generated by solar radiation (heat energy).
The solar chimney can be used in roof level or inside wall also. It is designed based on the
fact that hot air rises upward; they reduce unwanted heat during the day and exchange interior
(warm) air for exterior (cool) air.
It is mainly made of a black hollow thermal mass with opening at the top of chimney for exit
of hot air. The air passed through the room and exit from the top of chimney.
The two purposes solved are - one is the better ventilation and secondly it reduces the
temperature inside the room. It can be worked as reverse for heating the room also. The
Trombe wall is working as solar chimney shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1 Working of a solar chimney Fig.2 View of a solar chimney explaining it’s parts
2.1.2. Wind tower
In a wind tower, the hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets
cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool
air movement. It resembles a chimney, with one end in the basement or lower floor and the
other on the roof. The top part is divided into several vertical air spaces ending in the
openings in the sides of the tower. In the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and
flows faster down the tower. The system works effectively in hot and dry climates where
diurnal variations are high. It is explained through a section shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3 Working of a wind tower

2.2. RADIATIVE COOLING

The roof of a building can be used both as a nocturnal radiator and also as a cold store. It is
often a cost-effective solution. During the night the roof is exposed to the night sky, losing
heat by long wave radiation and also by convection. During the day, the roof is externally
insulated in order to minimize the heat gains from solar radiation and the ambient air. The
roof then absorbs the heat from the room below.

2.2.1. Diode roof

The diode roof eliminates the water loss by evaporation and reduces heat gains without the
need for movable insulation. It is a pipe system, consisting of a corrugated sheet-metal roof
on which are placed polyethylene bags coated with white titanium oxide each containing a
layer of pebbles wetted with water. The roof loses heat by long-wave heat radiation to the sky
and by the evaporation of water which condenses on the inside surface of the bags and drops
back onto the pebbles. By this means, it is possible to cool the roof to 4°C below the
minimum air temperature [4].

2.2.2. Roof pond

In this system a shallow water pond is provided over highly conductive flat roof with fixed
side thermal insulation. The top thermal insulation is movable. The pond is covered in day
hours to prevent heating of pond from solar radiation. The use of roof pond can lower room
temperature by about 20°C. While keeping the pond open during night the water is cooled by
nocturnal cooling. The covered pond during the day provides cooling due to the effect of
nocturnally cooled water pond and on other side the thermal insulation cuts off the solar
radiation from the roof. The system can be used for heating during the winter by operating
the system just reverse. The movable insulation is taken away during day so the water of
pond gets heated up by solar radiation and heating the building. The pond is covered in night
to reduce the thermal losses from the roof and the hot water in the pond transfers heat into
building [4].

Fig.4 Types of roof pond systems

2.3. EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Evaporative cooling is a passive cooling technique in which outdoor air is cooled by
evaporating water before it is introduced in the building. Its physical principle lies in the fact
that the heat of air is used to evaporate water, thus cooling the air. However passive
evaporative cooling can also be indirect. The roof can be cooled with a pond, wetted pads or
spray, and the ceiling transformed into a cooling element that cools the space below by
convection and radiation without raising the indoor humidity.

2.3.1. Passive downdraft evaporative cooling (PDEC)

Passive downdraft evaporative cooling systems consist of a downdraft tower with wetted
cellulose pads at the top of the tower. Water is distributed on the top of the pads, collected at
the bottom into a sump and re-circulated by a pump. Certain designs exclude the re-
circulation pump and use the pressure in the supply water line to periodically surge water
over the pads, eliminating the requirement for any electrical energy input. In some designs,
water is sprayed using micronisers or nozzles in place of pads, in others, water is made to
drip. Thus, the towers are equipped with evaporative cooling devices at the top to provide
cool air by gravity flow. These towers are often described as reverse chimneys. While the
column of warm air rises in a chimney, in this case the column of cool air falls.
Passive downdraft evaporative cooling tower has been used successfully at the Torrent
Research Centre in Ahmedabad. The inside temperatures of 29 –30 °C were recorded when
the outside temperatures were 43 – 44 °C [4].
 Fig.5 Section explaining PDEC system Fig.6 PDEC at Torrent Research Centre, Ahemdabad [9]

2.3.2. Roof surface evaporative cooling (RSEC)

In a tropical country like India, the solar radiation incident on roofs is very high in summer,
leading to overheating of rooms below them. Roof surfaces can be effectively and
inexpensively cooled by spraying water over suitable water-retentive materials (e.g., gunny
bags) spread over the roof surface. Wetted roof surface provides the evaporation from the
roof due to unsaturated ambient air. As the water evaporates, it draws most of the required
latent heat from the surface, thus lowering its temperature of the roof and hence reduces heat
gain [4] as shown in Fig.7. However, the water requirement for such arrangement is very high
and it is a main constrain in the arid region to adopt this technique.

Fig.7 Working of a RSEC system

2.4. EARTH COUPLING

This technique is used for passive cooling as well as heating of buildings, which is made
possible by the earth acting as a massive heat sink. At depths beyond 4 to 5m, both daily and
seasonal fluctuations die out and the soil temperature remains almost constant throughout the
year. Thus, the underground or partially sunk buildings will provide both cooling (in summer)
and heating (in winter). A building may be coupled with the earth by burying it underground
or berming [4].

2.4.1. Earth air tunnel

The use of earth as a heat sink or a source for cooling/heating air in buried pipes or
underground tunnels has been a testimony to Islamic and Persian architecture. The air passing
through a tunnel or a buried pipe at a depth of few meters gets cooled in summers and heated
in winters as shown in Fig.8. Parameters like surface area of pipe, length and depth of the
tunnel below ground, dampness of the earth, humidity of inlet air velocity, affect the
exchange of heat between air and the surrounding soil.

Fig.8 Working principle of earth air tunnel.

2.4.2. Earth berming

In an earth sheltered building or earth bermed structure the reduced infiltration of outside air
and the additional thermal resistance of the surrounding earth considerably reduces the
average thermal load. Further the addition of earth mass of the building acts like a large
thermal mass and reduces the fluctuations in the thermal load. Besides reducing solar and
convective heat gains, such buildings can also utilize the cooler sub-surface ground as a heat
sink. Hence with reference to thermal comfort, an earth sheltered building presents a
significant passive approach [4].

3. FACTORS AFFECTING SUSTAINABILITY OF A BUILDING

3.1. BUILDING FORM AND ORIENTATION
Building form can affect solar access and wind exposure as well as the rate of heat loss or
heat gain through the external building envelope. A built form and the environment share the
most complimentary relationship in a sustainable design process. The basic idea of zoning is
to modulate the built form in terms of its built mass proportions, density and size, surface to
volume ratios and the zoning of the built form on site as per the wind direction and solar
orientation [1].
A compact building gains less heat during the day and losses less heat at night as shown in
Fig.9. The perimeter to area ratios indicate solar gains or losses and efficient ventilation. Low
P/A ratios are suitable for hot-dry climates [1]. Some ideal P/A ratios for various shapes are
mentioned in the fig.10.
 Fig.9 Surface area affecting the heat transfer [1] Fig.10 Different planforms have different
perimeter-to-area ratio [1]

Orientation: The amount of solar radiation falling on surfaces of different orientation varies
considerably depending on the view or exposure to the sun. An elongated and narrow
building footprint allows for more of the building to be daylit. This is usually the best form
for passive design in terms of massing. The building can be designed as a single or multi-
story, but it is typically best for the longest façades to face north and south as shown in Fig.11
so that a building can take advantage of indirect sunlight (without glare and direct solar heat
gain) from the north, and controlled direct solar heat gain from the south.

Fig.11 North-South orientation

While direct solar heat gain at east and west-facing glazing can be minimized with exterior
shading during the months that a building is mechanically cooled, is it easiest to control direct
solar heat gain at south-facing glazing where exterior horizontal shading elements can protect
the building from direct solar heat gain in the summer.
Orientation also plays an important role with regard to wind direction especially in hot and
humid climates. At the building level, orientation is considered as per the surrounding built
form. Orientation may affect the daylight factor increase the reflected radiation component
and thus, overshadow and divert the winds.

3.2. THERMAL MASS & THERMAL LAG

An effective way to reduce cooling load peaks and indoor temperature is to store excess heat
in structural materials of the building which is referred as thermal mass [98]. Thermal mass
basically, is the ability of a material to store heat. The high thermal mass of a building stores
more heat and is able to provide high thermal inertia to the building components. Thermal
mass provides thermal stability and smoothens the thermal fluctuations between indoor and
outdoor conditions. Effectiveness of thermal mass depends on many parameters such as
climatic conditions, construction, material properties, building orientation, etc. Without the
thermal mass of building material, heat enters into the building space and re-radiates back
quickly. This effect produces overly hot conditions during sunlight and cold condition during
night time. But in areas of intense solar radiations, Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) should not
exceed 3-4% in hot climatic zones. For example, the sol-air temperature of an RCC structure
(with rough surface) can go as high as 60oC. In such climatic zones, the surface finish should
be of high reflective quality, such as light colored China mosaic tiles.
General building materials are sensible heat storage materials having limited heat storage
capacity. Latent heat storage material is an alternative by which thermal mass of building
material can be increased. Latent heat storage materials which are also known as Phase
change materials (PCMs) stores and release heat during the phase change process at a nearly
constant temperature [102-103].
High thermal mass inside the building (for example, brick walls or tile floors) can store heat
from the sun during the day and release it when it is required, to offset heat loss to colder
night-time temperatures or cloudy days [1]. It effectively ‘evens out’ temperature variations
between day and night. This is because of a property known as thermal lag — The amount of
time taken for a material to absorb and then release heat, or for heat to be conducted through
the material.
To be effective, thermal mass must be integrated with sound passive design techniques and
can be applied to walls, ceiling, roofs and even windows. The amount of heat absorbed by
thermal mass is heavily influenced by glazing areas, glazing type and shading. The greater
the need for heat, the larger area of high-solar-transmission glass required. Conversely, the
reverse is true in hotter climates.
Mass levels should vary according to [13]:
 Climate zone
 Solar access (window and glazing type, orientation and shading)
 Insulation levels
 Air tightness
 Cool breeze and night air access
 Diffuse heat gains in summer
 Occupation patterns
 Heating and cooling system use.

General principles for locating thermal mass:

 For passive heating, locate thermal mass in areas that receive direct sunlight or radiant
heat from heaters. For passive cooling, protect thermal mass from summer sun with
shading and insulation. Ensure cool night breezes and air currents can pass over the
thermal mass to draw out stored energy [13].
 For both passive heating and cooling, locate thermal mass inside the building on the
ground floor for ideal efficiency. Locate thermal mass in north-facing rooms with good
 solar access, exposure to cooling night breezes in summer, and additional sources of
heating or cooling. Include appropriate shading to protect the mass from summer sun.
 Locate additional thermal mass near the centre of the building, particularly if an air-
conditioner is positioned there. Feature brick walls, slabs, water features and large earth
or water-filled pots or even water tanks can be used.
 Thermal mass may decrease comfort when used in rooms where heating or cooling is
required but used intermittently, because it slows the response times.
 Careful design is required if locating thermal mass on the upper levels of multistorey
building in all but cold climates. Natural convection creates higher temperatures in
upstairs rooms and upper level thermal mass absorbs this energy. On hot nights, upper
level thermal mass can be slow to cool, causing discomfort.

3.3. SHADING
Shading is one of the passive techniques which protects the building from solar heat gains,
increases the daylight hour. Thus, the shading technique is considered an important aspect in
designing energy efficient buildings; particularly for reducing the cooling load in hot climatic
zones. However in traditional Indian architecture, shading devices such as jharokhas were
used with lattice screens. A jharokha is a wall-mounted window in an upper story that looks
out onto a street, market, court, or other open space. It is a type of enclosed overhanging
balcony. It is a shading device that protects from direct sun glare and encourages ventilation.
On the upper stories, they have large openings with perforated jaali or lattice screens mostly
on east-west oriented facades, resulting in greater air mass movement to reduce temperature
[10]. Also, the structures were planned in a way that they mutually shade the building facade.
The effective heat blocked by this method depends on building types, the purpose of the
cluster, needs and requirements of the users and activities happening in and around such a
cluster.
 For north-facing areas, sun can be excluded in summer and admitted in winter using
simple horizontal devices, including eaves and awnings. North-facing openings (and
south-facing ones) receive higher angle sun in summer and therefore require narrower
overhead shading devices than east- or west-facing openings.
 Keep the area of glazing on the east and west orientations to a minimum, or use
appropriate shading devices. Adjustable vertical shading, such as external blinds, is the
optimum solution for these elevations.
 Deep verandas, balconies or pergolas can be used to shade the eastern and western sides
of the home in combination with planting to filter unwanted sun.
 Protect skylights with external blinds or louvres. This is crucial because skylights receive
almost twice as much heat as an unprotected west-facing window of the same area. Quite
small skylights can deliver a lot of light, so be conservative when sizing them.
 Position openable clerestory windows to face north, with overhanging eaves to exclude
summer sun. Double glaze clerestory windows and skylights in cooler climates to
prevent excessive heat loss.
Shading can be categorised as Fixed Shading or Adjustable Shading:
Fixed shading
Summer sun from the north is at a high angle and is easily excluded by fixed horizontal
devices over openings. Winter sun from the north is at a lower angle and penetrates beneath
these devices if correctly designed. Fixed shading devices (eaves, awnings, pergolas and
louvres) can therefore regulate solar access on northern elevations throughout the year,
without requiring any user effort [13].
Adjustable shading
Adjustable shading allows the user to choose the desired level of shade. It is especially
useful for eastern and western elevations, as the low angle of the sun makes it difficult to get
adequate protection from fixed shading. Adjustable shading gives greater control while
enabling daylight levels and views to be manipulated. Appropriate adjustable systems include
sliding screens, louvre screens, shutters, retractable awnings, and adjustable external blinds
[13].
Table 1. Shading types according to orientation

Orientation of living areas Suggested Shading Type

Fixed or adjustable horizontal shading above window and extending

North
past it each side.

East & West Fixed or adjustable vertical louvers or blades; deep verandas or pergolas

Adjustable shading or pergolas with deciduous vines to allow winter

North-East & North-West
solar heating or verandas to exclude it.

South-East & South West Planting: deciduous in cool climate, evergreen in hot climate

3.3.1. Types of Shading

 Self-shading Façade
It is an aesthetic and functional skin of a building. The target is to lower the insolation on the
opaque and glazing elements of the building thus, lowering energy demands.
There are some simple designs which are effective in blocking insolation during noon time:
 Fig. 12 Schematic sections & views of self-shading facade for noon
a) Tilted flat with rectangular opening, b) Tilted with texture and square opening, c) Step with rectangular
opening, d) Waterfall with rectangular opening, e) Filled eggcrate with mini enclosure and full glazing, f) Zig-
zag balconies with full glazing [6]

Some of the more complex designs that are able to protect from severe insolation between
early morning and late afternoon:

Fig. 13 Schematic sections & views of self-shading facade for morning and evening
g) Horizontal outer panels with louvres and full glazing, h) Waves with horizontal opening, i) Step with tilted
panels and vertical opening, j) Waterfall with triangle panels and rectangular opening, k) Skylight cantilever
with tilted shark panels, l) Skylight cantilever with tilted louvre [6].

 Shading Devices
As practical and low maintenance elements, SDs are increasingly used to block insolation
impacts. The target of SDs is to enlarge the shading ratio, especially on windows, to keep
spaces conditioned, lower energy demands and reduce glare levels near windows. Proper
design prevents overheating during summer whilst allowing maximum daylight to enter
during winter [6].
 Fig.14 Schematic sections & views of types of external SDs
a) Horizontal overhang or panel, b) Horizontal louvers or outrigger system, c) Vertical outer panel, d)
Horizontal light shelve, e) Horizontal multiple blades or panels, f) Unfilled eggcrate, g) Filled eggcrate with
panels, h) Filled eggcrate with horizontal louvre, i) Vertical slanted fins or panels, j) Horizontal panel and
vertical louvers, k) Vertical panels and horizontal louvers, l) Cantilever tilted slats [6].

 Shading by overhangs, louvers and awnings etc.

Well-designed sun control and shading devices, either as parts of a building or separately
placed from a building facade, can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling
requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of building interiors. The design of
effective shading devices will depend on the solar orientation of a particular building facade
[4]. For example, simple fixed overhangs are very effective at shading south-facing windows
in the summer when sun angles are high.
However, the same horizontal device is ineffective at blocking low afternoon sun from
entering west facing windows during peak heat gain periods in the summer.
 Fig.15 Shading types of louvers and overhangs [2]

 Shading of roof
Shading the roof is a very important method of reducing heat gain. Roofs can be shaded by
providing roof cover of concrete or plants or canvas or earthen pots etc. Shading provided by
external means should not interfere with night-time cooling. A cover over the roof, made of
concrete or galvanized iron sheets, provides protection from direct radiation. Disadvantage of
this system is that it does not permit escaping of heat to the sky at night-time shown in Fig.

Fig.16 Roof shading by solid cover [4]

A cover of deciduous plants and creepers is a better alternative. Evaporation from the leaf
surfaces brings down the temperature of the roof to a level than that of the daytime air
temperature. At night, it is even lower than the sky temperature shown in Fig.
 Fig.17 Roof shading by plant cover [4]

Covering of the entire surface area with the closely packed inverted earthen pots, as was
being done in traditional buildings, increases the surface area for radiative emission.
Insulating cover over the roof impedes heat flow into the building. However, it renders the
roof unusable and maintenance difficult. Broken china mosaic or ceramic tiles can also be
used as top most layer in roof for reflection of incident radiation.

Fig.18 Roof shading by earthen pots [4]

Another inexpensive and effective device is a removable canvas cover mounted close to the
roof. During daytime it prevents entry of heat and its removal at night, radiative cooling. Fig.
shows the working principle of removable roof shades. Painting of the canvas white
minimizes the radiative and conductive heat gain [4].

Fig.19 Removable roof shades [4]

 Shading by trees and vegetation

Vegetation and trees in particular, very effectively shade and reduce heat gain. Trees can be
used with advantage to shade roof, walls and windows. Shading and evapo-transpiration (the
process by which a plant actively release water vapor) from trees can reduce surrounding air
temperatures as much as 5°C. Different types of plants (trees, shrubs, vines) can be selected
on the basis of their growth habit (tall, low, dense, light permeable) to provide the desired
degree of shading for various window orientations and situations. The following points
should be considered for summer shading [12].
1. Deciduous trees and shrubs provide summer shade yet allow winter access. The best
locations for deciduous trees are on the south and southwest side of the building. When these
trees drop their leaves in the winter, sunlight can reach inside to heat the interiors.
2. Trees with heavy foliage are very effective in obstructing the sun’s rays and casting a
dense shadow. Dense shade is cooler than filtered sunlight. High branching canopy trees can
be used to shade the roof, walls and windows.
3. Evergreen trees on the south and west sides afford the best protection from the setting
summer sun and cold winter winds.
4. Vertical shading is best for east and west walls and windows in summer, to protect from
intense sun at low angles, e.g. screening by dense shrubs, trees, deciduous vines supported on
a frame, shrubs used in combination with trees.
5. Shading and insulation for walls can be provided by plants that adhere to the wall, such as
English ivy, or by plants supported by the wall, such as jasmine.
6. Horizontal shading is best for south-facing windows, e.g. deciduous vines (which lose
foliage in the winter) such as ornamental grape or wisteria can be grown over a pergola for
summer shading.
Shrubs are appropriate for more localised shading of windows.
Wall vines and ground cover insulate against summer heat and reduce reflected radiation.

Fig.20 Integrated view of trees & vegetation as summer shading [13]

3.3.2. Window-to-wall-ratio (WWR)

The WWR is the percentage of glazing area to the wall area of a building façade. The target
of the WWR is to reduce solar heat gains and improve heating, cooling, daylighting and
ventilation. Therefore, the National Energy Code for Buildings (NECB) 2011 and the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE 90.1)
have incorporated the WWR into its standards for new building construction [6]. The WWR
is measured on a scale from 0% to 100% or from factor 0 to 1 for no windows to full
windows, respectively. These two extremes usually result in negative effects in terms of
energy, daylighting and visibility. Fig. illustrates the different WWRs in relation to their
daylighting and visibility [6]

Fig.21 Schematic 3D view of WWRs in relation to their daylighting and visibility [6].
*NGA is the net glazing area and GWA is the gross wall area

A common rule of thumb states that to enhance a building’s energy performance, the optimal
WWR for hot and cold climates should be around 40% or less. A higher WWR up to 90%
can be accepted in cold climates, but only if the windows are well insulated, and in hot
climates, only if they are well shaded [6].

3.4. GLAZING
Addition of heat from the ambient to the interior of the building through a glazing/window is
responsible for an increase in cooling load of a building. About 45-60% of the building
cooling load generates due to windows in cases where 20-30% of the walls are covered by
windows [14].
Performance of window is dependent on optical and thermal properties of glazing like U-
value, solar heat gain coefficient and visible transmittance. The details of these properties are
listed in table 2.
Table 2. Optical and thermal properties of glazing [15]

Glazing
Details
Properties

 U-value of a glazing affects the heat transfer rate from external to interior of the
building.
U-value  For cold climate region lower U-value is to be adopted to reduce heating load.
 For warmer region, higher U-value of the glazing is adopted. The U-value around
1.5 is recommended to reduce cooling load.
  The amount of solar heat which penetrates into the building is dependent on SHGC.
Solar heat gain  In summer, low SHGC is needed for reducing the solar heat gainin the building
coefficient
(SHGC) whereas in winter glazing with high SHGC is preferable.
 For cold climate region higher SHGC is to be adopted to reduce heating load.
 For warmer region, lower SHGC of the glazing is adopted.

 Visible transmittance decides the amount of natural lighting within the building.
Visible  Increase in visible transmittance is beneficial to daylighting but it reduces thermal
transmittance energy savings.
 Its value is decided based on optimum energy savings and daylighting

Fig.22 Key properties of glass

Glazing techniques can be differentiated as static glazing and dynamic glazing. In static
glazing, thermal and optical properties remain fixed while in dynamic glazing, optical and
thermal properties for the fixed thickness of glazing vary in a certain range. Dynamic glazing
shows advantages such as flexible orientation, sizing of the window and available switchable
options for seasonal climatic changes.
Different types of glazing like dynamic and innovative glazing techniques include multilayer,
vacuum glazing, electrochromic, solar cell glazing, aerogel, low emissivity coatings,
photovoltaic ventilated, thermotropic etc. [7]. The properties of glazing and climatic
background are important factors in the selection of suitable glazing.

3.4.1. Types of Glazing

 Single glazing
Single glazing uses a single pane of glass. Single glazing with clear glass is not very efficient
when it comes to heat loss or gain. To improve performance, you can use a more energy-
efficient type of glass such as low emissivity (low-e) glass as glazing.
 Double or triple glazing
Double or triple glazing is the combination of 2 or more layers of glass sealed into a frame
with a gap between the layers. Multiple layers can be assembled with sealed cavities between
each sheet of glass. They generally offer better energy performance than single glazing,
because they transmit less energy. However, the energy performance also depends on [7]:
 Different glass types (for example, clear and low-e glass), different combinations of clear,
toned and low-e glass can deliver a wide range of SHGC and VLT values to suit your
performance needs.
 Glazing cavities can be filled with air or a more inert, low-conductivity gas such as argon.
 Cavity thickness is usually 6 to 18mm. Wider cavities provide lower (better) U values,
with 12mm normally accepted as the preferred gap
 Cavities must be dry and well sealed to prevent moisture getting in.
 The level of desiccant (drying agent)- The spacer (metal or polymer strip) that separates
the glass layers contains a desiccant to absorb any moisture. Inadequate desiccant may
cause moisture to condense on the glass surface in cold conditions, reducing thermal
performance[7].

Fig.23 Cross-sectional detail of single, double and triple glazing units

3.4.2. Types of Glass

 Low emissivity glass
Low emissivity glass (commonly known as low-e glass) reduces heat transfer. Low-e glass
may be either high or low transmission [13]:
 High transmission low-e glass has a coating that allows daylight from the sun to pass into
the house to achieve good solar heat gain, but reduces the amount of the long wavelength
infrared heat that can escape back through the window.
 Low transmission low-e glass has a coating that reduces the amount of solar heat gain
while still maintaining good levels of visible light transmission.
Low-e coatings can significantly improve both U value and SHGC; however, they must be
used correctly or they will either deteriorate or fail to perform as required. They are often
more susceptible to surface damage than standard glass. Low-e coatings can be used in
combination with clear, toned or reflective glass.
 Toned glass
Toned glass has colouring additives included during manufacture. It is available in various
colours, usually bronze, grey, blue and green. Different colours will change the amount of
visible light transmitted (VLT) and the SHGC; however, the colours do not change the
conduction (U value) of the glass.
Toned glass options include ‘supertoned’ glass, which has heavier colouration that transmits
visible wavelengths while filtering out solar near-infrared wavelengths. This provides
improved energy performance by lowering solar heat gain but does not affect light levels.
 Laminated glass
Laminated glass has a plastic glazing layer, called an interlayer, which reduces the danger of
the glass breaking, and if it does break, keeps all shards in place.
Careful selection of different interlayer types can also address noise concerns and energy
efficiency requirements to some extent.
Films
Window films are a thin polymer film containing an absorbing dye or reflective metal layer,
with an adhesive backing. They stick to your glazing to change its colour or make it reflective.
They can be a cost-effective way to improve the thermal performance of existing windows or
doors.
Applied to existing glass, some window films can halve the overall SHGC of the window by
absorbing and/or reflecting solar radiation. This can be particularly beneficial in hotter
climates where cooling is the main concern, or on east and west elevations directly exposed
to long periods of sunshine. However, window films may also reduce visible light
transmittance [13].
Frames
Frames have a significant impact on the thermal performance of windows and doors, because
energy can be gained and lost through the frame, as well as through the glass. Different types
of frame will allow different levels of heat gain and loss, so careful choice of frame is
important for effective passive design.
Design and product considerations for glazing:
 Orientation
 Thermal Mass
 Sealing
 Noise Control

3.5. DAYLIGHTING & VENTILATION

Windows play a major role in influencing indoor ventilation due to natural wind flows and
daylighting. A number of factors affect this movement like the climate of the region,
direction of the wind flow, area of penetration or location of the opening, size of both the
inlet and outlet openings, volume of the space considered, external devices used for shading,
presence of wire meshes or screens and, partitions if any inside the space.
Considering the natural flow of wind, the ventilation within the structure is governed majorly
by two forces. Firstly, air flows from high pressure to low pressure areas only if an opening is
created in the dividing wall and, secondly if the inlet and outlet openings are created on
different heights, the wind flows due to a difference formed in density by an upward flow of
hot air. A sensible flow of air can be achieved by providing windows in a way that promotes
cross-ventilation. Multiple openings provided on the same wall lead to movement of air to
very shallow depths, therefore not affecting the internal ambiance. In such cases, an exhaust
or outlet like chimney or ridge terminal in the roof can be provided to release warm air rising
up and further helping cold air to move inward through an underfloor air supply on the
leeward face of the structure.
The details of the windows and the openings were also taken care of in the traditional
architecture. Examples included small windows (lesser than 100 mm in diameter) used in
Amber fort, India in order to ensure the visibility without letting the light or air in. Openings
installed for ventilation purpose were seen in Shahjahanabad, India. These were installed near
the floor level and near the roof level in order to let the cool air in from the bottom opening
and let the hot air out from the top opening.

3.5.1. Factors affecting daylight distribution are:

 Room depth - A room will be lighter at the back if its depth is not much greater than its
width, and its depth is little more than twice the height of the window head, The surfaces
at the back of the room should be kept light.

Fig.24 Recommended percentage of openings with varying room depth [1]

 Height of the window head - The higher the window head, the deeper will be the
penetration of the daylighting; at the same time, however, the view from the window will
be cut.
 Shading devices - The three main ways of controlling sunlight: external shading, internal
shading and solar control glazing.
 Glazing type - The choice of glazing affects the daylight, solar heat gain, and heat loss
through a window. These are measured by the visible transmittance.

3.5.2. Daylighting Systems

 Light Shelves - It is placed above the eye level to protect from direct solar glare. It
should be sufficiently projected outside so as to protect the window. Internal projection
of light shelve will depend on the depth of the room into which the light has to be
reflected.

Fig.25 Dimensions of a light shelf [1] Fig.26 Light shelf at an angle [1]

 Mirrored Louvres - Modern reflective louvres can be used to redirect daylight to the back
of the room. These can be fixed and moveable.

Fig.27 Movable louvers Fig.28 Position of louvers on an overcast day

 Light Wells
 Atrium - General factors to be considered while desiging atrium:
(i) Shape of the atrium
(ii) Orientation
(iii) Height
(iv) Surface finish of the internal walls surrounding the atrium.
 Fig.29 Orientation of the atrium
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1. SUZLON ONE EARTH, PUNE

Fig.30 View of Suzlon One Earth, Pune

Suzlon Energy Limited is a world-leading wind energy company based in Pune India,
pledged to create the greenest office in India with Site Area of 45,392 sq.m. and Built-up
Area of 70,865 sq.m.
 The building is built using low energy materials thus, reducing carbon footprint.
 90 percent of the occupied space of the building has access to natural daylight. While the
exterior of the building uses renewable energy-based LED street lighting reducing
approximately 25 percent of the total power.
 The ventilation system consists of jet fans that save 50 percent energy by periodically
pushing out stale air and bringing in the fresh air.

Passive Design Strategies

The following strategies were adopted to reduce the impact of the proposed building on
natural environment:
N

W E
 Fig.31 Orientation and site planning of Suzlon

 Sustainable Site Planning

 Passive architectural design strategies adopted in the building:
 Orientation: Facades of the building face north, south, north-west and south-east, thus
reducing the heat ingress in to the building

Fig.32 Shading devices used and terraces created

 100% shading by external aluminium louvers on first and second floor.

 Partly self-shading blocks.
 Small terraces created in all blocks to promote interaction with external environment.
 Reduction in energy consumption (compared to GRIHA benchmark) while maintaining
occupant comfort
 For achieving visual comfort
• Adequate day lighting and glare control measures adopted.
• 100% desks equipped with LED lights governed by motion sensors.

Fig.33 Glass chimney for Passive cooling Fig.34 Water body in Central plaza for Evaporative cooling

 For achieving thermal comfort

 Connection between built and unbuilt mass leads to creation of central plazas having
water bodies which helps in evaporative cooling.
 Glass cylinders/chimneys helps in the air movement from basement and ground floor.
  Pre-cooling of fresh air
 Heat recovery/exchange mechanisms to minimize energy consumption
 High efficiency mechanical systems to reduce energy consumption.
 High performance double glazing is used with a air gap of 12mm.
 Reduction in water consumption (compared to GRIHA benchmark)

Fig.35 Use of solar and wind technologies for energy generation

 Renewable energy technologies installed on site:

 Installed capacity of solar energy: 13.44 KW.
 Installed capacity of wind energy: 18 windmills of 4.75 kW each.
 Use of low-energy/green materials:
 Use of siporex fly-ash blocks for better insulation

4.2. INDIRA PARYAVARAN BHAWAN

Fig.36 View of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Fig.37 Front view of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, the new office building for Ministry of Environment and Forest
(MoEF) is located in Jor Bagh, New Delhi. This eight-storey structure is a radical change
from a conventional building design and has been given a platinum rating by LEED and a 5-
star rating by The Energy and Research Institute’s GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated
Habitat Assessment).
The emphasis was lead on strategies for reducing energy demand by providing adequate
natural light, shading, landscape to reduce ambient temperature, and energy efficient active
building systems.
Several energy conservation measures were adopted to reduce the energy loads of the
building and the remaining demand was met by producing energy from on-site installed high
efficiency solar panels to achieve net zero criteria.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan uses 70% less energy as compared to a conventional building.
The building uses Geothermal heat exchange system to reduce the power required to run air
conditioners and recycles all its water thereby reducing water demand by over 50 percent.
Passive Design Strategies

Fig.38 Orientation and Wind movement Fig.39 Daylighting and ventilation through central courtyard

Effective ventilation by orientating the complex N-S and optimum integration with nature by
separating out different blocks with connecting corridors and a huge central courtyard.
 Orientation: Building is north south oriented, with separate blocks connected through
corridors and a huge central court yard. Orientation minimizes heat ingress. Optimal
window to wall ratio.
 Daylighting: 75% of building floor space is day lit, thus reducing dependence on
artificial sources for lighting. Inner courtyard serves as a light well. Light shelves were
used for diffused sunlight.
Remaining lighting load supplied by building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV).
 Ventilation: Central courtyard helps in air movement as natural ventilation happens due
to stack effect. Windows and jaalis in E-W corridors add to cross ventilation.
 Fig.40 Schematic diagram showing passive cooling and energy generation

 Renewable Energy:
 Solar PV System of 930 kW capacity
No of panels: 2,844
Annual Energy Generation: 14.3 lakh unit
 Power generation achieved: 300 kWh per day

Fig.41 Elevational orientation showing shading devices

 Building Envelope and Fenestration:

 Optimized Building Envelope – Window assembly (U-Value 0.049 W/m2K), VLT 0.59,
SHGC 0.32
 uPVC windows with hermetically sealed double glazed using low heat transmittance
index glass
 Rock wool insulation
 High efficiency glass
 Materials and construction techniques :
 AAC blocks with fly ash
 Fly ash based plaster & mortar
 Stone and Ferro cement jaalis
 Local stone flooring
 Bamboo jute composite doors, frames and flooring
 High efficiency glass, high VLT, low SHGC & Low U-value, optimized by appropriate
shading

Fig.42 Effective landscaping with no additional energy consumption

 Landscaping: More than 50% area outside the building is covered with plantation.
Circulation roads and pathways are soft paved to enable ground water recharge.
 Cool roofs: Use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat ingress, high strength, hard
wearing.

4.3. INFOSYS, HYDERABAD

 Fig.43 View of Infosys, Hyderabad

Faced with the need for more office space, the company constructed a new block consisting
of two separate wings. One was built with normal air conditioning units, the other utilised
energy saving techniques taking inspiration from traditional Indian architecture.
Passive Design Strategies
Radiant Cooling Technology: Radiant cooling is a method that draws heat from the room to
walls cooled by chilled water circulating through embedded pipes. Cooling inside is achieved
when the cold slab absorbs the heat (radiation) generated by people, computers, lighting and
other equipments which are exposed to the slab.

VAV System Radiative Cooling

Fig.44 Plan of Infosys Fig.45 Radiative cooling system

Combined with maximum use of natural light and passive cooling – relying on natural
airflow rather than air conditioning – the “green wing” recorded savings of nearly 40% on
energy costs, compared to its “grey” twin.
 Orientation: The longer axis of the building is oriented on the East-West axis in order to
reduce solar heat gain.
 Daylighting: Split window is used having daylight panel (upper glass) and vision panel
(lower glass), 78.54% of living areas are daylit.
 The window have glasses in a double glazed unit with argan infill. This is ensured to
limit overall solar heat gain.
 The width of the floor is restricted to 16m to ensure adequate daylight from North and
South facing windows.
 Fig.46 Schematic diagram of light shelf Fig.47 View of light shelf

 Shading: The windows are completely shaded with horizontal louvers and vertical fins to
prevent glare. Light shelves in wood panels are topped with white reflectors to protect
occupants from direct light.
 WWR is kept less than 38%

Fig.48 Use of horizontal louvers

 Roof: Light colored ceilings reflect light and reduce the contrast in brightness
 The building is constructed with green materials like fly ash bricks, recycled contents
local building materials, high reflecting roof tiles and rock wool Insulation for outer
walls and mix of bamboo and jute material for door frames.

4.4. TRADITIONAL INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

The elements of traditional buildings in India are seen to serve both the purpose of an
architectural and structural element.
The open courtyards function as a good source of air circulation and ventilation, yet blend the
outdoor and indoor spaces with each other creating interactive spaces. The water bodies help
to increase the aesthetics of the building but also behave as a source of evaporative cooling.
The shading devices help to prevent the direct glare of the sun but by providing angles to
them they can change the wind direction to a little extent. Lattice screens provide ventilation
and protection from dust as well as privacy. Minarets act as an air shaft to suck hot air out
and enhance ventilation yet act as an element of aesthetic in design. Every element defines its
purpose as well as relates and responds to the climate of that place. Some of the elements are
discussed in detail below:
Courtyard: Radiation from the sun reflecting off the courtyard exterior warms the air, and
the warm light air rises. It allows the cold wind to take its position through windows and
openings at night. A stage is reached when a warm surface is cooled by convection and
radiation methods and a reverse procedure takes place when its surface temperature equalizes
with the ambient air's dry-bulb temperature. By incorporating the elements of landscaping
and water body in a courtyard, they help in stabilizing the enclosed temperature with
evaporative cooling techniques.

Fig.49 View of Courtyard

Wind Catcher: A wind tower is a vertical ventilating design element that projects above the
terrace level of a building with openings on top towards the favourable prevailing winds.
Wind catchers take advantage of the pressure difference created in the shaft and try to
circulate cooler air inside the building. Due to the stack effect, the hot air rises creating
pressure at the bottom, which is then filled with cool air causing air circulation through
interior spaces.

Fig.50 Wind catcher in Havelis of Jaisalmer

In a hot-dry region, they act efficiently as very small fenestrations are provided in these areas
which obstruct air circulation. The hot air enters through air vents and is allowed to cool
down throughout the day, causing the tower to warm up. During the night, the tower releases
heat and balances the thermal comfort within the building. This diurnal function capability
makes this system lower the temperature up to 12 to 15°C.
Jharokha: A jharokha is a wall-mounted window in an upper story that looks out onto a
street, market, court, or other open space. It is a type of enclosed overhanging balcony. It
enhances the aesthetics but is a shading device that protects from direct sun glare and
encourages ventilation.
 Fig.51 Jharokhas in Forts of Rajasthan

Lattice Screen: Lattice screens are carved or perforated shading devices used in windows, or
balconies to block suns heat and provide cool air at night via convection. These are frequently
used in the façade facing the street and are effective for East-West oriented façades enclosed
with engraved latticework positioned on a building's upper floors. Lattice screens have been
used in some places to maintain privacy, allow air and light to enter the building, and also
allow visual connectivity from the inside to the outside surroundings. A wooden lattice screen
absorbs the extra humidity present in the air but sometimes humidify the dry air for inner
thermal comfort (Sarswat, G. & Kamal, M., 2015). These screens act as a building envelope
which can decrease the amount of heat gain in the building when compared to a normal wall.

Fig.52 Use of Jaalis in Jharokhas

Hawa Mahal – Jaipur, Rajasthan

Hawa Mahal also known as the palace of breeze is a prominent example of a passive cooling
structure in the hot-dry region of Rajasthan. When the ratio of the facade to the number of
punchers in Hawa mahal is compared, it acts as a lattice screen.
With 953 windows the air is directed inside, but due to the presence of a water duct the hot
air converts into a cooler one. It is designed as a natural cooling system, primarily based on
the ‘Venturi Effect'. Also in an evaporative cooling system, sensible heat is converted to
latent heat, hence the pressure of air is stable and constant even when the air movement is not
stable due to weather conditions.

Fig.53 Sketch of Hawa Mahal showing Evaporative cooling

The windows and fenestrations in the façade act as wind generators for the interior spaces
and corridors. The self-repeating patterns of the punctures with different sizes of windows
direct the wind flow to a particular direction. The air blown through is compressed, much like
the ordinary laws that govern modern air conditioner, and is reflected through the curvy
linear bay windows. This limestone-constructed structure is a good example of a climate-
responsive building as it acts as a natural air-conditioner.

Fig.54 Facade of Hawa Mahal

5. ANALYSIS
5.1. ANALYSIS TABLE
Passive Paryavaran Bhawan, New
Suzlon, One Earth, Pune Infosys, Hyderabad
Techniques Delhi
North - South building
Orientation North - South North - South
orientation
 Building footprints creates
an enclosed open spaces
between the built mass
serving as Central Plaza
for thermal comfort
Radiant Cooling System
 Water body in Central
Passive Plaza act as a feature for Geothermal heat exchange Pipes are involved in
Cooling evaporating cooling. system floors, walls or ceilings and
circulate chilled water
 Glass Chimneys that
sucks out air from
basement
 Energy efficient HVAC
system
 90% of building has
access to natural daylight
as there is connection
between built and non
built spaces and small
terraces created in all Light shelve is installed
blocks Courtyard served as a light
Natural which reflects the
well - 75% of building is
Light  Lounge has series of incoming sunlight into the
naturally lit.
photovoltaic panels which ceiling.
allowed filtered lighting.
 Aluminium louvers as a
protective skin, openable
fenestrations for natural
cross ventilation.
 Complex is oriented
towards North-South
separating out different
blocks having a huge
Ventilation system consists of central courtyard.
Jet fans to push out stray layer
Ventilation  Natural ventilation Natural ventilation
and bring in the fresh - 50%
through courtyard due
energy conservation.
to stack effect,
 Jaalis in East-West
corridor add to cross
ventilation.

Louvers on First and Second
Shading Floors, partly self sharing
blocks
High Performance double
Glazing glazing, exposed clear glass is
4mm with 12mm air gap.
Fly ash blocks, low emitting
Material
materials
Photovoltaic boards and wind
Renewable
mills produce 8% of campus
Energy
annual energy.
Use of light shelves for
diffused sunlight in North-
South direction.
Double glazed UPVC
windows, high efficiency
glass
AAC blocks with fly ash
based mortar, Stone and
Ferro- cement jaalis, Local
stone flooring, Bamboo jute
composite doors, frames,
High efficiency glass
Solar PV System of 930 kW
capacity
No of panels: 2,844
Power generation achieved:
300 kWh per day
Windows are completely
shaded with horizontal
louvers and vertical fins to
prevent glare.
Windows have double
glazed glasses with argan
infill
Fly ash bricks, recycled
contents local building
materials, high reflecting
roof tiles and rock wool
Insulation for outer walls
and mix of bamboo and
jute material for door
frames.
Solar panels installed

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
 Use of fly ash in concrete products such as fly ash based bricks and blocks are one of
the sustainable technologies.
 Use material with more reusable and recyclable potential such as aluminium and steel
which can be separated by type and have potential to be recycled.
 Use of brick and block products made of recycled content. Brick walls provide thermal
mass that adds to energy efficiency by slowing the heat transfer process.
 As inspired by Laurie Baker, materials like compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks,
stabilised adobe, clay based bricks etc. can be used for low rise structure.
 Innovative building technologies like pre-cast concrete blocks/stone blocks, pre-cast
hollow concrete blocks, aerated cellular concrete units etc. can also be used as
sustainable materials.
 As we know glass is an irreplaceable building material thus, use of recycled content glass
products such as glass tiles, which ae made from waste glass, can be used as energy
efficient option.
Fibre glass, glass wool can be used as high performance insulation materials.
 Flooring materials like terrazzo made with recycle material such as crushed stone,
glass and flinters can be used as a sustainable material as similar to resilient flooring.
 For a building to be passively cooled, there is need to break thermal bridges between
the outside and the inside environment, which can be attained through insulation that
needs to be air tight.

5.3. CONCLUSION
Architecture and buildings are one of the biggest consumers of today’s resources which are
finite and thus, giving us a chance to put into perspective of learnings of our rich traditional
Indian architectural heritage, which is a great example of climate- responsive structures.
The aim of this research was to analyse passive solutions to decrease energy consumption and
achieve cost effectiveness for cooling systems, while balancing daylighting and human
comfort. Their strategic placement and accurate design from the beginning of a project is
essential to achieve desirable results.
As seen in the case studies above, passive techniques have lately come into prominence due
to their indisputable benefits such as protection from direct sunlight, thermal comfort,
ventilation, energy generation, and long-term cost effectiveness. Most part of the building has
natural ventilation and daylighting without the need of energy resources, combining it with
modern glass materials and shading techniques making them a sustainable building.
As seen in case study 2 inspired from traditional Indian architectural structures like Hawa
Mahal, shading devices like jaalis were used in East-West corridors, having central courtyard.
In case study 1 Passive techniques like evaporative cooling with modern low energy
materials and energy generation systems like photovoltaic panels etc. were also included
making it a net zero building. However, in case study 3 passive cooling technique,
daylighting and shading devices are used more in a modern way making it aesthetic with
functionality achieving 56% energy efficiency.
As a result, we can infer that the application of passive techniques with modern technologies
while understanding micro-climate around building can contribute more to long-term energy
efficiency reviving our traditional architectural techniques.
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