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Dispersal
What
is
dispersal?
Dispersal:
the
movement
of
an
individual
from
its
place
of
birth
to
the
place
where
it
reproduces
or
would
have
reproduced
had
it
survived
and/or
found
a
mate
(Howard
1960)
1.
Dispersal
does
not
necessarily
result
in
gene
flow
2.
Dispersal
is
not
the
same
as
migraAon
3.
Dispersal
and
migraAon
may
interact
(e.g.,
long
distance
migraAon
might
influence
dispersal)
4.
Dispersal
can
be
discussed
in
the
context
of
ecological
process
(contemporary)
or
historical
biogeographic
events.
Historical
dispersal
events
are
difficult
to
study
(but
we
also
know
they
are
important)
Migra2on:
the
spaAally
and
temporally
predictable
movement
of
individuals
between
breeding
and
foraging
habitats
(Hendry
et
al.
2004)
2
Recall:
Dispersalists
vs
Extensionists
Recall
that
Darwin
championed
the
importance
of
long-‐distance
dispersal
in
establishing
geographically
isolated
populaAons
(a
view
also
held
by
Wallace)
Opposed
by
extensionists
(including
Charles
Lyell)
who
believed
that
land
bridges
explain
occurrence
of
isolated
populaAons
Vicariance: establishment of a barrier separaAng populaAons that were already present
5
Dispersal
Overview
of
dispersal
topics:
1)
Mechanisms
of
Dispersal
6
Mechanisms
of
Dispersal
What
is
a
propagule?
Propagule:
any
part
of
an
organism,
life
stage
of
an
organism,
or
individual
in
a
group
of
organisms
that
can
reproduce
the
species
and
establish
a
new
populaAon
Challenges
to
establishing
populaAons
(and
defining
“a
propagule”):
1. Sexual
reproducAon
requires
two
individuals
to
found
a
populaAon
2. Establishment
of
one
species
can
be
dependent
on
other
species
(i.e.,
trophic
structure,
mutualists,
predator/prey,
host/parasite
interacAons)
7
Mechanisms
of
Dispersal
Ac2ve
dispersal
Vagility:
the
ability
to
disperse
acAvely
8
Mechanisms
of
Dispersal
Passive
dispersal
Pagility:
the
ability
of
an
organism
to
disperse
passively,
where
dispersal
is
dependent
on
some
force
external
to
the
organism
9
Mechanisms
of
Dispersal
Sweepstakes
dispersal
Sweepstakes
dispersal:
the
partly
stochasAc
dispersal
of
some
individuals,
and
the
establishment
of
remote,
disharmonic,
or
disjunct
biota.
Over-‐water
dispersal
due
to
hurricanes.
On
October
4,
1995,
~
15
individuals
of
the
green
iguana
appeared
on
the
eastern
beaches
of
Anguilla
in
the
Caribbean.
This
species
did
not
occur
on
the
island
previously,
but
arrived
on
a
mat
of
logs
and
uprooted
trees
>30
\
long
with
large
root
masses.
Iguana
iguana
(Censky
et
al.
1998) 10
Mechanisms
of
Dispersal
Sweepstakes
dispersal
Sweepstakes
dispersal:
the
partly
stochasAc
dispersal
of
some
individuals,
and
the
establishment
of
remote,
disharmonic,
or
disjunct
biota.
AtlanAc Puffin
Many
species
appear
to
be
restricted
to
parAcular
regions
of
the
earth
due
to
temperature
tolerance.
The
avian
family
Alcidae
(auk,
puffins,
murres)
is
restricted
to
cooler
regions
of
the
northern
hemisphere,
whereas
the
family
Spheniscidae
(penguins)
is
restricted
to
the
southern
hemisphere
12
Lomolino
et
al.
2010
Barriers
and
Corridors
Physiological
Barriers
Mountain
passes
are
greater
barriers
to
dispersal
in
the
tropics
than
in
temperate
regions
because
there
is
less
overlap
in
thermal
regimes
experienced
at
low
and
high
alAtudes
in
the
tropics.
Temperate
Mountain
ElevaAon (m)
higher-‐laAtude
species
2)
live
in
climates
closer
to
their
physiological
opAma
Current
mean
temperature
temperate
lizard
Nucras
tesselata
Current
temperature
range
16
Barriers
and
Corridors
Corridors
SIBERIA
CANADA
Tethys
NORTH
Ocean
CHINA
AUSTRALIA
h,p://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext2.html
EUROPE
CHINA
AUSTRALIA
h,p://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext2.html
65
mya
(Cretaceous-‐Paleogene)
18
Barriers
and
Corridors
Filters
Filter:
a
selecAve
or
restricAve
dispersal
route
that
permits
the
movement
of
only
certain
individuals
with
certain
characterisAcs
from
one
region
to
another.
Southern
Origin
Porcupines
Glyptodonts
Armadillos
Giant
ground
sloths
Opossums
Northern
Origin
Rabbits
Mastodons
Field
mice
Horses
Foxes
Tapirs
Bears
Peccaries
Raccoons
Camels
Weasels
Deer
Cats
20
Range
Expansion
Range
expansion
can
follow
one
of
two
pa,erns:
1. Jump
dispersal
2. Diffusive
dispersal
21
Range
Expansion
Jump
Dispersal
Species
colonizaAon
for
sea-‐,
wind-‐,
and
animal-‐dispersed
plants
on
Rakata
Island,
one
of
the
Krakatau
Islands
in
Indonesia.
Krakatau
Bush
and
Whi,aker
1991 22
Range
Expansion
Jump
Dispersal
Species
colonizaAon
for
sea-‐,
wind-‐,
and
animal-‐dispersed
plants
on
Rakata
Island,
one
of
the
Krakatau
Islands
in
Indonesia.
Number
of
species
Lomolino
et
al.
2010
Moralez-‐Silva
&
Nassif
Del
Lama
2014
24
Range
Expansion
Diffusive
Dispersal
European
starlings
(Sturnus
vulgaris)
were
introduced
intenAonally
to
North
America.
The
American
AcclimaAzaAon
Society
for
European
se,lers,
which
hoped
to
introduce
to
the
U.S.
every
bird
menAoned
in
Shakespeare’s
scripts,
released
80-‐100
starlings
in
New
York
City’s
Central
Park
in
1890
and
1891.
Now
a
populaAon
of
>
200
million
27