Shubhang Garodia

Mind map of analysis

NaOH NH4OH KCN KI K2CrO4 H2S/(NH4)2S
Ag2O(Brown ppt.) AgCN(white ppt.) AgI(yellow)
I Ag2CrO4 Ag2S
Ag+  Excess N.A. Excess Excess (Brick red ppt.) (Black)
Insoluble [(Ag(CN)2] Insoluble
Pb(OH)2 (White) Pb(OH)2 (White) Pb(CN)2(white) PbI2(yellow)
PbS
Pb2+  Excess  Excess Excess Excess PbCrO4(yellow)
(Black)
[Pb(OH)4]2– Insoluble Insoluble [PbI4]2–

Hg (Black) Hg + HgS

Hg + HgO + Black Black
Hg22+ (Black) (yellow) [Link](NH2)NO3 Hg + Hg(CN)2 Hg2I2(green) Hg2CrO4(Red) HgS is sol. in A.R. &
(white) (Black) (soluble) Ex. S2– due to formtn
Black of [HgS2]2–
Black

Cu(OH)2(Pale blue) Cu(OH)2(Pale blue) CuCN + (CN)2 CuI2 (yellow)

II White 
Excess Excess Cu2I2 + I3¯ N.A. CuS(Black)
Cu2+ Excess (white) (brown)
Insoluble [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Cu(CN)4]3– Brown
HgO(yellow) [Link](NH2)Cl HgI2(Red) HgS(Black)
Hg 2+ No. ppt. N.A. HgS is sol. in A.R. &
Excess Excess Excess Ex. S2– due to formtn
Hg(CN)2 wtr. sol.
Insoluble Insoluble [HgI4] 2– of [HgS2]2–

Cd(OH)2 (white) Cd(OH)2(White) Cd(CN)2(White)

No. ppt.
Cd2+ Excess Excess CdI2 is water N.A. CdS(yellow)
Ex. soluble
2+
Insoluble [Cd(NH3)4] [Cd(CN)4]2–

Bi(OH)3(White) Bi(OH)2NO3(White) BiI3 (Black)

Boi
Bi3+ No. ppt. Ex. l BiO+ I¯ N.A. Bi2S3(Brown)
Excess Excess – Orange
Insoluble [BiI4] turbidity
Insoluble (Orange complex)

Al(OH)3(White) Al(OH)3(White) +3 H2S

III Al No. ppt
Excess Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A. +3 H2S
Al3+ Al OH¯
Al(OH)3
(white ppt.)
[Al(OH)4]– Partially soluble

Cr(OH)3(Green) Cr(OH)3 (Green) +3 H2S

Excess Cr No. ppt
Cr 3+
Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A. +3 (NH 4) 2S
[Cr(NH3)6]3+ Cr Cr(OH)3
(Green)
[Cr(OH)4]– Pink soluble complex

Fe(OH)3(Brown) Fe(OH)3(Brown) Fe(CN)3(Brown) +3 H2S +2

FeI3  Fe2++I3– Fe Fe +S
Fe3+ Excess Excess Excess unstable Brown N.A.
Fe
+3 (NH4)2 S
FeS  +S
(Black)
Insoluble Insoluble [Fe(CN)6] 3–
(yellow sol.)


Fe(OH)2(Dirty green) Fe(OH)2(Dirty green) Fe(CN)2(yellowish

brown) +2 H2S
Fe2+ Excess Excess
Excess No. ppt. N.A.
Fe No. ppt.
+2 (NH 4)2S
(not in III gp.) Fe FeS
Insoluble Insoluble [Fe(CN)6]4–(Pale yellow (Black)
sol.)

Zn(OH)2(White) Zn(OH)2(White) +2
IV Excess
Zn H2S
No. ppt.
Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A.
Zn2+ Zn
+2(NH 4)2S
ZnS
[Zn(OH)4]2– [Zn(NH3)4]2+ (white ppt.)

Mn(OH)2(pink) Mn(OH)2(pink) Mn(CN)2(Buff 2+ H2S

coloured) Mn No. ppt.
2+
Mn Excess Excess Excess No. ppt. N.A. 2+ (NH 4)2S
Mn MnS
Insoluble Insoluble [Mn(CN)6]4– (Pink)
 Shubhang Garodia
of cations (Salt Analysis)
Na2S2O3 Na2SO4 Na2SO3 Na2CO3 K4[Fe(CN)6] K3[Fe(CN)6] Other Reagents
Na3AsO3 Ag3AsO3 
Ag2S2O3(White) Ag2SO3(White) Ag2CO3
No. ppt. (yellow)
Warm Boil  (yellowish White) Na3AsO4 Ag3AsO4 
Ex. Ag2S Ag2SO4 Sp. Ex. Ag N.A. N.A.
Boil (Reddish brown)
(Black)
3–
soluble in water (Black)
Na3HPO4  Ag3PO4 
[Ag(S2O3)2] [AgSO3]¯ Ag2O (yellow)

PbS2O3(White) PbSO4(white)
Warm
PbS Hot & PbSO3  [Link](OH)2 N.A. N.A. –
Ex. conc. H2SO 4
(Black) (White) (white)
2–
[Pb(S2O3)2] Pb(HSO4)2(soluble)

Hg2CO3 (Black)
N.A. N.A. N.A.  N.A. N.A. –
Hg+HgO+CO2
KSCN  Cu(SCN)2
Cu2S2O3(white)
No ppt. No ppt. [Link](OH)2 Cu2[Fe(CN)6] Cu [Fe(CN) ]  (Black)

Excess CuSO4 is water CuSO3 is water (green) (Chocolate brown)

3 6 2 Excess
malachite (green ppt.)
[Cu6(S2O3)5] 4– soluble soluble CuSCN + (SCN)2
(White)

HgS2O3 (white)
 HgSO4.2HgO HgCO3.3HgO
Ex. N.A. N.A. N.A. –
HgS (yellow) (Brown)
2–
[Hg(S2O3)2]

No ppt. No ppt.
N.A. N.A. Cd2[Fe(CN)6] –
CdSO4 is sp. CdCO3 is sp. N.A.
(Bluish White)
water soluble water soluble
Sn(OH)42–Bi+(Sn(OH)6)2
Bi2(S2O3)3 (white) S.R.A (Black)
Bo Ex. water BiOCl ; BiONO3
Ex. il N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. (white turbidity)
Bi2S3 White turbidity is soluble in
3–
[Bi(S2O3)3] MA but insoluble in tartaric
acid. (distinction with Sb3+)

CH3COO–Al(OH)2CH3COO
(White)

N.A. No. ppt. N.A. Al(OH)3 N.A. N.A. Na2HPO4  AlPO4

(White)
(White)

Cr+3 + H2O2/OH–  CrO42–

Cr+3 + Br2/OH–  CrO42–

N.A. No. ppt. N.A. Cr(OH)3 N.A.

CrO42–+AgNO3Ag2CrO4

(Green) N.A. CrO42–+Pb(OAc)2PbCrO4

CrO42– + BaCl2  BaCrO4
ether
CrO42– + H2O2/H+  CrO5
(Blue)
CH3COO[Fe3(OH)2(OAc)6] +
[Fe(S2O3)2]– Boil
(purple) Fe(OH)3 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 Fe[Fe(CN)6]
Excess No. ppt. No. ppt. Fe(OH)2(CH3COO)
(Brown) (Prussian blue) (Brown colouration) (Blood red ppt.)

Fe+2 + S4O62– SCN–  Fe(SCN)3

(Blood red soln.)

No. ppt. K2Fe[Fe(CN)6] Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 –

N.A. No. ppt. No. ppt. (White ppt.) (Turnbull’s blue)

ZnCO3.3Zn(OH)2
(white) Zn2[Fe(CN)6]
N.A. No. ppt. No. ppt.  N.A. –
(White)
ZnO(White) Pure
Mn+2+PbO2/HNO3HMnO4
Mn+2+NaBiO3/H+ HMnO4
N.A. No. ppt. No. ppt. N.A. N.A. N.A. Mn+2 + Pb3O4/H+  HMnO4
Mn+2 + Pb2O3/H+  HMnO4
Shubhang Garodia
NH4+
1. Test with alkali solution (NaOH, KOH)
NaOH + NH4+  NH3 + H2O + Na+
Turns red litmus blue
NH3 gas can be identified by following reagents

dil
 NH Cl (white dense fumes)
HCl 4

CuSO
4
NH3  
  [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 (Deep blue)
so ln .

+
O
Nessler's
 I(Brown ppt.)
reagent Hg Hg
NH2

iodide of millon’s base

OR
Oxy dimercury ammonium iodide
2. Test with other reagents.

Na3[Co(NO2)6]
(NH4)3[Co(NO2)6](yellow ppt.)
H2[PtCl6]
NH4+ (NH4)2[PtCl6](yellow ppt.)
NaH C4H4O6
(NH4)H C4H4O6(white crystalline)
(Sodium hydrogen tartarate)
Note: K+ ion also gives similar test with above reagents, hence K+ ion must be absent in testing solution.

K+
Na3[Co(NO2)6]
K3[Co(NO2)6](yellow)
H2[PtCl6]
K+ K2[PtCl6] (yellow)
NaH C4H4O6
KH C4H4O6 (white crystalline)

Distinction : K+ + HClO4  KClO4  white

NH4+ + HClO4  No ppt.

Na+
KH2SbO4
NaH2SbO4 (white)
+
Na 2+ 2+
Mg + 3UO2 + 9CH3 OO
NaMg(UO2)3(Ac)9 (yellow)
Magnesium uranyl acetate

Mg2+

4 NH OH
Mg2+ + Na2HPO4 + NH4+    MgNH4 PO4 + 2Na+ + H+
(white ppt.)

Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O

(white)
Shubhang Garodia
Ni2+

Me – C = N – OH NH4 OH
Ni+2 + |    [Ni(DMG)2]
Me – C = N – OH Rosy red ppt.
DMG  = 0 BM (dsp2)
Co+2 / Fe+2 + DMG  [Fe/Co(DMG)2] ( Red colouration)

Co2+
[Co(H2O)6]+2 + NO2– + H+  [Co(H2O)6]+3 + NO + H2O

[Co(H2O)6]+3 + 6KNO2  K3 [Co(NO2)6]  + 3K+ + 6H2O

(yellow ppt.)
(fischer’s salt)
Hg(NO3)2 + Co(SCN)2  Co[Hg(SCN)4] 
Deep blue ppt.

Group V
Reagent Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+
(NH4)2CrO4 BaCrO4  × ×
(yellow ppt.)

(NH4)2SO4 BaSO4  SrSO4 ×

(white ppt.)

(NH4)2C2O4 BaC2O4 SrC2O4  CaC2O4

(white ppt.) (white ppt.) (white ppt.)

Solubility Trends
dil. HNO3 NH4OH CN– soln Hypo soln
1. AgCl ×
AgBr ×
AgI × ×
Ag2S × ×

2. All water insoluble black metal sulphide are soluble in hot

and dil. HNO3 except HgS.
3. FeS is the only black metal sulphide soluble in non-oxidising
acid.
4. In gneral Pb salts are soluble in dil.HNO3 & Ex. NaOH soln.
5. All water insoluble CrO42– salts are insoluble in acetic acid
axcept SrCrO4 (yellow).
6. All water insoluble C2O42– salts are insoluble in acetic acid
except BaC2O4 (white).