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PRINCIPLES AND RECENT PRACTICES OF INSULATION COORDINATION IN JAPAN
by
T. KAWAMURA (Shibaura Institute of Technology) T. KOUNO (Kogakuin University)
S. SASAKI (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry) E. ZAIMA (Tokyo Electric Power Co.)*
T. UEDA (Chubu Electric Power Co.) Y. KATO (Kansai Electric Power Co.)
(JAPAN)
Summary
Insulation coordination is an indispensable factor
underlying power system design, relying on overvoltage
control technology with surge arresters, reliability of
equipment, and soundness of economy and system
performance. This paper describes the principles of
insulation coordination in Japan and the technological
background of insulation reduction based on ten-year
service experience. It also describes recent practices in
insulation coordination related to the insulation design
of a 550kV underground cable system, the propriety of
an overvoltage analysis using observation data at 77kV
substations, and the resonant overvoltage within a
transformer due to a lightning strike on a transmission
line.
Keywords
Insulation Coordination, Insulation Reduction, GIS,
Transformer, Surge Arrester, Overvoltage Analysis,
Equipment Insulation Characteristics, 550kV
Underground Substation, Lightning Observation,
Resonant Overvoltage
1. INTRODUCTION
Power transmission lines and substations in Japan
have been expanded in scale and upgraded to higher
voltages to keep up with the rapid growth of electricity
demand in urban areas and remoter locations of
generating stations. The current highest-voltage system,
at 550kV, has been extensively employed since its first
operation in 1973, and is operating satisfactorily as a
main transmission system. Surge arresters have been a
key technology in insulation coordination. In Japan, the
metal oxide surge arrester was introduced for
application in substations in 1975 and has been widely
*4-1,Egasaki-cho,Tsurumi-ku,YOKOHAMA 230
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Session 2000
© CIGRÉ
applied with the spread of GIS (Gas Insulated
Switchgears) for voltages up to 550kV.
To respond to the remoter locations of generating
stations and further upgraded power systems,
transmission lines designed for 1,100kV have already
been constructed and are now operated at 550kV. If
power facilities are simply enlarged along with this
tendency toward higher voltages, the power supply cost
inevitably increases. Therefore, an accurate study of the
phenomenon of high-voltage insulation and a careful
review of cases were required to reduce power supply
cost. In a study of 1,100kV transmission, insulation
coordination was extensively reviewed [1][2] and
insulation of power facilities was optimized for
economy throughout the transmission line and the
substations. A high-performance metal oxide surge
arrester was developed to control the overvoltage of the
1,100kV system effectively. In this case, a detailed
study of sophisticated insulation coordination has
become possible through a more accurate understanding
of overvoltage using advanced digital analysis
technology and data collected over a long period on
equipment insulation characteristics. With this technical
progress in the background, an effort to further reduce
insulation [3][4] was made for extra high voltages, such
as at 275kV and 550kV, with the potential for more cost
reductions, while maintaining the high reliability of the
power system.
This paper describes the principles of insulation
coordination in Japan and the technological background
of insulation reduction. It also describes recent practices
in insulation coordination for the insulation design of a
550kV underground cable system, the propriety of
overvoltage analysis using observation data at 77kV
substations, and the resonant overvoltage within a
transformer due to lightning strike on the transmission
line. As overvoltage due to lightning is the most 2.2 Basic Conditions for Lightning Overvoltage
predominant factor for selecting the insulation level of Analysis [8][9]
substation equipment, this paper mainly focuses on the In Japan, the insulation design of substation
lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV). equipment for lightning assumes the overvoltage that
could occur at substations under the most severe
2. PRINCIPLES OF INSULATION COORDINATION lightning conditions with tower back-flashover due to a
lightning strike adjacent to a substation. The
2.1 Basic Principles recommended values for the assumed lightning current
Insulation of power facilities must be technically and amplitude (waveshape: 1/70 µs) are standardized by
economically optimized throughout the transmission system voltage class, as shown in Table 2.1.
line and the substations.[5][6][7][8] Surge arresters are In this table, we review lightning current amplitude
often used at substations to control overvoltage and an so that 40kA should be added to the previous 30kA for
appropriate insulation level is chosen in consideration of 66/77kV system if required. It is derived from a survey
the importance and the configuration of facilities. result in which the lightning failure rate in the 66/77KV
In Japan, LIWV for equipment had been uniformly system was higher than those in other voltage classes.
determined by system voltage class, and installing the Table 2.2 shows the survey results for lightning failures
minimum number of surge arresters at the substation at substations by voltage class over approximately 16
had been the basic requirement for suppressing years from 1982 to 1997.
overvoltage values within such standard values. In an For important 66/77kV substations where lightning
effort to pursue further cost reductions [7][8] in recent strikes and lightning failures occur frequently, adoption
years, the insulation of 550kV and 275kV substation of 40kA assumed lightning current amplitude enables us
equipment has been effectively reduced by installing the to use the previous LIWV values by installing a surge
proper numbers of high-performance metal oxide surge arrester at the entrance of a transmission line.
arresters at appropriate locations, with technical
developments such as precise overvoltage analysis Table 2.1 Assumed Lightning Current Amplitude for Analysis
technology and better understanding of equipment
insulation characteristics. Fig. 2.1 shows the insulation Voltage [kV] 66/77 154 275 550 1100
coordination procedure for a system. Amplitute [kA] 30, 40 60 100 150 200
The surge arresters are installed at the entrance of a
transmission line and near transformers for 550kV GIS Table 2.2 Lightning Failure of Substations in Japan(1982-1997)
substations, and at the entrance of a transmission line
for GIS substations of 275kV and below, respectively. Voltage [kV] 66/77 154 275 550
The surge arresters installed at the entrances of 500kV
Nr. of Failures (A) 50 3 2 0
substations can also effectively reduce switching
overvoltage on the transmission line in combination Nr. of Facilities (B) 3356 1316 929 264
Rate of Failure
with the closing resistance of the circuit breaker. (A/B/15.5years)
0.00096 0.00015 0.00014 0.00000

Requirements of system 3. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND OF INSULATION

REDUCTION

Suppression of overvoltage 3.1 Effective Overvoltage Control by Applying Higher

• Surge arrester Performance and More Appropriate Layout of
• Switching with resistance Surge Arresters
Overvoltage at substations can be controlled by
surge arresters. In Japan, metal oxide surge arresters
Analysis of overvoltages were introduced to substations in 1975 and have been
• Lightning overvoltage widely applied as a key technology for insulation
• Switching overvoltage coordination [10]. A high-performance metal oxide
• Temporary overvoltage surge arrester was developed in early 1980s for 1,100kV
systems on the basis of the arrester’s technology and
service experience [1]. It has excellent protection
Insulation characteristics
characteristics, a residual voltage of 1,620kV (1.80pu)
of equipment
at 20kA (V20kA), with flatter voltage-current
characteristics than conventional models, long-term
Establishment of test voltage reliability under high-voltage stress, and higher
• Total system discharging capability. It effectively controls
• Reliability overvoltages from switching surge to lightning surge
• Economical efficiency areas with a wide range of flatness from low-current to
high-current areas.
Fig.2.1 Insulation Coordination Procedure for System Applying this technology to a 550kV surge arrester

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[4] has enabled us to reduce protection characteristics
by about 30% by achieving a residual voltage of 870kV
(1.94pu) at 10kA (V10kA) in The Japanese
Electrotechnical Committee (JEC)-2372-1995[11]
against the previous standard value of 1,220kV
(2.72pu). Fig. 3.1 shows a comparison of voltage-
current characteristics between a high-performance
metal oxide surge arrester and a conventional arrester
model. Table 3.1 shows the protection levels (standard
values) of GIS-type metal oxide surge arresters between
66/77kV and 550kV [12]. In Japan, the grounding
system is a resistance system for 66/77kV and 154kV,
and a direct system for 275kV and 550kV.
High-performance metal oxide surge arresters have
been operating satisfactorily since 1987 with the
number of arresters reaching approximately 890 phases
in Japan. Fig. 3.2 shows an example of a 550kV high-
performance metal oxide surge arrester.
3.2 Obtaining a Precise Understanding of Overvoltage
Using Sophisticated Analysis Technology
Together with the development of high-performance
metal oxide surge arresters, improving overvoltage
analysis technology has contributed much to overall
studies of insulation reduction. An analog transient
network analyzer (TNA) was previously used to analyze
overvoltage for 550kV equipment. Recently, EMTP
(Electro-Magnetic Transients Program), a digital
simulation transient analysis program, has allowed us to
easily conduct high-precision overvoltage analyses. In
Japan, a more accurate understanding of overvoltage has
become available in lightning overvoltage analyses of
substations with the improved precision of simulation
circuits using a frequency-dependent eight-phase model
of the transmission line, a multi-story transmission
model for tower, and a leader model for back-flashover
between horns [3][8][13].

3.3 Systematic Understanding of Insulation

Table 3.1 Protection Level of GIS Surge Arrester Characteristics of Equipment
Understanding the insulation characteristics of
Voltage equipment has also greatly contributed to setting
66 77 154 275 500 1100
[kV] appropriate withstand voltages. Equipment insulation
V10kA characteristics to convert analyzed overvoltage
229 267 533 600 870 1550
[kV] waveshape into standard waveshape at test voltage, V-n
JEC-2373-1998
Japanese JEC-2372-1995 characteristics to evaluate multi-frequency surges,
(Resistance
Grounding
(Direct Grounding - impulse-AC voltage superposed characteristics, and
Standard System)
System) partial discharge V-t characteristics were measured and
reflected when setting withstand voltage [4][13][14]
[15].
As an example, we describe the partial discharge
inception voltage-time characteristics (V-t
characteristics) of equipment here. To set a highly
reliable and rational AC test voltage, we systematically
measured and obtained data on the major insulation
components of a transformer, such as between turns,
between core-type barrier oil channels and between
sections for periods ranging from several tens
milliseconds to several months. Fig. 3.3 shows data for
the partial discharge V-t characteristics of a transformer
between shell-type sections.

Fig.3.1 V-I Characteristics of UHV/550kV High-

Performance Metal Oxide Surge Arrester

Fig.3.2 550kV High-performance Metal Oxide Surge Fig.3.3 Partial Discharge V-t Characteristics of Transformer
Arrester (Between Shell-type Sections)

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 4.2 Service Experience with Rationalized Equipment
and Cost-reduction Effect
Equipment with reduced insulation has been
operating satisfactorily for about ten years. For
example, 550kV transformers having 1300kV as LIWV
and GISs having 1425kV as LIWV have been operated

Table 4.1 Reduced LIWV for 275kV and above in

Japan

275kV 550kV (UHV

Voltage
Substation Substation Substation)
Transformer
Fig.3.4 Pattern of Long-duration Power-frequency LIW [kV]
950 1300 1950
Withstand Voltage for 550kV Transformer V
GIS [kV] 950 1425 2250
LA V10kA [kV] 600 870 1550
3.4 Reasonable Power-frequency Withstand Voltage
A long-duration power-frequency withstand voltage Table 4.2 Test Voltage in Japan (JEC0102-1994)
test with partial discharge measurements (1.5E - 1 hour,
2E - 5 minutes and 1.5E - 1 hour) was previously Power-frequency Withstand Voltage
conducted for a 550kV transformer with the short- Voltage LIWV [kVrms]
duration power-frequency withstand test (so-called [kV] [kVpeak] Short Duration Long Duration
“one-minute withstand test”) adopted for voltages of
66 350 140 -
275kV and below. Since the study on UHV started, it
was decided to abolish the conventional short-duration 77 400 160 -
power-frequency withstand test and adopt only the long- 154 750 325 -
duration power-frequency withstand test with partial 950
275 - 250-330-250
discharge measurements, based on new data on partial 1050
discharge V-t characteristics and good service 1300
experience of 550kV equipment covering more than 20 1425
500 - 475-635-475
years. 1550
This long-duration power-frequency withstand 1800
voltage aims not only to confirm dielectric withstand
but also to confirm the presence of a partial discharge as
a precursory phenomenon of dielectric breakdown and
to verify dielectric strength. It is a combination of the
short-duration section to confirm dielectric strength
against temporary overvoltage in the case of a one-line
ground fault and load rejection with the long-duration
section to confirm long-term dielectric strength against
operating voltage. Looking at the example of a long-
duration power-frequency withstand voltage for a
550kV transformer based on partial discharge V-t
characteristics data [4][7], 1.5E - 5 minutes, 2E – 1
minute and 1.5E - 1 hour patterns are adopted as shown
in Fig. 3.4.

4. INSULATION COORDINATION IN JAPAN Fig.4.1 Recent Practice for Reducing LIWV of

Substation Equipment in Japan
4.1 Test Voltage of Substation Equipment
In Japan, most rational test voltage values were
standardized in 1994 as shown in Table 4.1 by installing
high-performance metal oxide surge arresters at 550kV
and 275kV GIS substations. At UHV class, LIWV is
rationally set at 1,950kV for a transformer and 2,250kV
for a GIS, respectively [13].
Table 4.2 indicates standard test voltage values
(JEC-0102-1994 [7]) ranging from 66/77kV to 550kV.
Fig. 4.1 shows recent practices for reducing the LIWV
of substation equipment in Japan.

Fig.4.2 550kV GIS (LIWV:1425kV)

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satisfactorily since 1991 and 1992, respectively. The overvoltage values (conversion coefficient: 1.19 for a
numbers of cases using such equipment has totaled 40 transformer, 1.45 for a GIS [14]) and indicated in
for transformers and 114 bays for GISs. Fig. 4.2 shows parentheses.
a 550kV GIS having 1425kV as LIWV at Nishi-Gunma The maximum values of lightning overvoltage
switching station of Tokyo Electric Power Company (including converted ones) are 1,211kV without surge
(TEPCO). arrester and 818kV with surge arrester as the opening
As a result of this insulation reduction, cost can be overvoltage when interrupting the fault current through
reduced by 10% in the case of a 550kV GIS. a transformer upon clearing a bus-bar fault for a
transformer and 1,257kV as the disconnecting
5. RECENT INSULATION COORDINATION overvoltage for a GIS.
PRACTICES IN JAPAN Considering the analysis results above, the LIWV of
transformers may be considered to be either 1,300kV
5.1 Insulation Design of a 550kV Underground without surge arrester or 1,050kV with surge arrester
Substation (Even if LIWV is reduced to below 1,050kV, cost
As power demand is increasing in the metropolitan cannot be reduced due to the restriction resulting from
area of Tokyo, a 550kV underground cable system [16], the power-frequency withstand voltage.). A cost-
which is scheduled to operate from November 2000, is effective 1,050kV with surge arrester was adopted to
now under construction at TEPCO, in addition to the reduce insulation, compared with the LIWV of 1,300kV
current 275kV underground cable system. Fig. 5.1 for 550kV transformers in the overhead transmission
shows the 275kV and 550kV power systems in the system.
Tokyo metropolitan area and in the suburbs. The
planned 550kV XLPE cable is an approximately 40km Table 5.1 Overvoltage Analyzed at 550kV Underground
line to be extended from an external 550kV overhead Substation
transmission line, and the substation connected to this
line is a 550kv/275kV GIS underground substation. Transformer [kV]
Overvoltage Without GIS [kV]
LIWV of the transformer can be reduced to 1,050kV Arrester
With Arrester
compared to the transformation equipment connected to Lightning 700 or
an overhead transmission line, because a high lightning 700 or below -
Overvoltage below
overvoltage need not be considered in the insulation Disconnecting
539 - 1257
design of 550kV substation equipment in an Overvoltage
underground substation connected to a long-distance Closing 768
Overvoltage
606 (721) -
cable. (1114)
Opening 768
763 (908) -
(1) Overvoltage of 550kV underground substation and Overvoltage (1114)
Opening
insulation design of its equipment Overvoltage of
We analyzed the overvoltage for substation Transformer
1018 (1211) 687 (818) -
equipment (transformers, GISs). Table 5.1 shows Current
analyzed results for lightning, disconnecting, and
closing and opening overvoltages. In the transformer, The analysis results above require the LIWV of GIS
the opening overvoltage when interrupting the fault to be more than 1,300kV. We adopted 1,425kV as the
current through transformer (described below) upon LIWV for GIS for the following reasons. As the
clearing a bus-bar fault was analyzed under conditions dominant factors in determining the GIS tank diameter
with and without a surge arrester at the 550kV terminal. are operating stress (electric field at the bottom of tank)
As switching impulse withstand voltage is not specified and temperature rise, there is little difference between
in Japan for 550kV substation equipment, the switching 1,300kV and 1,425kV. Adoption of 1,425kV as LIWV
overvoltage values are converted into lightning of GIS, the same value as the overhead transmission
system, would be convenient for replacement purposes
taking compatibility into consideration.

(2) Opening overvoltage when interrupting the fault

Fig.5.1 Power System in the Metropolitan Area of Tokyo
current through a transformer
When clearing the 550kV bus-bar ground fault of a
550kV underground substation, a comparatively high
switching overvoltage, opening overvoltage due to
interruption of the fault current through the transformer,
occurs if the circuit breaker at the transmission line is
opened prior to the circuit breaker at the primary
terminal of the transformer.
The mechanism of this overvoltage is as follows:
• When clearing the 550kV bus-bar ground fault of a

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Table 5.2 Overvoltage Analyzed at the Primary
Terminal of Transformer in a 550kV
Underground Substation
Load connected Overvoltage [kV]
to B Substation Without Surge With Surge
[MW] Arrester Arrester
No Load 1038 - Primary Terminal of Transformer in a 550kV
500 1018 687
1000 994 - arrester/500MW)
2000 958 -
3000 924 -
550kV underground substation (A Substation in Fig.
5.2), if the circuit breaker at the transmission line
(CB1) is opened prior to the circuit breaker at the
primary terminal of transformer (CB2), the 550kV
bus-bar voltage of the power source substation (B
Substation) recovers a value almost equivalent to that
of the power source voltage.
• The resulting high transient recovery voltage and the
transient recovery voltage that occurs when the circuit
breaker at the primary terminal of transformer (CB2)
is opened are superposed, producing a much
higher　overvoltage.
The smaller the load to the B Substation is, the
higher the overvoltage produced is, as shown in Table
5.2. Taking into account routine system operation, we
considered insulation design based on the overvoltage
that occurs when the load above is 500MW
(approximately 30% the maximum value). Fig. 5.3
shows the waveshape of overvoltage analyzed at the
primary terminal of transformer (without surge arrester).
The overvoltage due to this phenomenon also occurs
at the overhead system. However, the voltage at the
primary terminal of transformer falls to an almost stable
state before the circuit breaker at the primary terminal
of transformer is opened, because the transient recovery
voltage at the power supply side attenuates soon due to
its high natural frequency 1 / 2π LC , because of the
relatively small capacitance of the system. As a result,
the overvoltage values produced are smaller than those
Fig.5.2 550kV System Analyzed for Opening
Overvoltage due to Interruption of the Fault
Current through Transformer
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Fig.5.3 Waveshape of Overvoltage Analyzed at the
Underground Substation (Without surge
in the underground transmission system.
5.2 Validation of Analysis Using Measured Data at
77kV Substations
To study a rational insulation design for a substation,
we must understand how overvoltage due to lightning
strike occurs at a substation [17][18]. Characteristics of
lightning surges were observed by Chubu Electric
Power Company (CEPCO) at two 77kV substations
[18]. A study of this data, for example, back-flashover
lightning surges, led to an improvement of overvoltage
analysis.
(1) Actual measurements and observation results of
lightning surges at 77kV substations
CEPCO observed lightning surges at two air-
insulated 77kV substations (T Substation and F
Substation) in areas with frequent lightning strikes and
at connected transmission lines from 1990 to 1993. Fig.
5.4 shows the measurement system for lightning surges
at T Substation. Lightning voltage and current at the
entrance of transmission line, voltage of transformer,
and current of surge arrester were observed at the
substations. In addition, Rogowski coils were installed
on the overhead grounding wire of the transmission line
and at the feet of towers near the substation to
simultaneously measure lightning waveshape and locate
lightning strike points.
Waveshape data were obtained for a total of 164
lightning strike cases during four years of observations
from 1990 to 1993. Back-flashover lightning was most
numerous (35%), followed by multi-lightning after
back-flashover (30%) and induced lightning (20%).
Most lightning strikes had negative polarity, and only
induced lightning strikes were positive. Fig. 5.5 shows
the distribution of peak values in overvoltage at each
measuring point of F Substation. Relatively high voltage
values are recorded at the entrance of line 1L with an
opened disconnecting switch and without a surge
arrester. Extremely high voltages (max. 501kV) above
400kV, the LIWV level of the 77kV system, were
observed twice. Induced lightning surges above 300kV,
at which the arrester operates, were also observed.
(2) Measured waveshapes and their features
We present example of back-flashovered
waveshape. At T substation in Fig. 5.4, lightning of -
35kA struck an overhead grounding wire between the
second (No.16) and the third towers (No.15)(about
Fig.5.4 Measuring System of Lightning Surge at
77kV Substations
Fig.5.5 Overvoltage Distribution at 77kV Substation
(F Substation)
500m from the substation), with back-flashover on both
1L and 2L transmission lines for a total of four phases
(phases W and B), and intruded into the substation. Fig.
5.6 to left shows the observed waveshapes for the
transmission line voltage and current, transformer
voltage, and surge arrester current.
As indicated by “1L Line Voltage” in this figure, the
waveshapes of Phase B (flashover phase) become
positive due to induction. Then, arc horn voltage
increases, and waveshapes become negative as a
negative lightning strike current flows in the power line
when the arc horn flashovers. Their bottoms flatten as
an extremely negative surge voltage is suppressed by
the surge arrester of the substation.
(3) Comparison with EMTP-based analysis
To verify the propriety of the EMTP-based analysis,
measured waveshapes were compared with analyzed
waveshapes. Fig. 5.6 right shows analyzed waveshapes
in a lightning surge analysis. Both waveshapes agree
well each other.
5.3 Resonant Overvoltage within a Transformer
Resonant overvoltage within a transformer [19] due
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Fig.5.6 Comparison of Measured Waveshape and
Analyzed Waveshape
to a lightning strike on a transmission line was
experienced at a 550kV generating station in Japan [20].
It was found that lightning overvoltage can be
effectively reduced by high-performance metal oxide
surge arresters, but when the predominant frequency
due to resonance between the lightning point and the
substation matches the resonant frequency of the
transformer, a dielectric breakdown failure could occur
in the case of a high response at this frequency. This
phenomenon must be carefully considered for insulation
coordination when carrying out the basic design of the
transformer.
(1) Dielectric breakdown of transformer due to resonant
overvoltage
In the system shown in Fig. 5.7, a lightning strike on
an overhead grounding wire caused a back-flashover on
a nearby tower (No.7, about 3km from the station),
lightning surges intruded into the substation and a
dielectric breakdown occurred at the tap-winding of the
main transformer. To study these phenomena, we
simulated the transformer and conducted an EMTP-
based lightning surge analysis using lightning strike
current waveshapes that were assumed from those
 Fig.5.7 Transmission Pass of Lightning Surge into Transformer
Fig.5.8 Frequency Analysis of Overvoltage
observed by the Rogowski coils at the foot of the back-
flashover tower.
The overvoltage occurring at the No. 7 tower, where
lightning intruded, was about 6,000kV, but it gradually
attenuated during transmission on the line and was
reduced by the surge arrester at the entrance of the
substation. Then, upon passing through the GIS and
cables, it finally declined to about 410kV at the high-
voltage transformer terminal. This value is below the
operational level of a transformer surge arrester, and is
sufficiently lower than the LIWV (1550kV) of a 550kV
transformer. As a result of a frequency analysis on the
voltage waveshapes at each surge transmission point as
shown in Fig.5.8, it was found that a predominant
voltage with a component of about 300kHz is imposed
on the high-voltage transformer terminal and its
frequency almost agrees with the resonant frequency of
the tap-winding of the transformer. It is assumed,
therefore, that a voltage oscillation occurred at the tap-
winding and a dielectric breakdown occurred due to the
high response at this frequency.
(2) Countermeasures for existing transformers
We installed a surge absorber between coils as a
countermeasure to control overvoltage that could occur
-8-
Fig.5.9 Overvoltage at tap-winding of transformer
at the tap-windings inside a transformer. Fig. 5.9 shows
the effect that can control resonant overvoltage with a
surge absorber.
6. CONCLUSION
The principles of insulation coordination, the
technical background of insulation reduction of
substation equipment, and service experience are
described in this paper. Insulation coordination in Japan
has been technically and economically optimized
throughout all voltage classes on the basis of metal
oxide surge arrester. In particular, insulation of
equipment in the 275kV and 550kV class is effectively
reduced by applying the proper numbers of high-
performance metal oxide surge arresters at appropriate
locations in the substation, with the technical
background of sophisticated overvoltage analysis and a
better understanding of equipment insulation
characteristics. Good service experience with this
equipment having reduced insulation over ten years
shows us that the principles of insulation coordination
are reasonable.
Recent practices in insulation coordination are also
described in this paper. They cover the insulation
reduction of equipment at a 550kV underground Substations,” ISH, 70.05, 1993
substation, validation of overvoltage analysis using [19] R. Malewski et al.: “Measurement of Switching
observation data at 77kV substation, and resonant Transients in 735kV Substations and Assessment of
overvoltage within a transformer due to a lightning their Severity for Transformer Insulation,” IEEE
strike on a transmission line. Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.3, No.4, pp1380-1390,
1988
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38-04, 1988
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paper 33-04, 1988
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[11] The Japanese Electrotechnical Committee: “Gas
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[12] The Japanese Electrotechnical Committee, “Gas
Insulated Metal-enclosed Surge Arresters (For 3.3-
154kV),” JEC-2373-1998
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[14] The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan: “Test
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