Agricultural Patterns

and
Green Revolution in India

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Barren and Wastelands : The land which may be classified as a
wasteland such as barren hilly terrains, desert lands, ravines, etc.
normally cannot be brought under cultivation with the available
technology.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Land put to Non-agricultural Uses : Land under settlements (rural
and urban), infrastructure (roads, canals, etc.), industries, shops,
etc., are included in this category.
• An expansion in the secondary and tertiary activities would lead to
an increase in this category of land-use.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands : Most of this
type land is owned by the village „Panchayat‟ or the Government.
• Only a small proportion of this land is privately owned.
• The land owned by the village panchayat comes under „Common
Property Resources‟.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Area under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Groves (Not included in
Net sown Area) :
• The land under orchards and fruit trees are included in this
category.
• Much of this land is privately owned.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Culturable Wasteland : Any land which is left fallow (uncultivated)
for more than five years is included in this category.
• It can be brought under cultivation after improving it through
reclamation practices.

• Current Fallow : This is the land which is left without cultivation for
one or less than one agricultural year.
• Fallowing is a cultural practice adopted for giving the land rest.
• The land recoups the lost fertility through natural processes.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Fallow other than Current Fallow :
• This is also a cultivable land which is left uncultivated for more
than a year but less than five years.
• If the land is left uncultivated for more than five years, it would
be categorised as culturable wasteland.

• Net Area Sown: The physical extent of land on which crops are
sown and harvested is known as net sown area.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Cropping Pattern
• Different crops grown in an area at a particular point of time is called
cropping pattern.
• Cropping pattern depends on climate (temperature, rainfall, wind etc.), soil,
support price, value, demand - market, labor availability, historical setting,
etc.
• Climate: Rice is cultivated extensively when the monsoons are good. But when
monsoons are weak, millets are grown instead of rice.
• Cotton in Maharashtra, tea in Assam and jute in West Bengal remain the
dominant crops due to highly favorable conditions for cultivation.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Soil: Regur soils are ideal for cotton cultivation. Cotton is the
obvious choice in such soils when the climate is favorable.
• Minimum Support Price (MSP): Rice and wheat which are offered
MSP are preferred by farmers.

• Value: Millets in the hilly areas of HP and Uttarakhand are replaced

by high value horticulture crops like apple.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Demand: Rice is the preferred crop in the densely populated
regions as there is a ready market.
• Historical setting: Sugarcane is grown more extensively in North
India even though the conditions are most favorable in South
India.
• This is because the sugarcane cultivation was encouraged by British
as an alternative to indigo which lost its significance and market in
states like Uttar Pradesh due to introduction of artificial dyes.
• Diversification of crops due to surplus food grain production post
Green Revolution has led to significant changes in cropping pattern.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Other than rice and wheat, oilseeds and pulses also became more prominent.
• Crop diversification in certain regions has been negligible. E.g.
• Rice dominates in well irrigated parts of south India.
• Wheat dominates north-western part of the country.
• Coarse grains like jowar, bajra, maize, barley, ragi etc. are given
comparatively less importance in these regions.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Factors affecting cropping pattern
• Geographical Factors: relief, soil, temperature and rainfall.
• Economic Factors:
• Irrigation, power, size of land holdings, sale price of crops, income
of farmers, insurance and investment etc.
• Political Factors/Government Policies:
• Government can encourage or discourage certain crops due to
various reasons like drought, flood, inflation etc.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Relief
• Rice is the main crop on the irrigated hill terraces (terraced
cultivation).
• Crops like tea and coffee can be grown only on well drained slopes
that receive good amount of rainfall.
• Rice (tropical crop) and sugarcane dominates well irrigated regions
with fairly warm climate.
• Wheat (temperate crop) grows well in plain regions with moderate
temperature and rainfall.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Temperature
• Most crops require lower temperature at the time of sowing and higher
temperature at the time of ripening.
• Some crops require higher temperature and are sown in the summer
season.
• Most of the growth period falls under the rainy season. These are knownas
kharif crops (rice, cotton, etc.).
• They are sown just before the burst of south-west monsoons.
• There are other crops which require lower temperature and moisture and
are sown in the winter season (wheat).
• These are known as rabi crops.
• Sugarcane gives good yield in south India than in northern plains. They need
warm climates.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Rainfall
• Areas of Heavy Rainfall
• More than 150 cm of annual rainfall.
• East India and the west coastal plains.
• Animal population is fairly high due to availability of fodder and
grazing area.
• Rice, tea, coffee, sugarcane, jute etc.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Areas of Medium Rainfall
• 75 to 150 cm.
• 150 cm annual rainfall isohyets are suitable for the cultivation of rice.
• 75 cm annual rainfall isohyets are suitable for maize, cotton and soyabean.
• These areas are rich in natural resources.
• E.g. Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, eastern parts of Madhya
Pradesh and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
• Wheat is the principal rabi crop.
• Millets are the natural priority.
• Wheat, maize, cotton, soyabean, millets, etc.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Areas of Low Rainfall
• 25 to 75 cm (Semi-arid stretches of India).
• Major crops in this belt are
• millets, jowar, and bajra in the northern,
• jowar in central and
• ragi in the southern part.
• Wheat is the main rabi crop which is grown in irrigated areas.
• Mixed cropping is very common in which pulses are mixed with cereals.
• Cropping has been developed in such a way that no one crop dominates.
• Millets, oilseeds (Groundnut, sunflower, rapeseed and mustard etc.),
pulses etc.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Soil
• Rice is mainly grown in clayey soils while loamy soils are best for wheat.
• The regur soil of the Deccan Plateau is ideal for cultivation of cotton.
• Coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, barley etc. are grown in
inferior soils (light sandy soils, light black soils, red and laterite soils etc.)
• Delta soils of West Bengal are renewed by floods every year and are very
fertile. They are ideal for jute cultivation.
• The farmers grow 2-3 crops in a year.
• Soils of the Darjeeling hills contain sufficient quantities of humus, iron,
potash and phosphorus which are necessary for tea bush to grow.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Irrigation
• Rice is a dominant crop in regions with reliable irrigation and warm climate
(coastal plains and irrigated belts of south India).
• North Indian plain regions are well irrigated and support 2-3 crops of rice a
year.
• Size of Land Holdings
• In case of small holdings, the priority of the farmers would be to grow food
grains for his family members (subsistence farming).
• Farmers with large holdings can opt for cash crops and help in crop
diversification, leading to changes in the cropping pattern (commercial
farming).

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Major Crops of India
• Cropping patterns can be better understood by studying about
major crops of India.
• Indian Geography, types of soils in India and Indian climatology
forms the foundation for understanding cropping pattern and major
crops of India.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Crop Classification
Crop Classification based on the type of produce
Food Crops Rice, wheat, maize, millets-jowar, bajra, ragi;
pulses-gram, tur
(arhar) etc.
(cereals-grass like plants with starchy edible
seeds having high
nutritional value)
Plantation Tea, coffee, coconut,rubber and spices-cardamom,
Crops chillies, ginger,
turmeric etc.
Horticulture Vegetables-Onion, tomato, etc; and fruits-Apple,
Orange, Mango,
banana, citrus
By Sudarshan fruits, etc..
Gurjar
 Crop Classification based on climate
Tropical Temperate

Crops grow well in warm & hot Crops grow well in cool climate
climate
E.g. Rice, sugarcane, Jowar E.g. Wheat, Oats, Gram, Potato, apple
etc. etc.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Classification Based on growing season
Kharif/Rainy/Monsoon crops Rabi/winter/cold seasons crops Summer/Zaid crops
The crops grown in monsoon The crops grown in winter season Crops grown in summer
months
Sown before monsoon and Sown before retreating monsoon Sown and harvested in
harvested at the end of the and harvested before summer. summer
monsoon
June to Oct-Nov Oct to March March to June
Require warm, wet weather at Crops grow well in cold and dry Require warm dry weather
major period of crop growth weather for major growth period
E.g. Cotton, Rice, Jowar, E.g. Wheat, gram, sunflower etc. E.g. Groundnuts,
Bajara etc. Watermelon,
Pumpkins, Gourds
etc.
By Sudarshan Gurjar
• The kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra,
finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses),
soyabean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc.
• The rabi crops include wheat, barley, oats (cereals), chickpea/gram
(pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds) etc.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Salient Feature of Indian Agriculture
• Indian agriculture has its own peculiarities.
• Some of the outstanding feature of Indian agriculture are
• Subsistence agriculture
• Pressure of population on agriculture
• Importance of animals
• Dependent upon Monsoon
• Variety of Crops
• Predominance of food Crops
• Seasonal Pattern

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• 1. Subsistence agriculture
• Most parts of India have subsistence agriculture.
• The farmer owns a small piece of land, grows crops with the help of
his family members and consumes almost the entire farm produce
with little surplus to sell in the market.
• 2. Pressure of population on agriculture
• The population in India is increasing at a rapid pace and exerts heavy
pressure on agriculture.
• Agriculture has to provide employment to a large section of work
force and has to feed the teeming millions.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Importance of animals
• Animal force has always played a significant role in agriculture
operation such as ploughing, irrigation, threshing and transporting
the agriculture products.
• Dependent upon Monsoon
• Indian agriculture is mainly dependent upon monsoon which is
uncertain, unreliable and irregular.
• In spite of the large scale expansion of irrigation facilities since
Independence, only one-third of the cropped area is provided by
perennial irrigation and the remaining two-third of the cropped area
has to bear the brunt of the vagaries of the monsoons.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Variety of Crops
• India is a vast country with varied types of relief, climate and soil
condition.
• Therefore, there is a large variety of crops grown in India.
• Both the tropical and temperate crops are successfully grown in
India.
• Predominance of food Crops
• Since Indian agriculture has to feed a large population, production
of food crops is the first priority of the farmers almost
everywhere in the country.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Seasonal Pattern
• i) Kharif Season starts with the onset of monsoons and continues tillthe
beginning of winter.
• Major crops of this season are rice, maize, jowar, bajra, cotton, sesamum,
groundnut and pulses such as moong, urad etc.
• ii) Rabi season stas at the beginning of winter and continues till the end of
winter or beginning of summer.
• Major crops of this season are wheat, barley, jowar, gram and oil seeds
such as linseed, rape and mustard.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• iii) Zaid is summer cropping season in which crops like rice, maize,
groundnut, vegetables and fruits are grown.
• Now some varieties of pulses have been evolved which can successfully
grown in summer.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Problems of Indian Agriculture & Their Solution
• Small and fragmented land- holdings
• Seeds
• Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides
• Irrigation
• Lack of Mechanisation
• Soil Erosion
• Agriculture Marketing
• Inadequate storage facilities
• Inadequate transport
• Scarcity of capital
By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Green Revolution
• Green Revolution was started in 1965-66.
• An extension or expansion of 2 programme.
• IADP which was modified as IAAP(Intensive Agriculture Area Program)
• These two programmes are considered as pilot projects.
• The green revolution was based on HYV tech. Officially its called as HYV
programme.
• The HYV programme was initiated by ford foundation and Rockefeller
Institute, US and before we launched it in India we had two successes in
Mexico and Philippines(Wheat programme success).

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Father of green Revolution ==> Norman Barlaug.
• Father of Indian Green Revolution ==> M.S. Swaminathan.
• Green Revolution is the history of Indian agriculture modernization.
• Green Revolution was a productivity revolution
• post independence with the implementation of some of the agenda under land
reforms, India witnessed expansion of agriculture land and NSA that
resulted in higher food production but after the 1st FYP the scope of area
expansion has been limited and the NSA has either stagnated or declined
over years Green Revolution played on important role in production increase
by productivity enhancement and not by area expansion.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Green Revolution was then an input intensive programme - HIV seeds -
water intensive - Fertilizer intensive.
• In Green Revolution there was a drastic scientific revolution in crop
management & crop growing techniques.
• Green Revolution was powered by groundwater and ia also called as Tubewell
led agriculture modernization of India.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• The History and the Need for Green Revolution
• Green Revolution as a programme launched more as a crisis management
programme to deal with hunger and food shortage in post 2nd FYP.
• It was times when India had opted for industrialization led modernization
planning and agriculture was deliberately ignored in 2nd FYP because
agriculture was assumed to be resilient enough to manage on its own .
• But the massive droughts followed by china war, the long gestation period
for capital intensive sector resulted in a massive economic crisis with a
looming hunger problem starting at India.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• It was in this background that India had to ask for food aid from US
under humiliating condition signed as a part of PL-480 agreement.
• The Green Revolution which is often seen as agriculture mordernization
programme was launched with the primary objective of meeting India's
food & hunger crisis.
• The long term objective & strategies adopted under Green Revolution
• Though the short term objective was to address India's hunger crisis but
the long term objective included

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• i) Modernization :- of India's agriculture by mechanization
& commercialization.
• Modernization agriculture in 50s & 60s was defined narrowly & not in broad
scope as today.
• Today's agriculture modernization implies an agriculture which is the basis
of social empowerment, ecological health, an agriculture which is diversified
& ecologically sustainable.
• ii) Agriculture as the basis of food self sufficiency by
increasing productivity.
• Therefore productivity maximization was objective with lisregard to
ecological concerns which was not the wisdom then.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• iii) Agriculture as the basis of industrialization because agriculture
agriculture can be a valuable farward & backward linkage in industrial
sector.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Strategy :-
• i) Replacing traditional agriculture which was considered to be
wasteful and obsolete with a system that used modern inputs HYV
seeds, intensive irrigation, fertilizers which are supposed to be
modern tech.
• ii) Encouraging deliberate imbalance based planning:- Because the
resources and investments were limited adoption of new tech is not
easy for all type of farmers and the bias for food crops, particularly
wheat was to address the hunger crisis of the country.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Evaluation:-
• Positives addressed India's food crisis so much so that the country has
managed to increase food production by almost more than 5 times in 5-6
decades such as from barely 50 million tonnes in 1950s.
• The country has achieved 260 million tonnes presently.
• Productivity Improvement has been commendable though not for all the
crops.
• Rice and Wheat have improved 3-4 times respectively.
• Barring pules all the crops witnessed productivity improvement though not at
the same rates.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• India does not have hunger crisis, food shortages and famines.
• Though recently problems are of different nature i.e. lack of
micronutrients (Hidden hunger) because Green Revolution was crop
specific and did not encourage agriculture and crop diversification.
• The prosperity from Green Revolution has benefitted Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, UP and the Kaveri basin agriculture returns have fuelled rural
prosperity and rural infrastructure with better condition of living
agriculture led economic growth and lesser grain poverty in these regions.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Green Revolution success had instituted confidence in our planning process
and it helped us develop faith in our agriculture system and since then
agriculture relevance to India's economy was never questioned .
• Green Revolution also triggered the diversification of industrial
development to include petrochemical section like fertilizers and also food
processing units which are valuable in post harvest value addition in
agriculture.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Drawbacks
• Disparities :- Regional, social, Crop, Cropping patterns.
• Like monoculture was directly the result of Green Revolution .
• It destroyed many indigenous species which were replaced by HYV seeds.
• Ecological problems
• i) Depletion of groundwater as it was tube well led revolution.
• ii) Salinization due to over irrigation & use of chemical fertilizer.
• iii) Loss of biodiversity loss of stability of agriculture ecosystem more
vulnerable to diseases and pests.
• iv) Eutrophication- downstream enrichment by nitrates and phosphates.
• v) long term consequences of land fallowing soil erosion and land degradation
due to salinity problems.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Important Components of Green
Revolution in India
• 1. High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds..
• 2. Use of fertilizers (chemical).
• 3. Use of Insecticides and Pesticides.
• 4. Command Area Development (CAD).
• 5. Supply of agricultural credit.
• 6. Rural electrification.
• 7. Rural Roads and Marketing.
• 8. Farm Mechanisation.
• 9. Agricultural Universities.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• High Yielding Varieties (HYV) of seeds:
• According to R.N. Chopra, “The high yielding variety seeds are major
input of agricultural production under the Green Revolution
technology.
• Their main characteristic is increased responsiveness to chemical
fertilizers, their period of maturing is short, it helps double
cropping.
• Their short stems can easily carry fertilizer load, resist wind
damage, their large leaf surface helps the process of
photosynthesis.”

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• According to Sunil Kumar Munsi, The HYV seeds were perhaps the
single most important input in the Indian Green Revolution. All
other inputs were linked with HYV.”

• M.S. Swami Nathan has remarked that apart from erasing the
„begging bowl‟ image of our country.
• The most important gain has been the saving of forests and land,
thanks to the productivity improvement associated with high
yielding varieties.
`

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Use of Fertilizers (Chemical):
• The use of chemical fertilizers has been the third most important input of
Green Revolution after HYV seeds and irrigation; rather the three are tied
together.
• In tact use of HYV seeds needs heavy dose of irrigation and fertilizers to
give high yields.
• Since the entire culturable land has already been brought under plough and
there is practically no scope for ringing any new areas under cultivation,
further increase in food-grains production can be achieved only by multiple-
cropping which heavily leans on the trio of the basic inputs, viz.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• HYV seeds irrigation and chemical fertilizers.
• Generally the use of chemical fertilizers is made according to the soil
properties.
• Soil testing is very essential to know the nutrient status of the soil.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Use of Insecticides and Pesticides:
• Though intensive use of irrigation and fertilizers under the Green Revolution
technology has increased the farm production, it has also given birth to the
problem of pests, insects, weeds, rodents, etc.
• The monoculture promoted by the Green Revolution technology is more
vulnerable to the insects and pests.
• These pets, weeds and diseases are to be checked by proper doses of
insecticides, pesticides and weedicides surveillance should be an integral
crop production.
• The first of Agriculture (1983-84), over million hectares of cropped area in
the country is affected by various pests and diseases, taking an annual toll of
5 to 25 per cent of the agricultural production.
• There has been a tremendous increase in the use of different types of
biocides and in the area under plant protection.
• The regional distribution makes it clear that areas with Green
Revolution technology are the main consume of pesticides
• Command Area Development Programme is a centrally sponsored scheme
which was launched in January 1975.
• Its aim was to bridge the gap between potential created and utilized in
selected major/medium irrigation projects of the country for optimising
agricultural production from the irrigated land.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• The programme covers the following components:
• (i) On-farm development (OFD) works which include soil surveys, land
shaping, construction of field channels, field drains, farm roads, realignment
of field boundaries.
• (ii) Selection and introduction of suitable cropping pattern
• (iii) Development of groundwater to supplement surface water.
• (iv) Development and maintenance of the main and intermediate
drainage system
• (v) Modernisation, maintenance and efficient operation of the
irrigation system upon the outlet of one cusec capacity

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Consolidation of Holdings:
• Small and fragmented land holdings have been one of the main
obstacles in the progress of agriculture in India.
• Consolidation of holdings has been introduced to solve this problem.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Supply of Agricultural Credit:
• In the words of R.N. Chopra Credit is the most crucial input in all
agricultural developmental programmes.
• The other inputs viz., technology, HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,
irrigation water and machinery—all depend on the availability of credit.
• A large percentage of Indian farming community consists of small and
marginal farmers who do not have their own resources to invest in
agriculture.
• They depend upon agricultural credit to carry on most of their agricultural
operations.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Earlier they used to get loan from the moneylender who used to charge very
high rate of interest.
• Now Cooperatives, Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks extend loans
to farmers on easy terms.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Rural Electrification:
• Rural electrification is one of the essential inputs in modem agricultural
system.
• Studies made in 1970 showed the electricity makes a significant contribution
to development of agriculture.
• It is a cheap source of energy which can be used for lifting water by
tubewells/pumpsets, processing and preserving agricultural produce,
sprinkler irrigation and so many other farm operations.
• The development of ground water, so vital for Green Revolution, requires
uninterrupted supply of electricity at cheaper rates.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Realising the importance of electricity for the proper growth and
development of agriculture, a massive programme of rural electrification was
taken up immediately after Independence.
• At the time of Independence only 1,300 villages had been electrified and
only 6,400 energised pump sets were working in the entire country.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Rural Roads and Marketing:
• They constitute an important segment of infrastructure to improve
agricultural productivity under the Green Revolution programme.
• Rural roads are very essential for connecting the villages to the neighbouring
markets and villages.
• Unfortunately, there is still a big gap between the requirement and
availability of village roads. Road network upto town level is fairly
satisfactory.
• The weakest point is that of rural roads.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Marketing is essential for progressive agriculture. Regulated markets enable
the farmer to sell his agricultural produce and to purchase farm implements
and tools, fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural inputs as well as
goods of everyday use.
• The farmer can go to the market with his produce, sell it and on his return
journey he can bring the goods required for agriculture or in everyday life.
• In this way the farmer can save on his return transport and avoid
unnecessary waste of time, energy and money.
• Ideally speaking the market place should be within a distance of 5 km from
the village.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• In the words of Leo E. Holman, “Marketing is the part and parcel of a
modern productive process, the part at the end that gives point and purpose
to all that had gone before.
• Benefits from mechanisation can be minimised if corresponding
improvements are not made in the marketing system.”
• Farm Mechanisation:
• Much success of The Green Revolution depends upon farm mechanisation.
• Mechanisation saves a lot of human labour and quickens the farm operations,
thereby adding to the farm efficiency and productivity.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Agricultural Universities:
• Agricultural universities and other agricultural institutes are
primarily engaged in agricultural research and passing on the
research findings to the farmers.
• A good deal of research and extension work done by these
universities has paid rich dividends in the agricultural field.
• Success of Green Revolution largely depends upon the work done by
these universities.
• Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, are the best examples of such a
progress.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 List of local names of shifting
cultivation around the world
Name of Shifting Cultivation Region
Ray Vietnam
Tavi Madagascar
Masole Congo (Zaire river Valley)
Fang Equatorial African Countries
Logan Western Africa
Comile Mexico
Milpa Yucatan and Guatemala

By Sudarshan Gurjar
Echalin Guadeloupe
Milya Mexico and Central America
Konuko Venezuela
Roka Brazil
Chetemini Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Caingin Philippines
Taungya Myanmar
Chena Sri Lanka
Ladang Java and Indonesia
Tamrai Thailand
Humah Java and Indonesia

By Sudarshan Gurjar
India
Jhum North-eastern India
Vevar and Dahiyaar Bundelkhand Region (Madhya Pradesh)

Deepa Bastar District (Madhya Pradesh)

Zara and Erka Southern States
Batra South-eastern Rajasthan
Podu Andhra Pradesh
Kumari Hilly Region of the Western Ghats of
Kerala
Kaman, Vinga and Dhavi Odisha

By Sudarshan Gurjar
List of Important Agricultural Revolutions In India
Revolution Product related
Protein Revolution Higher Production
(Technology driven 2nd Green
revolution).
Father/Person associated
with
Coined by PM Narendra Modi
and FM Arun Jaitely.

Yellow Revolution Oil seed Production (Especially Sam Pitroda

Mustard and Sunflower).

Black Revolution Petroleum products.

Blue Revolution Fish Production Dr. Arun Krishnan.
Brown Revolution Leather / Cocoa / Non-
Conventional Products.
Golden Fiber Revolution. Jute Production.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Revolution Product related Father/Person
associated
with
Grey Revolution Fertilizers.
Pink Revolution Onion Production / Durgesh Patel.
Pharmaceuticals /
Prawn Production.
Evergreen Overall Production of Agriculture. Started in 11th
Revolution 5 year Plan.
Silver Revolution Egg Production / Indira Gandhi.
Poultry Production
Silver Fiber Cotton.
Revolution
Red Revolution Meat Production / Vishal Tewari.
Tomato Production.
Round Revolution Potato.

By Sudarshan Gurjar
 Revolution Product related Father/Person
associated
with
Golden Revolution Fruits / Honey Production Nirpakh Tutej.
/
Horticulture Development
Green Revolution Food Grains. Norman Borlong
M.S.
Swaminathan.
William Goud
(UK).
White Milk Production. Verghese Kurien.
Revolution
(or,
Operation
Flood)

By Sudarshan Gurjar
• Horticulture: Vegetable Farming
• Floriculture: Flower Farming
• Apiculture: Bee Farming
• Pisciculture: Fish Farming
• Aquaculture: Aqua Farming
• Sericulture: Silk Farming
• Viniculture: Grapes Farming
• Fungiculture: Mushroom Farming
• Arboriculture: Tree Farming
• Citriculture: Citrus Fruit Farming
• Vermiculture: Vermi Farming

By Sudarshan Gurjar