Hypotheses
- tentative suggestions that a specific
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
NURSING
Definition of
Terms Theory
- Supposition or system of ideas proposed to
explain a given phenomenon
- Attempt to explain relationships
between concepts
- Offer ways to conceptualize
central interests of a discipline
- Example: Freud’s theory of
the Unconscious
Concepts
- Abstract ideas or mental images
of phenomena or reality
- Often called the “building blocks” of
theories
- Examples: mass, energy, ego,
id Paradigm
- A pattern of shared understanding and
assumptions about reality and the
world
- Include notions of reality that are
largely unconscious or taken for granted
- Derived from cultural beliefs
- Examples: time, space
Assumptions
- statements supposed to be true without
proof or demonstration
Epistemology
- theories of knowledge or how people
come to have knowledge.
relationship exist between two concepts
Knowledge
- awareness of reality acquired through
insight, learning or investigation
Laws
- proposition about the relationship
between concepts in a theory that has
been repeatedly validated
Metaparadigm
- represents the worldview of a discipline
- Nursing’s metaparadigm is generally
thought to consist of the concepts of person,
environment, health and nursing.
Paradigm
- organizing framework that contains
concepts, theories,assumptions, beliefs,
values and principles that form the way a
discipline interprets the subject matter with
which it is concerned.
THEORY
- Origin: Came from a greek word "Thoeria"
which means speculate.
- Theories are set of interrelated concepts
that give a systematic view of a
phenomenon that is explanatory and
predictive in nature

THE LIVING TREE OF
NURSING THEORIES
History of Nursing Theory
The history of professional nursing began with
Florence Nightingale. It was Nightingale who
envisioned nurses as a body of educated
women at a time when women were neither
educated nor employed in public service.
Following her service of organizing and caring
for the wounded in Scutari, during the Crimean
War, her vision and establishment of a School
of Nursing at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London
marked the birth of modern nursing.
Nightingale’s pioneering activities in nursing
practice and subsequent writings describing
nursing education became a guide for
establishing nursing schools in the United States
at the beginning of the twentieth century
(Kalisch & Kalisch, 2003; Nightingale,
1859/1969). Nursing began with a strong
emphasis on practice, but throughout the
century, nurses worked toward the development
of nursing as a profession through successive
periods recognized as historical eras (Alligood,
2006a).
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING
1. Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval
Period
- In this period,nursing was considered to
be "untaught" and instinctive. It was considered
as a function of women and there is no evident
caregiving trainings. It is also in this period
where primitive men believed that illness was
caused by the invasion of the victim’s body of
evil spirits.
2. Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages
- Nursing was developed by religious orders.
- It is in this period that Nursing care was
performed without any formal education and by
people who were directed by more experienced
nurses (on the job training).
3. Period of Educated Nursing/ Nightingale
Era 19th- 20th Century
- In this period, the development of nursing
during this period was strongly influenced by:
a.) trends resulting from wars – Crimean, civil
war
b.) arousal of social consciousness
c.) increased educational opportunities
offered to women.
4. Period of Contemporary Nursing/ 20th
Century
- In this period, Licensure of nurses started
alongside: specialization of Hospital and
diagnosis, training of Nurses in diploma
program, development of baccalaureate and
advance degree programs, scientific and
technological development as well as social
changes mark this period.

HISTORICAL ERAS
CURRICULUM ERA
Nursing education shifted from hospital based
diploma programs into college and universities.
RESEARCH EMPHASIS ERA
This era implies that research was a path to new
knowledge. It is in this era where research
became part of the curricula of developing
graduate programs.
sides. Nurses also need to be up to date on new
policies, practices, and procedures. Moreover,
they need to know how to manipulate new
diagnostic equipment and machines.
- On the other hand, the art of nursing is
more than a great deal of science. It is more
than just knowing; it is doing. It bridges
information from nurses to patients in a skillful
way. It is the application of all the science
known to nursing to give the utmost care the
patient needs.

GRADUATE EDUCATION ERA diseases, medications, and management from all

In this era, master's program in nursing
emerged in order to meet the need for nurses
with specialized education training. Nursing
theory and Conceptual Models were included as
courses.

THEORY ERA
It is the era as the outgrowth of research era.
Research produced without theory produced
isolated information while research produced
with theory produced nursing science.

NURSING ETYMOLOGY

NURSING
- the word came from a latin word "nutrix"
meaning, to nourish.

IS NURSING PROFESSION AN ART

OR SCIENCE?
- Nursing profession was both an art
and science.
- The science of nursing is easily
noticeable and it is very critical for each one
to know. If you are a nurse, you must know
the
patient-based nursing care plan (NCP). You
must also know the disease mechanisms of all
THE PHILIPPINES NURSING ACT
OF 2002 R.A. 9173

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MORE

RESPONSIVE NURSING PROFESSION,
REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7164, OTHERWISE
KNOWN AS “THE PHILIPPINE
NURSING ACT OF 1991” AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

It is hereby declared the policy of the State to

assume responsibility for the protection and
improvement of the nursing profession by
instituting measures that will result in relevant
nursing education, humane working
conditions, better career prospects and a
dignified existence for our nurses.
The State hereby guarantees the delivery of
quality basic health services through an
adequate nursing personnel system
throughout the country.

TYPES OF NURSING

THEORY 1. SPECULATIVE
- yet to be tested through research and
found to be consistently true in answering
questions, solving problems, and exploring
phenomenon.
2. ESTABLISHED
- Accumulation of facts, principles, and laws ACCORDING TO
that have been repeatedly tested through
research over time and found to be consistently PHILOSOPHY 1. "NEEDS"
valid and reliable.
THEORIES
ACCORDING TO - are based on helping individuals to fulfill
their physical and mental needs
SCOPE 1. GRAND
2. "INTERACTION" THEORIES
THEORY - As described by Peplau, these theories
- broadest in scope revolve around the relationships nurses
- represents the most abstract level of from with patients.
development
- addresses the broad phenomena of 3. "OUTCOME" THEORIES
concern within the discipline - portray the nurse as the changing force

2. MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY 4. "HUMANISTIC" THEORIES

- addresses more concrete and more narrowly
defined phenomena
- intended to answer questions about nursing
phenomena yet they did not cover the full
range
- emphasizes a person's capacity for self
actualization
PURPOSE OF NURSING THEORY

3. MICRO-RANGE THEORY 1. Education

- concrete and narrow in scope. It explains a 2. Research
specific phenomenon of concern about a 3. Clinical practice
discipline 4. Conceptual models

ACCORDING TO FUNCTION SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING THEORY

1. DESCRIPTIVE 1. DISCIPLINE
- to identify properties and workings of - discipline is dependent upon theory
a discipline

2. EXPLANATORY 4. PRESCRIPTIVE
- to examine how properties relate and thus - to identify under which conditions
affect the discipline relationships occur

3. PREDICTIVE
- to calculate relationships
between properties and how they
occur
2. PROFESSION

TWO TYPES OF

KNOWLEDGE 1.

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
- aims to stimulate thinking and broaden
understanding of the science and
practice of the nursing discipline
2. PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE
- on the other hand is referred to as the art of
nursing.

References:

https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/fundam
entals-in-nursing-notes/theoretical-foundation-n
ursing-overview/

https://www.scribd.com/doc/100884442/Theore
tical-Foundations-of-Nursing-Practice

https://nursingcrib.com/nursing-notes-reviewer/
historical-evolution-of-nursing/

http://blog.diversitynursing.com/blog/bid/18310
2/Is-the-Nursing-Profession-an-Art-or-Science

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/10/21/r
epublic-act-no-9173/

https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/MaeAguilar/
nursing-theories-24734303