Professional Documents
Culture Documents
To cite this article: Sandra Segnini , Franco Pedreschi & Petr Dejmek (2004) Volume
Measurement Method of Potato Chips, International Journal of Food Properties, 7:1, 37-44, DOI:
10.1081/JFP-120022494
ABSTRACT
37
INTRODUCTION
Quality of potato chips is principally defined by two factors: texture and color.
Texture of fried potatoes has been extensively studied in last years.[1,2] Potato chip
texture is often described in terms of crispness, hardness, crunchiness, etc.[3–5] Texture
analysis of chips usually did not produce reproducible results due to the irregular
shape, size, curvature of the samples, and complex topographies of the fried samples.[6]
One of the reasons for irregular shape and curvature in potato chips is that the
structure of potato chips resembles a solidified open foam with bubbles or blisters on
the surface. The formation of these bubbles is due to the water vaporization from the
potato tissue during the frying. Difficulties are found in quantifying the porous
structure of potato chips. An x-ray microtomograph of a small piece of potato chip
could give the possibility of quantifying these air spaces.[7] Besides, some modern
techniques such as the scale-sensitive fractal analysis could be useful to describe
quantitatively complex aspects of the surface topography of some foods (potato chips
included) such as roughness.[8,9] However these techniques are rather expensive, which
limits the possibility to use them in control quality analysis during the potato chip
production.
Cheap, fast, and simple methods to measure the apparent volume in some
porous solid foods, such as bread and cookies have been applied for many years.
These methods are based on measuring the displaced volume of a finely non-
deformable granular homogenous material by the sample.[10–14] They could be
applied to determine the apparent volume of other food porous food materials
such as fried potatoes, as well. Reducing the size of the granular material could
increase the accuracy of the measurement. However, from a technological point of
view, the employment of commonly used granular materials for measuring volume in
bakery products such as rape seeds (diameter of 2 mm) could be enough as a first
attempt to give a measurement of the complex structure developed by potato during
frying. One advantage of the proposed method is that it can be applied to a small
sample of fried chips (10 chips) and still achieve technologically relevant resolution
of the apparent density. In comparison to the standard bread method it also requires
less rape seeds making it cheaper and faster.
In this paper, a simple method was described to measure the apparent volume of
potato chips based on the displacement volume of rape seeds by the fried slices. At
the same time, some indications are given of how the apparent volume or density
may be affected by technological parameters such as chip thickness, blanching, and
frying temperature. This technique was designed for texture research but could be
applicable easily and fast for routine quality control as well.
The effect of the compressing force in compacting the seed is shown in Fig. 2.
The seed weight increased markedly until 5 N, and a relatively constant weight was
obtained above that force. When the experiment was performed manually the seed
weight obtained was 279.2 g with a standard error of 0.22, which corresponds to
approximately 10 N. The compacting step was reproducible, either manually or
instrumentally, yielding 0.18 and 0.11% of data variation, respectively. These results
indicate that manual compression of the seed did not produce significant variation in
the volume measurements.
Results from the commercial chips are shown in Fig. 3. Potato chips with irregular
shapes (Naturchips) were significantly different (P < 0.001) and have higher apparent
ORDER REPRINTS
282
281
279
278
277
276
275
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Force (N)
Figure 2. Standarizing of the seed compacting. Points correspond to mean and standard
error for five replicates.
density values (0.45 g mL vs. 0.38 g mL and 0.39 g mL, respectively) than those
potato chips with more uniform surface (Lövtunna and Räfflade). The standard error,
in all cases, was small, which indicates good reproducibility of the technique. Thus
chip densities could be a relevant control parameter easy to measure with this
technique.
The results from laboratory fried chips of different thickness are shown in Fig. 4,
and indicate that the apparent density values of fried chips were not significantly
different (P ¼ 0.39), and a linear trend to lower density with larger thickness was not
statistically significant (P ¼ 0.20). The thinner chips appeared to give results with
larger variation, but the differences were not significant (all Bonferroni confidence
intervals for standard deviations overlapped).
0.5
Apparent density (g/ml)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Lövtunna Naturchips Räfflade
Commercial chips
Figure 3. Specific density of commercial potato chips. Columns and bars are the means and
standard errors of eight replicates. Columns with the same patterns are not significantly
different (P > 0.05).
ORDER REPRINTS
0.6
0.4
0.3
1 2 3 4
Thickness (mm)
Figure 4. Specific density of chips with different initial nominal thickness. Columns and bars
correspond to the means and standard errors for six replicates.
Chips fried at varying initial oil temperature yielded the results shown in Fig. 5.
The chips fried at 160 C chips were denser (P < 0.0001) than those fried above 160 C
in 20%. No significant differences were found for chips fried at higher tempera-
tures ( 170 C) which showed apparent density values of 0.5 g mL.
Figure 6 shows the volume of 10 slices after being fried at different constant
temperatures from 120 C to 190 C for different times until reaching final moisture
contents <3% (wet basis). Final apparent volume in raw-fried samples tended to
increase clearly with the frying temperature (P ¼ 0.007) and the chips expanded in
6% (average value) beyond the original volume of the ten slices (14.1 mL) at the
frying temperatures of 180 and 190 C. In blanched samples, this trend was not
statistically significant (P ¼ 0.088). Fried un-blanched samples were significantly
more voluminous, corresponding to being thicker by 0.3 mm than the corresponding
blanched samples (paired t-test, P ¼ 0.007). Apparent density measurement can be
made without knowing the original volume of the sample, but its interpretation is
0.9
Apparent density (g/ml)
0.7
0.5
0.3
160 170 180 190
Initial oil temperature (°C)
Figure 5. Specific density of chips fried at different initial oil temperatures. Columns and bars
correspond to the means and standard errors for six replicates. Columns with the same pattern
are not significantly different (P > 0.05).
ORDER REPRINTS
16
14
Apparent volume (ml)
12
10
Raw
8
Blanched
6
0
(120°C, 20min)
(130°C, 18min)
(140°C, 16min)
(150°C, 14min)
(160°C, 9min)
(170°C, 8min)
(180°C, 7min)
(190°C, 6min)
Frying treatment
Figure 6. Apparent volume of 10 potato slices (raw and blanched samples) fried at different
initial oil constant temperatures. Horizontal black line represents the initial apparent volume
of the chips before frying.
made less straightforward by the weight of the absorbed oil. The changes of volume
during frying may be more clearly related to technological parameters.
CONCLUSION
The results obtained from this study suggest an encouraging potential of the
proposed technique to estimate and differentiate the volume of potato chips,
to follow chip quality and to study the relationship between textural phenomena
in chips and some processing technology parameters such as oil temperature,
pre-treatment, etc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from The Nordic
Industrial Fund (NIF), and Chips AB (Sweden) for supplying the samples. We
would also like to thank to the Vicerrectorı́a de Investigación y Desarrollo (DICYT)
of the Universidad de Santiago de Chile and FONDECYT Project No. 1030411.
REFERENCES
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ABSTRACT
Soybean milk, a highly nutritious drink especially in
protein content, is made from soybean. Some of the benefits of
soybean milk are relatively low price , suitable to be consumed
by people with lactose intolerant and for people with diabetes
mellitus, favored by children, and easy to manufacture.
Soybean milk quality is determined by the type of soybeans
and the amount of water used to dilute. The research objective
Diterima : 4 Juni 2013 was to determine the influence of the type of soybeans
Disetujui : 28 Juni 2013 (Edamame var. Ryoko, Import, and Local var. Willis) and the
Korespondensi Penulis :
amount of water (8, 10, 12 parts) on physical, sensory, and
dwievan_polinela@yahoo.co.id chemical characteristic of soybean milk. The study was
conducted in a complete randomized block design with three
replicatations, and replication used as a group. The data were
analyzed using analysis of variance to determine various error
estimators and further tested using Duncan's test find whether
there is a difference between treatments. The result showed
that viscosity of soybean milk did not influence by the type of
soybean but it is influenced by the amount of water. The
interaction between the type of soybeans and the amount of
water did not affect the organoleptic properties (color, aroma,
and taste) of soybean milk.
Keywords: milk, soybean, sensory properties, water dilution.
168 Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian Volume 18 No.2, September 2013
Dwi Eva Nirmagustina et al Fisik, Organoleptik dan Kimia Susu Kedelai
karena kandungan proteinnya yang setara membuat susu kedelai menjadi kental,
dengan susu sapi yaitu sekitar 3,5 g/100g, sedangkan apabila terlalu banyak akan
memiliki kandungan vitamin dan mineral membuat susu kedelai menjadi encer.
yang sedikit lebih rendah daripada susu Tujuan penelitian ini adalah
sapi. Selain itu susu kedelai bebas untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis kedelai
laktosa dengan kandungan lemak yang (Edamame var.Ryoko, Import, dan lokal
lebih rendah (2,5g/100g), sehingga susu var. Willis) dan jumlah air (8, 10, 12
kedelai baik digunakan bagi mereka yang bagian) terhadap sifat fisik, organoleptik,
menjalani diet rendah lemak. Susu dan kimia susu kedelai.
kedelai sedikit mengandung kalsium dan
fosfor yang berperan dalam pembentukan METODOLOGI
tulang dan gigi (Koswara, 2006).
Bahan dan Alat
Sifat fisik, organoleptik, dan
Bahan yang digunakan adalah
kimia susu kedelai sangat ditentukan oleh
kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko (Kebun
bahan bakunya, yaitu kedelai. Di
Percobaaan Polinela), kedelai lokal var.
Indonesia sudah banyak varietas kedelai
Wilis (Balai Benih Induk Tegineneng),
yang telah diluncurkan, yaitu sekitar 71
kedelai import (Pasar Bawah Bandar
varietas sejak periode tahun 1918 - 2008
Lampung), garam, gula pasir, air panas,
selain jenis kedelai yang diimpor.
vanili, dan bahan kimia untuk analisis
Varietas kedelai yang ditanam
proksimat. Sedangkan alat yang
diantaranya adalah varietas Ringgit, Orba,
digunakan adalah disk mill, penangas air,
Lokon, Davros, dan Wilis. Jenis kedelai
kain saring, panci, kompor, dan alat untuk
yang paling banyak di pasaran adalah
analisis proksimat.
jenis Lokon dan Wilis (Suprapto, 1989).
Sedangkan kedelai import terbesar
Metode
berasal dari negara Amerikat Serikat.
Penelitian disusun secara faktorial
Indonesia mengimpor kedelai karena
dalam rancangan acak kelompok lengkap
produksi kedelai Indonesia hanya mampu
(RAKL) dengan 3 ulangan, dan ulangan
memenuhi 38% kebutuhan konsumsi,
digunakan sebagai kelompok. Perlakuan
sedang sisanya harus impor (Ginting,
pertama adalah jenis kedelai, yang terdiri
et.al., 2009). Selain itu ada juga jenis
dari 3 taraf, yaitu: (K1) kedelai Edamame
kedelai lain yaitu kedelai sayur atau yang
var. Ryoko), (K2) kedelai import, dan
lebih popular dengan nama Edamame
(K3) kedelai lokal var. Wilis. Perlakuan
(Asadi, 2009). Setiap jenis kedelai
kedua adalah jumlah air, yang terdiri dari
mempunyai komposisi kimia yang
3 taraf yaitu (A1) 8, (A2) 10, dan (A3) 12
berbeda dan ini akan berpengaruh
bagian dari berat kedelai. Terdapat 9
terhadap sifat fisik, organoleptik, dan
kombinasi perlakuan, yaitu K1A1, K1A2,
kimia susu kedelai yang dihasilkan.
K1A3, K2A1, K2A2, K2A3, K3A1,
Dalam pembuatan susu kedelai
K3A2, dan K3A3.
ada penambahan sejumlah air.
Penambahan air akan berpengaruh
Pembuatan Susu Kedelai
terhadap sifat fisik, organoleptik, dan
Pembuatan susu kedelai
kimia susu kedelai. Penambahan air akan
dilakukan dengan tahapan sebagai
mempengaruhi viskositas susu kedelai.
berikut: 1) kedelai disortasi (pemilihan
Penambahan air yang sedikit akan
kedelai yang baik dan tidak terserang
Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian Volume 18 No.2, September 2013 169
Fisik, Kimia dan Organoleptik Susu Kedelai Dwi Eva Nirmagustina et al
hama), 2) kedelai direndam selama 3 jam, melakukan uji organoleptik adalah
3) kedelai diblansing pada suhu 80oC panelis tidak terlatih sebanyak 25 orang,
selama ± 10 menit, 4) kedelai digiling Sifat kimia susu kedelai yang
menggunakan disk mill dengan diuji adalah proksimat yang meliputi
penambahan air panas (80oC) yang kadar air, kadar protein, kadar lemak,
jumlahnya disesuaikan dengan perlakuan kadar serat kasar, kadar abu, dan kadar
(8, 10, dan 12 bagian), 5) bubur kedelai karbohidrat (by difference), (Sudarmadji,
disaring dengan kain saring ukuran 80 1984). Susu kedelai yang diuji sifat
mesh, 6) susu kedelai ditambah gula 8%, kimianya adalah susu kedelai dari 3 jenis
garam 0,55%, dan vanili 0,15%, 7) susu kedelai pada jumlah penambahan air yang
kedelai dipanaskan sampai mendidih, 8) mempunyai sifat organoleptik yang
susu kedelai dikemas dengan plastik dan paling disukai atau yang memiliki nilai
dianalisis. rata-rata tertinggi.
Analisis Data
Pengamatan
Pengamatan pada susu kedelai Data yang diperoleh dianalisis
meliputi 1) sifat fisik (viskositas), 2) sifat dengan analisis ragam (Anova) untuk
organoleptik (uji hedonik) meliputi mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap
warna, aroma, dan rasa, dan 3) sifat kimia parameter yang diuji. Bila terdapat
(analisis proksimat) pengaruh nyata, maka untuk mengetahui
Viskositas atau kekentalan susu perbedaan antar perlakuan tersebut
kedelai diukur menggunakan alat dulakukan uji DMRT (Duncan Multiple
viskosimeter (cps) dengan cara mengukur Range Test).
waktu yang dibutuhkan bagi cairan dalam
melewati 2 tanda ketika mengalir karena HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
gravitasi (Yuwono dan Susanto, 1988). Sifat Fisik (Viskositas) Susu Kedelai
Sifat organoleptilk susu kedelai Hasil analisis ragam
yang dihasilkan dilakukan uji hedonik. menunjukkan bahwa jenis kedelai dan
Dalam uji ini panelis diminta untuk jumlah penambahan air berpengaruh
mencicipi susu kedelai dan diantara nyata terhadap viskositas susu kedelai (P
masing-masing pencicipan diharuskan < 0,05). Hasil uji lanjut Duncan (Tabel
mengkonsumsi air minum sebagai 1) menunjukkan bahwa viskosistas susu
penetral. Kemudian panelis diminta kedelai dari kombinasi perlakuan K1A2,
untuk memberikan penilaian terhadap K3A2, K2A2, K1A1, K2A1, K3A1
tingkat kesukaannya terhadap warna, berbeda dengan K3A3, K2A3, K1A3,
aroma, dan rasa susu kedelai dengan sedangkan diantara K3A3, K2A3, K1A3
menggunakan 5 tingkat skala hedonik dan K1A2, K3A2, K2A2, K1A1, K2A1,
[(dimulai dari sangat tidak suka (1) K3A1 tidak ada perbedaan.
sampai sangat suka (5)]. Panelis yang
170 Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian Volume 18 No.2, September 2013
Dwi Eva Nirmagustina et al Fisik, Organoleptik dan Kimia Susu Kedelai
Tabel 1. Uji lanjut Duncan viskositas susu kedelai
No Kombinasi Perlakuan Nilai rata-rata
1 K1A1 7.5b
2 K1A2 6.8b
3 K1A3 6.3a
4 K2A1 7.5b
5 K2A2 7.5b
6 K2A3 6.2a
7 K3A1 7.6b
8 K3A2 6.9b
9 K3A3 6.1a
Ket: K1A1 = Kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko : 8 bagian air
K1A2 = Kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko : 10 bagian air
K1A3 = Kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko : 12 bagian air
K2A1 = Kedelai Import : 8 bagian air
K2A2 = Kedelai Import :: 10 bagian air
K2A3 = Kedelai Import : 12 bagian air
K3A1 = Kedelai Lokal var. Wilis : 8 bagian air
K3A2 = Kedelai Lokal var. Wilis : 10 bagian air
K3A3 = Kedelai Lokal var Wilis : 12 bagian air
Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian Volume 18 No.2, September 2013 171
Fisik, Kimia dan Organoleptik Susu Kedelai Dwi Eva Nirmagustina et al
Ket: K1A1 = Kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko : 8 bagian air
K1A2 = Kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko : 10 bagian air
K1A3 = Kedelai Edamame var. Ryoko : 12 bagian air
K2A1 = Kedelai Import : 8 bagian air
K2A2 = Kedelai Import :: 10 bagian air
K2A3 = Kedelai Import : 12 bagian air
K3A1 = Kedelai Lokal var. Wilis : 8 bagian air
K3A2 = Kedelai Lokal var. Wilis : 10 bagian air
K3A3 = Kedelai Lokal var Wilis : 12 bagian air
Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian Volume 18 No.2, September 2013 173
Fisik, Kimia dan Organoleptik Susu Kedelai Dwi Eva Nirmagustina et al
KESIMPULAN Jurnal Litbang Pertanian: 28(3). Hal
1. Viskositas susu kedelai tidak 79 – 87.
dipengaruhi oleh jenis kedelai, tapi Koswara S. 2006. Susu Kedelai Tak
dipengaruhi oleh jenis jumlah air. Kalah dengan Susu Sapi.
2. Jenis kacang kedelai dan jumlah air ebookpangan.com (8 Februari 2010).
tidak mempengaruhi sifat organoleptik Masuda R, K Hashizume, dan K Kaneko.
(warna, aroma, dan rasa) susu kedelai. 1998. Effect of Holding Time before
3. Susu kedelai dengan kombinasi Freezing on the Constituent and the
perlakuan K3A3 (edelai Edamame var. Flavour of frozen Green Soybean.
Ryoko : 12 bagian air) memiliki kadar Nihon Shokuhen Kogyo Gakkaishi
protein yang paling tinggi (2,04%), 35: 763-770
sedangkan susu kedelai dengan Rackis JJ, DH Hoing, DS Sessa, dan HA
kombinasi perlakuan K1A3 (kedelai Mosser. 1972. Lipoxigenase and
Lokal var. Wilis : 12 bagian air) Peroxidase Activities of Soybeans
memiliki kadar lemak paling tinggi and Related to Flavor Profile during
(1,76%). Maturation. Cereal Chemistry 49:
586-595
SNI. 1995. Susu kedelai. 01-3830-1995.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Dewan Standarisasi Nasional.
Jakarta.
Asadi. 2009. Karakteristik Plasma Sudarmadji S, Bambang H, dan Suhardi.
Nuftah untuk Perbaikan Varietas 1984. Prosedur Analisa untuk Bahan
Kedelai Sayur (Edamame). Buletin Makanan dan Pertanian. Liberty.
Plasma Nuftah Vol. 15 No.2 Tahun Yogyakarta.
2009. Hal 59-69. Suprapto HS. 1989. Bertanam Kedelai.
BPS Provinsi Lampung. 2012. Lampung Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Dalam Angka 2012. BPS Propinsi Yowono S dan T Susanto. 1998.
Lampung. Bandar Lampung. Pengujian Fisik Pangan. Fakultas
Ginting E, Antarlina SS, dan Widowati S. Teknologi Pertanian. Universitas
2009. Varietas Unggul Kedelai Brawijaya Malang.
untuk Bahan Baku Industri Pangan.
174 Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian Volume 18 No.2, September 2013
Review Journal
NRP: 193020174
1. Judul : PENGARUH JENIS KEDELAI DAN JUMLAH AIR TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK,
ORGANOLEPTIK DAN KIMIA SUSU KEDELAI
2. Nama Peneliti : Dwi Eva Nirmagustina dan Hertini Rani
3. Instansi Peneliti : Politeknik Negeri Lampung (POLINELA)
4. Nama Majalah : Jurnal Teknologi Industri dan Hasil Pertanian
5. Nomor, Edisi, dan Tahun Penerbitan : Volume 18 No.2, September 2013
6. Nama Penerbit: Dwi Eva Nirmagustina et al
7. Ringkasan Isi :
Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan konsumsi protein adalah mengkonsumsi susu
kedelai. Beberapa keunggulan susu kedelai selain harganya terjangkau adalah (1) susu kedelai
cocok dikonsumsi untuk penderita laktose intolerant, (2) susu kedelai juga disarankan untuk
penderita diabetes mellitus, (3) susu disukai oleh anak-anak/balita, dan (4) mudah dalam
pembuatananya (Koswara, 2006).
Karena kandungan proteinnya yang setara dengan susu sapi yaitu sekitar 3,5 g/100g,
memiliki kandungan vitamin dan mineral yang sedikit lebih rendah daripada susu sapi. Selain
itu susu kedelai bebas laktosa dengan kandungan lemak yang lebih rendah (2,5g/100g),
sehingga susu kedelai baik digunakan bagi mereka yang menjalani diet rendah lemak. Susu
kedelai sedikit mengandung kalsium dan fosfor yang berperan dalam pembentukan tulang
dan gigi (Koswara, 2006).
Dalam pembuatan susu kedelai ada penambahan sejumlah air. Penambahan air akan
berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisik, organoleptik, dan kimia susu kedelai. Penambahan air akan
mempengaruhi viskositas susu kedelai. Penambahan air yang sedikit akan membuat susu
kedelai menjadi kental, sedangkan apabila terlalu banyak akan membuat susu kedelai menjadi
encer