Name

Fatin Nadzirah Binti Yusof

No Maktab :

11435

Kelas

4B (2011)

Guru MP :

Miss Ilyani

8.1

Concept of Radians

1. One radian (rad.) is the angle subtended at the centre O of a circle by an arc that has s length equal to the radius of the circle. radians = 1800 1 radian = 10 = radian

2. To convert from radians to degrees, multiply by 3. To convert from degrees to radians, multiply by

8.2

Length of an Arc of a Circle

Length of Arc
1. The arc of a circle of radius r subtends an angle of length of the arc, s is given by : radians at the centre O. The

2. If

is less than 180 , than the arc is a minor arc. If

is greater than 180 , than the

arc is a major arc

Perimeter of a Segment
Perimeter of the shaded segment = length of chord + length of arc = 2r sin + r

8.3

Area of a Sector of a Circle

Area of Sector
1. The area of sector of a circle of radius is given by :

Where

is the angle of the sector, measured in radians. )

2. If is the angle of the minor sector, then the angle of the major sector is ( 2 radians. ( A complete circle subtends 2 radians at the centre. )

Area of a Segment
Area of a segment = area of sector area of = =

1.1

Arithmetic Progressions
pattern.

1. A sequence is a set of numbers or terms written in a fixed order and has a certain

2. An arithmetic progressions (A.P.) is a sequence in which the first

terms are :

3. The difference between any term (except the first term) and the preceding term (the term immediately before it) is a constant d. It is known as the common difference of the A.P :

4. The nth term of an A.P, is given by :

5. The sum of the first n terms of an A.P. is given by :

or

Where =last term of the A.P 6. If a, b, and c are three consecutive terms of an A.P., then,

7. If the formula for Sn is given, the nth term of the A.P can be obtained from :

1.2

Geometric Progressions
obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a constant. This constant is call the common ratio.

1. A geometric progressions (G.P.) is a sequence of terms in which each terms is

2. In general, the first n terms of a geometric progressions are :

3. The nth terms of G.P. is given by :

4. The common ratio, r, can be obtained by taking :

5. The sum of the first n terms of an A.P. is given by :

6. When the number of terms n then therefore

is known as the sum to infinity. If

7. If x, y and z are three consecutive terms of a G.P., then

11.1 Index Number

1. An index number is a measure of the changes in a quantity over time, relative to a value of the quantity during a specific period of time (known as the base time or base year) :

= quantity at a specific time = quantity at base time 2. The index number at base time (or base year) is 100. For example, (2002 = 100) means that the index number is based on the year 2002. 3. An index number greater than 100 (such as 120) means that there us a 20% rise in the quantity from the base time to the specific time. 4. An index number less than 100 (such as 95) means t 5% drop in the quantity from the base time to the specific time. 5. Price index is an index number that is widely used to show how prices change over a period of time : hat there is a

=price at a specific time =price at base time

11.2 Composite Index Number

1. A composite index number is based on the quantity or price of a group of items. 2. A value of known as weight age is assigned to each item in the group. It represents the relative importance of the items in the group. 3. If are the index numbers of n items with weight ages w1, w2, w3,...wn

respectively, then the composite index for these n items is :

5.1

Indices
.

1. A number that can be written in index form,

2. The index can be integer, a fraction, a negative number, or zero.

Integer Indices

is factors

Fractional indices

( )

Negative index Zero index

Laws of indices

5.2

Logarithms

1. An equation in index form can be written in logarithms form :

The logarithms of a positive number N to base a is the index x of base a (where a and a 1)

2. The logarithm of any positive number a to base a is 1: 3. The logarithm of 1 to any base a is zero : 4. The logarithm of a negative number or zero is not defined.

Laws of Logarithms

2.1

The Line of Best Fit

by plotting the variables y

1. A linear graph is obtained from the equation

against the variable x. Then, the constants m and c are given by : C = y-intercept of the line M= gradient of the line 2. If the values of the variables x and y are obtained from an experiment, the plotted points should lie roughly along a straight line although they may not all lie perfectly on the line 3. Then, the line of best fit should be drawn: All the plotted points should lie on or near the line The line should pass through as many points as possible The number of points above and below the line should be about the same All the points that are not on the line should be about the same distance away from the line

2.2

Applying Linear Law to Non-Linear Relations

1. If the relation between two variables x and y, is not a linear equation, plotting y against x does not result in a straight line graph. 2. To determine the relation between x and y : where Y and

Reduce the non-linear equation to the linear form X are function of x and y. Plot Y against X to obtain the line of best fit.

Then determine the gradient (m) of the straight line, and the y-intercept (c) from the graph.

10.1 Graph of Linear Inequalities

1. A straight line satisfies a linear inequality : divides the Cartesian plane into two regions. Each region

2. A dashed line (........) is used for the line

if the inequality involves

. The points on the line are not included in the shade region. 3. A solid line (_____) is used for an inequality involving line are included in the same region. . The points on the

10.2 Linear Programming Problems

1. Linear programming is a method used to solve problems which require us to determine the optimum value (maximum or minimum value) of a quantity. 2. The 4 main steps : Understand the problem Identify the region of feasible solutions Determine the objective function Determine the optimum value of the objective function

3. To write the linear inequalities involved, read the problem carefully Statement y is not more than x y is greater than x y is less than x y is at least twice of x Linear Inequality

4.1 Introduction to Vectors

Vectors and Scalar Quantities
1. A vector quantity possesses both magnitude and direction 2. A scalar quantity is one that possesses magnitude only. 3. A vector can be represented by a directed line segment. 4. Negative vector- a vector of the same magnitude but in opposite direction 5. Zero vector- a vector with zero magnitude 6. Equal vector- two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction.

Multiplying Vectors by Scalars

1. When the vector a is multiplied by a scalar k, the product ka is a vector with magnitude that is k times the magnitude of a

Parallel Vectors
1. Two vectors are parallel if one vector is a scalar multiple of the other vectors and vice versa. If a is parallel to b, then a =kb (k is a scalar) If a =kb, then a and b are parallel vectors

4.2

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors

Resultant Vector of Two Parallel Vectors

1. The resultant vector of two vectors is the result of adding up the vectors.

Resultant Vector of Non Parallel Vectors

1. The resultant of two non-parallel vectors can be found by two methods: a. Triangle law

b. Parallelogram law

c. Polygon law

Subtraction of Vectors
1. Subtraction of parallel vectors

2. Subtraction of non-parallel vectors