COMPUTER NETWORKS AND

OPERATING SYSTEMS
Lecture no. 9
by Luminiţa SCRIPCARIU
85.168.125.56/24
SWlab1 SWlab2 SWlab3

PC Admin
Sala de control si
telecomunicatii

6.5 m

2m
Router

Server

SWprof

Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3

17.5 m
5.8 m

Cabinet profesori

8.5 m 8.5 m 11.3 m 7.5 m

Up
From the previous course

• TCP/IP Protocols (ICMP, SNMP)

• L1 Network Equipment

Luminiţa Scripcariu 2
 QUESTION 1
Which protocol is used to send error-
messages in computer networks?
 CRC
 IGMP
 ICMP
 SNMP

3 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 2
What type of service is offered by
PING?
 echo
 error check
 redirect message
 encryption

4 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 3
Which TCP/IP layer does a media
converter work on?
 application
 transport
 Internet
 network-access

5 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 4
Which of the following equipment are
of multiport type?
 Ethernet protector
 hub
 media converter
 PoE splitter

6 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 5
Which of the interfaces below have a
data rate of 10Gbps ?
 EIA-232
 USB 3.0
 XGMII
 XAUI

7 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 6
What type of connectors does a roll-
over (console) cable have at the two
ends?
 BNC
 DB-15
 ST
 RJ-45

8 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 7
Which of the network standards below
can use a twinaxial cable?
 1000 Base-TX
 10 GbE
 100 GbE
 GPON

9 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 8
What is the maximum segment length
of a UTP cable?
 100 m
 200 m
 500 m
 1500 m

10 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 9
What is the maximum segment length
of a twinax cable?
 100 m
 200 m
 500 m
 1500 m

11 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 10
Which of the following standards uses
WEP?
 IEEE 802.11a
 IEEE 802.11b
 IEEE 802.11g
 IEEE 802.11n

Luminiţa Scripcariu 12
 QUESTION 11
Which of the methods below does IEEE
802.16e standard use for duplexing?
 FDD
 FDMA
 TDD
 TDMA

Luminiţa Scripcariu 13
 QUESTION 12
What is the channel bandwidth for IEEE
802.11p standard?
 10 MHz
 20 MHz
 40 MHz
 80 MHz

Luminiţa Scripcariu 14
 QUESTION 13
Which of the following standards is
known as Gigabit WiFi?
 IEEE 802.11ac
 IEEE 802.11b/g
 IEEE 802.11n
 IEEE 802.11p

Luminiţa Scripcariu 15
 QUESTION 14
Which of the following standards is
known as WAVE standard?
 IEEE 802.11ac
 IEEE 802.11b/g
 IEEE 802.11n
 IEEE 802.11p

Luminiţa Scripcariu 16
 QUESTION 15
What protocol manages all network
objects?
 MIB
 ICMP
 IGMP
 SNMP

Luminiţa Scripcariu 17
 QUESTION 16
What protocol manages all network
objects?
 MIB
 ICMP
 IGMP
 SNMP

Luminiţa Scripcariu 18
 QUESTION 17
What is the name of a database used to
record the attributes of the managed
network objects?
 MIB
 ICMP
 IGMP
 SNMP

Luminiţa Scripcariu 19
 QUESTION 18
What message is sent by SNMP in
order to deny network access to an
unauthorized object?
 get-request
 get-next-request
 set-request
 trap-message

20 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 19
What data unit does a network hub
recognize?
 bit
 frame
 packet
 datagram

21 Luminiţa Scripcariu
 QUESTION 20
What address type does a hub read?
 IPv4
 IPv6
 MAC
 URL
 none of the above answers is
correct

22 Luminiţa Scripcariu
What do the following acronyms
mean?
• ICMP VSAT ATPC
• ISO WAVE NOC
• ETSI NMS STP
• PING PoE RTS
• BTS USB DTR

Luminiţa Scripcariu 23
 Exercise
Calculate the difference (as a number of
seconds, converted from decimal to
hexadecimal), between the time references
used by NTP and TIME protocols.

Luminiţa Scripcariu 24
NTP: Jan. 1st, 1990, 00:00 GMT
TIME: Jan. 1st, 1900, 12:00:01 am
No. of years = 90
1904, 1908, ...1988 => 4*(1, 2, ...22)
No. of leap year = 22
No. of days = 90*365+22= 32.872
No. of hours = 32872*24 = 788.928
No. of seconds = 788.928*3.600-1=
= 2.840.140.799
Hexazecimal value: 0x.A9.49.1B.FF

Luminiţa Scripcariu 25
L1 EQUIPMENT
(continued)

Luminiţa Scripcariu 26
 Shielded Twisted Pair Cables
STP Cat 6
https://www.materialelectric.ro/produs/priza-calculator-fantasy/
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Shielded-Twisted-
Pair-Cable-STP-Category_60570971682.html
https://www.emag.ro/mufe-rj45-cat-6-ecranate-pentru-solid- https://www.telcoantennas.com.au/cat6-outdoor-uv-sftp-level-
wire-10-buc-roline-21-17-3063- 2-braided-ethernet-cable-305m-reel
50/pd/D6PHS7BBM/?ref=graph_profiled_similar_1_3&provid
er=rec&recid=rec_49_c6a81a8dba566c30d9227ad92e9c58f5
1cab97de1624885d0c5fc713c6d2d44a_1586492233&scenari
o_ID=49
Luminiţa Scripcariu 27
Cable specifications

https://www.atel-electronics.eu/produkt.php?hash=07265

Luminiţa Scripcariu 28
 Recommanded case study:
https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Anixter/White%20Papers/12F000
3X00-Anixter-LSZH-WP-W%26C-EN-US.pdf

Luminiţa Scripcariu 29
How to assemble a Category 7
Stranded Shielded RJ45 Plug?
https://www.vpi.us/technical-articles/assemble-cat7-622

Luminiţa Scripcariu 30
SFTP Cat 8

Luminiţa Scripcariu 31
https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/RJ45-Toolless-Cat8-Connectors-For-
Cat8_60714034649.html?spm=a2700.7724857.normalList.21.49eb5c7ehOtDrr&s=p
 Equipment Racks

https://www.rack- https://www.vidaxl.ro/e/8718475620587/vidaxl-dulap-de-
magic.com/19_inch_racksRacks server-9u-montare-pe-perete-19-ip20-600x450x500-
mm?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI2qOEzZPd6AIVGuWaCh1A9Qy
hEAQYBCABEgK7jfD_BwE

Luminiţa Scripcariu 32
 Patch Panel

https://www.pro-networking.ro/patch-panel-modular-24-module-rj45-toolless-schrack-1397.html

Luminiţa Scripcariu 33
RS-232 DB-9 pins

http://raspberrypi.tomasgreno.cz/uart-to-rs-232.html

Luminiţa Scripcariu 34
UTP – to - Coaxial Converter

https://ethercom.ro/extendere-poe-over-coax/2291-transmiter-utp-coaxial-eoc-110kit-set-2-
buc.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIlbLu3I3d6AIV0ueaCh3D6QN4EAQYASABEgINY_D_BwE

Luminiţa Scripcariu 35
UTP – Optical Fiber Converter

https://www.emag.ro/media-convertor-tp-link-rj45-1000m-
mc200cm/pd/E013TBBBM/?cmpid=87004&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIp42vjtTb6AIVR
Oh3Ch0U4w2LEAQYASABEgJMtvD_BwE

https://www.a2t.ro/echipamente-fibra-optica/media-convertor-gigabit-sm-mm-tp-link-
mc220l.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIkfigmp_l6AIVkk8YCh1ctAPqEAYYAyABEgKtoPD_BwE

Luminiţa Scripcariu 36
 MMF – SMF Converter
•Specifications
MMF fiber optic converter (multimode
fiber) to SMF (single mode fiber).
•Module with an SC connector for each
of the fiber optic ports.
•Port #1: Tx1310nm/Rx1550 MMF 2km
SC.
•Port #2: Tx1310nm/Rx1550 SMF 20km
SC.
•Converter 1000 m. Bi-di SMF (single
https://cablematic.com/en/products/fiber-optic-converter-adapter-
mode fiber) to MMF (multimode fiber)
tx1310nmrx1550-mm-2km-to-tx1310nmrx1550-sm-20km-sc-1000m-UF063/ converter.
•Metal module size 107 x 72 x 26 mm.
Works with 5 VDC power supply
(included).

Luminiţa Scripcariu 37
Ethernet-over-Coax Extender
Recommended Article (Power over Coaxial): https://www.surveillance-
video.com/media/lanot/attachments/customimport/DS-1H05-R-manual.pdf

https://gsc-online.ro/extender-poe-over-coaxial-planet-transmitator-vc-203pt.html

Luminiţa Scripcariu 38
 Optical Transceiver

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adorama.com%2Fkrospm
m1.html&psig=AOvVaw2NiVR2lHZTSScntnIG9_7z&ust=1586530553035000&source=im
ages&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCKCAovLM2-gCFQAAAAAdAAAAABA9

SFP - Small Form-factor Pluggable

https://www.adorama.com/krospmm1.html

Luminiţa Scripcariu 39
L2 NETWORK EQUIPMENT
• SWITCH
• NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• MODEM
• BRIDGE

Luminiţa Scripcariu 40
 SWITCH
• Multiport L2 equipment
• It has a switching matrix
• Multiple-input -output connections
• Creates a separate collision domain for each
switch port

Luminiţa Scripcariu 41
Switching Matrix

Luminiţa Scripcariu 42
Front Panel

Luminiţa Scripcariu 43
Rear Panel

Luminiţa Scripcariu 44
Example of the internal of a switch

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Internals_of_a_Cisco_sm
all_business_SG300-28_28-port_Gigabit_Ethernet_rackmount_switch.jpg

Luminiţa Scripcariu 45
 Switching techniques
• Message switching - gets the message, store it into the
memory and forward using one path from the source to the
destination (store-and-forward). The path is calculated for
the first fragment of the message and all the other
fragments are sent on this path.
• Packet switching – the route is calculated for each
fragment of the message (spanning-tree algorithm - STA) .
• Switching circuits – it is the fastest way to switch data
because it is based on a hardware switching matrix instead
of a software algorithm.
Luminiţa Scripcariu 46
 SWITCH’s ADVANTAGES
• It extends the network.
• Splits a larger collision domain into smaller ones in
order to reduce collision probability.
• Improves the overall network throughput.
• Reduce the network load by forwarding the packet
to the destination port based on the MAC address.
• Different speed networks can be interconnected by
10/100/1000 switches.
• L3 switches work faster than routers.

Luminiţa Scripcariu 47
 Remarks
• A switch can work on MAC sublayer with no
CRC error-check or LLC sublayer.
• A LLC switch discards the frames if CRC
failed. So the network is not overloaded with
erroneous frames.
• A network switch learns the MAC addresses
of the devices connected to its ports and
stores them into MAC address tables.

Luminiţa Scripcariu 48
 Security advantages
• Error-control is done for each frame
by CRC check.
• Management switch allows frame
filtering based on MAC addresses.
• VLAN (Virtual LAN) can be defined on
the ports of a switch, untagged in
LAN (based only on MAC tables) and
with VLAN-tagging (802.1q) for trunk
transmission over Internet.
Luminiţa Scripcariu 49
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
• L2 devices
• internal/external cards
• Wired or wireless
• Different connectors are used https://en.wikipedia.org

(USB, PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory

Card International Association etc.)
• Adapters are needed sometimes. http://www.cooldrives.com
https://www.amazon.es/Buffalo-Express-Card-USB

Luminiţa Scripcariu 50
 MODEM
• L2 device (modulator-demodulator)
• Transmission way:
– Asynchronous – one-character data bits are
sent framed by START and STOP bits;

– Synchronous – different formatted frames are

sent (HDLC).

• Based on the bandwidth:

– Narrowband
– Broadband
Luminiţa Scripcariu 51
Narrowband Phone Modems
• V.90* 56.6k DL synchronous, duplex,
33.6k UL OFDM & compression
• V.92* 56.6k DL synchronous, duplex,
48k UL OFDM & compression

* ADSL (Assymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

Luminiţa Scripcariu 52
Broadband Modems
• Cable Modem (CM)

• Wireless Modem (WM)

• Optical Modem (OM)

• ADSL Modem.

Luminiţa Scripcariu 53
 Cable Modems
• Extended Ethernet
• TV, voice and data services
• 30 – 40 Mbps
• RF channel of 6 MHz
• QAM, OFDM,ADSL
• UL, 320 kbps - 10 Mbps, QPSK/16-
QAM
• DL, 30 – 40 Mbps, 64/256 QAM,
Luminiţa Scripcariu 54
CM Block Diagram

Luminiţa Scripcariu 55
Interconnections in a Cable Network

Luminiţa Scripcariu 56
CABLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT

Luminiţa Scripcariu 57
Luminiţa Scripcariu 58
 Acronyms
• CM – Cable Modem
• DCL – Data Control Logic
• CMTS - Cable Modem Termination System
• US – Up-Stream
• DS – Down-Stream
• DB – Database
• EMS – Element Management System
• NOC - Network Operations Center
• DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification
Luminiţa Scripcariu 59
 BRIDGE
• L2 device
• Hardware bridge vs. Logical (virtual) bridge
• A bridge can interconnect segments of LAN
with different standards (Extended LAN)
• multiprotocol multiport device
• A bridge splits the colission domain of a LAN

Luminiţa Scripcariu 60
Luminiţa Scripcariu 61
 Learning process
• Adaptive process
• During the learning stage, any external frame is
broadcast to all local ports.
• The bridge “learns” all MAC addresses of the
devices connected to it from the frames sent by
them and stores these addresses in a MAC
address table (“station map”).
• Any external frame with a known MAC address
is switched to the corresponding physical port.

Luminiţa Scripcariu 62
 Forwarding process
• If the destination appears in the station map, the
received frame on an active port is forwarded by
the bridge to that port corresponding to the
destination MAC address.
• If the port is active but the destination is not
included in the station map, the frame is
broadcasted to all the devices connected to the
bridge (broadcast storm phenomenon).
• If the receiving port is inactive, the frame is not
processed.
• Any internal frame with a local destination is not
forwarded. Local traffic remains locally.
Luminiţa Scripcariu 63
 BRIDGE ADVANTAGES
• It can filter the traffic based on MAC
addresses and controls the access to LAN
(security services).
• Internal traffic is maintained in LAN.
• External traffic is redirected to the backbone
and then to the network segment containing
the destination node.
• The bridge allows multiple access on each
physical port of the bridge by setting
multiple logical interfaces on it (ppp,fr,vlan).
Luminiţa Scripcariu 64
 DISADVANTAGES
• Local segmentation by bridging increases
the transmission time and the end-to-end
delay with 30 %.
• In WAN, a bridge can cause a “broadcast
storm” by looping those frames with
unreachable destinations.
• The broadcast storm phenomenon can be
limited only by routing, on L3, by decreasing
the TTL.
Luminiţa Scripcariu 65
 CLASSIFICATION
• Transparent Bridge - interconnects LAN
segments de LAN with the same L2
protocol/standard;
• Translating or Multiprotocol Bridge –
converts the frame format and sends the
frame from one interface to another one
with a different L2 protocol (standard)
(e.g. Ethernet - to - Token-Ring bridge).
• Encapsulating Bridge – interconnects
an Ethernet LAN and an optical network
(FDDI).

Luminiţa Scripcariu 66
 REMARK
• A network bridge can be a hardware L2
device or it can be a virtual bridge,
configured between two interfaces of a
router. The router becomes a BR (bridge-
router) working on L2.
• Example: between an Ethernet interface
and a wireless interface.
Luminiţa Scripcariu 67
 PROJECT PRESENTATION
• Projects will be presented online in the 13th
week.

• 15-20 minutes are allocated for each project.

• The project is presented by the entire team,

using a presentation file (PowerPoint or Prezi).

• Each team creates an archive of the project

including all files.
Luminiţa Scripcariu 68
 COLLOQUIUM
• The final evaluation is scheduled in the
14th week.
• It consists in a theory quiz with 20
multiple-choice questions (on Moodle), an
exercise-solving test and oral evaluation
(the meaning of 5 acronyms and details of
them).

Luminiţa Scripcariu 69
 EXERCISE
• What is the subnet decimal number and the
broadcast address of 172.16.200.0/21 subnet?

• Calculate the IPv4 address of the host number

2021 in this subnet.

• What is the equivalent IPv6 address of it (with

2002 prefix)?

4/22/2021 Luminiţa Scripcariu 70

SA 172.16.200.0/21 B class
NID 172.16 0x.AC.10
16 N bits
21-16=5 S bits
32-21=11 H bits
200 = 11001000 SSSSSHHH HHHH HHHH
11001 = 25 => S # 25 0x.19
11001111.11111111 = 207.255
BA 172.16.207.255
2021 = 111.1110.0101 0x.7E5
11001111.11100101 = 207.229
H#2021 172.16.207.229
IPv6 2002:AC10:0000:1900:0000:0000:0000:07E5/56
2002:AC10:0:1900::7E5/56
Luminiţa Scripcariu 71
 Proposed exercise
In 172.20.0.0 network, subnets are defined by borrowing 7 bits
from the HOST ID. Calculate:
1. The network mask and the broadcast address of the major
network
2. The total number of bits used to identify a subnet.
3. The number of subnets that can be defined.
4. The number of host addresses available in each subnet.
5. The subnet mask.
6. The subnet no. 41 (S#41) address.
7. The host address space in S#41.
8. The broadcast address of S#41.
9. The IPv4 address of host no. 300 in S#41.
10. The equivalent IPv6 address of it (with 2002 prefix)
Luminiţa Scripcariu 72