1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

‘Children in conflict with the law’ is defined as anyone under 18

who comes into contact with the justice system as a result of being

suspected or accused of committing an offence. In some cases,

children who engage in criminal behavior have been used or coerced

by adults. Most children in conflict with the law have committed petty

crimes, some of which are not considered criminal when committed by

adults. Children are arrested and detained by police and sent to

institutions, including prisons, under systems of justice which in many

cases are set up for adults. (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2015)

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimates that

worldwide, more than one million children are involved in criminal

activities, including street children and child immigrants who are often

treated like criminals. During a single year, an estimated 2.1 million

youth under the age of 18 are arrested in the United States. Though

overall rates have been declining over the past years, approximately

1.7 million delinquency cases are disposed in juvenile courts annually.

 2

More than 37% of the population in Cambodia is under 18 years old.

Increasingly children grow up on the street or in residential care,

leading to risky behavior and involvement in crime.

From January to March 2018 Police Regional Office 12 has

recorded 206 number of juvenile cases involving Children in Conflict

with the Law across region 12. The official number recorded shows

that the crime of theft appeared to be the most prevalent crime

committed followed by robbery, physical injuries during local gang riots

and rumbles, violation of curfew for minors, rape, and acts of

lasciviousness. A total of 75 cases were recorded on the month of

January, 93 on February, and 38 as of March 20, 2018.

In General Santos City, especially in Barangay Fatima, San

Jose and Tambler signaled alarming problems with children in conflict

with law.

Barangay Council for the Protection of Children in Barangay

Fatima General Santos City has recorded 31 cases of children in

conflict with law (CICL) on 2019. As of 2020, BCPC has recorded 3

 3

cases of child in conflict with the law despite the emergence of the

pandemic. (BCPC, Barangay Fatima, G.S.C., 2021)

There have been many studies about children in conflict with the

law that is focused on the development and rehabilitation or perhaps

on the origin of such behavioral patterns because deviant behavior is a

well re-searchable topic in academic setting. However, this study aims

to determine the coping strategies used to deal with social stigmas

perceived by former children in conflict with the law.

Theoretical Framework

The labeling theory was developed and popularized by

American sociologist Howard S. Becker. Labeling theory refers to the

idea that individuals become deviant when a deviant label is applied to

them; they adopt the label by exhibiting the behaviors, actions, and

attitudes associated with the label. Labeling theory argues that people

become deviant as a result of others forcing that identity upon them.

This process works because of stigma; in applying a deviant label, one

attaches a stigmatized identity to the labeled individual.

 4

Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes that there are

three levels of moral development, with each level split into two stages.

Kohlberg suggested that people move through these stages in a fixed

order, and that moral understanding is linked to cognitive development.

The three levels of moral reasoning include preconventional,

conventional, and postconventional.

By using children's responses to a series of moral dilemmas,

Kohlberg established that the reasoning behind the decision was a

greater indication of moral development than the actual answer.

Social strain theory was developed by famed American

sociologist Robert K. Merton. The theory states that social structures

may pressure citizens to commit crimes. Strain may be structural,

which refers to the processes at the societal level that filter down and

affect how the individual perceives his or her needs. Strain may also

be individual, which refers to the frictions and pains experienced by an

individual as he or she looks for ways to satisfy individual needs.

These types of strain can insinuate social structures within society that

then pressure citizens to become criminals.

 5

In his discussion of deviance, Merton proposed a typology of

deviant behavior that illustrated the possible discrepancies between

culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to

achieve these goals. A typology is a classification scheme designed to

facilitate understanding. In this case, Merton was proposing a typology

of deviance based upon two criteria: a person’s motivations or his

adherence to cultural goals; a person’s belief in how to attain his goals.

Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura,

emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the

behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning

theory considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact

to influence human learning and behavior. Observational learning is a

major component of Bandura's social learning theory. He also

emphasized that four conditions were necessary in any form of

observing and modeling behavior: attention, retention, reproduction,

and motivation.
 6

Conceptual Framework

Children with criminal offences or accused of having committed

an offence are often prone to social stigmas. Sometimes having peers

or being associated with other offenders is enough for the child to

experience social stigmas.

Social stigmas are negative labels that are related to the

behavior of a person or a group of people that distinguishes them from

other members of a society. This means that discrimination towards

children in conflict with the law can result to recidivism. Recidivism can

be a resulting factor of anticipated stigma which is the belief that

prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping will be directed at the self

from others in the future.

Coping strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral

and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce, or

minimize stressful events. Three general categories of coping

strategies have been distinguished: coping in terms of emotional

aspect, social aspect and self-concept.

Input Process Output

 7

1. Demographic
profile of Coping Strategies of Drafted Policy
respondents former CICL about for the inclusion
2. Coping social stigmas in of Children’s
Strategies of the Barangay Fatima: Policy of
respondents Basis for policy Barangay
3. Challenges Development Council for the
experienced by Protection of
the respondents Children.
4. Based on the Survey Questionnaire (BCPC)
result, what are
the possible interview
recommendation

Feedback

Statement of the Problem

 8

The aim of this study is to determine the coping strategies of

former Children in Conflict with the Law about social stigmas in

Barangay Fatima General Santos City.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. Demographic profile as to:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Educational Attainment

1.4 Educational Status

2. What are challenges experienced by respondents in terms of

social stigmas.

2.1 Social

2.2 Emotional

2.3 Physical

3. What are the coping strategies by the respondents in terms of:

3.1 Emotional aspect

 9

3.2 Social aspect

3.3 Self-concept

4. Based on the result what are the possible recommendation.

Scope and limitation

This study focused only on the Former Children in Conflict with

the Law in barangay Fatima, General Santos City. As well as, to

determine their coping strategies about social stigmas. The

respondents are high school graduates and non-graduates who were

selected using convenience random sampling method. They were child

in conflict with the law during the years 2017-2019.

In this study, the researcher used non-probability sampling

method. Fifty (50) former children in conflict with the law from barangay

Fatima was chosen conveniently with age ranging from 18 years old to

25 years old who encountered stigmas and difficulties during the time

while they are CICL. It delimited the study by excluding those 17 years

old and below.

Significance of the Study

 10

The result of this study would be beneficial to the following:

For the City Social Welfare and Development Office. This

helps the department in knowing the coping strategies of CICL about

social stigmas in zone 4, Fatima, General Santos City;

For the Barangay Council for Protection of Children of

Barangay Fatima. This helps the Barangay council to further protect

the well-being of the children in conflict with the law of Barangay

Fatima and to include in Children’s policy.

For the Community. It helps them to be aware of the coping

strategies of CICL about social stigmas;

For the Future Researchers. This study will serve as their

reference for further study.

Definition of Terms
 11

Children in Conflict with the Law - are usually males between

the ages of 14 and 17 who have low educational attainment, mostly

reaching only the elementary level.

Coping Strategies - is defined as what people do to try to

minimize stress and is commonly seen in health psychology as

problem-focused, that is, directed at reducing the threats and losses of

the illness, or emotion-focused, namely directed at reducing the

negative emotional consequences.

Social Stigma - is structural in society and can create barriers

for persons with a mental or behavioral disorder. Structural means that

stigma is a belief held by a large faction of society in which persons

with the stigmatized condition are less equal or are part of an inferior

group.

Recidivism - Recidivism is one of the most fundamental

concepts in criminal justice. It refers to a person's relapse into criminal

behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes

intervention for a previous crime.

 12

Anticipated Stigma - Anticipated stigma refers to expectations

of stigma experiences happening in the future. Internalized stigma

refers to the individual level process of awareness, acceptance, and

application of stigma (to oneself). Finally, experienced or enacted

stigma refers to discriminatory acts or behaviors.

Perceived Stigma - Perceived stigma is the fear of being

discriminated against or the fear of enacted stigma, which arises from

society's belief.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains detailed review of the existing

literatures. Knowledge and findings from the past literatures are

carefully reviewed and identified as highly relevant to the present

study.

Foreign Literatures

Coping Responces

Research has rarely considered criminal offenders’

psychological responses to stigma, but these responses may

significantly influence behavior after release from jail/prison. Jail

inmates perceived and anticipated stigma was assessed prior to

release from jail/prison, and outcomes were assessed one-year post-

release. We hypothesized that perceived stigma would predict poor

adjustment in several domains (i.e., recidivism, substance

dependence, mental health symptoms, community adjustment) through

anticipated stigma. Results showed that perceived stigma predicted

worse community adjustment through anticipated stigma, and this

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varied by race. Results are explored from an interdisciplinary

perspective. (Kelly E. Moore 2016)

Self-Stigma

Upon conviction, individuals receive the stigmatizing label

“criminal offender.” Existing stereotypes about criminal offenders may

be integrated into the self-concept, a phenomenon known as self-

stigma. In many stigmatized groups, self-stigma is a robust predictor of

poor functioning. However, little is known about how self-stigma

occurs, and there has been limited research with criminal offenders.

This study examines a theoretical model of self-stigma in which

perceived stigma leads to stereotype agreement, internalized stigma,

and then to anticipated stigma (Moore, K. E., Tangney, J. P., &

Stuewig, J. B. 2016).

Those involved in the criminal justice system are swiftly

identified as “criminals.” Receipt of this label may promote self-stigma;

a process wherein criminal stereotypes are internalized and produce

negative psychological and behavioral consequences. Research has

yet to identify which types of offenders are at risk for, or in contrast,

 15

protected from, experiencing self-stigma. The current study examines

whether risk and protective factors predict multiple components of the

self-stigma process (i.e., perceived stigma, stereotype agreement,

internalized stigma, anticipated stigma) in a sample of male jail

inmates. Results showed that mental health symptoms were a

consistent risk factor across 3 of 4 self-stigma components, whereas

antisocial characteristics were a risk factor for stereotype agreement

and internalized stigma. Self-esteem was a protective factor for

internalized and anticipated stigma. Implications for preventing self-

stigma among offenders are discussed. (Moore, K. E., Milam, K. C.,

Folk, J. B., & Tangney, J. P. 2018)

Anticipated Stigma

People with concealable stigmatized identities, such as a

criminal record, often anticipate stigma from others. Anticipated stigma

is thought to cause withdrawal from situations in which there is the

potential for discrimination, which then negatively impacts behavior

and functioning. This may have implications for offenders reentering

the community, possibly hindering community integration and

encouraging maladaptive behavior post release. Drawing upon a

 16

sample of 197 male jail inmates, we examine a theoretical model in

which anticipated stigma during incarceration predicts behavioral

outcomes 1 year after release from jail (i.e., recidivism, substance use

disorder symptoms, mental health symptoms, community adjustment)

through social withdrawal. Anticipated stigma during incarceration

predicted social withdrawal three months post release, which then

predicted more mental health problems 1-year post release. Stigma

resistance and optimism buffered the effect of anticipated stigma on

social withdrawal. Race moderated multiple paths in the model,

suggesting that the relations between anticipated stigma, social

withdrawal, and adjustment are more pronounced for White offenders.

(Moore & Tangney, 2017)

Stigma in the case of Employment

This article explores how released prisoners on parole

overcome the stigma of a criminal conviction in their attempts to secure

employment. Findings highlight how overcoming the consequences of

stigma for finding work requires forms of identity management, and

assistance by family and friends that send signals to employers that a

former inmate has changed and is a capable worker. The article

 17

illustrates that employment provides opportunities for the formation of

redemption scripts and a ‘replacement-self through the process of

voluntary self-disclosure. We explore these issues through interview

data collected from individuals serving a parole order in Queensland,

Australia. (Cherney and Fritzgerald 2018)

Ex-offenders comprise a significant percentage of the labor force

but frequently face stigmatization at work. Previous research on the ex-

offender stigma has focused almost exclusively on its deleterious

implications during the selection process. We seek to provide insight

by adopting a cross-disciplinary approach and drawing from theoretical

foundations in social psychology to present a model of the process and

outcomes of the stigmatization of ex-offenders in organizations. In

doing so, we outline the relationships between stigmatization, labeling,

stereotyping, and treatment discrimination in the employee-observer

relationship, to suggest how stigma leads to employee outcomes such

as reduced performance and satisfaction as well as higher turnover.

Further, we offer critical boundary conditions along each step of the

process and discuss strategies that ex-offenders can use to manage

their stigma as well as organizational practices that may help

 18

employers and managers avoid negative outcomes for ex-offender

employees. (Baur, Hall, Daniels & Buckley 2018)

Individuals with a criminal record, face employment challenges

because of the nature of their stigma. In this study, we examined the

efficacy of using reparative impression management tactics to mitigate

integrity concerns associated with a perilous stigma. Drawing on affect

control theory, we proposed that the use of 3 impression management

tactics—apology, justification, excuse—would differentially affect hiring

evaluations through their influence on perceived remorse and

anticipated workplace deviance. Across 3 studies, we found support for

our proposed model. Our results revealed the use of an apology or

justification tactic when explaining a previous criminal offense had a

positive indirect effect on hiring evaluations, whereas the use of an

excuse tactic had a negative indirect effect. These findings suggest

applicants may benefit from using impression management tactics that

communicate remorse when discussing events or associations that

violate integrity expectations. (Ali, Lyons, & Ryan, 2017)

This article contributes to the business ethics literature by

applying and extending an emerging theoretical perspective—

 19

stakeholder capability enhancement (Westermann-Behaylo, Van

Buren, & Berman, 2016)—to previously unexplored areas of business

ethics inquiry related to work, dignity, and relationships between firms,

ex-offenders, and other stakeholders. In particular, I direct attention to

ex-offenders as critical community-based stakeholders pursuing

employment opportunities with employers in these communities. I

discuss how prevailing hiring practices in firms restrict opportunities for

ex-offenders to obtain meaningful work and undermine stakeholder

capabilities and dignity. I consider three primary pathways for

expanding employment opportunities for ex-offenders, enhancing the

capabilities and dignity of ex-offenders and other community-based

stakeholders, and maintaining critical employer rights. The article

concludes with a discussion of potential directions for future research.

(Goodstien, 2019)
 20

Foreign Studies

Public Attitudes towards Ex-offenders

Ex-offenders face barriers to community reintegration including

negative attituds held by members of the public. This meta-analysis

summarizes the extant research on the correlates of public attitudes

toward ex-offenders—namely, public, ex-offender, and community

characteristics—and the moderating effects of sexual offense history.

A systematic search of four databases (PsycINFO, Web of Science,

National Criminal Justice Reference Service [NCJRS], and ProQuest

Dissertation & Theses) identified 19 records, consisting of 9,355

participants. Results revealed small associations between correlate

variables and attitudes, suggesting that people are more similar than

different in their attitudes toward ex-offenders. Indeed, only political

ideology, interpersonal contact, and sexual offense history emerged as

significant correlates. Moderation analyses revealed differences in

public attitudes toward ex-offenders based upon the year a record was

produced. Findings reveal the need for additional research examining

moderators of public attitudes toward ex-offenders and suggest that

interventions should explore ways to incorporate interpersonal contact

 21

and reduce stigma related to criminal histories. (Rade, Desmarais &

Mitchell 2016)

This study aims to understand the process of stigmatization,

marginalization and discrimination visited on ex-offenders after

completion of their sentences. With reference to scholars such as

Foucault, Festinger and Lerner, I problematize the notion that

‘collateral consequences’ (essentially stigma) should of necessity

follow ex-offenders for the rest of their lives. Instead of attempting yet

another intervention project (most of which have failed dismally), I have

decided to discover what we can learn from the Chinese (and other

cultures) on integration – an idea vouched for by both Habermas and

Durkheim. This work is an interdisciplinary study since it is a ‘complex

problem’ which requires as many inputs as possible and consequently

I strive to be as inclusive as possible. To this end, I also make eclectic

use of theory as opposed to a thorough-going singular theoretical

application. This inclusivity also relates to my sources, where I have

consulted scholars of both the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries

who have had something of value to say on the matter. In this respect,

John Braithwaite’s seminal distinction between ‘integrative shaming’

 22

and ‘stigmatizing shaming’ cultures was invaluable. The former

prevents crime by resettling ex-offenders while the latter is

‘criminogenic’ and ‘counter-productive’ by driving ex-offenders away

from mainstream culture through stigma. In this process the societal

management of shame (resulting in either integration or stigma) has

profound consequences. South Africa, a stigmatizing shaming culture,

has rates of recidivism of between 85%-94% while the Peoples’

Republic of China (PRC), an integrative shaming culture, presents only

6%-8%. My research problem is how to integrate returning ex-

offenders in South Africa’s stigmatizing shaming culture, based on the

contemporary Chinese model, i.e. how to incorporate the best features

of an integrative shaming culture into a stigmatizing shaming culture,

specifically onto home soil in post-apartheid South Africa (if this proves

to be possible). In order to enable the transplantation process both in

time and space (an idea gleaned from Derrida), I have developed nine

tools to assist me with this procedure. These tools may be of value to

other researchers who may wish to duplicate the procedure along a

different trajectory. By employing ‘secondary data analysis’ as my tool

of data collection, I consider a number of original field work studies

which were done in the PRC relating to the period 1949-1996, when
 23

the integrative shaming culture on the mainland was at its peak. In my

penultimate chapter but one I come to the realization that certain

features of stigmatizing shaming cultures (these societies’ ‘diseased’

nature, the prison-industrial-complex, the ‘selfish’ society and their

inability to grasp its own ‘desire’, etc.) preclude the sensible fusing of

these two cultures, which might well be impossible because the

respective ‘natures’ (selfish vs caring) of these two societies are

mutually exclusive. As a result, I develop a number of devices to

complement the successful transplantation of certain features and to

enhance the well-being of both ex-offenders and offenders alike.

These are: an examination of the desire to integrate, self-confidence,

self-esteem, trust and Victor Frankl’s idea of ‘paradoxical intensity’. I

bolster this exercise by first building a case, based on Foucault’s well-

known notion, for the ‘care of the self’. I conclude that while integration

is an important issue of concern to both Critical Criminology and

Critical Theory (in the tradition of the Frankfurt School), as my work

straddles these two central disciplines, this course may not be possible

for the present and, moreover, is not the only way to grow desistence

(and foreclose recidivism) among ex-offenders. Instead, measures

 24

aimed at growing their well-being may be more effective and indeed

make more sense politically. (Lotter & Casper, 2018)

Stigma and Discrimination of Children in Street Situation

The term “street child” has many connotations and can either

“label and stigmatize children” or “provide them with an identity and a

sense of belonging”. The term evolved to include children and youth

with “street connections,” recognizing that the “street is a central

reference point” (Human Rights Council, 2012; Office of the High

Commissioner for Human Rights, Consortium for Street Children, &

UNICEF, 2011, p. 10). Recently, the term “children in street situations”

has been defined to “comprise: (a) children who depend on the streets

to live and/or work, whether alone, with peers or with family; and (b) a

wider population of children who have formed strong connections with

public spaces and for whom the street plays a vital role in their

everyday lives and identities” (UN Committee on the Rights of the

Child [CRC], 2017, p. 3). For the purposes of this paper, while the

authors acknowledge possible limitations, the term “children in street

situations” (CSS) will be used in this sense. CSS are not a

homogeneous group, but a “striking commonality once on the streets is

 25

that children everywhere are subjected to stigmatization and

discrimination” (Thomas De Benítez, 2011, p. 64). The stigmatization

of homeless persons in high-income settings has been explored,

showing that the homeless are blamed for their circumstances and

experience substantial discrimination resulting in negative

consequences (Belcher & DeForge, 2012; Phelan, Link, Moore, &

Stueve, 1997). For CSS in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs),

the prevailing perception in many contexts is that they are juvenile

delinquents or have come to the streets due to boredom and peer

pressure. However, this commonly held perception has no basis in

available evidence. In LMICs, the leading cause of street involvement

as self-reported by children and youth worldwide is poverty, family

conflict, and abuse. In Kenya, the influx of children and youth to the

streets has been attributed to poverty, abuse and family conflict, being

orphaned, social-cultural changes to kinship), and post-election

violence. Very few children and youth report coming to the streets due

to delinquency, peer pressure, or boredom; yet, this perception has led

to stigmatization and discrimination of CSS in Eldoret, Kenya

(Gayapersad, Embleton, Sha, Kiptui, Ayuku & Braitstein, 2020).

 26

Local Literatures

Children, consisting of 39% of the overall population of the

Philippines can play a significant role as agents of transformation.

However, these children often live in remote areas with limited

infrastructures and access to basic services. In a typical Filipino

community where poverty is a very common complication growing

rapidly in an urban setting, for example in Metro Manila where 20%

resides in informal housings or slum areas. Children from

impoverished households are often victims of extreme forms of child

labor such as prostitution or recruitment into armed forces. The effects

of poverty are also visible through that large number of children living

and working in the streets in the Philippines, even though not very

visible, there are an estimated 246,111 children living and working in

the streets, between the ages of 0-17 years old2. With the current

environment in the Philippines, children are not exempt from the

extreme expression of violence where arbitrary extrajudicial killings are

very common, street children are common victims of summary

executions, violence, trafficking and exploitation. Last 2014, there are

14,993 cases of Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) in the

 27

Philippines. That is more than one child per hour being accused or

adjudged of committing an offense under Philippine laws and they are

susceptible to abuse during arrest and detention. The Philippines is

home to over 15,000 Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) as of

2014 data from the Philippine National Police (PNP). Majority of them

were property-related crimes wherein theft was considered the highest

with the outstanding number of 5886 cases per year. (Urminita, 2018)

Local Studies

This study investigates how values are instilled to children in

conflict with the law (CICL) in a Philippines youth facility through the

houseparent–resident relationship. Although a wealth of literature has

examined the condition of child residents in youth rehabilitation

institutions, little is known about the relationship between the child

residents and the house parents assigned to care for them,

particularly, how the values the house parents instill in the children

impacts on their rehabilitation. Through an ethnographic study of a

child facility and in-depth interviews of the CICL residents and their

house parents, the study presents a rich description of the kind of

relationship between these carers and their wards. The totalizing effect
 28

of the institution is mitigated by the genial relationship between the

house parents and the child residents. In particular, the Filipino values

of personalism as applied by the house parents in their parenting tasks

positively impacts on the child residents they are caring for. The

findings gathered from this study will provide critical information on

what values the social workers, caregivers, house parents and other

staff of a youth facility should impart to the CICL to help achieve the

facility’s rehabilitative goals. (Aguilar, 2016)

Synthesis and Relevance to the Study

The literatures above are relevant for the findings of this study.

These literatures provided a different perspective in the local and

foreign settings. These different concepts helped the researcher to

understand the effects of the variables being investigated. These

helped the researcher to know and understand the relationship of the

variables being investigated.

 29

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study approach is discussed in this chapter and provides

guidance for the investigation. It talks about the study's participants,

setting, research equipment, data collection process, and data

analysis.

Research Design

The study applies quantitative approach. The researcher uses

convenience random sampling method for data gathering.

Questionnaire and interview method are use in information gathering.

These methods are applied to determine the coping strategies of

former children in conflict with the law to social stigma. The researcher

provides questionnaires and interview individuals on the issues and

challenges they faced relative to the perceived stigma set by the

society in Barangay Fatima General Santos City.

 30

Research Locale

This study was conducted at Barangay Fatima General Santos

City. It is under Region XII, province of South Cotabato. The

researcher utilized questionnaire method for the respondents in

Barangay Fatima General Santos City.

Philippines General Santos City

Barangay Fatima
 31

Research Instrument

In this study, the researcher applied questionnaire method and

semi structured interview, in which the researcher gives questionnaires

and can freely ask open questions to the respondents. The researcher

prepared several questions to collect the data from the former CICL.

The interview is conducted through face to face in informal meeting

between the researcher and respondents. The tool used in the

interview process is interview guide.

Data Collection

The data were collected from former CICL that experienced

difficulties and challenges through social stigma. The procedures of

collecting data are written below:

1. Formulating the interview guideline in order to prepare interview

with the former CICL about the difficulties they have experienced with

social stigma and how they have overcome these challenges.

2. Doing interview with the former CICL to identify the difficulties

they have encountered and identify the coping strategies they utilized

to overcome social stigma.

 32

3. Collecting the data gained from observation and interview.

Population and Sample Size

There were 50 persons who are former child in conflict with the

law conveniently selected from Barangay Fatima General Santos City

who served as respondents for the study. The researcher used

convenient sampling for there are limited number of data sources that

could contribute to the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

In determining the coping strategies of former children in conflict

with the law about social stigmas in Barangay Fatima General Santos

City, a five-point scale was used below:

Scale Verbal Description Definition

5 Strongly Agree Means that respondent strongly

agree at about81%-100%

4 Agree Means that respondent Agree

at about 61%-80%

3 Neither Agree nor Disagree Means that respondents neither

Agree nor Disagree at about
41%-60%

2 Disagree Means that respondent is

Disagree at about 21%-40%
 33

1 Strongly Disagree Means that respondent strongly

disagree at about 1%-20%

The following statistical tools were used in the analysis of the collected

data.

Percentage This was used to determine the frequency distribution of

the profile of the respondents.

f
P= × 100
N
where:
P=¿ the percentage;
f =¿ the frequency; and
N=¿ number of cases

Weighted Mean. This used to determine extent of social stigma

in Barangay Fatima, General Santos City and its relation to the coping

strategies of the respondents.

n

∑ ( x i × wi )
x= i=1 n

∑ wi
i=1
where:
x=stands for weighted arithmetic mean;
x i=stands for values of the item;∧¿
w i=stands for weight of theitem ;∧¿
 34

Pearson R. This was used to test the significant relationship between

the extent of social stigma and the coping strategies of the

respondents.

Ethical Considerations

This research is conducted with the consistency to the ethical

protocol set by the Barangay Council for Protection of Children of

Barangay Fatima. The researcher requested and secured

corresponding permission from Barangay officials and staff of

Barangay Council for Protection of Children to conduct this study.

Authorization and consent from the respondents were also secure in

which they are assured that their rights are fully protected, especially in

handling the data such as, but not limited to:

Voluntary Participation. The respondents' involvement in the

study is entirely optional, anonymous to safeguard their privacy, and

they are informed whenever they have questions before deciding

whether or not to join. The names of the respondents did not appear

anywhere, and only the researcher was aware of their exact

responses. If the responses are private, the researcher numbers them;

 35

only the researcher has the key to identify which number belongs to

which responder.

Privacy and Confidentiality. All of the data gathered for this

study is kept private and confidential in accordance with the goal of

preserving the rights of the study participants.

Informed Consent Process. The researcher ensures that the

respondents are fully aware of the benefits the Local Government may

receive from the study by using a clear and understandable survey

form. The survey is carried out with the consent from the respondents.

Risks. In terms of physical, psychological, or socioeconomic

concerns, the population may encounter high risk situations that were

not examined in this study. The study participants' rights were

safeguarded and maintained.

Benefits. The outcome of this research can help the Barangay

Council for the Protection of Children since the result of this study will

give them latest information which can be included in children’s policy.

Plagiarism. The researcher takes care to follow all of the proper

and precise citation guidelines when using the ideas of other authors
 36

and experts. This document underwent grammatical and plagiarism

testing using Turnitin and Grammarly tools to be able to achieve this.

Fabrication. The researcher took care to avoid creating any

fiction from her research because this study is based on a number of

previous investigations. As a result, every piece of information was

meticulously written and referenced. Every source used in this study

was taken from reputable scholarly publications.

Permission from Organization/Location. An official letter is

sent to the Barangay Council for the Protection of Children of

Barangay Fatima General Santos City. As a result of the research's

formal conduct and obvious adherence to ethical norms. Only with the

Barangay Officials approval was the research carried out.

Authorship. When conducting the study, authorship credentials

are taken into account. The researcher, with the assistance and

direction of the research adviser, had made a significant contribution to

the idea and design, or to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of

data. The essay is jointly drafted by the researcher and adviser, who

then critically review it for significant intellectual substance. Both have

 37

made contributions to the research that was used to publish the

findings.

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and

interpretation of data. The presentation is arranged according to the

subtopics raised in chapter 1. The data that were tabulated and

analyzed evaluates the coping strategies and defines the level of

challenges experienced by former children in conflict with the law.

The results and the analysis of the quantitative data and the

assessment of the findings of this study, were reviewed in this section.

The findings are also analyzed relevant to the previews research

findings of the available literatures using statistical tools to develop

rational, precise, and positive response to address the underlying

problems.
 38

Table 1.1 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of

gender. As stated, there are 46 (92.00%) male and 4 (8.00%) are

female respondents. This implies that most of the respondents are

male.

Gender as a perspective implies that biological and social

gender is reflected in research content. A growing number of studies

show that diversity, including gender balance and gender

perspectives, helps to enhance the scientific quality and social

relevance of research. (Research Council of Norway, 2018)

Table 1.1

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Gender

Profile of the Respondents

Gender Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Male 46 92%

Female 4 8%

Total 50 100%
 39

In terms of age, it is stated in table 1.2 that 13 (26%) of the

respondents are 20 years old, 12 (24%) are 21 years old, 9 (18%) are

19 years old, 7 (14%) 22 years old, 4 (8%) 23 years old and 3 (6%) 24

years old, 2 (4%) 18 years old. This shows that most of the

respondents are 20 and 21 years old and the fewest are 18 years old.

According to Wohlwill, age is looked at as a dimension along

which behavior changes are to be traced, forming part of the definition

of the dependent variable in research. (Wohlwill, 2017)

Table 1.2

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of Age

AGE Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

20 13 26%

21 12 24%

19 9 18%

22 7 14%

23 4 8%

24 3 6%

18 2 4%
 40

Total 50 100%

Table 1.3 indicates the demographic profile of the respondents

in terms of educational attainment. It is shown that most of the

respondents are Highschool level which has 44 (88%), 4 (8%) are in

elementary level and 2 (4%) college level. This implies that most of the

respondents have not continued their academics and may have

stopped coming to school or have not been able to proceed to college.

Demographic information such as age, gender, and educational

attainment provides data regarding research participants and is

necessary for the determination of whether the individuals in a

particular study are a representative sample of the target population for

generalization purposes. Usually demographics or research participant

characteristics are reported in the methods section of the research

report and serve as independent variables in the research design.

(Lee, 2018)
 41

Table 1.3

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of

Educational Attainment

Educational attainment Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

High school level 44 88%

Elementary level 4 8%

College level 2 4%

Total 50 100%

The demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

educational status in table 1.4 shows that most of the respondents are

out-of-school youth which has 46 (92%) and the least is in school youth

which has 4 (8%).

Demographics explain the socio-economic profile of a

population, like a gender, residential location, age, marital status,

income, educational qualification, career status, race, and so on.

 42

Through demographic data, we can understand the background

characteristic of the population under study. (Kumar, 2020)

Table 1.4

The Demographic Profile of the Respondents in terms of

Educational Status

Educational Status Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Out of school youth 46 92.00%

In of school youth 4 8.00%

Total 50 100.00%

Table 2.1 implicates the challenges experienced by the

respondents in terms of social stigma involving social aspect. It is

revealed that the respondents rated agree in the description with the

total mean of 3.86. This suggests that the respondents experienced

ridicule relative to their past affiliation as children in conflict with the

law. Moreover, the data also depicts level of exposure of respondents

to shameful comments and easily gets blamed when crime occurs in

 43

regards to being CICL before. The respondents also feel hated by

people and felt being judged.

Shoham states that derogatory labels are tagged on to an

individual by relevant others and are internalized by him as a part of

his self-image. The social control agencies are thus responsible, by

means of various branding mechanisms, for the distinction between

the deviant and the conformist. Ultimately this distinction is irrespective

of the structural or 'substantive' nature of an individual's behavior.

(Shoham, 2018)

Table 2.1

The challenges experienced by respondents in terms of Social

Stigma involving social aspect.

Statements Mean Description

1.    I experienced ridicule from other people because of my past as 4.08 Agree
CICL.

2.    I experienced shameful comments. 3.92 Agree

3. I experienced being judged. 3.92 Agree

4.    I get easily blamed when a crime occurs. 3.82 Agree

5.    People hated me because I was CICL before. 3.58 Agree

Total Mean 3.86 Agree

 44

It is presented in table 2.2 the challenges experienced by the

respondents in terms of social stigma involving emotional aspect. It

displays the total mean of 3.56 which is interpreted as agree. 3 out of

5 statements were rated agree which states that the respondents

experienced emotional challenges in terms of social stigma.

Meanwhile, 2 statements were rated neither agree nor disagree with

the lowest mean of 3.40, it implies that respondents are not certain of

being depressed involving social stigma. This states that the

respondents were unsure of being depressed or hopeless when

exposed to social stigma.

As stated in the study of Jennings, Depression and high-rate

offending are linked in children and adolescents. According to her

study, the effect of depression on predicting a high rate and increasing

trajectory of delinquency is strong. (Jennings, 2019)

 45

Table 2.2

Challenges Experienced by the Respondents in terms of Social

Stigma Involving Emotional Aspect

Statements Mean Description

1.    I felt scared because of constant worry that rival gangs or person 3.74 Agree
with hatred will retaliate someday.

2.    I felt shamed when people ridicule me because I was CICL before. 3.66 Agree

3.    I felt hatred towards people who always blame me first when 3.58 Agree
crime occurs just because I was CICL before.

4.    I felt hopeless when people shame me because I was CICL before. 3.44 Neither Agree
nor Disagree

5.    I get depressed before when people judge me. 3.40 Neither Agree
nor Disagree

Total Mean 3.56 Agree

 46

It is shown in table 2.3 that the challenges experienced by the

respondents in terms of social stigma involving physical aspect has

reported an overall mean of 3.62 which is interpreted as agree in the

description. This signifies that the challenges involving physical aspect

in terms of social stigma are present during their former affiliation as

CICL. With the highest means of 4.00 that states sustaining injuries

from people because of delinquent activities, this proves that the

respondents have experienced certain level of affliction through the

course of the respondent’s delinquent activities. One of the statements

with the lowest mean of 2.84 which states that the respondent did not

experience physical abuse from their parents/guardians in contrast to

the third statement in table 2.3 with the mean of 3.56 that states

respondents experienced physical abuse from their parents/guardian,

this means that there is extent of physical abuse to the respondent

from the parents/guardian.

According to Sarwar, children become rebellious and adopt

problematic behavior due to more than necessary power exercised on

children by parents. Furthermore, parents who spend maximum time

 47

with their children reduce the probability of developing delinquent

behavior among their children. (Sarwar, 2016)

Table 2.3

Challenges Experienced by the Respondents in terms of Social

Stigma Involving Physical Aspect

Statements Mean Description

1.    I sustained injuries from people because of my delinquent 4.00 Agree

activities.

2.    I got beat up by rival gangs during and after my days as CICL. 3.86 Agree

3.    I always get in trouble and fights because of my reputation when I 3.84 Agree
was still a CICL.

4.    I experienced physical abuse from my parents/guardian during 3.56 Agree

my days as CICL.

5.    I did not experience any physical abuse from my 2.84 Neither Agree
parents/guardian. nor Disagree

Total Mean 3.62 Agree

Grand mean 3.68 Agree

 48

In table 3.1, it indicates the coping strategies about social

stigma in terms of social aspect which has the overall mean of 3.67.

The first statement with a total mean of 3.96 implies that the

respondents coped with stigma through developing their character in

order to change the societies opinion about them. However, the

respondents do not have clear indication of continuing their academics

as shown in the second statement which has a total mean of 3.38

which also supports the findings in table 1 which exhibits that most of

the respondent are out-of-school youth. It is also depicted that the

respondents chose to get a job as seen in the third statement which

has an overall mean of 4.00. Although most of the respondents have

no clear indication of continuing their studies, they also do not have

clear implication of returning to delinquency as it is revealed in the

fourth statement which has the lowest total mean of 3.18. Furthermore,

it is evident that the respondents used avoidance as a coping response

to stigmatism as shown in table 3.1.

Avoidance coping involves cognitive and behavioral efforts

oriented toward denying, minimizing, or otherwise avoiding dealing

 49

directly with stressful demands and is closely linked to distress and

depression. (Penley, Tomaka, & Wiebe, 2017)

Table 3.1

Coping Strategies About Social Stigma in Terms of Social Aspect

Statements Mean Description

1.    I got a job to change their opinion about me. 4.00 Agree

2.    I developed my character to change their opinion about me. 3.96 Agree

3.    I do not reveal my past to others. 3.82 Agree

4.    I continued my study to change their perspective about me. 3.38 Neither Agree
nor Disagree

5.    I ignore what others think about me and continue being a 3.18 Neither Agree
delinquent. nor Disagree

Total Mean 3.67 Agree

 50

In table 3.2, it presents the coping strategy about social stigma

in terms of emotional aspect with a total mean of 3.83. This shows the

coping strategies that the respondents applied in terms of social stigma

involving emotional aspect. 4 out of 5 statements were rated agree

where 3 statements indicate positive coping strategies. Conversely, the

lowest mean is 3.10 and is interpreted as neither agree nor disagree is

the statement 2 which states substance use to cope with stigma.

This shows that table 3.2 indicates coping strategies such as

support seeking and through distractions. As studied by Skinner, there

are a variety of different coping theories has discovered. Skinner found

support seeking, problem solving, and distraction are the most helpful

forms of coping skills for adolescents. Support seeking is something

that can also be used at home with parents, family members and other

people. When people are there as a “shoulder” for the child, they react

in a positive way. It is giving them the reassurance someone is there

when you need them. (Stepka, 2021)

 51

Table 3.2

Coping Strategy About Social Stigma in Terms of Emotional

Aspect

Statements Mean Description

1.    I played sports to cope with my emotions about social stigma. 4.08 Agree

2.    I usually go to my friends to cope with my emotions about social 4.04 Agree
stigma.

3.    I usually smoke cigarette or drink alcohol to address my emotions 3.98 Agree
about social stigma.

4.    I played video games to cope with my emotions about social 3.96 Agree
stigma.

5.    I used illegal drugs before to cope with my emotions about social 3.10 Neither Agree
stigma. nor Disagree

Total Mean 3.83 Agree

 52

The coping strategies about social stigma in terms of self-

concept in table 3.3 is interpreted as agree with an overall rate of 3.42.

This implicates that the respondents show uncertainty in three out of

five statements. The respondents rated neither agree nor disagree in

statements three, four, and five which states recidivism. Among these

statements are indication of going back to delinquency because of

social stigma with a mean of 3.24, losing motivation because of social

stigma with the mean of 3.22 and the last which has the lowest mean

of 2.80 that implies substance use because of social stigma.

According to the study of Robertson, recidivism has two factors,

environmental and individual-level factors. Difference in youth

demographic characteristics and offending behaviors as well as

agency practices with regards to case disposition appears to account

for noted differences in recidivism rates. (Robertson, Gardner, and

McReynolds, 2020)
 53

Table 3.3

Coping Strategies About Social Stigma in Terms of Self-Concept

Statements Mean Description

1.    I do not believe the public’s opinion about me and I can change 4.16 Agree
myself to be a better individual.

2.    I drink alcohol and smoke cigarette because people already know 3.68 Agree
that I drink and smoke.

3.    Social stigma made me go back to delinquency. 3.24 Neither Agree

nor Disagree

4.    I have lost my motivation because of social stigma. 3.22 Neither Agree
nor Disagree

5.    I abused substance because that is the general opinion of the 2.80 Neither Agree
public about me. nor Disagree

Total Mean 3.42 Agree

Grand mean 3.64 Agree

 54

Overall, according to the data presented, the coping strategies

of former children in conflict with the law about social stigma in

barangay Fatima are introduced. Challenges experienced by the

respondents in terms of physical, emotional and social aspect involving

social stigma is evidently present according to the ratings which has a

grand total mean of 3.68. This just shows that the respondent has clear

indication of experiencing challenges in terms of social stigma even

being young adults. The ratings for the coping strategies about social

stigma in terms of social, emotional and self-concept of the

respondents has a grand total mean of 3.64 for which is interpreted as

agree in the description. This implies that the respondents agree to the

statements presented in the table that indicates viable coping

strategies. Some of these coping strategies are developmental,

avoidance coping and support seeking. There have seen no presented

problems in terms of coping strategies of the respondents although in

terms of challenges experienced by the respondents in terms of social

stigma, various problems are indicated such as physical abuse from

parents/guardians, and prejudice in terms of the opinion of the

community to the respondents.

 55

Chapter 5

Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions,

and recommendations.

This research was conducted to determine the coping strategies

about of former children in conflict with the law about social stigmas in

barangay Fatima. It applied quantitative method. The respondents

were former children in conflict with the law of barangay Fatima.

Findings

The findings of this study states that most of the respondents

are male in the age of 20 years old, high school level and out-of-school

youth. The indication of the respondents having challenges regarding

social stigma is high. Furthermore, Self-development was employed by

the respondents as a coping strategy. Evidently, perceived stigma

affects emotional aspect of the respondents, and respondents have

employed coping strategies such as avoidance and distractions which

was indicated as playing sports, playing video games or smoking

cigarettes and drinking liquor. Additionally, it is found out that physical

abuse by the parents/guardians is present during childhood.

Furthermore, respondents have suffered physical injuries during

 56

delinquency and fear of being retaliated by rival gang members were

experienced even as of the present.

Conclusion

Based on the data collected, through the analysis and

interpretation, the researcher concluded that the respondents of this

research have identified that they have experienced challenges in

terms of physical, emotional and social aspect and have employed

capable coping strategies. Possible programs that emphasize on

sports and esports is a viable coping strategy for the children in conflict

with law for the effectivity was evident based on the interpreted data

and would also be useful as a preventive measure in regards to the

child at risk. According to the findings, there are implication of physical

abuse, in turn, possible seminars about child abuse and neglect could

raise awareness that would help promote protection, provision, and

prevention not only for children in conflict with the law but children in

general.
 57

Recommendation

For the City Social Welfare and Development Office. Raising

awareness about child abuse and neglect through seminars is

recommended. Seminars on RA 7610 and RA 9262 is highly

recommended to be able to provide necessary facts and guidance for

the welfare of the children.

For the Barangay Council for Protection of Children of

Barangay Fatima. According to the study, possible recommendation

of after-care for the children in conflict with the law could be

implemented such as providing vocational education in partnership

with Technical Education And Skills Development Authority (TESDA).

By offering skills training and vocational courses, it is much easier for

children in conflict with the law to reintegrate to the society.

For the Sangguniang Kabataan. Possible recommendation for

programs and activities that focuses on sports and esports could play

significant role in preventive and developmental aspect of the children

in conflict with the law in terms of coping strategies. Activities such as

 58

basketball/volleyball league and e-sports league could help the

children in conflict with the law or child at risk and minimize the

involvement in delinquency and crime.

 59

Bibliography

A. Journals

Moore KE, Stuewig JB, Tangney JP. THE EFFECT OF STIGMA ON

CRIMINAL OFFENDERS' FUNCTIONING: A LONGITUDINAL
MEDIATIONAL MODEL. Deviant Behav. 2016 Feb 1;37(2):196-218.
doi: 10.1080/01639625.2014.1004035. Epub 2015 Dec 23. PMID:
26973364; PMCID: PMC4788463.

Kelly E. Moore, June P. Tangney, and Jeffrey B. Stuewig (2016) The

Self-Stigma Process in Criminal Offenders Stigma Health. 2016 Aug;
1(3): 206–224. 2016 Feb 11. doi: 10.1037/sah0000024

Moore KE, Tangney JP. Managing the Concealable Stigma of Criminal

Justice System Involvement: A Longitudinal Examination of Anticipated
Stigma, Social Withdrawal, and Post-Release Adjustment. J Soc
Issues. 2017 Jun;73(2):322-340. doi: 10.1111/josi.12219. Epub 2017
Jun 19. PMID: 34334814; PMCID: PMC8320756.

John E. Baur, Alison V. Hall, Shanna R. Daniels, M. Ronald Buckley,

Heather J. Anderson, Beyond banning the box: A conceptual model of
the stigmatization of ex-offenders in the workplace,
Human Resource Management Review, Volume 28, Issue 2,
2018, Pages 204-219, ISSN 1053-4822,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.08.002.

Goodstein, Jerry.  Business Ethics Quarterly; Chicago Vol. 29, Iss. 4,

(Oct 2019): 491-518. DOI:10.1017/beq.2018.48

B. Articles

Kelly E Moore , Katherine C Milam , Johanna B Folk , June P Tangney

(2018) Self-stigma among Criminal Offenders: Risk and Protective
Factors PMID: 30271876 PMCID: PMC6157751 DOI:
10.1037/sah0000092
 60

Adrian Cherney, Robin Fitzgerald, Efforts by Offenders to Manage and

Overcome Stigma: The Case of Employment
https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2016.12036054

Ali AA, Lyons BJ, Ryan AM. Managing a perilous stigma: Ex-offenders'
use of reparative impression management tactics in hiring contexts. J
Appl Psychol. 2017 Sep;102(9):1271-1285. doi: 10.1037/apl0000226.
Epub 2017 Apr 27. PMID: 28447830.

Rade, C. B., Desmarais, S. L., & Mitchell, R. E. (2016). A Meta-

Analysis of Public Attitudes Toward Ex-Offenders. Criminal Justice and
Behavior, 43(9), 1260–1280.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816655837

Allison Gayapersad, Lonnie Embleton, Pooja Shah, Reuben Kiptui,

David Ayuku, Paula Braitstein, Using a sociological conceptualization
of stigma to explore the social processes of stigma and discrimination
of children in street situations in western Kenya, Child Abuse &
Neglect, Volume 139, 2023,104803, ISSN 0145-2134,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104803.
 61

Appendix A

Letter to Conduct Survey

 62

Appendix B

Letter to Adviser
 63

Appendix C

Letter to the Validator

 64

Appendix D

Adviser’s Consultation Form

 65

Appendix E

Questionnaire Validation Sheet

 66

Appendix F

Survey Questionnaire

“COPING STRATEGIES OF FORMER CHIDREN IN

CONFLICT WITH THE LAW ABOUT SOCIAL STIGMAS IN
BARANGAY FATIMA GENERAL SANTOS CITY: BASIS FOR
POLICY ASSESSMENT”

Part I. Profile of the Respondents

Name (Optional) ____________________________________

Gender: ______ Age: ____ Educational Attainment: ________

Educational Status

In-school Youth

Out-of-School Youth

Part II. This part aim to find out if is there significant difference on the
extent of program implementation its indicators and respondents’
profile.

Direction: Please indicate the level of your agreement to each of the

following statements by checking the appropriate column of your
choice.

Evaluation Scale:
5= Strongly Agree 4= Agree 3= Neither Agree nor Disagree

2 = Disagree 1= Strongly Disagree

 67

2.1 Challenges Experienced by the Respondents in 5 4 3 2 1

terms of Social Stigma Involving Social Aspect

1. I experienced ridicule from other people

because of my past as CICL.
Gitamay ko tungod sa akong pagkabugoy.
2. I experienced shameful comments.
Gipakaulawan ko.
3. I get easily blamed when a crime occurs.
Dali lang kayo ko mapasanginlan.
4. People hated me because I was CICL before.
Dili ganahan ang tao sa akua tungod sa akung
pagka bugoy sa una.
5. I experienced being judged.
Gina hukman dayun ko sa laing tao tungod kay
bugoy ko sa una.
2.2 Challenges Experienced by the Respondents 5 4 3 2 1
in terms of Social Stigma Involving Emotional
Aspect

1. I felt shamed when people ridicule me because

I was CICL before.
Naulawan ko sa pagtamay sa laing tao kay
CICL ko sa una.
2. I felt scared because of constant worry that
rival gangs or person with hatred will retaliate
someday.
Nahadlok ko ug nabalaka kay basin balikan ko
sa mga kalaban nako sa una.
3. I felt hopeless when people shame me
because I was CICL before.
Nawad-an kog paglaum tung ginapakaulawan
ko tungod kay CICL ko sa una.
4. I felt hatred towards people who always blame

me first when crime occurs just because I was

CICL before.
 68

Naglagot ko sa mga tao nga kusog manangil

sa ako kung adunay krimen mahitabo tungod
lang kay CICL ko sa una.
5. I get depressed before when people judge me.
Ma depress ko kung hukman dayun ko sa
uban.

2.3 Challenges Experienced by the Respondents 5 4 3 2 1

in terms of Social Stigma Involving Physical
Aspect

1. I sustained injuries from people because of my

delinquent activities.
Na injury/aksidente gikan sa ubang tao tungod
sa pagbinugoy.
2. I got beat up by rival gangs during and after my
days as CICL.
Nakulatahan/nasumbagan ko sa akong
nakalaban sa una ug karun bisan dili nako
CICL.
3. I experienced physical abuse from my
parents/guardian during my days as CICL.
Gikulata ko sa akung ginikanan tungod sa
akong pagbinugoy.
4. I did not experience any physical abuse from
my parents/guardian.
Wala ko naka eksperyensya ug pangulata
gikan sa akung ginikanan.
5. I always get in trouble and fights because of my
reputation when I was still a CICL.
Pirmi ko makakita ug gubot tungod sa akong
repyutasyon sa una tung CICL pa ko.

3.1 COPING STRATEGIES ABOUT SOCIAL STIGMA 5 4 3 2 1

IN TERMS OF SOCIAL ASPECT
 69

1. I developed my character to change their

opinion about me.
gipalambo nako ang akong kinaiya aron
mausab ang ilang opinyon bahin kanako.
2. I continued my study to change their
perspective about me.
Gipadayon nako akong pas skwela aron
mausab ilang panan-aw kanako.
3. I got a job to change their opinion about me.
Nagtrabaho ko aron mabag-o ilang opinion
kanako.
4. I ignore what others think about me and
continue being a delinquent.
Gibalewala nako ang gihunahuna sa uban
bahin kanako ug nagpadayon nga usa ka
delingkwente
5. I don’t reveal my past to others.
Wala nako gipabalo akong kaagi sa uban.
3.2 COPING STRATEGY ABOUT SOCIAL STIGMA 5 4 3 2 1
IN TERMS OF EMOTIONAL ASPECT

1. I usually smoke cigarette or drink alcohol to

address my emotions about social stigma.
Kasagaran ako manigarilyo o moinom og
alkohol aron madumala ang akong mga gibati
mahitungod sa ilang pagtamay.
2. I used illegal drugs before to cope with my
emotions about social stigma.
Nigamit ko sa una ug ginabawal na droga aron
madumala akong gibati mahitungod sa ilang
pagtamay.

3. I played sports to cope with my emotions about

social stigma. Nagdula ug sports.

4. I played video games to cope with my emotions

about social stigma.
 70

Nagdula kog games sa kompyuter o selpon

aron makasagubang sa akong gibati bahin sa
ilang pagtamay.
5. I usually go to my friends to cope with my
emotions about social stigma.
Gatambay uban sa akung mga amigo aron
makasagubang sa akong gibati bahin sa ilang
pagtamay.

3.3 COPING STRATEGIES ABOUT SOCIAL 5 4 3 2 1

STIGMA IN TERMS OF SELF CONCEPT

1. Social stigma made me go back to

delinquency.
Ang ilang pagtamay ug pagbutang-butang
maoy nagpabalik nako sa pagbinugoy.
2. I abused substance because that is the general
opinion of the public about me.
Nigamit ko sa una ug ginabawal na droga kay
mao nay pagka-ila sa tao Kanako.
3. I drink alcohol and smoke cigarette because
people already know that I drink and smoke.
Ga-inom ug panigarilyo ko kay mao nay
naandan nga makita sa ubang tao bahin nako.
4. I have lost my motivation because of social
stigma.
Nawad-an ko motibasyon ug kadasig tungod sa
ilang pagtamay ug pagbutang-butang.
5. I do not believe the public’s opinion about me
and I can change myself to be a better
individual. Wala ko gatuo sa ilang opinion nako
Ug kaya nako bag-uhon akung sarili aron
mahimong maayo nga tao.
 71

1. What other specific coping strategies did you use in regards to social
stigma?
Unsa pa imong maingon nga nakatabang aron makasagubang
mahitungod sa ilang pagtamay ug pagbutang-butang.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
 72

Appendix G

MOA
 73

Appendix H

Curriculum Vitae

JASON RONCE B. SAILO

Barangay Fatima, General Santos City
Contact Number: 09989481151
Email Address: sailojasonronce@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA

Age: 29 years old

Date of birth: February 04, 1994
Place of birth: District Hospital General Santos City
Civil status: Single
Religion: First Church of God
Father’s name: Ronnie V. Sailo
Occupation: Pastor
Mother’s name: Maria Cecilia B. Sailo
Occupation: Kinder Teacher

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

High School: Fatima National High School

Brgy. Fatima General Santos City

Elementary: Fatima Central Elementary School

Brgy. Fatima General Santos City
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JOB EXPERIENCES

Kinder Teacher Assistant

First Church of God Kinder School
General Santos City
2019-present

Aircraft Service Crew

Cebu Pacific, Gensan International Airport
2013-2014