 On the basis of size, capital investment, and labor force employed, industries are

classified as large, medium, small scale, and cottage industries.

 On the basis of ownership, industries come under public sector, private sector, joint,
and cooperative sector.
 Industries of strategic and national importance are usually in the public sector.
 Industries are also classified on the basis of the use of their products such as basic
goods industries, capital goods industries, intermediate goods industries, and
consumer goods industries.
 On the basis of raw materials used by the industries − industries are categorized as
agriculture-based industries, forest-based industries, mineral-based industries, and
industrially processed raw material-based industries.
 Location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials,
power, market, capital, transport, and labor, etc.
 Establishment of iron and steel industry in Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) and Rourkela
(Odisha) were based on decision to develop backward tribal areas of the country.
Iron and Steel Industry
 The major raw materials for the iron and steel industries are iron ore, coking coal,
limestone, dolomite, manganese, and fire clay.
 Major iron and steel industries in India are −
o The Tata Iron and Steel plant (TISCO);
o The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO);
o Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works Ltd. (VISL);
o Rourkela Steel Plant;
o Bhilai Steel Plant;
o Durgapur Steel Plant; and
o Bokaro Steel Plant.
 Some other major iron and steel industries are −
o Vizag Steel Plant, in Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh is the first port
based plant which started operating in 1992.
o The Vijaynagar Steel Plant at Hosapete in Karnataka was developed by
using indigenous technology.
o The Salem Steel Plant in Tamil Nadu was commissioned in 1982.
 The Rourkela Steel plant was set up in the year 1959 in the Sundargarh district of
Odisha in collaboration with Germany.
 The Bhilai Steel Plant was established in 1959 with Russian collaboration in Durg
District of Chhattisgarh.
 Durgapur Steel Plant was established in 1962 in West Bengal, in collaboration with
the government of the United Kingdom
 Bokaro steel plant was set up in 1964 at Bokaro with Russian collaboration.
Cotton Industry
 India was famous worldwide for the production of muslin, a very fine variety of cotton
cloth, calicos, chintz, and other different varieties of fine cotton cloth.
 In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai.
 At present, the major centers of the cotton textile industry are Ahmedabad, Bhiwandi,
Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore, and Ujjain.
 Tamil Nadu has the largest number of mills; however, most of them produce yarn
rather than cloth.
 Davangere, Hubballi, Ballari, Mysuru, and Bengaluru are important cotton growing
regions in Karnataka.
Sugar Industry
  With more than one-third of the total production, Maharashtra has emerged as a
leading sugar producer in the country.
 Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugar.
Petrochemical Industry
 Many items are derived from crude petroleum, which provide raw materials for many
new industries; hence, these are collectively known as petrochemical industries.
 Petrochemical industries are categorized as polymers, synthetic fibers, elastomers, and
surfactant intermediate industries.
 Mumbai is the hub of petrochemical industries.
 Three organizations, which are working in the petrochemical sector under the
administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals are −
o The Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL);
o The Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL);
o The Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET).
o The National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (NOCIL),
established as private sector in 1961.
Information Technology
 The Information Technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic
and social transformation.
 The IT software and services industry account for almost 2% of India’s GDP.
Industrial Policy
 The new Industrial Policy was implemented in 1991.
 The new industrial policy has three main dimensions − liberalization, privatization,
and globalization.
 Within this new industrial policy, measures initiated are − abolition of industrial
licensing; free entry to foreign technology; foreign investment policy; access to capital
market; open trade; abolition of phased manufacturing program; and liberalized
industrial location program.
 Globalization means integrating the economy of the country with the world economy.
Industrial Regions
 India has eight major industrial regions namely −
o Mumbai-Pune Region,
o Hugli Region,
o Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu Region,
o Gujarat Region,
o Chhotanagpur Region,
o Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region,
o Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Region, and
o Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region.