Terminology in Relief Valves

Terminology
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00

Objectives Classification of safety devices
Organizations and
Associations
Classification ofof
Classification
Safety Devices
Safety Devices
Pressure Relief Devices
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Reclosing Devices Non-reclosing Devices
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Rupture Disc
Loading Principle
Definition of Direct-load Controlled

Back Pressure Pin-actuated Device
Controlled Safety Pressure Relief System

Spring Weight
loaded loaded Pilot-Operated Safety Valve
Function
Relief Safety Safety Snap-acting Modulating

Valve* Valve* Relief
Valve* *acc. to ASME
Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 2 / 28

Objectives Definition of Terms
Organizations and Pressure Relief Devices
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief device designed to open and relieve excess pressure
Safety Devices
and to re-close and prevent the further flow of fluid after normal
Definition ofofTerms
Definition Terms
conditions have been restored.
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure

Objectives Loading Principle
Organizations and Spring Loaded Pressure Relief Valves
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing

Safety Devices
of the valve is controlled by a spring.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure

Organizations and Weight Loaded Pressure Relief Valve
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing

Safety Devices
of the valve is controlled by a weight.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure

Organizations and Pilot-Operated Safety Valves
Associations
Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the main valve is combined with and
Safety Devices
controlled by an auxiliary pressure relief valve (pilot-controlled).
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure

Organizations and
Associations
Rupture Disc / Safety Valve Combination
Classification of A system consisting of a main valve in combination with a
Safety Devices
prepended rupture disc. The bursting pressure of the rupture disc is
Definition of Terms
equal to the set pressure of the safety valve.
Loading Principle
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure

Objectives Overpressure and blowdown
Organizations and
Associations
*% of set pressure
Classification of
Safety Devices Overpressure Blowdown
Definition of Terms Steam / Gases Liquids Steam / Gases Liquids
Loading Principle < 67 psig

4 psig
Opening ≥ 67 …. ≤ 250 psig
Summary
Characteristics 6%*
ASME I 3% – –
> 250 … ≤ 375 psig
Definition of Terms 15 psig
> 375 psig
Definition of 4%*
Back Pressure
7% with blowdown ring
ASME VIII 10 % 10% No requirements No requirements
without blowdown ring
ASME Multiple
16 % 16% 7% No requirements
Valve Application
ASME Fire Case 21 % – 7% –
API 520 10 % 10% 7% 20%
DIN EN ISO 4126-1 10 % 10% 15 % 20%
5 % or
AD 2000-Merkblatt A2 10 % 10% 20 %
10 % Standard
Overpressure / Blowdown | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 8/9

Organizations and Overpressure
Associations
Classification of The pressure increase over the set pressure

Safety Devices
of the Pressure Relief Valve allowed to achieve rated flow.
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
80
60 Overpressure 10%
40
20
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

Organizations and Blowdown
Associations
Classification of The difference between the set pressure and the closing pressure
Safety Devices
of a Pressure Relief Valve (expressed as a percentage of set pressure).
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
80
60
40 Blow-
down
20
Vessel
0 Pressure (%)
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 98 100

Objectives Opening Characteristics
Organizations and Relief Valve
Associations
Classification of A spring loaded pressure relief valve actuated by the static pressure
Safety Devices
upstream of the valve. The valve opens in proportion to the pressure
Definition of Terms
increase over the opening pressure. Used primarily with liquid service
Loading Principle (non-compressible).
Opening
Opening
Characteristics
Characteristics Lift [%]
100
Definition of Terms
Definition of
80
Back Pressure p
c
60
40
20
ps p
0 Pressure [%]
90 100 110
p = set pressure pc = opening pressure

pp = popping pressure ps = blowdown

Objectives Opening Characteristics
Organizations and Safety Valve
Associations
Classification of A spring loaded pressure Safety valve actuated by the static pressure
Safety Devices
upstream of the valve and characterized by rapid opening or pop-action.
Definition of Terms
Used primarily with compressible (gas/vapor/steam) service.
Loading Principle
Opening
Opening
Characteristics
Characteristics Lift [%] Standard 10% – Pop-Acting
100
Definition of Terms
p
c
Definition of
80
Back Pressure
60
40
20
ps p p
p
0 Pressure [%]
80 90 100 105 110 120
p = set pressure pc = opening pressure

pp = popping pressure ps = blowdown

Organizations and Cold Differential Test Pressure (CDTP)
Associations
Classification of The pressure at which a Pressure Relief Valve is adjusted to open

Safety Devices
on the test stand. It includes corrections for the service conditions
Definition of Terms
of constant back pressure or temperature or both.
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of
Back Pressure 100
Set pressure CDTP
80
60
40
20
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112

Organizations and  Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)
Associations
The maximum gauge pressure allowed at the top of a completed vessel.
Classification of
Safety Devices
Design pressure may be used instead of MAWP in all cases where the MAWP
has not been established. Design pressure is equal to or less than MAWP.
Definition of Terms
 Accumulation
Loading Principle The pressure increase over the MAWP of the vessel allowed during discharge
through the Pressure Relief Valve (governed by applicable codes).
Opening
Characteristics
 Maximum Allowable Accumulated Pressure
Definition Terms The sum of the MAWP and the accumulation.
Definition of
Back Pressure
Maximum Allowable Maximum Allowable Accumulation
Lift (%) Operating Pressure Working Pressure Pressure Single Valve
100
80
60
40
20
Vessel
0 Pressure (%)
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

Objectives Safety Valve
Organizations and Conventional Pressure Relief Valve
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Cap H2
Lock nut
Definition of Terms
Adjusting screw
Needle bearing
Loading Principle
Spring plate
Opening Spring
Characteristics
Spindle
Definition
Safety Valve
of Terms Bonnet
Split ring
Definition of Spring plate
Back Pressure
Stud
Nut
Guide
Gasket
Bellows
Screw
Ball
Lock screw
Disc
Adjusting ring
Body
Nozzle

Objectives Bonnets
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Open Bonnet Closed Bonnet
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Bonnets
Spring cooled by atmosphere Completely sealed safety valve
General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 16 / 17

Objectives General Design
Organizations and
General Design
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Full Nozzle Semi Nozzle
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Type 526 Type 441

Objectives Sealing Surface
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of To prevent leakage and costly product loss as well as reduce downtime
Safety Devices
and maintenance costs, LESER offers optional sealing surfaces.
DefinitionSurface
Sealing of Terms
Loading Principle Stellited O-ring disc Vulcanized Sealing Plate

Soft Seal
Opening
Characteristics  For temperatures  Operation close  Same use as O-ring  Same use as
below + 450° C / to set pressure disc O-ring disc
+ 842° F  Increased tightness  Only available for  Also applicable for
Definition of Terms
 Protection of sealing  compensates Compact very low
Definition of surface against particles on seat Performance Series temperatures own to
Back Pressure abrasive media and/or disc  Due to the small disc – 270° C / - 454° F
 Corrosion resistance size, vulcanized soft depending on the
 Vibrations restraining sealing materials
 Resistance against seals have a
 Corrosive fluids minimum set pressure
impacts and changing
temperatures of 0.2 bar / 2.9 psig

Objectives Lifting Devices
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Open Lever Packed Lever
Definition of Terms
LoadingDevices
Lifting Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Not gas-tight Gas-tight manual lifting possible
ASME Code states that a lifting device must be used on:

air, steam and hot water applications over 140° F.

Objectives Caps
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Bolted Cap (H1) Screwed Cap (H2)
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Caps
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Only if specification demands Standard on LESER valves

Objectives Test Gag
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Safety Valve In Use Gagged for Line Testing
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition
Test Gag of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
The safety valve has to be gagged to perform a pressure test of the plant,
otherwise the valve has to be removed or a blind has to be installed before.

Objectives Heating Jacket
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of In applications with highly viscous fluids (low Reynolds number)

Safety Devices
a heating jacket with heated spacer ensures:
Definition of Terms
 The proper function of a safety valve
Loading Principle
 The safety valve will not clog
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Heating Jacket

Objectives General Design
Organizations and
General Design
Associations
Classification of
Safety Devices Flanged connection Threaded connection
Definition of Terms
Loading Principle
Opening
Characteristics
Definition of Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure
Type 441 Type 526 Type 437 Type 459

Objectives Special Materials
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of As a global supplier, LESER can offer valve components in numerous

Safety Devices
materials. Especially the Compact Performance and Type 526 are
Definition of Terms
consequently focused to fulfil the requirements of high alloy materials. These
Loading Principle include the levelconcept, special cast supplier and short delivery times.
Examples for high alloy materials are:
Opening
Characteristics
 Hastelloy
Definition of Terms
 Monel
Definition of
Special Materials
Back Pressure  Duplex Stainless Steel
 Titanium
 Tantalum
 Alloy 20
 Inconel
Please check with your local LESER contact for availability, pricing and
delivery information.

Organizations and Set Pressure
Associations
Classification of The inlet gauge pressure at which the Pressure Relief Valve is set to open.
Safety Devices
 Each manufacturer defines set pressure differently
Definition of Terms
 LESER defines set pressure as:
Loading Principle
– Initial Audible discharge for vapor/gas/steam
Opening
Characteristics – First Steady Stream for liquids
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of Competitors LESER
Back Pressure 100
80
60
40
20
Set to pop Set to initial audible discharge
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

Organizations and Simmer
Associations
Classification of The audible or visible escape of compressible fluid between

Safety Devices
the seat and disc of the Pressure Relief Valve prior to set-point:
Definition of Terms
 LESER valves do NOT simmer before reaching the set pressure,
Loading Principle unlike some of our competitors
 Competitor’s typical values are between 93 and 98%
Opening
Characteristics (depending on valve design)
Definition Terms
Lift (%)
Definition of Competitors LESER
Back Pressure 100
80
60
40
Simmer
20
0 Pressure (%)
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121

Organizations and  Flutter
Associations
The abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts
Classification of
Safety Devices
of a pressure relief valve in which the disc does NOT contact the nozzle
Definition of Terms
 Chatter
The abnormal, rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts
Loading Principle of a pressure relief valve in which the disc contacts the nozzle
Opening Possible causes for the above include:
Characteristics
– Inlet pressure drop too high
Definition Terms – Excessive back pressure
– Oversized valve
Definition of
Back Pressure
Flutter Chatter
Lift (%) Lift (%)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 121
Vessel Pressure (%) Vessel Pressure (%)

Organizations and
Associations
Classification of  Effective Discharge Area

Safety Devices
The theoretical area of flow through a pressure
Definition of Terms
relief valve, as defined in API 526:
Loading Principle
– independent of any specific valve design
Opening or manufacturer
Characteristics
– Used in API sizing calculations for orifice selection
Definition Terms
Definition of
Back Pressure  Effective Coefficient of Discharge
The nominal value used with an effective
discharge area to calculate the minimum
required relieving capacity of a pressure
relief valve:
– 0.975 vapor/gas/steam
– 0.65 liquids

Objectives Definition of Back Pressure
Organizations and
Associations
Classification of  Back Pressure

Safety Devices
The pressure that exists at the outlet
Definition of Terms of a Pressure Relief Valve as a result
of the pressure in the discharge system.
Loading Principle It is the sum of the superimposed and
built-up back pressures.
Opening
Characteristics  Built-up Back Pressure
Definition of Terms
The increase in pressure at the outlet
of a Pressure Relief Valve that develops
Definitionofof
Definition as a result of flow after the Pressure Relief
Back Pressure
Back Pressure Back Pressure =
Valve opens. Always variable!
Built-up +
 Superimposed Back Pressure Superimposed
The static pressure that exists at the
outlet of the Pressure Relief Valve at
the time the valve is required to operate.
It is the result of pressure in the discharge
system coming from other sources and
may be constant, variable or both.
Note: The variable portion of the back pressure should not

exceed the allowable accumulation; otherwise, a bellows
or Pilot-Operated Safety Valve should be used.

Objectives Balanced Bellows
Organizations and Compensation of Back Pressure
Associations
Classification of  The installation of a balanced

Safety Devices Fs
bellows compensates the force of
Definition of Terms
the back pressure in closing
Loading Principle direction.
Opening  The safety valve works proper.
Characteristics
 Back pressure compensation in %:
Definition Bellows
Balanced of Terms
LESER API Series 526: Fb
Definition of
Back Pressure up to 50%
 All other LESER safety valve
equipped with a balanced
bellows: up to 35%
Balanced Bellows
Fp
Back Pressure | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 30 / 15

Terminology in Relief Valves

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Terminology in Relief Valves

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Terminology

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00

Definition of Direct-load Controlled

Controlled Safety Pressure Relief System

Relief Safety Safety Snap-acting Modulating

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 2 / 28

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 3 / 28

Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 4 / 28

Classification of A pressure relief valve in which the opening and closing

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 5 / 28

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 6 / 28

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 7 / 28

Definition of Terms Steam / Gases Liquids Steam / Gases Liquids

Loading Principle < 67 psig

ASME Fire Case 21 % – 7% –

API 520 10 % 10% 7% 20%

DIN EN ISO 4126-1 10 % 10% 15 % 20%

Overpressure / Blowdown | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 8/9

Classification of The pressure increase over the set pressure

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 9 / 28

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 10 / 28

p = set pressure pc = opening pressure

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 11 / 28

p = set pressure pc = opening pressure

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 12 / 28

Classification of The pressure at which a Pressure Relief Valve is adjusted to open

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 13 / 28

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 14 / 28

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 15 / 28

Spring cooled by atmosphere Completely sealed safety valve

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 16 / 17

Type 526 Type 441

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 17 / 17

Loading Principle Stellited O-ring disc Vulcanized Sealing Plate

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 18 / 17

Not gas-tight Gas-tight manual lifting possible

ASME Code states that a lifting device must be used on:

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 19 / 17

Only if specification demands Standard on LESER valves

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 20 / 17

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 21 / 17

Classification of In applications with highly viscous fluids (low Reynolds number)

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 22 / 17

Type 441 Type 526 Type 437 Type 459

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 23 / 17

Classification of As a global supplier, LESER can offer valve components in numerous

General Options | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 30.03.2009 | Rev. 00 24 / 17

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 25 / 28

Classification of The audible or visible escape of compressible fluid between

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 26 / 28

Vessel Pressure (%) Vessel Pressure (%)

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 27 / 28

Classification of  Effective Discharge Area

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 28 / 28

Classification of  Back Pressure

Note: The variable portion of the back pressure should not

Terminology | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 29 / 28

Classification of  The installation of a balanced

Back Pressure | LESER GmbH & Co. KG | 20.02.2009 | Rev. 00 30 / 15

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