A simulated 3D virtual world is likely to have a far-reaching effect where the physical

world is represented through ICT tools. Such tools can be used for a wide variety influencing all

aspects of life. The influences are felt more and more at schools. ICT is more widely used to

support the implementation of supervision. It can be a valuable resource that serves to enhance

both these functions and processes of supervision of school contexts. These ICT-based

communication techniques can be classified into three groups: techniques that are more

emphasized for recording tools, namely, audio recording and video recording; techniques for

synchronous communication, namely, Google Meet, Zoom, and Skype; and techniques for

sharing information, which consist of WhatsApp, email, Google Forms, Facebook, and websites.

Since the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,

supervisors in organizations are facing leadership challenges as they attempt to manage “work

from home” arrangements and the health and safety of essential workers. Due to the pandemic,

face-to-face supervision activities have not been feasible. With this, teachers were required to

master technology to support online learning. In the era of increasingly sophisticated

technological disruption, teachers were demanded to have the ability in the field of learning

technology. The teachers’ mastery of learning technology was so varied that it became a

challenge in the learning process. By working from home (WFH), the teachers were forced to

master digital learning technology as a necessity for them. The demand of these needs allowed

them to know online media that could support as a substitute for learning in the classroom,

without reducing the quality of learning materials and the learning achievement targets. Also,

many supervision activities are carried out by utilizing information and communication

technology. Therefore, the effective integration of ICT is a general prerequisite and must be

carefully undertaken by the teachers to guide the learners in attaining or developing these skills.
 Integrating ICT in teaching and learning process at present remains a challenging task

on the part of teachers due to some reasons like: the ratio of student-computer and teacher-

computer, lack of trainings in integrating ICT, lack of confidence and competence in ICT, lack of

technical support and lack of accessibility to ICT resources.

Leadership during crisis

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15480518211010761