Ra#o

1.A ra'o is a method to compare one number to another.

2.The ra'o of two numbers A and B (B ≠ 0) is the quo'ent of A divided by B, expressed as A/B.

3.In a ra'o A/B, A and B are called the terms of the ra'o.

4.Mul'plying or dividing both terms of a ra'o by the same number (≠ 0) doesn’t change the ra'o.

Proportion
1.A proportion is an equivalence relation between two ratios.

2.It’s an easier method to solve problems with ratios.

Consider the proportion 2/3 = 4/6.

In this proportion:
•The first term is 2 and the third term is 4. These are called the antecedents.
•The second term is 3 and the fourth term is 6. These are called the consequents.
•The first term is 2 and the last term is 6. These are called the extremes.
•The second term is 3 and the third term is 4. These are called the means
 Properties of Proportions

1.Fundamental Property: In a proportion, the product of the means equals the product of the
extremes.

For example, in the proportion 2/3 = 4/6, the product of the means (3 and 4) is 12, and the product of
the extremes (2 and 6) is also 12. So, 12 = 12.

2.Property of Permuting: Exchanging the means or the extremes results in a new proportion.

For example, if we have the proportion 2/3 = 4/6, we can exchange the means (3 and 4) to get 2/4 =
3/6, which simplifies to 1/2 = 1/2.

3.Property of Inverting: Exchanging each antecedent with its consequent results in a new proportion.

For example, if we have the proportion 2/3 = 4/6, we can exchange each antecedent with its
consequent to get 3/2 = 6/4, which simplifies to 1.5 = 1.5.
4.Property of Combining: The sum of the first two terms is to the first (or second) as the sum of the
other two terms is to the third (or fourth).

For example, in the proportion 2/3 = 4/6, the sum of the first two terms (2+3=5) is to the first (2) as
the sum of the other two terms (4+6=10) is to the third (4). So, 5/2 = 10/4, which simplifies to 2.5 =
2.5.

5.Property of Factorizing: The difference of the first two terms is to the first (or second) as the
difference of the other two terms is to the third.

For example, in the proportion 3/2 = 6/4, the difference of the first two terms (3-2=1) is to the first
(3) as the difference of the other two terms (6-4=2) is to the third (6). So, 1/3 = 2/6, which
simplifies to 0.33 = 0.33.
Percentages

1.Percentages are used to express a part of an integer in an easier way.

2.The symbol for percentages is %.

Directly Propor#onal Quan##es

1.Two variables are directly propor'onal if mul'plying or dividing the first one by a number also mul'plies
or divides the second one by the same number.

2. If two quan''es are directly propor'onal, the ra'o of two values of the first one is equal to the ra'o of
the corresponding values of the second one.

Example : A car moving at a constant speed of 60 km/h covers a distance (d) directly proporLonal to the
Lme (t) it travels. For example, in 1 hour (t=1), it covers 60 km (d=60).

If we double the Lme to 2 hours (t=2), the distance doubles to 120 km (d=120).

This shows that distance and Lme are directly proporLonal with a constant of proporLonality (the speed)
of 60 km/h.

So, the relaLonship is d = 60t. This means for every hour the car travels, it covers 60 km.
Inversely Propor#onal Quan##es
1.Two variables are inversely propor'onal if mul'plying one of them by a number divides the other
by the same number, and vice versa.

2.If two quan''es are inversely propor'onal, the ra'o of two values of the first one is equal to the
inverse ra'o of the corresponding values of the second one.

Example :

For instance, at 60 km/h, it takes 2 hours to cover 120 km.

If we double the speed to 120 km/h, the 'me halves to 1 hour.

This shows 'me and speed are inversely propor'onal with a rela'onship t = d/s, where d is the
distance.
Percentages and Propor#onal Quan##es
1.The proper'es of directly propor'onal quan''es can be used to solve problems involving
percentages.

Example :

Suppose a class has 20 students and 40% of them are girls. This means the number of girls (g) is
directly proporLonal to the total number of students (s).

If the total number of students doubles to 40, the number of girls will also double to 40% of 40 =
16 girls.

The constant of proporLonality here is 40%.

Arithmetic Mean
1.The arithmetic mean of a set of statistical data is the sum of the data divided by
the number of data points.

Example:
The arithmetic mean, often simply called the “average”, is the sum of a list of
numbers divided by the count of those numbers.

For example, if we have 5 numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

The arithmetic mean would be (1+2+3+4+5)/5 = 3. So, 3 is the average of these 5

numbers.
1.Perimeter: The perimeter is the total length around a shape. For a polygon, you add up the lengths
of all its sides.

2.Area: The area is the amount of space inside a shape. It’s often measured in square units (like square
meters).

3.Triangle: A triangle is a shape with three sides and three angles.

The sum of its angles is always 180 degrees.

The area of a triangle is half the product of its base and height (A = 0.5 * base * height). There are
several types of triangles:
1. Scalene: All sides and angles are different.
2. Isosceles: Two sides and two angles are the same.
3. Equilateral: All sides and angles are the same.
4. Right: One angle is 90 degrees.
5. Obtuse: One angle is more than 90 degrees.
6. Acute: All angles are less than 90 degrees.
4.Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a four-sided shape with opposite sides
that are equal in length and parallel. The area of a parallelogram is the
product of its base and height (A = base * height).

5.Rectangle: A rectangle is a type of parallelogram where all angles are 90

degrees. The area of a rectangle is also the product of its base and height (A
= base * height).

6.Square: A square is a shape with four equal sides. The area of a square is
the side length squared (A = l^2).

7.Rhombus: A rhombus is a shape with four equal sides but not necessarily
right angles. The area of a rhombus is half the product of its diagonals (A =
0.5 * d1 * d2).

8.Trapezium: A trapezium is a shape with two parallel sides called bases. The
area of a trapezium is half the product of the sum of the bases and the
height (A = 0.5 * (B + b) * h).
9.Circle: A circle is a set of points in a plane that are all the same distance from a center point. The
circumference of a circle is pi times its diameter (Circ = π * d), and the area of a circle is pi times the
radius squared (A = π * r^2).

10.Parallelepiped: A parallelepiped is a three-dimensional shape with six faces, each of which is a

parallelogram. The volume of a parallelepiped is the product of its length, width, and height

(V = l * p * h).

11.Cube:
1. A cube is a parallelepiped where all sides are equal (length = l).
2. The volume of a cube is given by the cube of its side length: V = l³.
12.Pyramid:
1. A pyramid is a solid with a polygon base and triangular faces that converge to a single point
(the vertex).
2. The volume of a pyramid is given by the product of the base area (A) and the height (h),
divided by 3: V = (A * h) / 3.
13.Cylinder:
1. A cylinder is a solid created by rota'ng a rectangle around one of its sides.
2. The volume of a cylinder is given by the product of the base area (A) and the height
(h): V = A * h.
14.Cone:
1. A cone is a solid created by rota'ng a right triangle around one of its legs.
2. The volume of a cone is given by the product of the base area (A) and the height (h),
divided by 3: V = (A * h) / 3.
15.Sphere:
1. A sphere is a solid created by rota'ng a semicircle around its diameter.
2. The surface area of a sphere is given by four 'mes the product of the square of its
radius ® and π: S = 4 * π * r².
3. The volume of a sphere is given by four-thirds of the product of π and the cube of its
radius: V = (4/3) * π * r³.
1. Squares The square of a number n is the result of mul'plying the number by itself. It
can be represented as n^2 or n * n. For example, the square of 3 is 9 because 3 * 3 = 9.

Some proper#es of squares:

1.The square of a real number is always greater than or equal to 0. For example, the square
of 2 is 4, and the square of -2 is also 4.

2.The square of any integer n can be represented as the sum of consecu've odd numbers
up to n. For example, the square of 4 can be calculated as 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16.
2. Cubes The cube of a number n is the result of mul'plying the number by itself twice. It
can be represented as n^3 or n * n * n. For example, the cube of 2 is 8 because 2 * 2 * 2 =
8.

3. Square and Cube Roots

The symbol used for root extrac'on is √.

The number under the root symbol is called the radicand, while the number that
represents the order of the root is called the exponent.

The func'on of a root is to find the number that, when mul'plied by itself for a certain
number of 'mes equal to the value of the exponent, results in the radicand.

The exponent of a root must always be indicated unless it is two. For example:
•The square root (√) of 4 is equal to 2 because 2 * 2 = 4.
•The cube root (∛) of 8 is equal to 2 because 2 * 2 * 2 = 8.