Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
What is Nursing?
Starts in 1902
A service that is beneficial to the society and can be received by different clientele.
An autonomous & collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups & communities, sick or
well and in all settings (ICN).
It is a unique perspective as field of study or discipline
Levels of Clientele
1. Individuals
2. Families
3. Communities
4. Population
Healthcare Services
1. Promotive – regular check so they can promote all current status of being.
Playing, got wound, get an intervention - something that enters the balanced state.
2. Curative – something gives an intervention for a disease.
3. Rehabilitative
4. Dying [death care/ post common care] – requires giving the outmost respect with regards on how the body is
treated.
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Autonomy (nurses association)
Accountable to the society (noble): noble profession
Control and limitations
D. Job: ✓
It pays you to make a living
All of these can be a justification on why nursing is considered as a profession.
Note: All of the professions including nurses that are working, they are also used as a source of income but not all
occupations are profession since not all occupation are professionals. Some occupations doesn’t require a standard
unlike profession, there is a standard.
Definition of Terms
Knowledge: information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through various life experiences or
through formal or informal learning such as formal education, self-study, vocational.
Phenomenon: sets of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as
crying or grimacing when in pain.
Model: graphic or symbolic presentations of phenomena
Foundation: talking about the principles
Principle: underlying truth are facts, they have been studied and brought out under scientific process to
provide us a body of knowledge.
Theory: explains a phenomenon, organized system of accepted knowledge that composed of concepts,
propositions, definitions, & assumptions intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena.
Sometimes theories are implicit or explicit
o Phenomena: events, occurrence, reality of life. (describes the concept)
Example is career decision.
o Concept: an idea formulated by the mind or an experience perceived and observed such as
justice, love, war and disease; building blocks a theories
TYPES
Concrete or Empirical concept: experimental, specific, observable events,
objects or properties which can be seen, felt or heard.
o nurse
Abstract concept: intangible, deep, not clearly observable directly or indirectly
o Love, social support
Inferential concept: indirectly observable concepts
o Pain, dyspnea, temperature
Most of the theories use abstract concepts and it should be defined as observable
(concrete) concepts when applied in Research, education and practice. We transform the
abstract concepts to concrete concepts based on local needs.
o Is a concept is the same of phenomena? No, concepts describe the phenomenon. Concepts are
subtopics of phenomena.
o Construct: highest level of a concept (most complex) eg. romantic
o Propositions – explains the relationships of different concepts. These are simply statements that
imply the relationships of concepts.
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Example: children who do not want to stay in the hospital because of their fear of
injections.
o Assumptions – statement that specifies the relationship or connection of a factual concepts or
phenomena. These are statements that the theorists hold as factual.
Example: all patients who are not able to take good care of themselves need nurses.
o Definition: composed of various descriptions which convey a general meaning and reduces the
vagueness in understanding of set of concepts.
Conceptual definition: meaning of a word based on how a certain theory or relevant
literature perceives it to be.
roles or concepts of nurse, patient care, and environment
Operational definition: based on the method of how it was measured or how the
person come up with that perception.
Significance of pain perception and practice nursing intervention
Example: Nursing formulated by Peplau.
o Induction: type of reasoning that uses specific details to form a general conclusion.
o Deduction: type of reasoning wherein general conclusions are made based from specific
concepts.
FRAMEWORK OR MODELS
THEORETICAL CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL
- meaning base on structure of - it is a structure of concepts or - meaning of the word base on how it was
concepts which exist or tested in theories which are pulled measured or how the person come up with
literature together that perception
- ready-made map - map for the study - defines how concept will be
- highly established set of - definition from literature determined
concepts that are testable - derived from a persons’
own point of view
- can be represented thru
diagram or narrative.
Nursing Theory – group of interrelated concepts that developed from various studies of disciplines and related
experiences which aims to view the essence of nursing care.
These are theories that talk about how nursing develop from the past tot the present.
Talks about nursing practice
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Logical in nature
Simple but generally broad in nature
Source of hypotheses that can be tested for it to be elaborated.
Enriching the general body of knowledge through the studies implemented to validate them.
Can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice
Consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will leave open unanswered issues that
need to be tested.
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Example: Benner Model of skill acquisition in Nursing. Corbin and Strauss ”Chronic
illness trajectory framework”
o Practice theories – situation – specific theories, perspective theories or micro theories
(career decision of SHS theories)
Practice theories are narrowly defined; they address a desired goal and the specific
actions needed to achieve it.
Characteristics of Practice theories:
Least complex in nature.
More specific than middle range.
Provides specific directions.
Limited to specific populations.
Often use of knowledge of other discipline.
Specific to population and setting (oncology).
Cannot be applied in all setting.
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Identify and explains the major concepts of a phenomenon.
Primary level of theory development
To know the properties and workings of a discipline.
Do not explain the relationship of the concepts.
Main purpose is to present a phenomenon based on the 5 senses together with their 5
senses.
Classification descriptive theory – categorize the concepts
EXAMPLE: a descriptive research about the Filipino nursing practices like use of
herbal medicines.
o Explanatory – factor-relating theories
It present relationship among concepts, propositions or phenomena.
Aim to provide information on how or why concepts are related.
Cause and effect relationship are well explained in this theory.
EXAMPLE: a research study about the factors affecting newborns in failing to thrive.
o Predictive – situation-relating theories
It predict the effects of one phenomenon on another
Foresees what will happen in the future
Achieved when the relationship of concepts under a certain condition are able to
describe future outcomes consistently.
EXAMPLE: a theoretical model based on the observation of the effects of unsanitary
environmental condition on the recovery of the post-operative parents.
o Prescriptive – situation-producing theories
Used to produce or control a desired phenomenon
Highest level. Tells what you will do.
Deals with nursing actions and test the validity and certainty of a specific nursing
intervention.
EXAMPLE: Laurente’s theory validates and explains the different nursing
management in emergency room in relieving anxiety among its clients.
BASE ON DICSIPLINE
o Borrowed vs. Unique Theories in Nursing
Since 1960’s, sharing or borrowing theory from other disciplines has been raised.
Disciplines
Sociology
Family Systems Theory
Feminist theory
Role theory
Critical Social Theory
Behavioral
Biomedical
Leadership and medical
ACCORDING TO NURSING DOMAINS
NEEDS INTERACTION OUTCOME CARING/BECOMING(h
(what we want to have) ow to become a nurse in a
holistic way)
FOCUS Problems Interaction Energy Human-universe health
process
Nurse’s function Illness as Homeostasis
experience Mutual relations
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Outcome of care
Unitary being
HUMA Set of needs Interacting Set Adaptive Man-living-health
N developmental
BEING Problems of needs human being Continuously
becoming
Developmental Validated needs
being
Human experience
PATIENT Needs deficit Helpless being Lacks adaptation Unique human being
Human becoming
NURSE’S Fulfills needs Helping process External regulatory Connect Be
ROLE requisite mechanism
Self as therapeutic agent present
Begin
independent Nursing process Exact meaning
function
DECISIO Health care Health care Health care Mutual
N provider provider provider
MAKER
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Virginia Henderson’s Need Theory
Nithangle of modern nursing
Emphasize on importance of increasing patients’ independence
Categorize nursing activities in 14 components
1. Breathing
2. Eating and drinking
3. Elimination
4. Movement and posture
5. Sleep and rest
6. Clothing
7. Body temperature maintenance
8. Cleaning and grooming
9. Avoidance of danger
10. Communication
11. Worship
12. Work
13. Play and recreation
14. Learning
Jireh Sevilla 9
BSN1-A