Carl Edward Sagan; 1934 –1996) was an American astronomer, cosmologist,

astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, science popularizer, and science

communicator in astronomy and other natural sciences. He is best known for
his work as a science popularizer and communicator. His best known scientific
contribution is research on extraterrestrial life, including experimental
demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by
radiation. Sagan assembled the first physical messages sent into space: the
Pioneer plaque and the Voyager Golden Record, universal messages that could
potentially be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find
them.

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conclusions: 1) the smaller the solid (its linear dimensions), the larger the A/V
ratio
2) wartość ta granicznie wynosi

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First experiments on #1 were performed on the Skylab space station already in
May 1973!

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There is a 2 in the denominator, because the film has two sides.

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The contact of the film with the beam is shown correctly here. Besides dG is
negative (reduction of the surface area is spontaneous), but then dA is also
negative. It gives positive sign of the surface tension. Old units of the
surface tension (still used in some tables) are dyna/cm. 1 dyna/cm=1
mN/m.

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The wetting angle is a scientific term. In technology (paints) we use rather
„flow”.

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Other gases are used when measuring surface tension of liquids like molten
metals.

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A manual drawing of a stalagmometer

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Jest to już pewien rodzaj adsorpcji!

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Some people believe that self organised Langmuir-Blodgett layers might lead
to formation of the cellular walls in the process of evolution.

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In the case of phenomenon described by the Gibbs isotherm, one can speak
about adsorption, though it is difficult to indicate the adsorbent (adsorbate
is the surfactant). In any case, the accumulation of the molecules at the
interphase IS NOT caused by imbalanced interactions in the phase
opposite to that from which the adsorbate comes, although – obvoiously –
energy of molecules at the surface is different from those in the bulk
solution.

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Dla ZPiPPK sać bliższe info o tej zależności temperaturowej. &&&

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One can meet even stranger units of adsorption, for example ml, or cm3
(normal, of course) of adsorbate per m2 of adsorbent surface.

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Linearized form of an isostere resembles the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

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