TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Candidate's declaration..................................................................................II
B. Acknowledgments.........................................................................................III
C. Table of Contents..........................................................................................IV
D. List of Figures................................................................................................V

1. CHAPTER 1 ………………………………………………………………1
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Objective
4. Scope And Limitation
5. Methodology
2. CHAPTER 2- Literature Review…………………………………….……4
A. Passive system
B. Climate responsive design technique
C. Building envelope
1. Solar Envelope
2. Shape of the building
D. Passive Design Strategies
1. Optimum orientation
2. Buffer spaces or thermal comfort zones
3. Location of building openings
4. Shading design
1.Façade shading
2.Fenestration shading
3.Sun Path Analysis
5. Sizing of Opening
6. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
7. Adequate Day Lighting
3. CHAPTER 3 - Energy efficient techniques (Passive Cooling). …………16
1. Natural Ventilation
1.Wind-Driven Ventilation
2.Stack-Effect Ventilation

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.Thermo-Syphon Effect
4.Night-Purge Ventilation
2. Evaporative cooling
1.Vegetation and Transpiration
2.Passive downdraft evaporative cooling (PDEC)
3. Earth coupling
1.Earth air tunnel
2.Earth berming
4. Shading
1.Shading by trees and vegetation
2.Shading of roof
3.Shading by textured surfaces
4.Lattice Screen (Jaali)
4. CASE STUDY -Transport Corporation of India Ltd ………………………30
1. Introduction
2. Zoning
3. Building Envelope
4. Analysis
5. CASE STUDY -Indira Paryavaran Bhawan………………………..............39
1. Introduction
2. Zoning
3. Building Envelope
4. Analysis
6. CASE STUDY - Akshay Urja Bhawan, ……………………………..........45
1. Introduction
2. Zoning
3. Building Envelope
4. Analysis
7. CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION…………........50
8. REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPH ……………………………………………52

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

1.1 INTRODUCTION
PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

The first step to affordable producing is to maintain right interior temperature and comfort
this can be done passively which reduces the energy needs of the building

HVAC consumes 30% of the total energy needs of the building

Designing passively means working with the weather and environment conditions instead
against of it.

For ex Building orientation ,overhangs ,are designed to capture sun energy in winters and
also cool it in summers .

First is to understand how energy s transferred through conduction ,convection, radiation

The ground stays at relatively constant temperature throughout the year ,so it can be used
to maintain the temperature of the building by transferring the heat to warm ,and also cool
the indoor environment. The sun radiation can also be reduced by reflective roof and
vegetation . Optimizing window wall ratio of each side of building. The use of quality
material to insulate and reduce the air leaks from the openings such as glass with argon
.

Terraced or stepped building shapes can be used to increase access to light along the
equator-facing facade.

The stack effect passively creates a natural draft inside the building from low to high
pressure area

EVEN IN DAY ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS CHANGE so the building needs to

adapt it through the use of sensor which control the energy and light flow from openings
.

1.2 NEED OF STUDY

For the following reasons ,the topic of energy conservation ,green and energy efficient
design become so important in today’s date

Reduce the energy demand of building , the HVAC accounts for 40 %of energy use in
building ,reducing the energy passively brings down the functional cost .

Day to day awareness of eco friendly building create a better environment for the
consumer .

1.3 AIM

To understand and study the passive design strategies in building envelope .s

The study intends to focus on the passive strategies for composite climate exclusively .

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.4 OBJECTIVE

The goal of this research is:-

 To study and analyze passive methods for energy conservation.

1.5 METHODOLOGY

1) Gathering various book results and journals where various deign considerations and
techniques have been discussed and studied.

2) Study the sources and filtering the matter as per requirements ,most of which will be
based on considerations for composite climate

3) Picking out the case studies on the basis of the objective mentioned

4) Study and comparing data and results derived from case studies .

1.6 SCOPE

Scope of study is limited to building orientation and its envelope. Zoning of internal
spaces. Pane Area, Type, and Shading, The Interplay of Mass and Insulation.

1.7 LIMITATIONS

The case study taken belongs to passive building envelope design in a composite climate

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

A. PASSIVE SYSTEM

In a physical sense, a passive system is one that uses only locally available energy sources and
utilizes the natural flow paths of that energy to produce work. In other words, no auxiliary

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

equipment (such as fans or pumps) are required to make the system to function—the transmission
media is directed by induced convection currents or reflected/refracted to where it is needed to
do the work.

In more recent times, the term "passive design" has moved beyond meaning simply
"using passive systems," to encompass the general design of energy-efficient and low-
energy buildings. In this modern world of compromise, the concept of passive design
does not even preclude the use of low-energy active systems.

The basic idea of passive design is to allow in daylight, heat, and airflow only when they
are most beneficial, and to exclude them when they are not.

This includes the storage of ambient energies where possible, for distribution later when
there may be greater need.

Passive design results when a building is created and simply works “on its own”.

Currently, the construction sector consists of buildings, which are designed with full
glass walls. The building design do not respond to macro or macro climate parameters ,
urban context, and so on. The windows do not have shading devices to reduce direct
sunlight. Ill –designed openings force building occupants to close the blinds/curtains even
during the day, and turn on artificial lights. The substantially increases the heat gain
inside the building. Such buildings require utilization of energy-intensive mechanical
systems for providing visual and thermal comfort to the occupants. Since the buildings
have not been designed to reduce their energy requirements, the consumption of energy
and impacts on natural resources are massive.

B. Climate- Responsive Design Strategies

As per the climatic classification of National Building Code- 2005, Though India has
a large variety of climate types, it is predominantly a country with tropical climate.
Approximately, 90% of the area has hot- dry, warm- humid & composite climate.
Therefore, climate responsive buildings, in this context are designed to avoid the
heat gain but at the same time allow adequate daylight into the living space.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Source: National Building Code 2005, Part 8, Fig. 2

Some of the passive design strategies adopted to optimize building design that
controls heat gain & allows maximum natural light are as follows:

1. Optimum orientation;

2. Internal space arrangement (thermal buffer zone/ buffer spaces);

3. Allocation of building openings;

4. Sizing of openings (limitation of window- wall ratio & skylight- roof ratio);

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

5. Appropriate shading design (facade shading & fenestration shading);

6. Adequate day lighting (optimum day lighted area & daylight factor).

C. Building envelope

The building envelope or “skin” consist of structural materials and finishes that enclose
space ,separating inside form outside . This include walls, windows, doors, roofs, and
floor surfaces.

Openings are located in the envelope to provide physical access to a building ,crate views
to the outside ,admit daylight and or solar energy for heating ,and supply natural
ventilation . the form ,size and location of the openings vary depending upon the role they
play in the building envelope.

Decisions about construction details also play a crucial role in design of the building
envelope .Building materials conduct heat at different rates . Components of the envelope
such as foundation walls ,sills and connectors ,among others ,can create pats for the
transfer of thermal energy –Known as the thermal bridges –that conduct heat across the
wall assembly . wise detailing decisions ,including choice and placement of materials are
essential to assure thermal efficiency.

C.1 Solar Envelope

Site planning for passively heated buildings involves ensuring that the solar collection facades of
the building have access to the sun. Since not all facades of any building have ‘access’ to the sun,
site planning for solar access typically involves consideration of one, or possibly two, key facades.
The most important facade usually is the south facade (north facade in the Southern Hemisphere).
Next, usually, is the east facade, although protecting the solar access of this facade is not as critical
as it is
with the primary solar facade.

The primary method of site planning for passive heating in commercial-type buildings is a
concept called the solar envelope. A solar envelope is defined as the boundaries of a three-
dimensional
volume, on the site, having unobstructed access to the sun during a certain time period over the
year.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SOURCE : Passive Solar Handbook VOL 1

C.2 Shape of the building

This subject plays an important role in designing a passive solar building. The architect,
who is concerned about environmentally sensitive design, should form the building shape
by also concerning the relationship between energy losses or gains and building shape.
Creating a compact building form can reduce heat losses through the building envelope.
The smaller the area of outside wall per heated volume, the less energy will be required

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

to operate the building. Table shows how the surface areas to the volume ratio changes
with the variation of shape in size while all shape’s volumes are the same. The igloos’
domes are the samples of consideration of relationship between form and climate. They
have maximum volume with minimum surface area, with this configuration of the shelter,
its inner thermal comfort has been provided with candles.

D. PASSIVE DESIGN STATERGIES

In India, climate responsive design has been the traditional method of designing
buildings. The entire history of building architecture and engineering reveals a consistent
effort to achieve a high degree of indoor comfort. There are several examples of ancient
buildings, which depending on artificial methods of cooling or lighting.

1. OPTIMUM ORIRNTATION
Optimum orientation helps in reducing the total incident solar incident solar
radiation on their surfaces. This form the step of climate-responsive building
design.
The best orientation from a solar radiation point of view requires that the building,
as a whole, should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in
summer . For practice evaluation , it is necessary to know the duration of sunshine
, and hourly solar intensity on various external surfaces during representative
days of reasons. The total incident solar radiation per unit area on vertical as well

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

as horizontal surfaces are shown in table for two days of the year , namely , 22
June and 22 December , representative of summer and winter solstice
respectively, for latitudes corresponding to some important cities in India.

From table , it can be observed that in summer that the total incident solar radiation
is maximum on horizontal surfaces (that is, roof, open courtyard, and so on ).
Among the facades ,the western and eastern once are more critical in summer as
compared o northern and southern facades . But in winters, the maximum incident
solar radiation is on the southern surfaces, which is always allowable inside the
building .
The total isolaation can be calculated for all possible orientation of the building
for these extreme days of summer and winter for different parts of the country.
Also, the orientation of the proposed building and location of openings can be
planned accordingly.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SOURCE : Passive Solar Handbook VOL 1

Conclusion : The optimum orientation for buildings in India is with the lunge facades
facing north and south to avoid summer heat gain , and allow maximum winter radiation
.The basic objective is to minimize the building exposure along east and west.

2.BUFFER SPACES OR THERMAL BUFFER ZONE

As the western and eastern facades receive maximum insulation , al spaces adjoining
these facades will have maximum heat gain . Therefore , from the perspective of
occupants comfort, it s recommended to design the internal layout of the building in such
a way that most of the living/regularly occupied spaces are placed along the northern or
southern facades and away from the eastern and western facades. The less functional
spaces such as storage and services areas like toilets, staircase, and so on should be

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

allocated along critical orientation like west,east,south-west,and south-east and likewise

(depending on the latitude).

SOURCE :GRIHA MANNUAL VOL 4

Spaces like staircase, lifts,corridores,toilets ,restroom , balconies, and other
services areas can be used as buffer spaces to shield living spaces from the critical
facades. These spaces act as ‘thermal buffers’. Thermal buffer zones cut down on
excess solar radiation from penetrating the building and reduce the cooling load
for air-conditioned buildings at the same time. This concept needs to be
incorporated during the conceptual design stage of the building.

3. LOCATION OF BUILDING OPENINGS

In order to further reduce the heat gain in building openings should be located in the
facades with the least amount of insulation . Thus, it is always recommended to
provide maximum opening along the northern and southern facades and avoid
openings on the eastern and western facades to allow minimum daylight and
minimum solar radiation inside the building.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

The total isolation can be calculated for all possible orientations of the building for
these extreme days of summer and winter for different parts of the country . Also ,the
orientation of the proposed building and location of openings can be planned
accordingly.

4. SHADING DESIGN

In order to reduce insulation and heat gain , two strategies can be adopted, namely,
façade shading and fenestration shading.

A. Façade shading

It is always advisable to block direct solar radiation at source, that is, before it heats
up the building surface. If the critical surface of proposed building can be shaded
externally, then the cooling load of the building can be reduced drastically. In the
orientation analysis , it has been observed that maximum incident heat gain occurs
through the roof , followed by walls to the west and east. Therefore , these facades
need appropriate shading devices that can cut incident radiation throughout summer.
The western and eastern walls of buildings are subject to very low angle solar
radiation due to lower altitude position of the sun , with respect to the wall surface.
Therefore , these walls are difficult to shade with horizontal shading device, and these
facades require complete vertical shading screening . There are various types of
facade-shading strategies, which can be incorporated in building design such as
following

1. Roof pergola
2. Space frame/tensile structure
3. Green wall
4. Wall/window pergola
5. False wall/jaalis
6. Plantation on east and west side

B. Fenestration shading

The opening/fenestrations are the prime source of heat gain in the building envelope.
Therefore , if façade shading is not possible , then it becomes important to shade the

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

expose fenestrations of the building from direct solar exposure. Use of external shading
devices is the most effective way to prevent unwanted heat gain during summer .
However, the shading devices need to be optimize as per the solar angle, so that the
shading devices can keep the summer sunlight out and allow the winter sunshine in.

The shading devices can be broadly categorized under the following three heads.

a) Horizontal type (H)

b) Vertical type (V)
c) Mixed (M) – combination of types H&V

Method of shading design

There are various methods of designing appropriate shading devices for fenestrations.
Two such methods are as follows.

A. Sun path analysis

B. Use of shading norms

C. SUN PATH ANALYSIS

The main objective of sun path analysis is to find out critical window angles or shading
angles on respective fenestration in order to calculate the appropriate depth of shading
devices. In order to optimize the dimensions of the shading devices, the angle of incident
radiation of the sun in relation to the building elevation must be established for the given
point . The angle of incidence on the vertical surfaces is represented by the following
two components.

1. Horizontal shadow angle (HSA)

2. Vertical shadow angle (VSA)

The performance of shading devices is specified by these two angles , and both of these
are measured from a line perpendicular to the elevation.

Horizontal shadow characterize a vertical shading devices. It is the angle between the
wall normal and the line joining the outer edge of the vertical shade to the center of the
wall normal.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Vertical shadow angle characterize a horizontal shading devices. It is the angle between
the wall normal with the line joining the outer edge of the horizontal shade to the center
of the normal.

Shading design with the help of HSA & VSA

Once the requisite horizontal or vertical window angle are calculated , it is easy to
determine the size of the shading device. The required horizontal window angle H . AB
is resulting vertical louver normal to the wall. AB can also be replaced by an incline
louver AC without any effect on the masking angle of AB. The size of the inclined louver
AC is less than that the normal louver AB.

A similar strategy can be adopted in designing horizontal shading devices.

Conclusion : the primary objective of shading is to reduce heat gain and glare due to
direct insulation. However , the design of the shading device should be such that it can
allow required daylight for the respective internal space. Therefore, shading design is
optimized on the basis of reduction of incident heat gain as well as provision of adequate
daylight.

5. SIZING OF OPENING

Glassing allows shortwave infrared radiation emitted by the sun to pass through , but is
almost opaque to long wave radiation emitted by objects in the room. The consequence
is that once the radiant heat has entered through a window, it is trapped inside the building
, a phenomenon called the ‘green house effect’. Hence , the heat gain in buildings can be
reduced by limiting the glazing area. Windows , typically , have a higher conductance
coefficient than the rest of the building envelope so that the buildings with high glazing
areas will have greater heat gain, as compared to similar buildings with lesser glazing
area. Therefore ,GRIHA has limited the glazing area especially for the hot regions of
India in terms of window-to-ratio & skylight-roof-ratio.

A. Window –to –wall ratio

Window to wall ratio is the ratio of vertical fenestration area to gross exterior wall
area. Gross exterior wall area is measured horizontally from the exterior surface;
it is measured vertically from the top of the floor to the bottom of the roof.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

WWR= NET GLAZING AREA/GROSS EXTERIOR WALL AREA

Gross wall area: the overall area of a wall including openings such as windows
and doors measured horizontally from outside surface to outside surface, and
measured vertically from the top of the lour to the top of the roof. If roof insulation
is installed at the ceiling level rather than the roof, then the vertical measurement
is made till the top of the ceiling level rather than the roof , then the vertical
measurement is made till the top of the ceiling. The gross wall area includes the
area between the ceiling and the floor for multi-strayed buildings.

B. Skylight-roof-ratio

The ratio of the total skylight area of the roof , measured from the outside of the frame
to the gross exterior roof.

SRR = NET GLAZING AREA/ GROSS EXTERIOR ROOF AREA

Gross exterior roof: the area of the roof measured form the exterior faces of walls or
from the centre line of party walls.

6. SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT

The solar heat gain coefficient is the fraction of solar radiation admitted through a
window. It measures how well fenestration blocks heat from the sun. The lowest the
SGHC better are the products in blocking the unwanted heat gain.

7. ADEQUATE DAY LIGHTING

Day lighting is natural source of light ,which means all the requirements of good
lighting while enhancing user efficiency and productivity. in India daylight is
available in plenty under clear sky conditions ,and can be used for satisfactory indoor
illumination during a day. by proper design of windows in terms of their orientation
,size, and shape ,one can eliminate the user of artificial lighting in most building
during a daytime.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Daylighting can be

A. Horizontal fenestration

B. Vertical fenestration

A. Horizontal fenestration : It is of three types - skylight ,monitor and saw tooth

B. Vertical fenestration : Area under vertical fenestration extends to the floor plate
perpendicular to the side aperture.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Energy Efficient Passive Techniques

Here are some of the passive design techniques used for increasing efficiency of the
building.

3. PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES

3.1 Natural Ventilation

Exchanging heated internal air with cool outside air is an obvious source of
summertime cooling; however, in many climates the outside air temperature can often
be close to or slightly higher than the current the indoor temperature. This does not
necessarily preclude the use of natural ventilation as increased air velocities past the
body can actually increase the effectiveness of sweating, cooling the body down more
than if surrounded by still air at a lower temperature.

As usual there are limits to this, and in very hot climates it is often necessary to prevent
any form of ventilation during the heat of the day; however, there are ways of
increasing the effectiveness of natural ventilation and cooling the air before it enters the
building.

3.1.1 Wind-Driven Ventilation

Air will move only when it is pushed, pulled, heated up or cooled down. In a passive
design, the pushing and pulling has to be done by the prevailing wind, while the heating
and cooling can be done by solar radiation, evaporation, and/or thermal mass.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Wind causes a positive pressure on the windward side and a negative pressure on the
leeward side of buildings. To equalize this pressure, outside air will enter any windward
openings and be drawn out of leeward openings. In summer, wind is usually used to
supply as much fresh air as possible while in winter ventilation is normally reduced to
levels sufficient only to remove excess moisture and pollutants.

3.1.2 Stack-Effect Ventilation

Buoyancy results from differences in air density. The density of air depends on
temperature and humidity. Cool air is heavier than warm air at the same humidity and
dry air is heavier than humid air at the same temperature. Thus, heat and humidity given
off by occupants and other internal sources tend to make air rise. The stale, heated air
escapes from openings in the ceiling or roof, drawing fresher air in through lower
openings to replace it.

3.1.3 Thermo-Syphon Effect

Operating in much the same way as the stack effect, a thermo-syphon makes use of
direct sunlight to warm the air in a building. This requires a large amount of equator-
facing glass. Dark surfaces beneath the glass absorb the direct sunlight, increase in
temperature, and reradiate long-wave infrared radiation heat back into the enclosed
space. As glass is opaque to long-wave infrared radiation, the heat energy is trapped
within the space and eventually absorbed by the air. This is basically the greenhouse
effect at work.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.1.4 Night-Purge Ventilation

In a building with high levels of exposed internal thermal mass, it is possible to open up
natural ventilation pathways throughout the night in order to cool down the thermal
mass. Early in the morning, the building is closed and sealed up throughout the day. The
cool internal surfaces absorb heat from any infiltrating warm air and act to lower the
internal mean radiant temperature.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.2 Evaporative cooling

Just before water evaporates there is a period in which it absorbs energy but does not
increase in temperature. This absorbed energy is used to change the water from a liquid
into a gas and is known as "latent heat of vaporization." When this energy is drawn
from the environment, such as when warm air passes over a pool or through the leaves
of a tree, its effect is to lower the temperature of the air, thus providing a cooling effect.
Evaporative cooling is often supplemented with mechanical means, such as pumped
water sprays and fans for increasing air flow. Even so, such systems use substantially
less energy to maintain comfort than similarly sized refrigerated air conditioning

systems.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

In many hot countries houses are designed around a central courtyard, in the middle of
which is a small pool or fountain. Evaporation from the water cools the air immediately
around it, which becomes heavier and spills away from the pool and into the
surrounding spaces. Strong breezes can quickly negate this effect so care should be
taken in the design of any such system to protect the pool or to direct the breeze across
the water and directly into the area where the cool air is needed.

A. Induced ventilation through curved roof and air vents B. Architectural Features Wind
Towers

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Figure 8. Section showing detail of a wind tower.

In a similar manner, many houses in the Middle East use windcatchers to direct
breezes flowing above the house down into the spaces below. At the bottom of these
wind-catchers are placed earthenware pots full of water. Being porous, the water
saturates the sides of the pot and easily evaporates from its surfaces as the warm air
passes. The evaporating moisture cools the incoming air and constantly replenishes
itself by drawing more water through the sides by capillary action.

3.2.1 Vegetation and Transpiration

Areas of dense vegetation usually provide a cool respite on a hot day. There are several
reasons for this. Firstly, the vegetation provides shading to the ground around them,
reducing the ground surface temperature. Secondly, the surface of a leaf has a very low
emissivity, meaning that it can absorb short-wave solar radiation quite well but does not

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

emit much long-wave radiation when it heats up. This acts to further reduce the local
mean radiant temperature. Thirdly, and most importantly, leaves constantly lose
moisture to the surrounding air by transpiration through their pores. This cools the air
around each leaf, which becomes heavier and falls to the shaded area beneath, thus
reducing the local air temperature.

Your average tree contains an enormous amount of exposed leaf area, giving it a
significant cooling capacity. An experiment was conducted that found that a tree with a
14m foliage diameter provided the equivalent of 600 watts of cooling energy.
Unfortunately it is difficult to grow large trees indoors without negating much of this
cooling effect by the inadequate control of the solar radiation required for the tree to
survive. However, it is still possible to make use of this evaporative cooling energy
using wind-protected courtyards and controlling breezes as you would over a cooling
pond.

3.2.2 Passive downdraft evaporative cooling (PDEC)

Passive downdraft evaporative cooling systems consist of a downdraft tower with

wetted cellulose pads at the top of the tower. Water is distributed on the top of the pads,
collected at the bottom into a sump and re-circulated by a pump. Certain designs
exclude the re-circulation pump and use the pressure in the supply water line to
periodically surge water over the pads, eliminating the requirement for any electrical
energy input. In some designs, water is sprayed using micronisers or nozzles in place of
pads, in others, water is made to drip. Thus, the towers are equipped with evaporative
cooling devices at the top to provide cool air by gravity flow. These towers are often
described as reverse chimneys. While the column of warm air rises in a chimney, in this
case the column of cool air falls. The air flow rate depends on the efficiency of the
evaporative cooling device, tower height and cross section, as well as the resistance to
air flow in the cooling device, tower and structure (if any) into which it discharges [12].
Passive downdraft evaporative cooling tower has been used successfully at the Torrent
Research Centre in Ahmedabad (Fig. 9). The inside temperatures of 29 –30 °C were
recorded when the outside temperatures were 43 – 44 °C. Six to nine air changes per
hour were achieved on different floors.
PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Figure 9. Passive Downdraught Evaporative Cooling in Torrent Research Centre,

Ahmedabad.

3.3 Earth coupling

This technique is used for passive cooling as well as heating of buildings, which is
made possible by the earth acting as a massive heat sink. At depths beyond 4 to 5m,
both daily and seasonal fluctuations die out and the soil temperature remains almost
constant throughout the year. Thus, the underground or partially sunk buildings will
provide both cooling (in summer) and heating (in winter) to the living space. A building

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

may be coupled with the earth by burying it underground or berming. Figure 9 shows
the functioning of earth berming during summer and winter [13].

3.3.1 Earth air tunnel

The use of earth as a heat sink or a source for cooling/heating air in buried pipes or
underground tunnels has been a testimony to Islamic and Persian architecture. The air
passing through a tunnel or a buried pipe at a depth of few meters gets cooled in
summers and heated in winters (Fig. 10). Parameters like surface area of pipe, length
and depth of the tunnel below ground, dampness of the earth, humidity of inlet air
velocity, affect the exchange of heat between air and the surrounding soil.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Figure 10. Working principle of earth air tunnel.

3.3.2 Earth berming

In an earth sheltered building or earth bermed structure the reduced infiltration of

outside air and the additional thermal resistance of the surrounding earth considerably
reduces the average thermal load. Further the addition of earth mass of the building acts
like a large thermal mass and reduces the fluctuations in the thermal load. Besides
reducing solar and convective heat gains, such buildings can also utilize the cooler sub-
surface ground as a heat sink. Hence with reference to thermal comfort, an earth
sheltered building presents a significant passive approach. Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 11(b)
shows the working principle of earth berming during summer and winter conditions.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Earth sheltered home-The Meadow Dance, Hyderabad

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Working principle of earth berming during summer (a) and winter (b) conditions.

3.4 Shading

3.4.1 Shading by trees and vegetation

Proper Landscaping can be one of the important factors for energy conservation in
buildings. Vegetation and trees in particular, very effectively shade and reduce heat
gain. Trees can be used with advantage to shade roof, walls and windows. Shading and
evapotranspiration (the process by which a plant actively release water vapor) from
trees can reduce surrounding air temperatures as much as 5°C. Different types of plants
(trees, shrubs, vines) can be selected on the basis of their growth habit (tall, low, dense,
light permeable) to provide the desired degree of shading for various window
orientations and situations. The following points should be considered for summer
shading

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Deciduous trees and shrubs provide summer shade yet allow winter access. The
best locations for deciduous trees are on the south and southwest side of the
building. When these trees drop their leaves in the winter, sunlight can reach
inside to heat the interiors.

2. Trees with heavy foliage are very effective in obstructing the sun’s rays and
casting a dense shadow. Dense shade is cooler than filtered sunlight. High
branching canopy trees can be used to shade the roof, walls and windows.

3. Evergreen trees on the south and west sides afford the best protection from the
setting summer sun and cold winter winds.

4. Vertical shading is best for east and west walls and windows in summer, to
protect from intense sun at low angles, e.g. screening by dense shrubs, trees,
deciduous vines supported on a frame, shrubs used in combination with trees.

5. Shading and insulation for walls can be provided by plants that adhere to the
wall, such as English ivy, or by plants supported by the wall, such as jasmine.

6. Horizontal shading is best for south-facing windows, e.g. deciduous vines

(which lose foliage in the winter) such as ornamental grape or wisteria can be
grown over a pergola for summer shading.

3.4.2 Shading of roof

Shading the roof is a very important method of reducing heat gain. Roofs can be shaded
by providing roof cover of concrete or plants or canvas or earthen pots etc. Shading
provided by external means should not interfere with night-time cooling. A cover over
the roof, made of concrete or galvanized iron sheets, provides protection from direct
radiation. Disadvantage of this system is that it does not permit escaping of heat to the

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

sky at night-time .

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Figure 2. Roof shading by solid cover.

A cover of deciduous plants and creepers is a better alternative. Evaporation from the
leaf surfaces brings down the temperature of the roof to a level than that of the daytime
air temperature. At night, it is even lower than the sky temperature .

Figure 3. Roof shading by plant cover.

88 Covering of the entire surface area with the closely packed inverted earthen pots, as
was being done in traditional buildings, increases the surface area for radiative
emission. Insulating cover over the roof impedes heat flow into the building. However,
PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

it renders the roof unusable and maintenance difficult (Fig. 4). Broken china mosaic or
ceramic tiles can also be used as top most layer in roof for reflection of incident
radiation.

Figure 4. Roof shading by earthen pots.

Another inexpensive and effective device is a removable canvas cover mounted close to
the roof. During daytime it prevents entry of heat and its removal at night, radiative
cooling. Fig. 5 shows the working principle of removable roof shades. Painting of the
canvas white minimizes the radiative and conductive heat gain .

Figure 5. Removable roof shades.

3.4.3 Shading by textured surfaces

Surface shading can be provided as an integral part of the building element also. Highly
textured walls have a portion of their surface in shade as shown in Figure 5. The
increased surface area of such a wall results in an increased outer surface coefficient,

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

which permits the sunlit surface to stay cooler as well as to cool down faster at night
(Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Shading due to surface texture

3.4.4 Lattice Screen (Jaali)

• It controls the airflow and lower down the temperature of internal spaces on the
other.
• When there is sunshine outside in the day, the internal spaces are not clearly
visible from outside.
• however, the diffused light is spread throughout the interiors.
• To get a clear outside view, a cutout is provided at eye level for the viewer
sitting on the floor.
• Jaali in Mughal buildings mostly have a low sill or sometimes without sill so
that the air could move near the floor.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 CASE STUDY:

Transport Corporation of India Ltd,

Gurgaon

Transport Corporation of India Ltd, Gurgaon

Project details
Site address No. 69, Sector 32, Institutional Sector, Gurgaon, Haryana
Architects A B Lall Architects
Climate Composite
Year of start/completion 1998/99
Client/owner Transport Corporation of India Ltd
Total built-up area 2750 m²
Cost: Infrastructure (electrical, plumbing, HVAC, lift, fuel oil tank, pumps
and tubewells) – Rs 24 million
Civil, false ceiling, strong rooms, steel pergola at entrance –Rs 30.7 million
Landscaping – Rs 0.35 million

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This is an office building designed to meet the demands of a modern office, with high
level of environmental comfort, integration of systems to support information technology,
with flexibility and adaptability for growth and change.

The building sits on a rectangular plot in an “institutional” area, which will have other
office buildings surrounding it. Three stories of offices and a basement surround the
central court. The basement houses building services and some work spaces too.

The entire building plan is based on a planning grid of 1.4 m x 1.4 m which coordinates
the ceilings with air-conditioning and light fittings, locations for partitions as well as
external windows to permit a high degree of flexibility in layouts for offices. The building
opens towards its entrance through a planted and shaded forecourt with a water pool. The
orientation of all the interior spaces is towards the central court, with the exception of the
managing director’s suite which enjoys its own garden terrace on the top floor.

PLAN FORM

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.2 ORIENTATION ZONING

1. This helps in receiving less radiation which results in lesser heat gain and reduce the
overall air-conditioning requirement and hence save energy.

2. Helps in receiving natural light and ventilation.

3. The Building adopts a compact rectangular form and minimum height above ground to l
imit exposure to the external condition.

4. Taking the daylighting function into account the window area is minimised to
18% of the external wall area.

5. Both the entrance forecourt and central fountain court, towards which the building enve
lope opens out with greater
transparency, have a structural framework which would provide support for shading scr
eens to be stretched according to seasonal demands.

6. The planting scheme along the edges of the site with tall evergreen (Silver Oak) trees, p
rovides another protective layer for the building.

INTERNAL COURTYARD REDUCES THE ENERGY LOAD BY PASSIVE MEANS

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SOUTH WALLL WITH WINDOW ALLOW LIGHT DEEP INTO INTERIOR

4.3 OPNENINGS SHADING & DAYLIGHT

1. Daylight is the primary source of illumination. All work spaces receive adequate
daylight the maximum distance of a workstation from the daylight source being
5M.

2. The high windows on the external walls are designed to throw daylight deep into
the office space. This is varied seasonally by adjusting venetian blinds installed in
the window sandwich to control glare and to modulate distribution.

3. On the courtyard side fabric screens would be stretched over the structural frame
to respond to each season

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

4. The small peep windows, due to the deep reveal in which they are set allow
insulation in favour of winter, cutting out the mid-summer sun by the shade of the
reveal on to the glass.

5. Large daylight windows house adjustable venetian blinds in a double window

sandwich.

Windows Placing On South Facade Big Windows For Day Lighting.

4.4 PASSIVE TECHNIQUES

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Recognising that climatic conditions range on both the cold and the hot sides of
the comfort zone, building systems are designed to draw upon the external
environment to supplement the air-conditioning system.

2. The air-handling system has provision for 100% filtered fresh-air-intake. Coolth
can be stored in the building mass by night flushing during spring and autumn.
Similarly, during early and late winter, when internal heat is to be rejected, fresh
air would be drawn in, replacing the function of the chilling plant.

3. After a careful cost-benefit study, an absorption system chilling plant has been
installed.

4. Apart from not contributing to ozone depletion the plant results in reduction of
the capital expense of the electrical system, particularly its electricity generation
back-up.

5. This is of critical value in a state like Haryana, where due to acute electricity
shortage the electricity generation back-up must cater to 100% of peak load. The
absorption chillers run on a diesel fired furnace.

4.4.1 FOUNTAIN COURT

1. The fountain is a recirculating system in which a large body of water flows over
extensive surfaces to maximise evaporation.

2. The tall solid concrete columns of broad diameters over which the water trickles
down the height of the
courtyard, and the thin sheet that overflows the sides of the pool at ground level
create a large heat sink and a body of air close to wet bulb temperature

3. The aesthetics of water cascading, the preciously tended garden and the gentle
light with traces of patterned shadows is remembrance of a beautiful architectural
tradition

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.4.2 INTERACTIVE STRATEGY - AIRCONDITIONED

 Recognising that climatic conditions range on both the cold and the hot sides of
the comfort zone, building systems are designed to draw upon the external
environment to supplement the air- conditioning system.

 The air conditioning system has provision for 100% filtered fresh air in take.

 During early and late winter, when internal heat is to be rejected, fresh air would
be drawn in, replacing the function of the chilling plant.

4.5 ANALYSIS

1. Inward-looking compact form, with controlled exposure.

2. Two types of windows designed: peep windows for possible cross-ventilation and
view, the other being for daylighting.
3. The courts towards which the building has more transparency have structural
framework to provide support for shading screens.
4. Landscaping acts as a climate modifier.
5. The window reveals of the peep window cut out summer sun and let in winter
sun.
6. Adjustable Venetian blinds in double window sandwich to cut off insulation and
allow daylight.
7. Polyurethane board insulation on wall and roof.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

8. Fountain court with water columns as environment moderator.

9. Building systems designed so as to draw upon external environment to
supplement the air-conditioning system.
10. Eco-friendly absorption technology adopted for air-conditioning.
11. Careful planning of air distribution system.
12. Air-conditioning standards set by acceptance level of office staff and not by
international norms.
13. Energy-efficient lighting system and daylight integration with controls.
14. Optimization of structure and reduction of embodied energy by use of less energy-
intensive materials.

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

5 CASE STUDY:

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Project details
Location New Delhi
Geographical coordinates 28° N, 77° E
Occupancy Type Office (MoEF)
Typology New Construction
Climate Type Composite
Project Area 9565 m2
Grid Connectivity Grid connected
EPI 43.75 kWh/m2/yr

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, the new office building for Ministry of Environment and
Forest (MoEF) sets is a radical change from a conventional building design.

The project team put special emphasis on strategies for reducing energy demand by
providing adequate natural light, shading, landscape to reduce ambient temperature, and
energy efficient active building systems. Several energy conservation measures were
adopted to reduce the energy loads of the building and the remaining demand was met by
producing energy from on-site installed high efficiency solar panels to achieve net zero
criteria. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan uses 70% less energy compared a conventional
building. The project adopted green building concepts including conservation and
optimization of water by recyclingwaste water from the site.

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is now India’s highest green rated building. The project has
received GRIHA 5 Star and LEED Platinum. The building has already won awards such
as the Adarsh/GRIHA of MNRE for exemplary demonstration of Integration of
Renewable Energy Technologies.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Regenerative Architecture keeping the existing balance of nature to connect outdoor

greens and the courtyard greens

5.2 ORIENTATION ZONING

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Building is north south oriented, with separate blocks connected through corridors
and a huge central court yard.
2. Orientation minimizes heat ingress.
3. Emphasis on the North & South for Optimal Solar Light but cutting Solar Heat,
Bringing the Greens in
4. Optimal window to wall ratio.
5. Plan developed for direct pedestrian axis to East, North and West Entrance without
crisscrossing vehicles.
6. Ground Floor populated by Common and Public facilities which are Ok with limited
natural light.
7. Zero tolerance to surface parking to reduce heat island.
8. First Basement Parking with Automated parking Below. Helps reduce volume of
parking / excavation / embodied energy of structure.
9. Keeping Service Areas, Staircases on low light areas. Efficient Usage of the perimeter
to maximize sunlit areas and views for the users.
10. Provision of Solar Photovoltaics for Net Zero requirement also Shades the Roof.

5.3 OPNENINGS SHADING & DAYLIGHT

1. Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to keep building height comparable to the
surroundings
2. Respecting the Eco-logic of the site. Building Punctures & jalis to Aid Cross
Ventilation and maximizing non – conditioned spaces like lobbies, passages, service
areas
3. Appropriate Shading from Summer Sun, while allowing in winter sun
4. 75% of building floor space is day lit, thus reducing dependence on artificial sources
for lighting. Inner courtyard serves as a light well.
5. High efficiency glass, high VLT, low SHGC & Low U-value, optimized by
appropriate shading

6. Light shelves for diffused sunlight

7. Landscaping:
1. More than 50% area outside the building is covered with plantation.Circulation
roads and pathways are soft paved to enable ground water recharge.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

2. Ventilation: Central courtyard helps in air movement as natural ventilation

happens due to stack effect. Windows and jaalis add to cross ventilation.
3. Windows And Insulation
I. uPVC windows with hermetically sealed double glazed using low heat
transmittance index glass
II. Rock wool insulation
III. High efficiency glass
IV. Cool roofs: Use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat ingress, high
strength, hard wearing.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Natural ventilation due to stack effect(Building punctures are designed to aid cross
ventilation)

Optimized Energy Systems / HVAC system

Chilled beam system/ VFD/ Screw Chillers
 160 TR of air conditioning load of the building is met through Chilled beam system.
Chilled beam are used from second to sixth floor. This reduces energy use by 50
% compared to a conventional system.
 Chilled water is supplied at 16° C and return temperature is 20° C.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Drain pans are provided with the chilled beams to drain out water droplets due to
condensation during monsoon.
 Water cooled chillers, double skin air handling units with variable frequency
drivers(VFD)
 Fresh supply air is pre cooled from toilet exhaust air through sensible & latent heat
energy recovery wheel.
 Control of HVAC equipment & monitoring of all systems through integrated
building management system.
 Functional zoning to reduce air conditioning loads.
 Room temperature is maintained at 26 ±1 ° C

Geothermal heat exchange system

1. There are 180 vertical bores to the depth of 80 meter all along the building premises.
Minimum 3 meter distance is maintained between any two bores.

2. Each bore has HDPE pipe U-loop (32mm outer diameter) and grouted with Bentonite
Slurry. Each U-Loop is connected to the condenser water pipe system in the central
air conditioning plant room.

3. Combined together, 160 TR of heat rejection is obtained without using a cooling

tower.

5.4 Analysis

1. The courts towards which the building has more transparency.

2. Landscaping acts as a climate modifier.
3. Central courtyard helps in air movement as natural ventilation happens due to
stack effect. Windows and jaalis add to cross ventilation.
4. Fountain court as environment moderator.
PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

5. Eco-friendly absorption technology adopted for air-conditioning.

6. Use of geothermal heat exchange system for cooling passively reduces energy
demand of building.
7. Solar panels are used all over the terrace not only act as a energy source but also
as a shading for the whole building envelope.
8. Structure has optimal orientation for window and built space.
9. Stack and greens in the site naturally cools the environment.

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

6 CASE STUDY:

Akshay Urja Bhawan, HAREDA

Energy Efficient Design Features

Project Details
Location Panchkula

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Geographical coordinates 30° N, 76° E

Occupancy Type Office -Public
Typology New Construction
Climate Type Composite
Project Area 5100 m2
Grid Connectivity Grid connected
EPI 30 kWh/m2/yr

6.1 INTODUCTION

1. The Atal Akshay Urja Bhawan will be the integrated headquarters building for
the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. At present the office of MNRE is
located in three different building blocks at CGO Complex.
2. The building has been constructed on solar passive design techniques having
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system, solar chimney, mist cooling,
cavity walls, fly ash based bricks, solar water heating system, water recycling
and energy efficient lighting.
3. As about 35 per cent of the heat in a building is ingressed from the roof, the
roof of the building has been covered with thermos-tech tiles which avoid
transmission of heat into the building.

4. This building will be one of its kind in the country in having Energy
Autonomy by incorporating the latest and futuristic energy efficient concepts. It
shall be the first building in the Government sector which is being constructed
in Compliance with the Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC).
5. Solar Chimney, evaporative cooling, cavity walls, Use of Fly ash based bricks
water recycling and Energy Efficient Lighting etc.
6. The incorporation of these features will result in achieving an internal temperature
of about 28 deg. without Air Conditioning.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

7. The energy consumption in this buildings is estimated to be about 30

kWhr/m2/year in comparison to the consumption of about 200 kWhr/m2/year
for the existing air conditioned buildings.
8. No municipal water supply is required after the first monsoon with the 6.5 lacs
litre underground tank that has been optimized for rainwater harvesting and
consumption pattern of the building.

6.2 ORIENTATION ZONING

1. All the windows in the building are oriented towards the south with double glazed
windows to ensure maximum light during day time and minimum transmission of
thermal load into the building
2. Well oriented site and building along cardinal directions. Glazing coordinated to
take advantage of building orientation.

PLAN FORM

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Site Google imagery

6.3 Passive Design Strategies

 Daylighting: South glazing provided with horizontal shades. Almost no east and
west openings. Reasonable north glazing with vertical shading. The courtyard is
covered with angled louvers that maximize winter sun on the south face of the north
wing and shade the atrium in the summer while allowing diffused daylight in. All

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

workspaces of the building are daylit. Efficient lighting with 25% reduced lighting
energy use.
 Ventilation: The south face has solar chimneys to aid ventilation in some of the
non-air conditioned spaces (which are mist cooled).
 Building Envelope :
 Cavity walls with PUF insulation

 Double glazed windows

 Construction Materials and Techniques:

 Aerated concrete blocks

 Insulated roof tiles

 Thermo-tech roof tiles

Ventilation and cooling

1. Spaces divided into zones as per desired temperature set points. Apex offices (25 ±
1 °C), controlled office and public areas (25 ± 3 °C) and passive zones (25 ± 5 °C).

2. Thermal comfort conditions in apex zones are always maintained through

mechanical air conditioning.
3. Controlled zones are cooled in summer and chilled in monsoon. Passive zones are
cooled in summer and ventilated in monsoon.
4. A mist system is installed in the central atrium for cooling of controlled and
passive zones.
5. Chilled water supplied at a higher temperature of 15°C

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Renewable Energy
Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) System with 42.50 kW capacity to supply total
annual energy consumption.

(SKYLIGHT ROOFING SOLAR PANELS )

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.4 ANALYSIS

1. Akshay urja bhawan is the new energy efficient 5 star rated building, it is being
marked on all criteria of GRIHA and become the office building for MNRE (Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy).
2. The building is inward looking and has a trapezoidal form.
3. The building utilizes various passive techniques such as solar chimney, mist cooling,
cavity walls, fly ash based bricks, solar water heating system.
4. The inner courtyard act as natural climate controller.
5. Energy-efficient lighting system and daylight integration with controls.
6. Spaces are divided into zones for ventilation and cooling.
7. Skylight integrates with the controlled indoor environment and designed to let in the
winter sun.

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

7 Conclusion

The comparative analysis of the four case studies that have been done in this research
paper has brought us to the following conclusion:-

 From the TCIL building of Delhi to modern equipped Akshay Urja bhawan
similar range of techniques have been followed in order to attain comfort while
catering to the problems of ventilation and extreme heat gains in the buildings
experiencing composite climate.
 Both of these multi -storeyed commercial buildings with different site constraints
have been successful in catering to the problems related to the climate of the
region.
 Building with inner courtyard controls the environment and bring down energy
needs of the building and even to zero.
 A ambient of 16 deg can be maintained by evaporative and ventilative cooling
such as in Indra bhawan and Akshay urja bhawan

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 The use of passive solar culminated with active solar reduces overall energy loads
on the building
 Optimum orientation and stack effect is a necessity in building design.
 Green areas not only add value to the site but also careful use can increase
efficiency of building.

Hence the characteristics features and techniques of the above mentioned case studies
can be formulated which further could assist the architects in their projects based in
Delhi.

The following techniques with little or no amendments in accordance to the context

of the site, can be used to design climate-responsive passive buildings in Delhi :-

1. Designing introvert plans with courtyard inscribed within the building- this would
enable proper natural ventilation of the house and aids well in achieving thermal
comfort by lowering the temperature to optimum limit.
2. Buildings with ziggurat from should be designed- this would enable mutual
shading of units in a building cutting down the cooling load on it entirely.
3. Horizontal stacking of structure- this would reduce the exposed surface which
would further result in lowering the heat gains within the building.
4. Dedicating separate areas on the site for green lawns- this technique would help
to lower the temperature of the surrounding to desired limit by the process of
evaporative cooling.
5. Designing depressed space in the landscaping areas – this would help in the
achievement of a macro-climate of that space.
6. Orientation of the building should be such that the glazed walls face narrowest
elevations-this would help in resisting the direct ingress of sunlight into the
interiors which would further cut down the cooling load on the building.
7. Provision of pergolas on the site while landscaping as well as providing shading
devices on windows – this would help in cutting down the cooling load on the
building.
8. Buildings should be made of local materials such as concrete – this would cut
down the embodied energy of the building of the building as wel as concrete, due
to its high thermal mass help to achieve thermal comfort by avoiding overheating.

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. Building's exterior should be painted with light color – light colored walls would
reflect the sunlight falling on their surfaces and hence would resist heat gains.

THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

8 . BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Manual Of Tropical Housing And Building Climate Design-Koenigsberger.

 18. TERI, 2004. Sustainable Building Design Manual, Vols 1 & 2.
 BEE, 2007. Energy Conservation Building Code.
 Energy efficient buildings of India, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi,
2001.
 Climate Responsive Architecture-A Design Handbook for Energy Efficient
Buildings, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
 CPWD Sustainable Architectural Built Environment PPT, Indira Parayavaran
Bhawan Office Building For Ministry Of Environment & Forests .
 National Rating System – GRIHA, T E R I Press.
 GRIHA Manual TERI.
 Passive Solar Handbook, United States Air Force.
 PEDA: Energy Conservation Building Code,2014.
 National Building Code,2005
 ECOTECT Notes ,Autodesk

 http://www.usgbc.org/, United States Green Building Council, USA

 http://www.igbc.in ,Indian Green Building Council, LEED India
 http://www.grihaindia.org/ , GRIHA Website, India
 http://www.sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/
 http://www.nzeb.in/case-studies/detailed-case-studies-2/ipb-case-study/

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PASSIVE TECHNIQUE IN BUILDING DESIGN | V