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The subject of Indian polity is an important part of General Studies syllabus of the civil services examination. Indian Polity is an important subject
in both the prelims and mains (GS-II) of the IAS Exam. Source of comprehensive Indian Polity Notes is crucial to clear the UPSC Civil Services
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This page contains the Indian Polity Notes which covers the Indian Polity Section of General Studies Paper and is also useful for certain optional
subjects like Public Administration, Political Science, Law, Sociology and Anthropology. These notes would enable readers to acquire a complete
and detailed understanding of the subject to help you prepare for the UPSC examination. We have developed Indian Polity UPSC notes for you to
provide full coverage of the syllabus of Indian Polity. Indian polity is a high scoring and high weightage component in UPSC exam and we believe
that these Indian Polity notes for UPSC will help you prepare better and faster.

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Important Indian Polity Notes for UPSC 2022

Aspirants can consult the table below for Indian Polity notes on the major topics for UPSC 2022:

Historical Underpinnings and Regulating Act, (1773) Pitts Act (1784)

Evolution of Indian Constitution

The Charter Act (1833) The Charter Act (1853) The Government of India Act (1858)
The Indian Councils Act (1861) The Indian Councils Act (1892) The Indian Councils Act (1909)

The Indian council's Act (1919) The Government of India Act (1935) The India Independence Act 1947

Constituent Assembly & its Criticism Objectives Resolution Committees of Constituent Assembly

Enactment and Enforcement of the Sources of Indian Constitution Preamble of the Indian Constitution
Constitution

Union and its Territory Citizenship Fundamental Rights

Right to Equality (Article 14- 18) Right to Freedom (Article 19- 22) Right against Exploitation (Article 23 and
24)

Right to Freedom of Religion (Article Cultural and Educational Rights Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article
25 - 28) Article 29 and 30) 32)

Directive Principles of State Policy Fundamental Duties Basic Structure Doctrine

Democratic and Non-Democratic Indian Parliamentary System Federal & Unitary Features of Indian
Political Systems Constitution

Legislative Relations- Centre-State Administrative Relations- Centre- Financial Relations - Centre-State

Relations State Relations Relations

Inter state Water Disputes- Inter state Zonal Councils - Inter state Relations Inter state council - Inter state Relations
Relations

Cooperative & Competitive Federalism Trends in Centre-State Relations National Emergency - Emergency
Provisions (Articles 352)

Financial Emergency - Emergency Presidents Rule - Emergency Due Process of Law vs. Procedure
Provisions (360) Provisions Established by Law

Procedure for Amending Constitution List of Important Constitutional Union Executive & State Executive
- Amendments Amendments - Amendments

President - Union Executive Election of President Powers And Functions Of President

Veto Power Of The President Ordinance Making Power Of Pardoning Power Of The President
President

Constitutional Position Of The Vice President - Union Executive Prime Minister - Union Executive
President

Powers and Functions of the Prime Prime Minister Relationship with Council of Ministers - Union Executive
Minister president

Union Cabinet Cabinet Committees Attorney General - Union Executive

Parliament and State legislature Lok Sabha- Indian Parliament Rajya Sabha- Indian Parliament

Membership of Parliament - Indian Salaries and allowances of Member Presiding Officers of The Indian
Parliament of Indian Parliament Parliament

Speaker of Lok Sabha - Indian Chairman of Rajya Sabha - Indian Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha - Indian
Parliament Parliament Parliament

Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha  Leader of Opposition - Indian Sessions of Parliament, Devices of
Parliament Parliamentary Proceedings

Joint Sitting of Parliament Types of Bills Money Bill

Constitutional Amendment Bill Budgetary process in parliament Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency
fund of India, Publlic Accounts Fund

Multifunctional Role of Parliament Issues in functioning of Parliament Difference between Loksabha and
Rajyasabha

Parliamentary Control over executive Parliamentary Committees Public Accounts Committee

Committee on Public Undertakings Parliamentary Forums Parliamentary Privilleges (Article 105)

Supreme Court Appointment of Judges of Supreme Powers of Supreme Court

Court

High Court Appointment Of Judges Of High Judicial Review

Court

Public Interest Litigation Judicial Activism & Judicial Indian Judicial Doctrines
Overreach

Independence of Judiciary Subordinate Courts Alternative Dispute Redressal

Mechanism

NALSA & SLSA Lok Adalats Gram Nyayalayas

Governor - State Executive Role of Governor Comparison Between Governor and

President

Chief Minister State Council of Ministers Advocate General of State

Membership of State Legislature Presiding Officers of State Legislative Procedure in State Legislature
Legislature

Comprison Between Legislative Comparison Between Legislative Central Information Commission

Assembly and Legislative Council Procedure in the Parliament and
State Legislature

Membership of State Legislature Presiding Officers of State 73th Constitutional Amendment Act
Legislature

Privileges of State Legislature - Special Provisions for some states Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the
Collective, Individual Federal Structure

Sarkaria Commission Report - Punchhi Commission Report - Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI)
Reports of Various Commissions Reports of Various Commissions

74rd Constitutional Amendment Act Gram Sabha PESA Act

Issues with Panchayati Raj Institutions Urban Local Bodies Salient Features of the Indian
Constitution

Municipality Municipal Corporation Issues with Urban Local Bodies

Union Territories and their Union Territory of Delhi Fifth Scheduled areas - Scheduled and
administration Tribal Areas

Sixth Scheduled areas -Scheduled and Separation of Powers Between Doctrine of Separation of Powers
Tribal Areas Various Organs

Doctrine of Checks and Balances Kesavananda Bharati case Comparison of the Indian Constitutional
Scheme With That of Other Countries
Parliament & State Legislatures
Right to Information (RTI) Tribunals Administrative Tribunals

Election Commission Union Public Service Commission State Public Service Commission

Finance Commission National Commission for SCs National Commission for STs

National Commission for OBCs Special officer for Linguistic Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Minorities

Attorney General of India Advocate General of State NITI Aayog 

RBI - Constitutional Bodies National Human Rights Commission State Human Rights Commission

State Information Commission Central Vigilance Commission Central Bureau of Investigation

Lokpal and Lokayuktas National Commission for Women National Commission for Minorities

Insurance Regulatory and Securities and Exchange Board of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India
Development Authority India

Central Electricity Regulatory Atomic Energy Regulatory Board Pension Fund Regulatory and
Commission Development Authority

Food Safety and Standards Authority Bar Council of India University Grants Commission
of India

Financial Stability and Development All India Council for Technical National Green Tribunal
Council Education

Income-Tax Appellate Tribunal What are pressure Groups? Official Language

Cooperative Societies Reservation in Indian Constitution Anti Defection Law

Electoral reforms Political Parties Elections

National Commission for review of Salient Features of Representation of Civil Society Organisation and their role
working of constitution People's Act 1951

Self Help Groups  Non Governmental Organisations Societies and Trusts

(NGOs)

Cooperatives in India  Good Governance Transparency and Accountability

E Governance  Citizen's charter  Social Audit 

Sovereignty Of Parliament Virtual Court National Court of Appeal (NCA)

Contempt of Court Difference between Supreme Court Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme
and High Court Court

Provisions Related to Weaker Sections Armed Force Special Powers Act ( Official secrets act 1923
in Indian Constitution AFSPA )

Sunset Clause in India Section 377 Judgement 25 Important Supreme court judgements
for UPSC

Vishakha Case Malimath committee Habeas Corpus Case

Indra Sawhney Case L Chandra Kumar Case 102nd Amendment Act

61st Amendment Act Doctrine of Proportionality Doctrine of Severability

ADR Case Maneka Gandhi Case  Puttaswamy Case 

Romesh Thapar Case  Role of Civil Services in Democracy Freedom of Speech and Expression
(Article 19(1)(a))

Fundamental Rights in India and Fundamental Rights in India and Definition of State (Article 12)
United kingdom - Comparison United states - Comparison

Right to Be Forgotten Right to Education Act (RTE) Right to Life (Article 21)

Places of Worship (Special Provision) Separation of Power vs Division of Lily Thomas case 2013 
Act, 1991 Power

National commission for Backward Article 370 Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir
classes

Powers of Election Commission of Constituent Assembly Debates on Constituent Assembly Debates India 
India Reservations 

Difference Between Nationality and Whistleblower Protection Act Prevention of Corruption Act
Citizenship

Right to public service 42nd amendment act 44th amendment act

Uniform Civil Code Constitutional Development of India The Company Rule (1773 – 1858)

Amending Act of 1781 Charter Act of 1793 Charter Act of 1813

The Crown Rule (1858-1947) Simon Commission Communal Award

Making of The Constitution Demand For A Constituent Constituent Assembly of India

Assembly

Composition Of Constituent Assembly Working Of The Constituent Major Committees of the Constituent
Assembly Assembly

Drafting Committee of the Constituent Minor Committees of the Enforcement Of The Constitution
Assembly Constituent Assembly

Constitution of India-Overview Written and Unwritten Constitution Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility

Synthesis of Parliamentary A Secular State Universal Adult Franchise

Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy

Single Citizenship Emergency Provisions Three-tier Government

Criticism of Indian constitution A Borrowed Constitution A Carbon Copy of the 1935 Act

Schedule 1 of Indian constitution Schedule 2 of Indian constitution Schedule 3 of Indian constitution

Schedule 4 of Indian constitution Schedule 5 of Indian constitution Schedule 6 of Indian constitution

Schedule 7 of Indian constitution Schedule 8 of Indian constitution Schedule 9 of Indian constitution

Schedule 10 of Indian constitution Schedule 11 of Indian constitution Schedule 12 of Indian constitution

Text of the Preamble Preamble Decoded Keywords in the Preamble

Sovereignty Socialism Secularism

Western Secularism and Indian Democratic Socialism Concept of Republic

Secularism
Justice Liberty Equality

Fraternity Significance of the Preamble Preamble as Part of the Constitution

United of States Parliament’s power to Reorganise Exchange of territories with Bangladesh

the states (article 3)

Evolution of States and Union Reorganisation of States Integration of Princely States

Territories

Dhar Commission JVP Committee Fazl Ali Commission

New States and Union Territories Maharashtra and Gujarat Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Created After 1956

Goa, Daman and Diu Puducherry Nagaland - Indian States Information

Haryana, Chandigarh and Himachal Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya Sikkim

Pradesh

Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Telangana

Jharkhand

Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh Difference between State and Union Meaning of citizenship
Territory

Importance of citizenship Constitutional Provisions Related to CITIZENSHIP ACT, 1955

Citizenship

Acquisition of Citizenship Citizenship by Birth Citizenship by Descent

Citizenship By Registration Citizenship By Naturalisation Loss of Citizenship

Single Citizenship Overseas Citizenship of India Difference in NRI, PIO and OCI
Cardholder

Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 National Register of Citizens (NRC) Difference Between Nationality and
Citizenship

Features Of Fundamental Rights Article 12 Equality before Law and Equal Protection
of Laws

Rule of Law Abolition of Untouchability Abolition of Titles

Freedom of Assembly Freedom of Association Freedom of Movement

Right to Privacy Procedure Established by Law Due Process of Law

Right to Education (Article 21A) Prohibition of Traffic in Human Prohibition of Employment of Children in
Beings and Forced Labour Factories, etc (article 24)

Freedom of Conscience and Free Freedom to Manage Religious Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of
Profession, Practice and Propagation Affairs (article 26) a Religion (article 27)
of Religion (article 25)

Freedom from Attending Religious Protection of Interests of Minorities Right of Minorities to Establish and
Instruction (article 28) Administer Educational Institutions

WRITS–TYPES AND SCOPE Habeas Corpus Mandamus

Prohibition Certiorari Quo-Warranto

ARMED FORCES AND Suspension of Fundamental Rights Preventive Detention
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS During Emergency

Significance Of Fundamental Rights Amendments of Fundamental Rights Classification of Directive Principles Of

State Policy

Gandhian Principles Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Conflict Between Fundamental Rights
And Directive Principles

Swaran Singh committee 11 Fundamental Duties Verma Committee Observation

Criticism of the Amendment Features of Parliamentary Collective Responsibility

Procedure Government

Political Homogeneity Separation of Powers Unicameral and Bicameral legislature

Features of Presidential Government Merits of the Parliamentary System Responsible Government

Demerits of Parliamentary System Federal Features of Indian Dual Polity

Constitution

Written Constitution Division of Powers Supremacy of the Constitution

Rigid Constitution Independent Judiciary Bicameralism

Unitary Features of Indian Constitution Single Citizenship All India Services

Procedure For Appointing A Governor Center-state Relations Public Service Commissions

Integrated Judicial System Allocation of Taxing Powers Distribution of Tax Revenues

Taxes Levied by the Centre but Taxes Levied and Collected by the Levy and Collection of Goods and
Collected and Appropriated by the Centre but Assigned to the States Services Tax in Course of Inter-State
States (Article 268) (Article 269) Trade or Commerce (Article 269-A)

Taxes Levied and Collected by the Surcharge on Certain Taxes and Taxes Levied and Collected and Retained
Centre but Distributed between the Duties for Purposes of the Centre by the States
Centre and the States(Article 270) (Article 271)

Statutory Grants Discretionary Grants Goods and Services Tax Council

Administrative Reforms Commission Rajamannar Committee Anandpur Sahib Resolution

Inter-State Trade and Commerce North-Eastern Council Effects of National Emergency

Proportional Representation Impeachment of President Executive Powers of President

Legislative Powers of the president Financial Powers of the president Judicial Powers of the president

Diplomatic Powers of the president Military Powers of the president Emergency Powers of the president

Absolute Veto Suspensive Veto Pocket Veto

De facto and de jure Election of vice president Qualifications of vice president

Powers of vice president Role of the Prime Minister Jennings about Indian Constitution

Munro about the role of Prime Minister Article 75 Article 77 – Conduct of Business of the
Government of India

Article 78 – Duties of Prime Minister Article 88 – Rights of Ministers as Responsibility Of Ministers

Respects the Houses
Role Of Cabinet Kitchen Cabinet Indian Parliament

Composition of Lok Sabha Duration of Lok Sabha Difference Between Lok Sabha and
Vidhan Sabha

Composition of Rajya Sabha Duration of Rajya Sabha Difference between the powers and
position of the Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha

Functions of Parliament System of Elections to Lok Sabha First-Past-The-Post System

Membership Of Parliament Office of Profit Speaker Pro Tem

Parliamentary Secretariat Leader of the House Adjournment

Adjournment Sine Di Dissolution Quorum

Lame-duck Session Question Hour The starred question in parliamentary

Proceedings

The unstarred question in Short notice question in Zero hour

parliamentary proceedings parliamentary proceedings

Motions in parliament Closure Motion Privilege Motion

Calling Attention Motion Adjournment Motion No-Confidence Motion

Censure Motion Motion of Thanks Dilatory Motion

Point of Order Youth Parliament Public Bill

Private Bill Ordinary Bills Difference between money bill and

ordinary bill

Difference between Money bill and Financial Bills Lapsing of Bill

Financial bill

Types of Majority Simple Majority Absolute Majority

Effective Majority Special Majority What is a Money Bill in India

Charged Expenditure Policy Cut Motion Economy Cut Motion

Token Cut Motion Supplementary Grant Interim Budget

Vote on Account Consolidated Fund of India Public Account of India

Contingency Fund of India Difference between Legislative and Special Powers of Rajya Sabha
Executive

Breach of Privilege Concept of Sovereign State Federal System of Government

Standing Committees Financial Committees Committee on Government Assurances

Committee on Subordinate Legislation Business Advisory Committee Rules Committee

Library Committee Ad Hoc Committees Parliamentary Group

State Government Appointment of Governor Powers And Functions Of Governor

Discretionary Powers of Governor Pardoning Power of Governor Veto Powers of President and Governor

Difference Between Ordinance Making Comparing Pardoning Powers of Oath, Term, And Salary of Chief Minister
Power of President and Governor President and Governor

Powers And Functions Of Chief Article 163–Council of Ministers to Article 164–Other Provisions as to
Minister aid and advise Governor Ministers

Article 166 – Conduct of Business of Article 167–Duties of Chief Minister Article 177–Rights of Ministers as
the Government of a State Respects the Houses

Cabinet Committees State Legislature Membership of State Legislature

Money Bills in State Legislature Difference between Legislative Indian Judiciary

Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and
Legislative Council (Vidhan
Parishad)

Appointment of Chief Justice Collegium system and NJAC Qualifications of Judges

Salaries and Allowances of Judges - Chief Justice of India Ad hoc Judges

Indian Judiciary

The seat of Supreme Court Meaning of Independent Judiciary Security of Tenure of Judges

Writ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Advisory Jurisdiction of Supreme Court
Court

Constitutional Interpretation Supreme Court Advocates Difference between Advocate and Lawyer

Doctrine of Harmonious Construction Doctrine of Eclipse Doctrine of Pith and Substance

Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Doctrine of Colourable Legislation Doctrine of Territorial Nexus

Powers

Doctrine of Laches Doctrine of Constitutional Morality Judicial Activism vs Judicial Restraint

Judicial Restraint State Executive Judicial Overreach

A.K Gopalan vs State of Madras, 1950 SR Bommai vs Union of India, 1991 Shayara Bano vs Union of India

The IR Coelho case Navtej Singh Johar Case Qualifications of High Court Judges

Expenses Charged on Consolidated Powers Of High Court Original Jurisdiction of High Court
Fund

Writ Jurisdiction of High Court Appellate Jurisdiction Power of Judicial Review

Components of Redressal Mechanism Meaning of PIL Election Petition

Writ Petition Review Petition Curative Petition

Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) State Administrative Tribunals National company law tribunal

Inter-State Water Disputes Tribunals Appointment of District Judges Difference between Magistrate and Judge

Juristic Person Civil Law Difference between Civil Law and

Criminal Law

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sedition Law in India Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)

Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) Civil Court Permanent Lok Adalats

Family Courts Jurisdiction of family court International Courts

International Court of Justice International Criminal Court Permanent Court of Arbitration

Provisions for Maharashtra And Provisions for Nagaland Provisions for Assam
Gujarat

Provisions for Manipur Provisions for Andhra Pradesh Or Provisions for Sikkim
Telangana

Provisions for Mizoram Provisions for Arunachal Pradesh Provisions for Goa

Provisions for Karnataka Local Government Panchayati Raj

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Ashok Mehta Committee G.V.K. Rao Committee

L M Singhvi Committee Thungon Committee Gadgil Committee

Constitutionalism Rajiv Gandhi Government V.P. Singh Government

Narasimha Rao Government Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat Reservation of Seats in Gram Panchayats

Disqualifications for Membership In State Finance Commission - Gram Municipalities (74th Constitutional
Gram Panchayats Panchayat amendment)

Salient Features of 74th Constitutional Wards Committees Finances - Gram Panchayats

Amendment Act

Audit of Accounts - Gram Panchayats District Planning Committee Metropolitan Planning Committee

Difference between Municipal Cantonment Board Township

Corporation and Municipality

Port Trust Grants to Local Governments Difference between Delhi and New Delhi

Gorkhaland- A Demand for Identity Scheduled and Tribal Areas Scheduled Tribes & PVTGs

Constitutional Bodies Functions of Election Commission of Power and Functions of UPSC

India

Joint State Public Service Commission Functions of Finance commission Non-Constitutional Bodies

Role of National Human Rights State Human Rights Commission Lokayukta

Commission

National Council for Transgender National Investigation Agency NIA (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019
Persons

National Disaster Management District Disaster Management Press Council Of India (PCI)
Authority Authority

Khadi and Village Industries National Dairy Development Board National Cooperative Development
Commission (KVIC) (NDDB) Corporation (NCDC)

Airports Authority of India (AAI) Medical Council of India Various Regulatory Bodies

National Commission for Safai Niti Aayog Functions Cooperative Federalism

Karamcharis

Planning Commission Difference between Niti Aayog and Niti Aayog and National Development
Planning Commission Council

Nationa Ganga Council (NGC) Controller General of Accounts Classical Language

(CGA)
Public Service Central Services State Services

Important Articles in Indian 97th Constitution (Amendment) Important Commissions and their
Constitution Act, 2011 Recommendations

Second ARC Report P J Nayak Committee National Judicial Council & Second ARC
Recommendations

Types of government Parliamentary form of government Presidential form of government

Difference Between Parliamentary and Monarchy Absolute monarchy

Presidential form of Government

Constitutional monarchy Difference Between Democracy and Totalitarianism

Monarchy

Fascism Dictatorship Difference between Democracy and

Dictatorship

Communism Oligarchy Anarchy

Direct Democracy Referendum Difference between Democracy and

Republic

Difference between Democrat and Party System in India Multi-Party System

Republican

Left-Wing Right Wing Difference between left-wing and right-

wing

List of Political Ideologies Political Parties and Pressure Regional Parties

Groups

Role of Regional Parties Rise of Regional Parties Electoral System

Chief Election Commissioner of India Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) District Election Officer (DEO)

Election process in India Electronic Voting Machine Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot
System (ETPBS)

Representation of the People Act, Delimitation Commission Model Code of Conduct

1950

Electoral Reforms Booth Capturing NOTA

VVPAT Electoral Bonds Coalition Government

Trade Unions National Integration in India Obstacles to National Integration

National Symbols National Flag National Anthem

Code of conduct for National Anthem National Song Difference Between National Anthem and
National Song

State Emblem Difference Between Polity and Order of Precedence

Political Science

Statutory Bodies Non-Statutory Bodies Constituent Assembly debate on

Untouchability

Constituent Assembly debate on Constituent Assembly debate on Constituent Assembly debate on Right to
Federalism Uniform Civil Code Equality & Prohibition of Discrimination
 Constituent Assembly debate on the Constituent Assembly Debate on Constituent Assembly Debate on
Preamble Ordinance Making Power of the Abolition of Death Penalty
President

Recommendations of Sarkaria Constitutional System In Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act,

Commission Switzerland 2014

Privacy and India Article 33 Right to Property

Article 31A Enemy Property Article 35A

System of Government Features of parliamentary system of Merits and Demerits of parliamentary

government form of government

Integrated Judicial System Public Acts, Records and Judicial Situational Discretion of Governor
Proceedings (Article 261)

Constitutional Discretion of Governor Significance Of Directive Principles Socialistic Directive Principles

Difference between Rule of law and

Rule by law

Check out NCERT Notes on Art, Literature, Architecture, And Culture

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