2. AVOGADRO’S LAW - The Law INTRODUCTION A distinction between atoms and mo was brought forth by Amedeo Avoga on between atoms and molecules of gaseous elem, les in the gas exist as - Jecules of gaseous elements ~ dro in 1811. 1. Avogadro madea distincti and suggested that the particl molecules formed from two or more atoms. 2. Anatom - is the smallest particle of an element that can take partina chem reaction and may or may not be capable of independent existance. A molecule - is the smallest particle of an element or compound that can exist by jts The number of atoms in a molecule is called its - atomicity. 3. Avogadro explained - Boyle's, Charles’ and Lussac’s Laws - by putting forth his assumption that equal volumes of all gases contain eq number of molecules. His hypothesis also help in correcting Dalton’s atomic theor AVOGADRO’S LAW, “Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure - equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules”. Avogadro's Law can be explained by - correlating the number of molecules present in known volumes of gases. If we assume that 1 litre of oxygen gas contains ‘n’ molecules of the gas then by Avogadro's Law : [under the same conditions of temperature and pressure] a] 1 litre of hydrogen will contain - ‘n’ molecules of hydrogen. b] litre of nitrogen will contain - ‘n’ molecules of nitrogen. c] litre of any gas will contain ‘n’ molecules of that gas. Illustration of Avogadro's Law ~ for formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. Oe ° DH + iT, 1 vol. + mok vols 2 vols. [experimentally] Ntogen oe 2molecuies _ [by Avogadro's La¥! aoe ‘Ammonia __under same conditio™ 4 — |3. MOLE & AVOGADRO’S NUMBER ™=S MOLE =) ‘A mole is the amount of substance which contains - the same number of units as the number of atoms in 12.000 g of carbon Ry ; a + Amole is a basic unit - 6C, of the amount of substance or a number just as dozen or gross. + Amole is a collection of particles - [basic units~ atoms, molecules, ion or the amount of substance containing particles equal to ~ 6.023 x 103 i.e. Avogadro's number. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER + Avogadro's number is the number of atoms present in - | : 12 g [gram atomic wt] of carbon ,C!2. | + Avogadro’s number is the no. of elementary units - i.e, atoms, molecules or ions in - one mole of a substance. + Avogadro's number is denoted by - NA or L . It’s value is : 6.023 x 1023, | | MOLE AVOGADRO’S NUMBER WEIGHT [MASS] ' ‘A MOLE OF ATOMS Contains - Has a mass equal to the> Example Avogadro's no. of atoms i.e. | gram atomic mass of the element. ie 1 mole of oxygen atoms [O] 6.023 x 10?3 atoms of oxygen | gram atomic mass of oxygen-16 g | 10 =16] | 1 mole of calcium atoms [Ca] 6.023 x 103 atoms of calcium | gram atomic mass of calcium - 40» || [Ca = 40] A MOLE OF MOLECULES Contains - ‘Has a mass equal to the ~ | Example Avogadro's no. of molecules | gram molecular mass of substance. || 1 mole of oxygen molecules [Og] | i. 6.023 x 10?3 i.e, equals gram molecular mass of - | molecules of oxygen oxygen -32 ¢ [07 =16 x2] 4 mole of water molecules [HO] | ie. 6.023 x 1023 i.e. equal gram molecular mass of molecules of water water-18g _ [H,O=1x2+16 | b] | 1 MOLE OF GRAM VOLUME NO. OF NO.OFATOMS/IONS MOL. WT. [at s.t.p.] _| MOLECULES | r Carbon dioxide [CO.]} 44 22.4 its. or dm? | 6.023 x 1023 | Carbon atoms - 6.023 x 10% os If molecules _| Oxygen atoms -2x 6.02310" | H Ammonia [NH3] 7 22.4 lits. or dm? | 6.023 x 10% | Nitrogen atoms - 6.023 x 10% os |Ih molecules | Hydrogen atoms - 3 x 6.023 x10" | Sulphuric acid 98 = 6.023 x 10% | Hydrogen atoms - 2 x 6.023 x10" |, [H2S04] molecules _ | [2 moles of hydrogen atoms] Sulphur atoms - 6.023x10% | [1 mole of sulphur atoms] 7 | Oxygen atoms - 4 x 6,023 x 107 [4 moles of oxygen atoms] —{) Barium chloride 208) = Contains | Barium ions - 6.023 x 10% [BaCl,] 6.023 x 1023 | [1 mole of Ba* ions] 23 | fionic compound] BaCly units | Chloride ions - 2 x 6.023 x 10° | [2 moles of CI! ions] je 76“ APPLICATIONS — Of Avogadro’s Law petermines the atomicity of the gas. petermines the molecular formula of a gas. Determines the relation between molecular weight and vapour density 4 Explains Gay-Lussac’s Law, Determines the relationship between gram molecular weight and gram molecular volume. DETERMINES - Atomicity of a Gas number of atoms present - in one molecule of that element . al al Atomicity ~ The ‘Monontomic : Elements which have one atom in their molecules. eg Helium, neon. piatomic : Elements which have two atoms in their molecule. eg. Hydrogen, OxYBen, chlorine. ‘Application of Avogadro's Law - For determining the atomicity of nitrogen. Trhas been observed that ~ One volume of nitrogen reacts with 1 vol. of oxygen to produce tivo vo Nitrogen + Oxygen > Nitric oxide IN, + Op > 2NO] umes of nitric oxide. 1vol 1vol. 2vols. = [by Gay-Lussac’s Law] tmolecule _Imolecule 2molecules - — [by Avogadro's Law] 1/pmolecule 1/zmotecule I molecule - _ [Anatomis indivisable. Therefore atom atom atoms 1/p molecule contains one atom] s ~ 2 atoms of nitrogen. ‘Therefore one molecule of nitrogen contain: & is therefore ~ DIATOMIC. Conclusion : A molecule of nitrogen contains two atoms Similarly Nitrogen + Hydrogen > Ammonia IN2 + 3H) > 2NH] 1 vol. 3 vols. 2vols. = [by Gay-Lussac’s Law] 1molecule _3molecules 2molecules _- _ [by Avogadro's Law] b] DETERMINES - The molecular formula of a Gas Molecular formula ~ A chemical formula which gives the actual or exact number of atoms of the elements present in one molecule of a compound. ‘Application of Avogadro's Law ~ For determining the molecular, -formula of a gas. Ithas been experimentally shown that - One volume of hydrogen reacts with 1 vol. of chlorine to give 2 vols. of hyd frogen chloride. Hydrogen + Chlorine > Hydrogen chloride [Hy + Clz > 2HCI] I vol. vol. 2vols. = [by Gay-Lussac’s Law] molecule 1 molecule molecules , - DopAvogadre’s Lav] 2xlatoms 2x 1 atoms 2 molecules ~ [Hydrogen and chlorine - diatomic] two atoms & are therefore - DIATOMIC. orine to give 1 molecule of hydrogen chloride. hloride is - HCl. A molecule of hydrogen and chlorine contain £ Latom of hydrogen combines with 1 atom of ch Conclusion : Molecular formula of hydrogen © 7APPLICATIONS — Of Avogadro’s Law [Contd.] ‘ c] DETERMINES - Relation between Mol. Weight & Vapour Density | Molecular weight - is the ratio of the ~ weight of one molecule of a substance to the weight of one atom of hydrogen, | Molecular weight = Mass of 1 molecule of a substance | ass of | molecule of a substance _ [relative molecular mass] Mass of 1 atom of hydrogen Vapour density ~ is the ratio of the - mass of a certain volume of gas or vapour to the mass of the same volume of hydrogen [eolumes measured under same conditions of temperature and pressure. Vapour density = Mass of a certain volume of gas or vapour of gas or vapour] Mass of the same volume of hydrogen Application of Avogadro's Law for - Determining the relationship between molecular weight and vapour density, | ‘Avogadro's Law ~ Volumes at same temperature and pressure substituted by molecule Vapour density = Mass of 1 molecule of gas/vapour Mass of 1 molecule of hydrogen = Vapour density = Mass of Lmolecule of gas/vapour [Hydrogen is diatomic] Mass of 2 atoms of hydrogen Multiplying both sides by 2 | 2.x Vapour density Mass of 1 molecule of gas/vapour Mass of Tatom of hydrogen [= Molecular weight] 2x Vapour density = Molecular weight [RMM] Conclusion : Relative molecular mass of gas or vapour is twice its vapour density. d] EXPLAINS ~ Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining volumes ‘Application of Avogadro’s Law for - Explaining Gay-Lussac’s Law si ei Chien " Consider the formation of ~ ‘Two volumes of hydrogen chloride from one volume of hydrogen & one volume of chlorine Hydrogen+ Chlorine > Hydrogen chloride 1 vol. 1 vol. 2vols, [by Gay-Lussac’s Law] | n molecules nmolecules 2n molecules [by Avogadro's Law 1 volume = n molecules] 2atoms —_2atoms «2 molecules _[Hydrogen, chlorine-diatomic, 1 molecule = 2 atoms] | | ane. | | +: One molecule of HCl is formed from - one atom of hydrogen & one atom of chlorine: Conclusion : Thus Avogadro's Law that equal volumes of gases - under the same conditions of temperature & pressure contains the same number of molectles explains Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes. 78® pppLICATIONS — Of Avogadro’s Law [contd.] DETERMINES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN - Gram Molecular Mass & Gram Molecular Volume Gram molecular mass ~ is the relative molecular mass of a substance ~ expressed in grams. It is also called - gram molecule of that element. Gram molecular volume ~ the volume occupied by - 1 g. molecular wt. of a gas at s.t.p. [Application of Avogadro's Law for - Determining the above relationship. Fecording to Avogadro's Law - equal volumes of all gases ~ ‘under the same conditions of temperature & pressure contain the same number of molecules. Therefore equal number of molecules of different gases ~ under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will occupy equal volumes. 10 But one mole of a gas contains - 6.023 x 10” molecules occupying - the same volume at s.t_p. as a mole of any other gas. That same volume is the molar volume of the gas. Gram molecular volume = Gram molecular weight [MOLAR VOLUME] Weight per litre of gas at s.t_p. 32 fmol. wt] 2.016 {mol. wt] : Molar volume of O7=——=——"!_ & Molar volume of H)= “———-——""_ = 22.A its. 27.429 g/1 of He 0.09 g/1 Conclusion : The gram molecular weight [1 mole] of any gas occupies - one gram molecular volume [molar volume] which is equal to 22.4 litres at s.t-p. MOLE - A mole is the amount of substance which contains «the same no. of units as the no. of atoms in 12.000 g. of carbon - 12 [C!2] + particles [atoms/molecules/ions] equal to 6.023 x 10 i.e. Avogadro's no. RELATING ~ Mole & Atomic Mass « 1MOLE OF AN ATOM - weighs 1 gram atomic mass of the atom eg. 1 mole of oxygen atom, weights gram atomic mass of oxygen i.e. 16g. [0 = 16]. *: GRAM ATOM = _ Mass in grams of element Relative atomic mass [At. wt] «RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS OF AN ELEMENT [RAM] - Atomic weight It is the no. of times an atom of an element is heavier than 1/174, the mass ofan atom of carbon Ic2]. RELATING - Mole & Molecular Mass * 1MOLE OF ANY SUBSTANCE [Molecule] - weighs 1 g. molecular mass of the substance eg. 1 mole of oxygen molecule, weighs gram molecular mass of oxygen i-e.32 g. [02 =16x2}. Mass in grams of substance Relative molecular mass [Mol. wt.] + RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS OF AN ELEMENT [RMM] - Molecular weight lis the no. of times one molecule of the substance is heavier than 1/14, the mass of an atom of carbon Ic). 1MOLE OF A GAS - weighs 1 g. molecular mass - occupies 22.4 litres [molar volume ats.tp.] [MOLAR VOLUME - Volume occupied by - 1 g. molecular weight of a gas. * GRAM MOLECULE I —1_ weighs & mol. wt. occupies 224 lits. or 22400 cc. contains (6.023x10?? molecules [atomyions] MOLE WEIGHT VOLUME at s.tp. PARTICLESMOLE CONCEPT & AVOGADRO'S NUMBER — B: Problems based on the " a ‘Calculate -i] The no. of moles ii] The mass iii] The vol. iv] The no, of molecules v] ‘The gram my ; ol a] _1_ MOLE weighs__?_GRAMS occupies 22.4 lits.or22,400 ce., contains 6,023 X 1923“! [MOLE] IG. MOL WT] [VOLUME AT S.7.P] {AVOG-NO} ‘te en 2 2 2 NO.OFMOLES WEIGHT [MASS] VOLUME NO. oF MoLECuLaS 1. Calculate the number of moles of nitrogen in 7 g of nitrogen [N=14] Solution : [1 mole of any substance = 1 gm mol. weight of it} [a] 1 _ mole weighs 33 ——_| =. Molecular weight of No = 14 x 2 = 28 {MOLE} (GMorw, | ~ gram molecular weight of Ny = 28 g v) 2 moles 7 en 28 g of N, =1mole of Nz NO. OF MOLES wren & 27g ofN)=1x7=0.25 moles 28 =. The number moles in 7 g of nitrogen is 0.25 moles. - Ans. 2% Calculate the mass of 50 cc of CO at s.t.p. [C=12, O=16] Solution : | [L mole = 1 gm mol. wt. & occupies 224 lit. atstp] [al _1 = 28g [CO] occupies 200 = gm mol. wt. of carbon monoxide = 12 + 16 = 28 g [MOLE] [G-MOL.WT] VOLUME mole of CO=1 g. mol. wt,, occupies 22400 ce [s.t,p.]] b] 2g occupied 50ce 28 g of CO occupies 22400 cc [s.t_p.] WEIGHT by VOLUME | 2g of CO will occupy 50 ce [s.t-p.] sat 28_x 50 = 0.0625 g 72400 = Mass of 50cm3 of CO at s.t.p. is 0.0625 g. - Ans. 1 Calculate the volume at s.t.p. occupied by 6.023 x 102 molecules of a gas X Solution : [1 mole of any substance contains 6,023 x 1023 number of molecules [Avogadro's Number]] tp. contains 6-023 x10 Molecules AVOG. NO. s.tip. will occupy 6.023x 10? Molecules = 224 x 6.023 x10 =224 is VOL. 6.023 X 1023 = The volume occupied at s.t_p. by 6.023 x 1022 molecules of X = 2.24 litres - Ans. b] 4. Calculate the number of molecules in1 kg of sodium chloride. [Na=23, Cl=35.5] Solution : [Molecular weight of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5] a] __1__ weighs 5858-[NaCl contains 6.02310 Molecules (MOLE) [G.MOL. Wr] AVOG. NO. os 1000 g. s (NaCl contains 2 Molecules = 1000 x 6,023 x10" . 58.5 = The number of molecules in 1 kg of NaCl is 17.1 x 6.023 x 10° molecules - Ans. J » 80 ogcaice tion : [1 mole of any substance = gm molecular weight of it and occupies 22.4 litres at s.t-p.] solu 1__weighs __? __will occupy 22,400 ce. at s.tip. al TMOLE) IG. MOL. WT] . ° 4 AS occupies 11,200 ce. at tp. = 2400%1 = 2 fg. mol. wt] 11200 = 2 calculated] T [given] -. Atomicity of ‘X’ = 2 - Ans. zs! 48 g of @ gas forms 10cm} of vapours at s.t,p. Calculate the gram molecular wt of the gas. | sotution : [22.4 lt. of gas at stp. =1 g. mol. wt.of the gas] a)? will oceupy 2A00€E. atsep 100 cm’ of the gas weighs 0.48 grams at s.t.p. - (22.4x 1000)em? of the gas weighs 22400 x0.48| [MOLE] [G. MOI. wT] [VOLUME] 100 bp} = 0488 occupies 10066 Gram mol. weight of the gas = 107.52 g- Ans. — Calculate the weight of a substance X which in gaseous form occupies 10 litres at 27°C and 700 inm pressure, The molecular weight of X is 60. ‘ Solution : Convert the volume to s.t.p. using the gas equation Final Conditions (s.t_p.) Initial conditions Pp; = 700mm ofHg 760 mm of Hg V, = 10litres x litres [volume at s.t-p.] T = 274273 =300K 273K Using the gas equation PiV, — PaV2 Ty - Tz Substituting the values : 700x10 _ 760 xx Vp = 700 x10 x 273 = 8.38 litres 300 © 373 300 x 760 [vol.ats.t.p.] 1g. mol. wt. of the gas occupies 22.4 lits. at s.tp. 60g of gas X occupies 22.4 litres at s.t, 2g of gas X occupied by 8.38 litres at s.t.p. a1 = 08 occupies 224lits. ats.tp, [MOLE] [G.MOL. WT] Ib} _?& __ occupied by 8.38 lits. atstp| ie, 838.x 60 = 22.45 . WEIGHT [calculated above] 22.4 - The weight of the substance X is 22.45 g. - Ans. 8. Calculate the gram atoms present in 8 g of oxygen [O=16]. Gram atom is the relative atomic mass of an element expressed in grams. Gram atoms = Massin grams [ofoxygen] | = 8 = 035 g. atoms - Ans. Relative atomic mass [At.Wt]] 16 |" Calculate the gram molecules present in 45 g of water. [H=1, O=16] Gram molecule is the relative molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams. Gram molecules = Mass in grams Tofwater] | - 45 =25g. molecules - Ans. Relative molecular mass [Mol. Wt]] 18 8111. 2. 10. 1 mole of SO occupies 24 dm} at room temperature and pressure. Calculate the follow; . temperature and pressure. i] The mass of 6 litres of SO, ii] The volume occupied by aga Toon Bo iii] The number of molecules in 0.64 g. of SO if one mole of SO, contains y , 2,50, | iv] The weight of 0.5 gm. molecules of SO, [5 = 32, 0-16] [1 dm? =1 litre}. Molec, Solution : 1__ of SO weighs g. occupies 4lits. - at room temp./ptess. contains [MOLE] 1G. MOL. WE] Ivor] N — Mol leculg| i] 64g. of SO, occupies 24 lits. at room temperature. _ [g, mol. wt. of $0) = 32 +16 x2 64 » 22g. of SO occupied by 6 lits. at room temperature =64x6_ = 16g. 0f SO, Ans, 24 ii] 64 g. of SO, occupies 24 lits. at room temperature 80 g, of SO occupies ? lits. at room temperature = 2380 = 30 dm? of SO, Ans, iii] 64 g. of SO} contains N molecilles of SO, . 20.64 g. of SO contains ? molecules of SO = x x 0.64 = FymoleculesofS0, Any iv] Gram molecules = Mass in grams of SO) Mol. wt. of SO, 7 2 = 64x05 = 32g. of SO, Ans. .5 gm. molecules 2 64 Calculate i] the number of moles ii] the total number of molecules iti] the total number toms io] the number of hydrogen atoms ~ in 294 g, of sulphuric acid. [= 1, § = 32, O=16] mol. wt. of HjSQ4 = 2 +32 + 16x 4= 98 6023x103 molecules Solution : Relative molecular mass i. i] 1 of HySOgweighs 98 contains [MOLE] [G. MOL. WT] {AVOG. NO] =? moles of HySO, will weigh 294g. = 1x 294 = 3 moles of H2SO, - Ans. 98 ii] a of HjSOq weighs "98g. contains 6.028 x 1073 molecules [MOLE] : 294g. contains 2 molecules = 6.023 x 10° 254 98 = 3x6,023x10?3 molecules - Ans| iii] 1 molecule of H,SO, contains 7 atoms. [2(H) + 1(6) + 4(0) = 7] ‘= 3x 6.023 x10 molecules of HySO, contains 7 x 3 x 6.023 x 109 = 21 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms - Ans. iv] 1 molecule of H,SO, contains 2 atoms of hydrogen. “= 3x6023x10?3 molecules of H;S0, contains 2x3 x6.023x 10% = 6 x 6.023 x 10? atoms of hydrogen - AS gases A’, B,C are arranged in increasing in order of their relative molecular mass & the mass ¢ ai, gas is 10. ats.tp. State which gas will contain the least number of molecules & which the mos! 41Mole of gas’A’ weighs = ___*'B__andcontains —-6,023x103_—_molecules- [REL. MOL. MASS] 10g. of gas‘A’ contains 6.023 x 1073 x10 molecules- x relative Since gases ‘A’, ‘BY and ‘C’ are in increasin; i , ig order of relative molecular mass we assume the molecular mass of gas ’B’ as’2X’ and gas‘C’ as ‘3X’, Hence 10 g. of gas’B contains 6023 x10 x 10 oe X10 molecules &10 g. of gas’C’ contains $023x10%%10 mole 3x ‘Gas ‘C’ contains least number and gas ‘A’ the maximum no. of molecules. - Ans. Py 82Calculate the number of moles of zinc [Zn2* 3. C272 g. of ZnCly. [Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5] Solution Relative molecular mass of ZnCl, = 65 4.355 x2= 194 2 5.5 6g lions and chloride [CU] ions which will be obtained _1_ of ZnCl; weighs {MOLE} ic 2 moles of ZnCl; which weigh 272 g. of ZnCly ZnCh> Zn?* + 2CI- “mole 1mole 2mole _2mole 2mole 4mole _ 72g, of ZnCl; furnishes 2 moles of Zn? ions & 4 moles of Cl!- ions - Ans. WOLE CONCEPT & AVOGADRO’S LAW- C: Problems based on them Ipg.1001 ‘A contains Y molecules. Hi i Gi T7100 cc of a gas fow many molecules of gas B will be present in 50 cc of B and of gas C in 25 cc, of C. The gases A, B, & C are under the same conditions oftemperature & pressure. ‘According to Avogadro's Law - Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. = 1f 100 cc of gas A contains Y molecules then 100 cc of gas B and gas C also contains Y molecules. = 50cc of gas B contains Y/, molecules and 25 cc of gas C contains ¥/, molecules - Ans. 75. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure Oy, Cly, SOx, CO contain the same mumber| af molecules represented by ‘Y’. The molecules of oxygen gas occupy V litres and have a mass of 16 & Linder the same conditions, state the volume occupied by ~i]Y molecules of chlorine ii]3Y molecules of 80, iii] State the mass of CO> in grams. According to Avogadro's Lavo - under the same conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules. “If gases under the same conditions have same no. of molecules, then they must have the sume volume Henceif:"Y’ molecules of O occupy V litres, ’Y’ molecules ofall gases must occupy the same vol. ie. V’ litres. i] molecules of Cly also occupies V litres - Ans. _ ii] 9’Y’ molecules of $02 occupies SV litres - Ans. ii] Lmole of Op weighs MOE WE] OCCUPIES | 22.4lits. at stp, 16g. of Op occupies ie 24 x 16 = 112lits. 1F16 g of oxygen occupies 112s ats.tp. «the volume of Clo, $02 and COg is also 11.2 Hts at st. 1 mole of CO, weighs \anotmy occupies 22.4 lits. at s.tp. L x 2g.of CO, occupy 11.2 lits. at s.t.p. = saxt2 =22g.0fCO,-Ans. | 16. A gas cylinder filled with hydrogen holds 50 g of the gas. The same cylinder holds 200 g of a gas and 500 g of gas B. Considering the same conditions of temperature and pressure in the cylinde calculate the relative molecular masses [molecular weights] of gas A and B. VAPOUR DENSITY _ _Wtofacertain volume of ag25_ oy Weight of Llitre of gas Same conditions} _We of a certain volume of 3575 _ 2 ofa gas We of an equal volume of Hy __ Weight 1 litre of Hy_of temp &p For Gas A: Vapour Density= 200 =4 = Molecular. ‘Weight = 2 x Vapour Density = 2x 4=8g 50 } For Gas B: Vapour Density = 500 =10 = Molecular Weight = 2x Vapour Density =2x10=20 50 . The relative molécular mass of gas A is 8 g and gas B is 20 g. - Ans. 83[17. A gas cylinder can hold 1 kg of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure. Ca 4a) The weight of carbon dioxide it can hold under similar conditions of temperana b] If the number of molecules of hydrogen in the cylinder is X. State the number carbon dioxide in the cylinder. [C=12, O16, H™ Solution : Molecular weight of carbon dioxide = 12 + 3: Molecular weight = 2x Vapour Density culate OF mors, ci 44 “9 44 = 2xVD. = V.D.of CO,= 44 = 22 2 Vapour Density = __We of a certain volume of gas fie. COa] | -.22= wt. carbon a Wt. of the same volume of Hp [same conditions] Te ode] | Y a] Weight of carbon dioxide is 22 k; b] | Thenumber of molecules of CO, in the cylinder is X (Avogadro's Law - under the same co of temperature & pressure equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecu, nit, les) . aa 18. A gas occupies 700 ml at a pressure of 700 mm of Hg and a temperature of 57°C. If ats.tp, the of the gas is 1.5 g find the vapour density and the molecular weight of the gas. (Given 1 litre of hydrogen weighs 0.09 g at s.t.p.) Solution : A] Convert the volume to s.t.p. using the gas equation Mas, Initial conditions Final Conditions (s.t.p.) P, = 700mm of Hg P) = 760mm of Hg V; = 700ml Vp = xml [volume at stp] T, = 87#273=330K T = 273K Using the gas equation PiV1 ~ P2V2 Ty Ta Substituting the values: 200x700 = 760 xx 2V_= 200x700x273 = 533.37 mt, 330 273 760 x 330 [ookatstp| B] Calculate the vapour density and the molecular weight of the gas. 533.37 mi. [vol. at s.t-p. calculated above] of the gas at s.tp. weighs 1.5 g. [given in the problem] = 1000 ml of the gas weighs 1.5x1000 = 28123. 593.37 VAPOUR DENSITY 28123 = 31.25 We. of 1000 ml [1 litre] o 0.09 = Molecular weight = 2x V.D. = 2x 31.25 = 625 g. ‘Vapour density of the gas is 31.25 and molecular weight is 62.5 g, - Ans. 179. KMnO, decomposes on heating according to the equation- 2KMnOg —4, K,MnO, + MnO; +: [K)MnO4 & MnO, are the solid residues]. On heating KMnOy 1 litre of oxygen was collected at a temp. & it was found the test tube had undergone a loss in mass of 132 g Ifone litre of hydrogen une same conditions of temp. & press, has a mass of 0.0825 g, Calculate the relative molecular mass of 08° Solution : VAPOUR DENSITY - of oxygen = Weight of 1 litre of gas [Op] under the same conditio Weight of 1 litre of Hy | temperature & pressure 32g) 1.32, [since on collecting 1 litre of O the loss in mass 1 1 0.0825 Relative molecular mass of oxygen = 2 x Vapour Density = 32 g. - Ans. 84 of ns 0 Weight of 1 litre of oxygen Vapour Density of oxygen = = 16SUMMARY - LAWS & TERMS Mole Concept —Avogadro’s Law & Number — V.! w - When gases react they do so in volumes which bear a= ratio to one another and to the volumes of the products, if paseo" ture and pressure of the reacting gases and their products remain D. & Mol. Wt. c’s Law Lu La Lussac’sS + GAY, whole number us = constant. sinfided the temperal dro’s Law - Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure ~ Avge ofall gases contain the same numberof molecules a ; 7 mic mass [Atomic weight] Relative atomic mass of anelement is the =p ‘atom of an element is heavier than 1/49 the mass of an atom of carbon [C™] sed in - Relative ato murnber of tines OnE [gram atom] - The relative atomic mass of an element expres: atomic mass [ za m atom of that element Relative molecular mass [Molecular weight] - Relative molecular mass of an element or com) 2 times one molecule of the substance is heavier than 1/ 1p the mass of an atom of carbon [ number of Gram molecular mass - [gram molecule] - The relative molecular mass of a substance expressed in- grams is known as ~ gram molecular mass or gram molecule of that element. Number - The number of atoms - present in 12 ¢ [gram atomic wt. gas or vapour - der same condition of temp. & press]. dis the Porc} Avogadro's J of carbon 6C!?. | vapour density - Is the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of he mass ofthe same volume of hydrogen [volumes measured un: Mole -Is the amount of substance which contains ~ the same number of units as the number of atoms in 12,000 g of carbon - 12 [C7]. Atomicity - It is the no. of atoms present in - one molecule of that element. e.g. He [monoatomic] | Molar volume - It is the volume occupied by ~ 1 gm. molecular weight of a gas at SEP. _—____— ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS Lussac’s Law — Mole Concept — Avogadro’s Law & Number — V.D. & Mol. Wt. Q1LUSSAC’S LAW 1. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to give ammonia. Calculate the volume of the ammonia gas formed when nitrogen reacts with 6 litres of hydrogen. All volumes measured at s.tp. [4 lts.] 2500 cc of oxygen was burnt with 600 cc of ethane [C,H]. Calculate the volume of unused oxygen and the volume of carbon dioxide formed. [400 cc, 1200 ec] 20 ml. each of oxygen and hydrogen and 10 ml. of carbon monoxide are exploded in an enclosure. What will be the volume and composition of the mixture of the gases when they are cooled to room temperature. [025 ml, CO, 10 ml] 224 cm} of ammonia undergoes catalytic oxidation in presence of Pt to give nitric oxide and water vapour. Calculate the volume of oxygen required for the reaction. All volumes measured at room temperature and pressure. [Ans. 280 cc. of Oy] 5. aceite [C,Hy] burns in air forming carbon dioxide and water vapour. Calculate the volume of air s equired to completely burn 50cm? of acetylene. [Assume air contains 20% oxygen]. [Ans. 625cm3] 7 igitinga mixture of acetylene [C)Hp] & oxygen, 200 cm? of CO, is collected at s.t.p. Calculate the . of acetylene & Op at s.t_p. in the original mixture. [Ans. Acetylene = 100em3; Oxygen = 250cm3] We vp Ve 7. Ammo: Ammonia i formed from the reactants nitrogen and hydrogen in presence of a catalyst under suitable formed if onl as all volumes are measured in litres at stp. Calculate the volume of ammonia 8 ly 10% conversion has taken place, [Ans. 0.2 litres or 20% or 1/5th of vol. of Nz & Hy] 100 ce. senail as Gea gas and oxygen are ignited and the resultant mixture of gases cooled to room ca te the composition of the resultant mixture. [Water gas contains CO & Hy in equal ratio} [Ans. =. 50 cc. of Oz + 50 cc, of CO,](Q@.2MOLE CONCEPT - AVOGADRO’S LAW — AVOGADRO’S NUMBER um, Calculate the following : [all measurements at s.t.p. or as stated in the problem 4,— The mass of 2.8 litres of CO. [C = 12, O= 16] Ans, 2,_ rhe volume occupied by 53.5 g, of Cl. [Cl = 35.5] (Ans, «6 34 ‘3 The number of molecules in 109.5 g, of HCI. [H = 1, Cl = 35.5] Ans. =3 x 6,995 7 4, 4. The number of i] molecules [S = 32] [Ans.=0.75 x 6.023 x 1023 myo, Ina) ? ii] atoms in 192g, of sulphur. [Sg] 16 6.023 x 7921°*t 5, The mass of Na which will contain 6.023 x 103 atoms. [Na = 23] TAns. = 23 g. o¢ sont i 6... The no. of atoms of potassitum present in 117g. of K. [K = 39] [Ans. = 3 x 6.023 x 4933 "4 61,77, ‘The no. of moles & molecules in 19.86 g. of Pb(NOs)9 [Ans, = 0.96 = | ALN [Pb=207, N=14, O= 16] 0.06 x 6.023 «10% moigot 8. The mass of an atom of lead [Pb=202] [Ans. = 3353 x 19-2 9. The no. of molecules in 1% litres of water. [Ans. = 33.33 x 6.023 x 1023 molecu, [density of water 1.0 g./cc. — -. mass of water = vol. x density] a 10, The gram-atoms in 88.75 g. of chlorine [C1=35.5] TANS. = 25 g, stony 11. The no. of hydrogen atoms in 0.25 mole of HSOy. Ans, = 05 x 6.023 x10 parc, 12._The gram molecules in 21 g. of nitrogen [N=14] [Ans. = 0.75 g. molecu 13._ The number of atoms in 10 litres of ammonia [N=14, H = 1] [Ans. = 1.786X6.023x102 ion 14. The number of atoms in 60 g. of neon [Ne = 20] [Ans. = 3 x 6.023 x 1023, atong) 15._ The number of moles of X’ atoms in 93 g. of X’ [X is phosphorus = 31] TAns. = 3 mole 16, ‘The volume occupied by 3.5 g. of Op gas at 27°C & 740 mm. press. [O= 16} [Ans. = 276 li) _|_ 5.17. The moles of sodium hydroxide contained in 160 g of it. [Na=23, O=16, H=1]. [Ans. 4 mola .. 18. The weightin g. of 2.5'moles of ethane [CpHg]. [C=12, H=1] [Ans. 75] ~ |“ 49. The molecular weight of 2.6 g of a gas which occupies 2.24 lits. at 0°C & 760 mm press.[Ans. 25) 20. The gram atoms in 46 g of sodium [Na=23] TAs. 2g, atom) /21, The no. of moles of KCIO3 that will be required to give 6 moles of oxygen. [Ans. 4 mole) “SR. The weight of the substance if it’s molecular weight is 70 and in the gaseous form occupies 10s at 27°C and 700 mm pressure. [Ans. 26.18) State which of the following: | 23. Has higher no. of moles :5 g. of NjO or5g.ofNO [N= 14,0 = 16] [Ans. = NO| 24. Has a higher mass: 1 mole of CO; or 1 mole of CO. [C= 12,0 = 16] [Ans. = CO]) 25 Has a higher no. of atoms: 1g. of O) orl g.ofCly [O= 16, C1=35.5] [Ans.= 0) Q.3 VAPOUR DENSITY & MOLECULAR WEIGHT | 1. 500ml. of a gas’X’ at s.t_p. weighs 0.50 g. Calculate the vapour density and molecular weight of gas. [1 lit. of Hy at s.t.p. weighs 0.09 g]. . {Ans 11.1, 2226] 2. A gas cylinder holds 85 g of a gas ’X’. The same cylinder wher filled with hydrogen holds 85 8" hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. | Calculate the molecular weight of 'X’. . [Ans.2) 3. Calculate the relative molecular mass [molecular weight] of 290 ml. of a gas‘A’ at 17°C and 1520 a pressure which weighs 2.73 g at s.tp. [1 litre of hydrogen at s.tp. weighs 0.09 g.] _ [Ans. 111J18" 4. State the volume occupied by 40 g, of a hydrocarbon - CH, at stp. ifits V.D. is 8. [Ans. 56 Calculate the atomicity of a gas X fat. no. 35.5] whose vapour density is equal ' | relative atomic mass, . [Ans 6. Calculate the relative molecul: it iis of | abo nvm hat nae ae ape mati ech yor gg 86 Bee. ‘iCC ___———————ae nT Be ¢ 5, CHEMICAL EQUATIONS — Term & procedure for solving Pro} ml [= Chemical equation ~ és the balanced chemical transition react =O Ina chemical reaction a rearrangement of particles results in ~ changes in the properties of the substances thereby the ~ properties ofthe procluct formed are entirely different from those of the reac, | ‘ants, | All reactants and products in a chemical equation are ~ | | represented by a set of formula thus giving the - identity of each element taking part in the reaction either as the reactant or as the Produ “ ct + Information from chemical equation A chemical equation gives the information regarding : a] The molecular proportion b] The relative mass ¢] Therelative volumes ff sen of the reactant and the products taking part in the chemical reaction. PROCEDURE INVOLVED - For solving problems on chemical equations Calculate the weight and volume of oxygen at s.t.p. which will be evolved on Example : electrolysis of 18g of water. [H=1, O=16] Step _: Write fully the balanced equation of the reaction. 2HO > 2H, + O> a] Find the molecular weight of each substance which is obtained by Step II adding the weight of all the atoms in the molecules [neglect the molecular weights not asked] The product of the number of molecules and the molecular weight of each | substance is written below each formula. b] 2H0 > 2, + O, 2[1x2+16] [2x 16] 2 [18] = 36g 32g | Step III: a] 36 g. of water liberates 32 g. of oxygen. b]- = 18 g of water liberates 32 x 18 = 16 g. 36 The volume of the gaseous product is calculated by multiplying the number of molecules of the gaseous substance with 22.4 litres [1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 litres at s.t.p.]. 2H,0 > 2H + 0, 36g 32 g = 1 mole of O, = 22.4 litres at s.tp. Step IV a] 36 g. of water liberates 22.4 litres of Oy at s.tp. b] = 18 g of water liberates 224.18 = 11.2litres of O, at stp. 6 y 92 eee Gtan Xo Ane ye ‘ emicAL EQUATIONS ~ G: Problems based on them [p9.1011 cH! d on a] Weight-Wei ; iplems base ight-Weight relationshi i coon calculate the weight of potassium nitrite emer zl Weleht-Volume relationslip, 1 carte [K=39, N=14, O=16), 'y thermal decomposition of 15.15 g of potassium solution + — ‘The chemical equation for the reaction is 2KNO, —*> 2KNO, + 0) 2KNO3 As 2KNO, + O, . 2 Le] 2x101 g. 2 . 29+ 14 +316] 2[39 +14 +2x 16] iat: [mol. =i 2x 101 2185] os Hoss ' 2x 101 gms of KNO3 yield 2x 85 gms of KNO,, ace wel 15.15 gms. of KNO3 yields 15.15 x 85 x2 1x2 _. Weight of potassium nitrite formed is 12.75 g. - Ans. 12.75 g of KNO,. [x Copper on reacting with conc. HySOq produces copper [I] sulphate. If 1.28 g. of copper is to be Cede Saal Reenter H ime of the copper sulphate formed and the weight Solution : ‘The chemical equation for the reaction is a] Cu +2HjS0,—> CuSO, + 2H,0 + SO, 64g [64 +32 +4 x 16 = 160 g] 64g of Cu yields 160 g of CuSO, 1.28 g of Ca will yield 160-<1.28. Cu + © 2HSO, —> CuSO, +2H,0+ S02 a] 64g. 2 [98]= 196g, _ 160g. [wt] [mol.wt] [mol wt] b) 128 g ars (wt tot] Wt. of CuSO, formed = 3.2 g of CuSO, - Ans, b] Cu +2H,S0,—> CuSO, + 24,0 + SO, 64g 2[2x1 + 1x32 + 4x16] 2{98] = 196 =. 196 g of H,SO, are required to react with 64 g of Cu Hence ? g of HSOq are required to react with 1.28 g of Cu The weight of acid required = 1.28 x 196 = 3.92 g. of HySOq - Ans. 64 From the equation CaCO + 2HCI> CaCl +H,0 + CO>. Calculate the weight of CaCl, obtained ifrom| 10g. of CaCO; and the volume at s.t.p. of CO, obtained at a same time. [Ca=40, C=12, O=16, CI=35.5] Solution : CaCO, + 2HC1 > CaCl, + H,0 + CO2 CaCO; + 2HC1 > CaCl, +H,0 + CO, Pee! [40+71] 1mole a) 100g aa mAlits. cp 0g Wg - mol. wt] mol. we] vol] a] 100 g of CaCO; gives 111 g of CaCl, lb) 10-8 2g 2 its. >] 2.10 g of CaCO, gives 111 x 10 = 11.1 g. [we] [wt] Uits) 100 of CaCl, -Ans. Similarly 100 g of CaCO; liberate 22.4 litres of CO at s.t-p. litres of CO - Ans. + 10g of CaCOz liberate 22.4 x 10 100 934. Ro 94 Combustion of butane takes place as follows : 2CgHyp + 1302 > 8CO + 10H,0, Caleuiar 7 mumber of moles of oxygen needed for complete combustion of 58 g of butane, b] the von, tl carbon dioxide formed at s.t:p. at the same time. [H=1, C=12]. lume Fey +1) on a] 2X58 116g, 13moles —8x274 tg 7 2CsHyg + 130, > 8CO, + 10H,0 [mol. wt] {moles} ~ [oly Isp, 2[48+10] 13 moles 8 moles ; “ a 2moles 21g 116g 22.4. 8 litres at s.t-p. til ino] cia a] 116 g of CgHyq needs for combustion 13 moles of Op b]_ © 58g of CyHyo needs 13 x58 = 6.5 moles of Oy - Ans. 116 Similarly 116 g of CyHyq liberates 8 x 22.4 litres of CO, at s.t:p. 58. of CyHyg liberates 22.4 x8 x58 = 89.6 litres at s.tp. of COy~ Ans. 116 Thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate takes place as follows : 2Ca(NO}), > 20a0 > INO; Ox If the relative molecular mass. of calcium nitrate is 164. a] Calculate the volume Of nitroger dioxide obtained at s.t.p. and b] the: ‘weight of calcium oxide obtained when 16.4 g of calcium Nitrate, is heated to constant weight. [Ca=40, O=16, N=14]. 2Ca(NOs, > 2Ca0 + -4NO, + 0, Solution : ja] 2x164= 328g, 2x56=112g. 4x22. lits, [stp] 2Ca(NO3)) > 2Ca0_ + 4NO, + 0, [mol.wt] mol. wt] * [Vol] 2[164] 2[40+16] 4 moles by a a lite, 328g M2g 4x 22.4 litres at s.t-p, [owt Twi] Llits] a] 328 g of Ca(NOz), liberates 4 x 22.4 lits. of NO} at 6 b] + 164 g of Ca(NOp)p liberates 4 x 224 x 16.4 = 4.48 litres of NOp at sp. - Ans. 328 Similarly 328 g of Ca(NOs)» gives 112 g of CaO 2-164 g of Ca(NO3)p gives 112x164 = 5.6 g of CaO - Ans. 328 2.12 g. of an impure mixture containing anhydrous sodium sulphate is dissolved in water: Anexcess) of barium chloride solution is added when 1.74 g. of barium sulphate is obtained as a dry precip'-| tate. Calculate the percentage purity of the impure sample, [Na = 23, § = 32, 0 = 16, Ba = 137]. Solution : NaySOq + BaCl, > BaSO, + 2NaCl 142 g. 233 g. NagSOQ, + BaCl > BaSO, + 2Naci|*! mol. we] [mol wt} [2x23 +32+4x16] [137 +32 + 64] > 4 12g, 233g. ia Fi el [we] [wt] a] 233 g. of BaSO, is obtaine DB] +1748, of BaSO, is obtain from 142 g, of NaySO, om 142.74 =1.05 9, - mass of pure NagSO in 2.12, of impure mixture, sample = 1.06 x 100 = 50%, 212 50% ~ Ans, *% purity of the impure % Purity of the impure sample =a SUMMARY ~ LAWs & TERMS——____ percentage Composition — Empirical & Molecular Formula — Chemical Equation Calculations Percentage composition -Is the percentage by weight of - each element present in the compound Empirical formula - Is the formula of a compound which shows the - sinplest whale number ratio between the atoms of the elements in the compound Molecular formula - Is the chemical formula which represent the ~ actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound. _ ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS Percentage Composition -— Empirical & Molecular Formula — Chemical Equation Calculations ‘at PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION 1, Cakculate the percentage by weight of : a] C in carbon dioxide, b] Na in soditim carbonate, c] Al in| | aluminium nitride. [ C=12, O=16, H=1, Na=23, Al=27, N=14 ] [Ans.27.3% of C, 43.4% of Na, 65.5% of All | ZA Calculate the percentage of iron in K3Fe(CN)¢. | K=39, Fe=56, C=12, N=14] __[Ans. 17.02% of Fe] LP Glcalate which of the following - calcium nitrate or ammonitim sulphate has a higher % of nitrogen. (Ca=40, O=16,S=32, N= 14] [Ans. (NH,)SOq% of N = 21.21% more than Ca(NO3)9 %of N = 17.07%] x ao pie pareentage of pure aluminium in 10 kg. of aluminium oxide [Al,0;] of 90% purity. [Ans. 47.64%] 5. State which of the following are better fertilizers- i] Potassium phosy sphate [K3PO,] or potassium| nitrate [KNO,] ii] Urea [NHyCONHG] or ammonium phosphate [(NH,)3PO4] : {K=39, P=31,O=16,N=14, H=1] [Ans. K3PO4 ~ % of K = 55.18% more than KNO,% of K = 38.61%] [Ans. Urea % of N = 46.67% more than (NH,)3PO, % of N = 28.19%] | A. Calculate the percentage of carbon in a 55% pure sample of carbon carbonate. [Ca = 40, C= 12,0=16) {Ans. Carbon content = 6.6%] | Calculate the percentage of water of crystallisation in hydrated copper sulphate [CuSO,.5H,O]. | {Cu=635,S=32,0=16,H=1] [Ans. 36%] (Hydrated calcium sulphate {CaSQq.xH,0] contains 21% of water of crystallisation. | Calculate the number of molecules of water of crystallisation i. ‘X’ in the hydrated compound. [Ca= 40,5 =32,0=16,H=1] [Ans. CaSO4.2H,0]} Q.2EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA LY Acompound gave the following data : C=57.82%, O=38.58% and the rest hydrogen. Its vapour density is 83. Find its empirical and molecular formula. [ C=12, O=16, H=1 ][Ans. CyH30y & CsH,O,} 2 Four g of a metallic chloride contains 1.89 g of the metal ‘x’. Calculate the empirical formula of the! imetallic chloride. [ At. wt. of ’X’ = 64, C1= 35.5] [Ans. XCly} | 3 Calculate the molecular formula of-a compound whose empirical formula is CHO and vapour density is 30. [Ans. CjH40>] 4. Acompound has the following percentage composition. Al = 0.2675 g.; P = 0.3505 g. O = 0.682 g. If themolecular weight of the compound is 122 and its original weight which on analysis gave the above| Fesults 1.30 g, Calculate the molecular formula of the compound. [Al=27, P=31, O=16] [Ans. AIPOg] 5. Two organic compounds ’X’ and “Y’ containing carbon and hydrogen only have vapour densities 13} and 39 respectively. State the molecular formula of ’X’ and “Y’. [C = 12, H = 1] [Ans. CH; CoH] YY: Acompound has the following % composition. Zn = 22.65%; S = 11.15%; O = 61.32% and H = 4.88%. lis relative molecular mass is 287 g. Calculate its molecular formula assuming that all the hydrogen| in the compound is present in combination with oxygen as water of crystallization. [Zn =65,S=32,0=16,H= 1] [Ans 2050, 71,04)7. A hydrocarbon contains 82.8% of carbon. Find its molecular formula if its vapour densi it (H=1,C=1]] tans C2 8. Anorganic compound on analysis gave H = 6.48% and O = 51.42%. Determine its empiticat jg, if the compound contains 12 atoms of carbon, [C = 12, H = 1, O= 16] (Ans, Crate 9. A hydrated salt contains Cu = 25.50%, S = 12.90%, O = 25.60% and the remaining % ig wn ul crystallization, Calculate the empirical formula of the salt. [Cu = 64, S = 32, 2 4) Water of (Ans. uso) 5p, 10. A gaseous hydrocarbon weighs 0.70 g, and contains 0.60 g. of carbon. Find the molecular fo," mn the compound if its molecular weight is 70. [C = 12, H= 1] I Ans, Coy of "al 11, Assalt has the following % composition:- Al = 10.50%, K = 15.1%, 5 = 24.8% and the Temainin, gen, Calculate the empirical formula of the salt. [Al = 27, K= 39, 5 = 32,O= 16] [Ans, AIK (604) . Q.3 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 1. What mass of silver chloride will be obtained by adding an excess of hydrochloric acid to a soluti of 0.34 g of silver nitrate. [ Cl=35.5, Ag=108, N=14, O=16, H=1] [Ans. 0.287 al 2. What volume of oxygen at s:tp. will be obtained by the action of heat on 20 g, of KCio, [K=39, C1=35.5, O=16] fans. 5.486 is] 3. From the equation : 3Cu + 8HNO, > 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H,0 + 2NO. Calculate (the mass of copper needed to react with 63 g of nitric acid (Ans, 249) {ithe volume of nitric oxide collected atthe same time, [Cu=64, H=1, O=16, N=14][Ans. 5.6 ls] 4, Zinc blende [ZnS] is roasted in air. Calculate : a] the number of moles of sulphur dioxide liberated by 776 g of ZnS and [Ans. 8 mole] b] The weight of ZnS required to produce 22.4 lts of SO, at stp. [S“32, Zn=65, O=16] [Ans. 97 g| 5. Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid to give the fertilizer ammonium sulphate. Calculate the volume of ammonia [at s.t-p.] used to form 59 g of ammonium sulphate. [Ans. 20.02 tts] [N=14, H=1,8=32, O=16 ]. 6. Heat on lead nitrate gives yellow lead [ll] oxide, nitrogen dioxide & oxygen. Calculate the total volume of NO2 & O, produced on heating 8.5 of lead nitrate. [Pb = 207, N = 14, O = 16) [Ans. 1.15 of NO, & 0.287 of O, (1.437 Its.)] 7. 2KCIO; 4-5 2KCl + 303; C+ 0, —4-> CO,, Calculate the amount of KCIO3 which on thermal decomposition gives ‘X’ vol. of Oy, which is the volume required for combustion of 24 g, of carbon. {K=39, Cl=35.5,O=16,C = 12]. [Ans. 163.33g]) 8. Calculate the weight of ammonia gas. a] Required for reacting with sulphuric acid to give 78g, of fertilizer ammonium sulphate. b]_ Obtained when 32.6 g. of ammonium chloride reacts with calcium hydroxide during the laboratory preparation of ammonia. [2NH,Cl + Ca(OH) 5 CaCl, + 2H,0 + 2NHs] [N= 14, H=1,0= 16,5 =32,Cl= 35.5]. [Ans, a) 20.09 g.b) 10.36 g1 9. Sodium carbonate reacts with dil. HySO, to give the respective salt, water and carbon dioxide. Calculate the mass of pure salt formed when 300 g. of NayCOs of 80% purity reacts with dil. H504, {Na =23,C=12,0=16,H=1,S= 33], [Ans. 321.51 61 10. Suipho bum in oxyeen to sive sulphur dioxide. If 16 g. of sulphur burns in ‘x’ cc. of oxY8™ calculate the amount of potassium nitrat “x! cc. of oxyge” Soak = 39 Nor OF Teh rate which must be heated to produce ‘x’ cc. of oxyst [Ans. 101 81 ab Poiana pee mapresiam is reacted with dilute sulphuric acid to give the respective salt ar 'e impure sampkk rit thesample, Mena 7 imple gave 298.6 ce. of hydrogen at s.t.p. Calculate ee ee od 96(C. MOLE CONCEPT - AVOGADRO’S LAW - Problems based on them. N3,COand CO; under the sameconditions of temp. & press. contain the sa Pm Tam esto sented by X'themoleculesofonygencccupy Vitesandhaveamaceale UA the. same concitions of temp, & press, what is the volume occupied by: i] X molecuig Unig 3] X molecules of CO. if Wha the mass of COpin grams, | _[V littes) 13 litres fi iv]_Inanswering the above questions, whose law has been used. [C= 12, N= 14,0 = yg he A a fine the term ‘atomic weight’ 008 i The a Taw which relates the volume of a gas to the number of molecules of the pas is 'P8-75} ‘A: Avogadro's Law B: Gay-Lussac’s Law C: Boyle's Law D: Charles’ Law la 2009 1. Correct the ilowinng: Equal masses of all gases under identical con tionsepiain thesameno. fmoecules pe 2013 1. Avesselcontains umber of molecules of i gasatacertan temp. pressure Inderthesame cory RB "i of temp. & pressure, how many molecules of N) gas would be present in the same vessel. [X molecu 2017 1. _Agasvlindercanhoe hg of Hatroomtemp pres] Finthenumberofmoksof pe wweght of COcan the onder fold uncer amir conditions of temp. & presse member of tyro nthe cylinder is X, calculate the numberof CO, molecules i he onder ude press. iv] State the law that above =1Cs12 5% Far eTTo ae a ea aca near 9 84 Om 2018 1. r pg. 84 14 150.e,ofgas-A contains X molecules, hows many molecules of gas B will bé present in 7 rob, 1: cc, ‘The gases A & B are under the same conditions of temperature of pressure, 8 Name the law on which the problem is based. D\/o; Avogadro's La D. VAPOUR DENSITY & MOLECULAR WEIGHT - Problems based on them 1996 1. Find the relative molecular mass of a gas, 0.546 g of which occupies 360 cm? at 87°C and 380 mi + Hg pressure. [1 litre of hydrogen at s.t weighs 0.09g] [88.89 2001 1. Sate te erm defined by--Themass ofa given volume of gas compared to the mass fan equal volume of H,, be 2004 1. 2KMnO, > KyMnO, + MnO, + 0; IKo>MnO, + MnOz is the solid residue Potassium permanganate was heated in a test tube. After collecting one litre ¢ oxygen at 100m temp, ‘it was found that the test tube had undergone a loss in mass of 1.37 g Ifone litre {> under the. Conditions of temp. & pressure hasa mass 0.0825 g. Calculate the relative molecular mass oxy gen, [de 2009 1, A gas cylinder of capacity of 20 dm? is filled wit gas X the mass of which is 10 g. When the sam. 7 cylinder is filed with hysieogen gate came ehpezature and proguethe aso they gen is 2 g,, hence the relative molecular mass of the gasis:A]5 _ B10 C)15—_D} 2011 >) \2012. 1. The vapour density of carbon dioxide [C-12, O=16] is: A:32, B:16, C: 44, D:22 [D:27 J 2014 1. Give one word or phrase for: The ratio of the mass of a certain volume of gas to the mass of, equal volume of hydrogen under the same conditions of temperature & pressure (pg. 1996 E. PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION - Problems based on them 1. (7 1997 1. Whats the mass of nitrogen in 1000 kg of urea (COMFY. [C=12) [Answer to nearest kg 467 1998 1. Calculate the % of boron [B] in borax NagB,Q7-10H,©. [H = 1, B= 11, O= 16, Na= 23 [115 1999 1. Ifacropof wheatremoves 20 kg of nitrogen per hectare of soil, what mass in ke. ofthe fertilizer caletum rit poo. 1. Calculated entepeotphoseh nthe er superphcepherees OPO, Pld jatethe percentageof phosphorusin the ertilizersuperphes . [correct (H= 10-16 P= 3icae doy erphosphate Ca(t,PO4)z [corn (2654 7002 1. Calculate the percentage of platinum in ammonium chloroplatinate (NH) [Give your answer correct to the nearest whole number]. (N= 14,H=1, 2 35. Pt= 195] [44% 2005 1. Iculate the percentage of nitrogen in aluminium nitride. [Al = 27,N=14] 34.15 2006 1. Calculate the percentage of sodium in sodium aluminium flusride TNayAle correctto the near whole number. [F=19; Na=23; Al=27] [33 3007 1. Determine the percentage of oxygen in ammonium nitrate [O = 16] [60' Po10 1. If the relative molecular mass Of ammonium nitrate is G8 calzlate the percentage poi 1, NPB and oxygen in ammonium nitrate. [N = 14, HW = 10S 16 (35%, 60 1 eae etal ercentage of rpenesium in magnesium nitrate crystals, Mg(NO3)2 ae =24; N=14; O=16 and H= 2017 1. culate the percentage of water of crystallization in CuSQ, 5H. I=1, O=16, $=32, Cu=64]136' IF. EMPIRICAL FORM FORMULAS Fete et ti Find the fotal percentage of oxygen in magnesium nitrate crystals 7 Mj -6H,0 [O=16,N=18 He 1 Mga = a BINOa)a. Fie ‘VLA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA - Problems based on them # compound X consists of 48% carbon and 95.2% bromine ‘by mass. i] Determine the empiri Pas a ofthis. Sompound working correct to one decimal place. i if the vapour density of th i aD ee What isthe empirical formula of octane. [Callie] os on POune: (C= 12; Br = B0](CB5 Cr Acompoundcontains~Carbs aH 3 c on 14.4%, hy formula of this compound. Work correct tot decimal place. The relative molecular mass oft 2 353) (CHC, Hae | hydrogen contains 12.5% hydrogen by mass. Find r of the compound if its relative molecular mass is 37, [= 14, H= 1 i An organic compound mesiyapour density 94. It contains C= 12.67%, H= 2.19%, and Br = 854 Find the molecular formula of the organic compound. [c= 12,41 <1, Br = 80) [coy jp gempuund having eny irical formula X,Y is made of two elements X & Y. Find its molecular form if the atomic weight of X is 10 & that of Vis 5 & the compound has a vapour density 25. 100ind the molecul Fi 6% of carbon. Given that its vapour density is 2 ae id em {CaFig| ‘Weight. Determine its molpeuiat formula XY9. Its vapour density is equal to its empirical A lermpercentage composition ofa gas Nitgen a5 yao problem pg.91 - prob. 4] ound, ? Tee and ithas a vapour density of s. [N=14, H=1] ogen 17.64%. Find the empirical 1. Pula of the gas. [N14 INH: pe, Sea rd ie geass Fit mpi formu ga IAs Geet elements present in one moiety te ormula iat represents thesimplestratp of the Ne empirical & molecular formate ch an organic Oa Fin = 17.76%. The vapour den: ete mpound from the data given: C = 75.92%, 8 ieeah SNOT The vapour density of the compound 395 [c “12 H="LN= 1d] (CsHgNI sfICAL EQUATIONS ~ Problems based on them CO is ing 50 Se Na3C0s 1OHEO: What mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate is left cen alte water of coysallization is expelled by heating 972 g of washing soda. 1.28) JI OO 2 phate dS 1s NN Os: When excess lead nitrate solution was added to a solution oF oment in the original saint sulphate were precipitated. What mass of sodium spate was presnt in “we inal solution aE C12, 0-16; Na=23;5= 82; P=207), (748) 1. From the caus (N iy 7 203+ 4H,0+N> Calculate: . Frontne vol. of nitrogen at STP, evolved when 63; i is the mass of C0, formed atthe same tine [Ne ae ee ee Oe ag it i] 10g. of a mixture of NaCI & anhydrous Na,SO, is dissolved in water. An excess of BaCly soln. is gti Saffed & 6.99 g. of BaSOgis precipitated accotiding to equation: NassOqs BaCle > BesO,v ¢2NaCl, eakulate the percentage of Na,S0, in the orginal mictarg, foe ig Revs Soe =17|° [426% | i nixture. ‘The reaction of potassium permanganate with acidified iron [ll] sulphate is given below: gi) Tandy * 10PeSb, + BH,S0, > RyGO, + aNREO S Cote. 2 if 158 g. of potassium permanganafe was used in the reaction, calculate the mass of iron Ui] gut, pint tied in the abo reaction. ~ e 6g din th 9, Mn=55, Fe=56, $= 32, O=16 & uations given below relate to the manufacture of sodium carbonate [Mol wt, of NaCO3 = 166 i] NaCl + NF + CO> + H,0 -> NaHCO, + NH,Cl ii] 2NaHCO3 > NazCO, +1130 + COp| Questions (a) and (b) are based on the production of 31.2 g. of sodium carbonate. (a) What mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate must be‘heated to give 21.2 g. of sodium | carbonate [Molecular weight NaHCO, Sil 6 & | (b) To produce the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate calculated in (a), what volume carbon dioxide, measured at st.p., would be required. 8.96 lit by 1. Therelative molecular mass [mol. wt.] of copper oxide is 80. What vol. of NH [measured at s.t.p. isrequired to completely reduce 120'g. of CuO. [3CuO + Ny» 3Cu + 340 + No} (22-4 it hwy 1. Asample of ammonium nitrate when heated yields 8.96 litres of steam (meastired at Sip). MY" NH|NO, > N20 + 2H0 i] What volume of dinitrogen oxide is produced at the same time as 8.96 litres of steam. ii] What mass of ammonium nitrate should be heated to produce 8.96 litres of steam [Relative molecular mass of NH4NO3 is 80] [4.48 litres., 16 g.] (v8 1. From the equation: C+ 3H)SO, -> CO, + 2H,0 + 260, / Calculate: [i]? "the mass of carbon oxidized by 49°, of sulphuric acid [C= 12; re. = 98]. ii] The volume of SO, measured at s.t;., liberated at the same time, Bg. 711.3 dm 1. Commercial NaOH waighing 30 g. has some NaCl in it. The mixture on dissolving in water & treatment with excess AgNOs soln. formed a precipitate weighing 14.3 g. What is the percentage of NaCl in the commercial sample of NaOH. NaCl+ AgNO, > AgCl + NaNObs. [Relative molecular mass of NaCl = 58; AgC1 = 143] [19.38%] "Gloulate the Volume of oxygen required forthe complete combustion of 88 got propang [Cal 1 (C2 O=16H=1, ‘Molar Voluine = 22.4 dm? at stp] Pet Pits 4 SHINOs [cone] HsPO, * HO + 5NOp, 119.35 of phosphorus was used in the reaction, Calculat [gone, er of moles of phosphorus taken. ii] The mass of Bhos horic acid formed. wo 1. He vplyme of NO» produced at stp: [H=1, N=14, P=31, O16] (05 moles, 29.4 g,, 36.6 lits| MoO25"2'KCL #30. I) Calculate the ras of KCIO required to produce 6,72 litre of Op at STP. [K=39, C1=35.5, O=16], (245; ny 4 Galatethe no of occa tthe abgye volume & also theo. of molecules, Toommotes GO tod x0) No Ty From the on Thea + 4H,O(g) + Cro03. Cate heguany asia NH) c LB £63, ea Ec Orisheated i the quantity “moles of Ny formed si] the volume if fitres ot dm? of Np evolved at Sf. iv] the mass in grams Ws 1, 9fCr0, formed at the same time. [H=1, Cr=52, N=14]__ [0.25 moles; 0.25 moles; 5.6 lits; 38 g.] ~ How'mich calcium oxide is formed when 82g. of calcium nitrate is heated. Also find the volume ha Gitittogen dioxide evolved: 2Ca(NO3)p —> 2Ca0 + 4NO3 +02 [Ca = 40) N= 14, Orne) Be iBall i] ium carbide reacts with water according to the equation: LC +12H,O> Kt et )3 beg | iyetate what mass of aluminium hydroxide is formed from 12g, of aluminium carbide. [26 gi ay, Nt the volume of methane at St, Sbtaned am 2 auminum cari, Lcltlativ : ie 2 , 56 lts, _ > Copper salons a eight oF Jam hydroxidesoin.toformcopperhydroxideaccording Hi wy austin 2NaOH + CuSO, > Naso + CuOH) SY orton Se Gil | lye 2