LCD Electronics

Theory of Operation
NCTU IDI5004
Week 11
26-Nov-04

1
Row Line Delay Measurement
Review

2
 Line Delay Origins

Column Drivers
Gate Delay
Row Drivers
Column Delay

Column Delay
Worst Corner
(column driver
changes
immediately but
row fall is
delayed)

Gate Delay

Best Corner

3
Signal Propagation

4
 Macro Electrical Model of the
LCD Panel
Column
Drivers
Row
Drivers

Vcom
Driver

5
Line Delay Measurement Setup
10 Column Drivers
Photo-
Transistor

6 Row
In this dark region
Drivers the row signal
arrives at the pixel
after the CD has
changed its data…

It’s a race and the

row loses

6
Reduced Row Pulse Required
for Propagation Delay
100%
row Row signal is too
signal long; wrong voltage
is copied on pixels
at each end of the
column 45% row line

signal
0%
100%
reduced row select time

Row signal is just

right; both near and
45% far end of row line
capture correct
voltage

0%

1 line 7
 Row Timing

OE

Row N

Row N + 1

Row N + 2

Row N + 3
Line N Line N+1 Line N+2 Line N+3

8
 Critical Timing Elements
In other words, OE is the
Gate-ON Pulse = 20.55µs – OE gate off-time. The shorter
OE is, the longer the pixel
has to charge.

RD OE

Theoretical Line Time:

1/60Hz/768 = 21.701 µs
20.55 µs Actual Line Time
LOAD (including vertical blanking):
20.55 µs
Charge Share Time:
The rising edge
of LOAD is the
1µs
timing datum of
the line time

9
 Detail OE Signal Data
The next line’s row signal begins to
420 ns rise at the fall of this signal. Standard
practice is to delay the start of the
row signal to allow some time for the
CD to transition following LOAD.

This is the adjusted edge The default for the UUT is 420 ns and
is left unchanged in the experiment

RD OE

LOAD
Moving left means

Current line’s Data New CD Data 10

Fail Criteria of Gate-Column line
Race
An OE pulse width > 3.5µs assures the As OE gets too large, it
falling edge of the row signal arrives steals pixel charging
before the column line data changes time.
1.2

Top Right Corner 1

0.8

Relative Luminance
Minimum OE
0.6
for this panel is
0.4 3.5 µs

0.2
GL 128
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
OE Pulse width

11
As the Gate-ON time gets longer
the boundary moves to the left

OE relatively long

OE shorter

OE very short Remember that Gate-ON time

goes up with shorter OE

12
 Luminance at Top of Panel at
Each Driver vs. OE (Gate-OFF)
1.4µs OE required for left side 3.5µs OE required for right side
1.2
CD1
CD2
1 CD3
CD4
Relative Luminance

CD5
0.8 CD6
CD7
CD8
0.6 CD9
CD10

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Gate-OFF time (OE)
13
Theoretically Correct Model
Row Line Delay (high-to-low transition)

8.0

90%
7.0 80%
70%
Time Delay(micro-sec)

6.0 60%
50%
40%
5.0
30%
20%
4.0 10%

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
192

384

576

768

960
0

1152

1344

1536

1728

1920
Horizontal Pixel Position

14
Color

15
 1931 Color Gamut
Examples of
differing
gains for
RGB
primaries
needed to
adjust for
color
temperature
y

x 16
Cone Wavelength Sensitivity

17
Additive Color Theory Used in
Self-luminous Displays

18
 Tri-Stimulus Values
Color does not physically exist; it is a human perception.

We can physically describe a colored, luminous object as

a vector of three tri-stimulus values:

X
Color = Y
Z

Things having this same vector of color

look to have the same color to humans
19
 Spectrums are not Sensed
Uniquely
Any particular receptor (R G or B) responds to a broad range of
wavelengths so that the same response will occur for a
multitude of combinations of wavelengths (spectrums) and
amplitudes.

Consequently, color perception is not unique to a spectrum

(radiated light power amplitude as a function of wavelength)

Therefore, we can describe color matching in terms of three

numbers. Intuitively, these numbers could represent the signal
strength from the R, G and B sensors. However these
numbers can be translated into a more useful set of 3.

20
Definition of Tri-Stimulus Values
⌠
X = 683 P(λ) x(λ) dλ
⌠

⌠
Luminance Y = 683 P(λ) y(λ) dλ
⌠

⌠ P(λ) z(λ) dλ
Z = 683 ⌠

The values of X, Y, and Z for a particular spectrum (P(λ)) can be computed

straight forwardly by integrating the product of the spectrum with a well established
function that characterizes the “standard” human eye over wavelength.

The resulting Y value is especially useful. It is called the luma or luminance and
follows the human visual sensitivity to light energy at each wavelength (photopic
response). This is the “black and white” picture. That is, y(λ) is a “bell” shaped
curve with a peak at 555nm. In other words, for the same radiated power, some
wavelengths will appear brighter than others.

21
 Tri-Stimulus Values
We describe a colored, luminous object as a vector of
tri-stimulus values:
There are 683 lumens (cd/m^2)
Describes both at 555 nm by definition
Chroma and
Luma
⌠
X = 683 P(λ) x(λ) dλ
⌠

⌠
Color = Y = 683 P(λ) y(λ) dλ
⌠

By design of the 1931 CIE ⌠ P(λ) z(λ) dλ

system, Y=Luminance Z = 683 ⌠

color matching
The power spectrum (W-sr-1)
of the sample functions
over wavelength
22
1931 Tri-Stimulus Weighting (Color Matching) Functions
[nm] X-BAR Y-BAR Z-BAR [nm] X-BAR Y-BAR Z-BAR [nm] X-BAR Y-BAR Z-BAR
400 0.0143 0.0004 0.0679 500 0.0049 0.323 0.272 600 1.0622 0.631 0.0008
405 0.0232 0.0006 0.1102 505 0.0024 0.4073 0.2123 605 1.0456 0.5668 0.0006
410 0.0435 0.0012 0.2074 510 0.0093 0.503 0.1582 610 1.0026 0.503 0.0003
415 0.0776 0.0022 0.3713 515 0.0291 0.6082 0.1117 615 0.9384 0.4412 0.0002
420 0.1344 0.004 0.6456 520 0.0633 0.71 0.0782 620 0.8544 0.381 0.0002
425 0.2148 0.0073 1.0391 525 0.1096 0.7932 0.0573 625 0.7514 0.321 0.0001
430 0.2839 0.0116 1.3856 530 0.1655 0.862 0.0422 630 0.6424 0.265 0
435 0.3285 0.0168 1.623 535 0.2257 0.9149 0.0298 635 0.5419 0.217 0
440 0.3483 0.023 1.7471 540 0.2904 0.954 0.0203 640 0.4479 0.175 0
445 0.3481 0.0298 1.7826 545 0.3597 0.9803 0.0134 645 0.3608 0.1382 0
450 0.3362 0.038 1.7721 550 0.4334 0.995 0.0087 650 0.2835 0.107 0
455 0.3187 0.048 1.7441 555 0.5121 1.0002 0.0057 655 0.2187 0.0816 0
460 0.2908 0.06 1.6692 560 0.5945 0.995 0.0039 660 0.1649 0.061 0
465 0.2511 0.0739 1.5281 565 0.6784 0.9786 0.0027 665 0.1212 0.0446 0
470 0.1954 0.091 1.2876 570 0.7621 0.952 0.0021 670 0.0874 0.032 0
475 0.1421 0.1126 1.0419 575 0.8425 0.9154 0.0018 675 0.0636 0.0232 0
480 0.0956 0.139 0.813 580 0.9163 0.87 0.0017 680 0.0468 0.017 0
485 0.058 0.1693 0.6162 585 0.9786 0.8163 0.0014 685 0.0329 0.0119 0
490 0.032 0.208 0.4652 590 1.0263 0.757 0.0011 690 0.0227 0.0082 0
495 0.0147 0.2586 0.3533 595 1.0567 0.6949 0.001 695 0.0158 0.0057 0
700 0.0114 0.0041 0

23
 Tri-Stimulus Weighting Functions
2
X-BAR
1.8
Y-BAR
1.6 Z-BAR
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
wavelength [nm] 24
Log10 of Photopic Curve (Y)

25
 The Additive Properties of
Tri-Stimulus Values

watts per steradian

watts per steradian

watts per steradian

400nm wavelength 700 400nm wavelength 700 400nm wavelength 700

X X X
Color = Y + Y + Y
Z Z Z

26
 Color Space
We describe a colored, luminous object as a vector of
tri-stimulus values:
⌠
X X = 683 P(λ) fx(λ) dλ
⌠
1931
Color Y Y = 683⌠P(λ) fy(λ) dλ
⌠
Tri-stimulus
Z ⌠
Z = 683 P(λ) fz(λ) dλ
⌠

X 4X
x= X+Y+Z u’ = X + 15Y + 3Z

Original CIE Space Uniform

L=Y L=Y
Color Space
Y 9Y
y= X+Y+Z v’ = X + 15Y + 3Z

1931 1976
xy u’ v’
27
 Tri-Stimulus Values
Transformations
X 4X
Given tri-stimulus x= X+Y+Z u’ = X + 15Y + 3Z
values, find color
space co-ordinates L=Y L=Y
and luminance Y 9Y
y= X+Y+Z v’ = X + 15Y + 3Z

1931 1976
xy u’ v’
x 9u’
X= y L X = 4v’ L
Given color space co-
ordinates and Y=L Y=L
luminance, find
1–x-y 12 - 3u’- 20v’
tri-stimulus values Z= L Z= L
y 4v’

Note that the tri-stimulus vector scales linearly with luminance

28
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