NCM 100 REVIEWER
Authoritative knowledge – is an idea
CHAPTER I; NURSING THEORY
Theory – is an organized system of
accepted knowledge that is composed
of concepts, propositions, definitions
and assumption intended to explain a
set of phenomena.
Concept – is defined as an idea
formulated by the mind or experience
perceived and observed such as justice,
love and disease.
Proposition – explains the relationship
of different concepts.
Definition – is composed of various
descriptions which convey a general
meaning and reduces the vagueness in
understanding a set concepts.
Assumption – is a statement that
specifies the relationship or connection
of factual concepts or phenomena.
Nursing theory – is a group of
interrelated concepts that are develop
from various studies of disciplines and
related experience.
Nursing paradigms – are patterns or
models used to show a clear
relationship among the existing
theoretical works in nursing.
Metaparadigms – means with pattern.
Philosophy of nursing – specifies the
definition of metaparadigm concepts
each of the conceptual models of
nursing.
Knowledge - is define as information,
skills and expertise acquired by a
person through various life experiences,
or through formal or informal learning
such as formal education, self-study,
vocational.
Phenomenon – defined as sets of
empirical data or experiences that can
be physically observed or tangible.
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
Traditional knowledge - a nursing
practice which is passed down from
generation to generation
by a person of authority which is
perceived as true because of his/her
expertise.
Scientific Knowledge – a type of
knowledge which came from a scientific
method through research.
Different Types of Theory
Descriptive theory or Factor isolating
theory – know to be the primary level of
theory development.
Explanatory theory or Factor –
Relating theory – the type of theory
that present relationship among
concepts and propositions.
Predictive theory or Situation –
Relating theory – achieved when the
relationship of concepts under a certain
condition are able to describe future
outcome consistently.
Prescriptive theories or Situation –
Producing theory – deal with nursing
actions, and test the validity and
certainty of a specific nursing
intervention.
Concepts – are the building blocks of
theories. A concept enhances one’s
capacity to understand phenomena as it
helps define the meaning of a word.
TWO TYPES OF CONCEPTS
Abstract concepts – are indirectly
observe or intangible.
Concrete concepts – are directly
observe and tangible.
CHAPTER II; PURSPOSES OF NURSING
THEORY
 Nursing theories – are developed to
improve the quality of care rendered by
nurses to their client.
 Grand theories – broad in scope and
complex in nature, only assist nursing
research in an occasional manner.
  Middle – range theories – focus on the
discovery of concepts. Such as  Ethical knowing – requires knowledge
theoretical concepts from social of different philosophical position
sciences. regarding what is good and right making
moral actions and decision, particularly
Independence of Theory and Research in the theoretical and clinical
components of nursing.

 Personal knowing – encompasses

knowledge of the self in relation to
others and self.

CHAPTER VII; ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY

Theory of Florence Nightingale

Introduction

 Born - 12 May 1820

 Founder of modern nursing.
 The first nursing theorist.
NURSING KNOWLEDGE  Also known as "The Lady with the
Lamp" 
 Theoretical Knowledge – aims to  She explained her environmental theory
stimulate thinking and broaden
in her famous book Notes on Nursing:
understanding of the science and
What it is, What it is not .
practice of the Nursing discipline.
 She was the first to propose nursing
 Practical Knowledge – is referred to required specific education and training.
as the of nursing.  Her contribution during Crimean war is
well-known.
 Theoretical - generating research –  She was a statistician, using bar and pie
designed to discover and describe charts, highlighting key points.
relationships and phenomena without  International Nurses Day, May 12 is
imposing predetermined notions on the observed in respect to her contribution
nature of the phenomena. to Nursing.
 Died - 13 August 1910
 Theory - testing research – utilized to
determine how accurate a theory
Nightingale’s Canons: Major
describe a phenomenon.
Concepts
CHAPTER III; FOUR WAYS OF KNOWING
1) Ventilation and warming
2) Light
 Four ways of knowing – This is
3) Cleanliness of rooms/walls
achieved and realize by harnessing the
4) Health of houses
nurse’s collective stores knowledge,
5) Noise
character and profound experience, a
6) Bed and bedding
concept theorist call Personal
7) Personal cleanliness
Knowledge or Self – Knowledge.
8) Variety
9) Chattering hopes and advices
 Empirical knowing – is the principal
10)Taking food
form relating factual and descriptive
11)Petty management
knowing aimed at the expansion of
12)Observation
abstract and theoretical explanation.
Nursing Paradigms
 Aesthetic knowing – related to
understanding what is of significant to
Nursing
particular patients such as feeling,
 Nursing is different from medicine and
attitudes, and point of views, or simply
the goal of nursing is to place the
the creative and expressive style of the
nurse.
 patient  in the best possible condition for
nature to act.
 Nursing is the "activities that promote
health (as outlined in canons) which
occur in any caregiving situation.  They
can be done by anyone."
Person
 People are multidimensional, composed
of biological, psychological, social and
spiritual components.
Health
 Health is “not only to be well, but to be
able to use well every power we have”.
 Disease is considered as dys-ease or
the absence of comfort.  injuring others.
Environment
 "Poor or difficult environments led to
poor health and disease".
 "Environment could be altered to
improve conditions so that the natural
laws would allow healing to occur."
VIRGINIA HENDERSON; 14 BASIC HUMAN
NEEDS
Virginia Henderson's Need Theory
Introduction
 Born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897.
 Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of
Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital,
Washington, D.C. in 1921.
 Worked at the Henry Street Visiting Nurse
Service for 2 years after graduation.
 In 1923, started teaching nursing at the
Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia
 In 1929, entered Teachers College at
Columbia University for  Bachelor’s Degree
in 1932, Master’s Degree in 1934.
 Joined Columbia as a member of the faculty,
remained until 1948.
 Since 1953, a research associate at Yale
University School of Nursing.
 Recipient of numerous recognitions.
 Honorary doctoral degrees from the Catholic
University of America, Pace University,
University of Rochester, University of
Western Ontario, Yale University
  In 1985, honored at the Annual Meeting of
the Nursing and Allied Health Section of the
Medical Library Association.
 Died: March 19, 1996.
 In 1939, she revised: Harmer’s classic
textbook of nursing for its 4th edition, and
later wrote the 5th; edition, incorporating her
personal definition of nursing
(Henderson,1991)
The 14 components
 Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately.
 Eliminate body wastes.
 Move and maintain desirable postures.
 Sleep and rest.
 Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
 Maintain body temperature within normal
range by adjusting clothing and modifying
environment
 Keep the body clean and well groomed and
protect the integument
 Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid
 Communicate with others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
 Worship according to one’s faith.
 Work in such a way that there is a sense of
accomplishment.
 Play or participate in various forms of
recreation.
 Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that
leads to normal development and health and
use the available health facilities.
The first 9 components are physiological. The tenth
and fourteenth are psychological aspects of
communicating and learning The eleventh
component is spiritual and moral The twelfth and
thirteenth components are sociologically oriented to
occupation and recreation
Henderson’s theory and the four major concepts
1. Individual
 Have basic needs that are component of
health.
 Requiring assistance to achieve health and
independence or a peaceful death.
 Mind and body are inseparable and
interrelated.
 Considers the biological, psychological,
sociological, and spiritual components.
 The theory presents the patient as a sum of
parts with biopsychosocial needs.
2. Environment
 Settings in which an individual learns unique
pattern for living.
 All external conditions and influences that
affect life and development.
 Individuals in relation to families
 Minimally discusses the impact of the
community on the individual and family.
 Basic nursing care involves providing
conditions under which the patient can
perform the 14 activities unaided.
3. Health
 Definition based on individual’s ability to 2) Skills of communication
function independently as outlined in the 14
components. 3) Application of knowledge
 Nurses need to stress promotion of health
and prevention and cure of disease. 4) Teaching of patients and families
 Good health is a challenge -affected by age,
cultural background, physical, and 5) Planning and organization of work
intellectual capacities, and emotional
balance Is the individual’s ability to meet 6) Use of resource materials
these needs independently.
7) Use of personnel resources

4. Nursing 8) Problem-solving
 Temporarily assisting an individual who lacks
the necessary strength, will and knowledge 9) Direction of work of others
to satisfy 1 or more of 14 basic needs.
 Assists and supports the individual in life 10)Therapeutic use of the self
activities and the attainment of
independence. 11)Nursing procedure
 Nurse serves to make patient “complete”
“whole", or "independent." 21 NURSING PROBLEMS
 The nurse is expected to carry out
BASIC TO ALL PATIENTS
physician’s therapeutic plan Individualized
care is the result of the nurse’s creativity in
1) To maintain good hygiene and
planning for care.
physical comfort
 “Nurse should have knowledge to practice
individualized and human care and should
2) To promote optimal activity: exercise,
be a scientific problem solver.”
rest and sleep
 In the Nature of Nursing Nurse role is,” to get
inside the patient’s skin and supplement his 3) To promote safety through the
strength will or knowledge according to his prevention of accidents, injury, or
needs.” other trauma and through the
prevention of the spread of infection
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
Twenty-One Nursing Problems 4) To maintain good body mechanics
and prevent and correct deformity
INTRODUCTION.
SUSTENAL CARE NEEDS
ABOUT THE THEORIST AND THEORETICAL
SOURCES 1) sTo facilitate the maintenance of a
supply of oxygen to all body cells
Birth:1919
Abdellah’s patient - centred approach 2) To facilitate the maintenance of
to nursing was developed inductively nutrition of all body cells
from her practice and is considered a
human needs theory. 3) To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination
The theory was created to assist with
nursing education and is most 4) To facilitate the maintenance of fluid
applicable to the education of nurses. and electrolyte balance
Although it was intended to guide 5) To recognize the physiological
care of those in the hospital, it also responses of the body to disease
has relevance for nursing care in conditions
community settings.
6) To facilitate the maintenance of
11 NURSING SKILLS regulatory mechanisms and
functions
1) Observation of health status
 7) To facilitate the maintenance of Abdellah describes people as having
sensory function. physical, emotional, and sociological
needs.
REMEDIAL CARE NEEDS
Patient is described as the only justification
To identify and accept positive and for the existence of nursing.
negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions Individuals (and families) are the recipients
of nursing
To identify and accept the interrelatedness
of emotions and organic illness Health, or achieving of it, is the purpose of
nursing services.
To facilitate the maintenance of effective
verbal and non verbal communication HEALTH

To promote the development of productive In Patient–Centered Approaches to

interpersonal relationships
To facilitate progress toward achievement
of personal spiritual goals
To create and / or maintain a therapeutic
environment
To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical , emotional,
and developmental needs
RESTORATIVE CARE NEEDS
To accept the optimum possible goals in
the light of limitations, physical and
emotional
To use community resources as an aid in
resolving problems arising from illness
Nursing, Abdellah describes health as a
state mutually exclusive of illness.
Although Abdellah does not give a
definition of health, she speaks to “total
health needs” and “a healthy state of mind
and body” in her description of nursing as
a comprehensive service.
SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT
Society is included in “planning for
optimum health on local, state, national,
and international levels”. However, as she
further delineated her ideas, the focus of
nursing service is clearly the individual.
The environment is the home or community
from which patient comes.

To understand the role of social problems

as influencing factors in the case of illness

ABDELLAH’S THEORY AND THE FOUR

MAJOR CONCEPTS

NURSING

Nursing is a helping profession.

Nursing care is doing something to or for

the person or providing information to the
person with the goals of meeting needs,
increasing or restoring self-help ability, or
alleviating impairment.
Nursing is broadly grouped into the 21
problem areas to guide care and promote
use of nursing judgment.

Nursing to be comprehensive service.

PERSON