Learning Objectives
1. To explain the learning process;
2. To discuss the factors that influence
the learning process; and
3. To apply principles of learning to
your academic life
If cognition, memory, and intelligence
are underlying mechanisms that allow
people to perceive, process, and apply
information for daily adaptation, then
learning is a natural consequence of
these mechanisms.
Learning
Learning is defined as a relatively (1)
permanent change in a (2) person’s
knowledge or behavior as a (3) result of
experience.
1. The change is long-term;
2. The source of change comes from within
the external structures of memory or
knowledge of the individual; and
3. The change is attributed to the personal
experiences of the learner in his/her
environment.
• When knowledge or information is
transferred to long-term memory which
are further elaborated, rehearsed, and
practiced, then learning happens.
Learning
• Learning can result from direct
and indirect experiences.
• Learning enables people to
discover new knowledge,
technology, and interventions.
Metacognition and
Self-regulated
Learning
Metacognition
•It is the awareness of one’s thinking
and the strategies one is using to learn.
• The ‘meta’ in metacognition refers to
higher-order cognition about cognition.
- “thinking about thinking”
Self-regulated learning
•It is the process in which students
systematically direct their
thoughts, feelings, and actions
toward the attainment of their
academic goals.
Self-regulated learning
• Self-regulated describes a process
of taking control of evaluating
one’s own learning and behavior.
Students transform their mental
abilities into academic skills.
Self-regulated learning
• Self-regulated learning is a
cyclical process, wherein the
student plans for a task,
monitors their performance,
and then reflects on the
outcome.
GENERAL BENEFITS OF
METACOGNITION AND
SELF-REGULATION IN
LEARNING
1. Increase students’ knowledge and understanding of
the subject-matters.
2. Help students to choose the most appropriate and
useful learning strategies to improve their learning
capabilities.
3. Help students to choose the most appropriate and
useful learning strategies to improve their learning
capabilities.
4. Help students to organize daily tasks in school.
5. Help students identify strengths and weaknesses
in their academic performance.
6. Allows students to learn ideas from others such as
their teachers and classmates.
7. Allows students to give and receive feedback in
their own thinking and performance.
8. Develop autonomy and control among
students.
9. Improves academic performance and
success.
10. Develops high sense of self-efficacy and
self-esteem.
SOCIAL
COGNITIVE
THEORY
Social Cognitive Theory
• It emphasizes the
value of the social
environment in one’s
learning process that
is built on
observational
learning.
4 stages in observational
learning
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. Motivation
4 stages in
observational learning
1.Attention
When an individual focuses on
information that he or she
perceives to be interesting and
useful.
1.Attention
When an individual
focuses on information that
he or she perceives to be
interesting and useful.
2. Retention
Stores and gives a
mental representation of
the information
3. Motor reproduction
recalls and rehearses
the information given
4. Motivation
Repeats the entire
process constantly and
consistently
Learning
It happens even beyond
classroom
When there is an
observable change in one’s
perceptions and behavior,
learning happens
Learning
It is not limited to
desirable outcomes; one
can also learn from
undesirable situations.
Learning
According to social cognitive
theory, there is an interaction of
personal, environmental, and
behavioral factors that accounts for
behavioral change.
• learning is underlined by
notions of self-efficacy and
human agency.
Self-efficacy
it is defined as the extent to which
people believe that they can
confidently learn and master a
particular skill.
Development of Self-efficacy
Accomplishing simple tasks that lead to
more complex tasks
Mastery Experience
Social Modelling Observing an identifiable model who
accomplishes the task
Improving physical Being relaxed and calm before pursuing a
challenging task
and emotional states
Verbal persuasion Providing encouragement and feedback
during the accomplishment of a
challenging task
Human agency
People are not products of inner
forces or environments; they are
self-regulating and proactive.
Human Agency
is the capacity for human beings to
make choices and to impose those
choices on the world.
Human agency
Making an active decision to engage in
Intentionality particular activities
Anticipating outcomes and consequences of
Forethought particular actions
Constructing and regulating behavior
Self-reactiveness appropriately
Self-reflectiveness Reflecting and evaluating one’s thoughts and
behavior
Two strategies in learning
1.Surface learning
2.Deep learning
1.Surface learning
• You simply accept information
presented to you and memorize them
in an isolated and unlinked manner
2. Deep Learning
• Deeper understanding of information
by creating significantly meaningful
links across different concepts and how
it can be applied in practical ways.
Deep learning strategies
1. Taking down notes
•Students reinforce the
retention and
comprehension of ideas
and can relate them to
past information they have
already stored
2. Asking questions during
class sessions
• Asking questions during class
fosters individual and group
discovery through an active
discussion between teacher
and students.
• It also allows opportunity for
immediate feedback of the
learning process.
3. Creating cognitive maps
• Making meaningful
connections among different
forms of information learned
• Linking concepts together to
arrive at valuable meanings
and also to enable transfer to
valuable concepts to long-
term memory
4. Engaging in collaborative
learning activities with mentors
and peers
• Students can converse,
exchange ideas, and
debate so as to sharpen
your collaborative learning
skills
5. Going beyond the mandatory
course requirements
• Reading additional
reference materials,
watching films, going
on for alternative
learning experience,
engaging in other
learning opportunities
homework
Answer “My Study Habits”
My Commitments
List 5 commitments:
• Commit yourself to further improve your study habits. Write your
commitments below using the format, “From now on,
________________________________________________________
