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CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT
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Re-Accredited Level IV by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the
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WRITTEN REPORT IN EL 112: SURVEY OF AFRO

ASIAN LITERATURE

Arabian
Literature
In the Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirement in EL 112: Survey of
Afro Asian Literature

Prepared by:

BACTAD, Jerico D.
GUILLAS, Sheffany Jhoy E.
TORRES, Cheska B.
STA MARINA, Danica F.

BSED ENGLISH 2-B

2nd Semester 2021-2022
 Submitted to:
Frincess T. Flores
Professor

TITLE Arabian Literature

I. INTROD
UCTION
INSTRUCTION
TO THE Work through the sections of this paper in the order presented in the
LEARNERS graphic below.

1 2 3 4 5

1. Preparatory Activities
2. Developmental Activities
3. Closure Activities
4. Synthesis
5. Evaluation

II. LEARNI Learners should be able to:

NG a) Summarize the different examples of Arabian Literature / Stories.
OBJECTI b) Analyze the Arabian Literature form and context.
VES c) Express one’s thoughts, feelings, ideas and experiences.
III.CONTEN The class will try to pronounce those phonetics words that will flash on
T the screen.
A. PREP
ARAT əˈreɪbɪən
ORY ˈlɪtərɪʧə
ACTI ˈælə
VITIE məˈhæmɪd
S kɒˈrɑːn
ˈɪzlɑːm
ˈeɪʒə
ˈmʊslɪm
ˈprɒfɪt
ˈsɔːdi əˈreɪbɪə
ˈfɑːstɪŋ
 Answer:
1. Arabian
2. Literature
3. Allah
4. Muhammad
5. Koran
6. Islam
7. Asia
8. Muslim
9. Prophet
10. Fasting
B. DEVE Introduction of Asia and Arabian Literature
LOPM By: Sheffany Guilas
ENTA
L Peoples of Asia
ACTIV
ITIES Asian refers to all the people who are residing in Asia.

GUI There are many countries that form a part of the continent of Asia like the
Islamic nations and the Southeastern countries of Nepal, India and
LAS, Bangladesh. Asia has the largest land mass in the whole world and is a
SHE home to a majority of human population that is residing in the world.
FFA Most of the densely populated countries of the world are situated in Asia.
There are a large number of countries that constitute this continent and as
NY a result it is home to a wide variety of cultures and traditions. People of
JHO Asia are very strongly attached to their homelands and find it very painful
Y E. to separate from their native countries.

Asia is well known for celebrations and festivals. It is a land where

festivals of different cultures and religions are being celebrated. Among
the major Hindu festivals are Diwali, Holi, Baisakhi, and Eid ul-Fitr,
Dusshera, Onam and Christmas and are celebrated with great fervor all
over India

Official Languages of Asia

Asia and Europe are the only two continents where most countries use
native languages as their official languages, though English is also
widespread as an international language.

Religions of Asia

Asia is the birthplace of all the world’s major religions and hundreds of
minor ones. Like all forms of culture, Asian religions may be considered
geographically in terms of both their places of origin and their
distribution.

South Asia

Hinduism, with a polytheistic and ritual tradition comprising numerous

cults and sects, is the oldest of several religions that originated in South
Asia.

Jainism and Buddhism emerged in reaction to prevailing Hindu practices

in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, respectively.

Buddhism arose in northeastern India as a “universal” alternative to

hierarchical religion, offering nirvana, or enlightenment, to individuals
regardless of culture or social station.

Sikhism, a monotheistic Indian religion, was founded in the Punjab in the

late 15th century CE and has fueled that region’s modern demands for
independence. The current Indian state of Punjab has a Sikh majority,
with the city of Amritsar in that state as the religion’s spiritual centre.

Southwest Asia

Southwest Asia (the Middle East) is the cradle of three great monotheistic
systems: Judaism and its offshoots Christianity and Islam. Judaism,
founded in the eastern Mediterranean region some 4,000 years ago, posits
a covenant relationship between God—the source of divine law—and
humankind.

Christianity, which was derived from Judaism some two millennia ago,
came to have the largest number of believers among the world’s religions.

Islam dominates as the state religion of most Southwest Asian countries,

and a substantial majority of Muslims live in Asia.

Ancient Chinese religious and philosophical traditions survive in the form

of two main schools, Daoism (Taoism) and Confucianism, both of which
originated in the 5th or 6th century BCE.

Shinto encompasses the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the

Japanese people.

ARABIAN LITERATURE

A. Arabian Geography
 a. Location – Found in the Middle East between the
Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. It borders Japan,
Iraq, and Kuwait to the North, Yemen to the
South, and Oman, the United Arab Emirates
(UAE), and Qatar to the East.

b. The country, which is divided into 13 provinces,

is composed primarily of desert. Each Region
has a governor appointed by the king.

c. With a land area of about 1.96 million square

kilometers (756,981square miles), Saudi Arabia is
about one-fourth the size of the continental
United States. Riyadh, the capital, is located in
the central eastern part of the country.

B. Largest Cities

a. Riyadh

b. Jeddah

c. Mecca

d. Medina

e. Al-Ahsa

f. Ta’if

g. Dammam

h. Khamis Mushait

i. Buraidah

j. Khodar

C. Facts about “The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”

a. Capital: Riyadh
 b. Language: Arab

c. Religion: Islam

d. Economy: Saudi Arabia occupies most of the

Arabian Peninsula and is the largest country in
area in the Middle East but 95% of the land is
desert. Mountains running parallel to the Red Sea
slope down to plains along the Persian Gulf.
Desert Kingdom one of the Wealthiest nations in
the World.

D. Cultures and Traditions

a. Pork – is considered unclean and is prohibited.

Lunch is traditionally the day’s main meal.

b. Alcohol Consumption – nightlife is forbidden.

TOR
RES, c. Saudi Arabian Women – are required, according
CHE to Islamic law, to cover their bodies in abaya
SKA (black robes and face coverings) as a sign of
respect for Muslim modesty laws.
B.
d. Large, extended families – live together and
nepotism is encouraged.

e. Storytelling – is another favorite form of artistic

expression, but in keeping with Islamic law,
guidelines govern public performances, and
artists can’t make “graven images”. Hand lettered
Qurans are considered sacred art that’s to be
respected and kept safe for generations.

E. People in Arabian Literature

a. For Women – Adherence to traditional dress

varies across societies.

b. Women – Traditional Arab dress features the full-

length body cover called Abayah, Jilbob and veil
called Hijab or Chador.
 c. For Men – traditional flowing robes to blue jeans,
T-shirts and western business suits.

d. Men – Headdress pattern might be an indicator of

which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes
from. However, this is now always the case.

F. A written Arabic Literature began to be known with the

collect of Koran, the sacred book of Islam, in Arabia in 17 th
century AD with the spread of the Islamic faith into Asia,
Africa and Europe, the Arabian Language soon became a
major world language. Today it is read or understood by
hundreds of millions of People.

G. Pre-Islamic – The structure of the Arabic language is

well-suited to harmonious word-patterns, with elaborate
rhymes and rhythms. The earliest known literature
emerged in northern Arabia around 500 AD and took the
form of poetry which was recited aloud, memorized, and
handed down from one generation to another. It began to
be written down towards the end of the 7 th century. The
most celebrated poems of the pre-Islamic period were
known as the MU’ALLGQAT (“the suspended”),
reputedly because they were considered sufficiently
outstanding to be hung on the walls of the ka’ba in
Makkah.

H. The typical poem of this period is the QASIDAH (ode),

which normally consists of 70-80 pairs of half-lines.

I. Education of Arabia

a. Saudi Arabia’s first experiences with formalized

education developed from the emergence of Islam
in the 7th century CE. Islam stresses education for
all believers, and Islamic education was purposed
for teaching God’s laws so that Muslims would
live their lives in accordance with them (Federal
Research Division, Library of Congress, 1992).
Education became a main priority in the late
1700s as a way to encourage the spread of Islam
and its teachings. Public schools in the region
pre-dated the modern Saudi state in the form of
 “Kuttabs”, which were entirely religious in
nature, led by an Imam or religious leader.

BACTAD, b. Curriculum was composed mostly of rote

memorization of the Holy Qur’an with a
JERICO D. secondary focus on reading and writing (Saudi
Arabian Cultural Mission, 1995). Due to this
educational structure, not everyone was fully
literate, but many could read and recite a great
deal of the Qur’an. In the beginning stages of
education in the region, there was thought to be
no need to separate religion and the sciences in
the curriculum, as the subjects were seen as
intertwined and the Islamic religion was woven
into all things (Zuhur, 2011).

Characteristics of Arabian Literature, Historical And

Cultural background
By Cheska Torres

Arabic historic tradition encompasses the socio-economic, cultural,

religious, along with the political and military events thus was more
democratic in approach. Arabic history tradition can truly be referred to as
history of the ‘age’.

There is perhaps no other literature so closely allied to the history of its

people as is that of the Arabs. The monotony of nomadic life, the rise of
Islam, the Arab conquests, the imperial luxury of early Abbasids, the
interaction and cross fertilization with other civilizations (notably in
Spain), the decline and overthrow of the Caliphate, the period of cultural
stagnation, the reactions and inspirations owing to the colonial encounter,
and the eventual reawakening of the Arab world to form the vibrant
independent states of today—these are all faithfully reflected in Arabic
literature, the ups and downs of which parallel the fortunes of the Arabs
themselves.

Arabic literature begins to take on a more down-to-earth character and

deals with matters of everyday life, which makes it closer to every human
being. Also, Arabian Literature is rich and varied mostly made of Poems,
Anecdotes, Tales or Romances, Historical accounts and Philosophies.

The most respected (and at the same time oldest) literary genre in the
Middle East is poetry. That explained difficult parts of the Koran,
described the life of Bedouins, talked about heroic deeds, magical places,
miraculous love and much more. Initially, poetry was passed on orally.
The fair, where poets gathered and recited, was an opportunity to listen to
it. The most famous market is the market in (Eakaz) ‫عكاظ‬, where even
poetry competitions were held.

Over the course of hundreds of years, many types of poetry and related
concepts have developed. There are a lot of them, but the most important
are:

• Adab (‫ – )أدب‬simply and generally speaking, it is literature,

fiction.

• Qasida (‫ – )قصيدة‬this is a classic form of Arabic poetry, no

division into stanzas, it was created in pre-Muslim times.

• Diwan (‫وان‬II‫ – )دي‬a collection of poems by one or more

poets, sorted alphabetically.

• Mu’allaqat (‫ات‬II‫ – )المعلق‬a collection of the seven most

perfect kasides collected in the 8th century.

Trace historical And Cultural background

The Three periods of written Arabic literature

• Umayyad Period (A.D. 661-750)

-Arabic prose literature was limited primarily to grammatical treatise,

commentaries on the Koran, and compiling of stories about Muhammad
and his companions.

- The Umayyad poets, chief of whom were Al-Akhtal and

Al-Farazdaq, favored poetic forms such as love lyrics
called (Ghazals), wine songs and hunting poems. These
forms the conditions of life and manners found in
territories conquered by Islam.

- Arabic prose began in the latter days of the Umayyad

Empire. It exhibits use of the Khutbah style and more
sophisticated and fluent style derived from the literary
traditions of Sasanian Persian. The most celebrated work
of Ibn Muqaffa, “Klila wa Dimna” is translation from a
Pahlavi version of the Indian fable, Pachantantra.
 - Arabic Prose Saj or “rhymed prose” is most striking
characteristics feature of the Arabic prose. Consists of
succession of pairs of short rhyming expression with
rhetorical and antithetical balance of sense of sense
between the pairs of expressions with a certain loose of
rhythmical balance not bound by strict metre.

- Khutbah or “formal written in rhymed prose style” is of

great antiquity. Turned out to be religious verses in the
earliest time of Islam. Most famous: Ibn Nubatah at-Farigi.

• Abbasid Empire (750-1258)

- In the early years of this empire, many forms were

invented for Arabic literature , which then entered what is
generally regarded it’s greatest period of development and
achievement. It is certain that the Persian influences
contributed significantly to this development.

- For example, translations from Persian, such as those of

Ibn al-Muqaff ‘, led to a new refinement in Arabic prose
called adab, often sprinkled with poetry and utilizing
rhyme prose (saj’), the style of KORAN.

- The greatest masters of adab were Al jahiz and Al Hariri.

An inventive type of folk literature, exemplified in “The
Thousand and One Nights” (popularly known as The
Arabian Nights), drew upon the recitations of wandering
storytellers called rawis.

Modern Period (19th Century -Present)

- During the centuries of Ottoman Turkish domination,

Arabic literature fall into decline. Not until the mid-19 th
century was it revived by it’s intellectual movement known
as Nahdah (―reawakening‖), which originated in Syria and
spread to Egypt.

- From being imitative to Europeans, Modern Arabic

literature, both prose and poetry, has gradually freed itself
 from centuries of neglect and has assumed it’s former
place among the world’s greatest literatures.

Importance of Quran and The different forms Arabic Prose

and Poetry
By: Jerico Bactad

Importance of Quran In the life Arabs

The Quran (‫ )قرآن‬is the final Holy Scripture of God. It is the word of God
(Arabic: ‫ هللا‬Latin: Allah) verbatim and to the letter revealed to the Noble
Prophet of Islam, Muḥammad (‫[ ) ُم َح َّمد‬peace be upon him and his
progeny], directly or by means of the archangel Gabriel [‫]جبرائيل‬.
ِ
It is the only Holy Scripture, believed by Muslims that has not been
altered or distorted, unlike the previous ones such as the Gospel or the
Torah, which Muslims believe they have been distorted and altered
greatly. From this point arises the importance of the Quran.
It is the everlasting and living miracle of God’s final prophet, not only
because it has been free from distortion, but also due to its inimitable
eloquence, beauty, and style.
The Quran has said that it is a 1. guidance for those who fear God. The
Quran itself challenges people to bring its like, even a single surah, if they
can,2 asserting that they will never be able to do so.

The Importance and Purpose of the Quran

 The importance of the Quran is best comprehended once we have
established a good understanding of the purpose of this Holy Book. All
the prophets that have been sent by God hold one reason as their objective
and mission, that is, the guidance of mankind. With each prophet and
apostle, the commands and instructions God has sent with the previous
messenger would be completed, as were the books that were revealed to
each prophet. Hence, the purpose of each Holy Book can be stated as
such:
1. Verification and completion for the books that came before it
2. Guidance for humanity
The Importance of the Quran as Man’s Manual of Life
Since God has intended to guide mankind, it is logical that He should send
a book along with the religion in order for the people to seek
commandment and guidance from it. From this we can understand the
importance of the Quran better. The Quran which is the last Holy
Scripture revealed to the last Prophet is both guide and verification as
stated in the Book itself. The guidance of mankind would be redundant
had God not sent a book in which all His rules and instructions have been
existed. Subsequently, when a person sets foot unto the path of
monotheism and seeks guidance, they would need a manual whose
authenticity and endurance are reliable for reference.
The Four Books Mentioned by God in the Quran
The Scriptures that have been mentioned in the Quran are four:
1. Ṣuḥuf [‫ص ُحف‬
ُ ] or Scrolls of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham)
2. Psalms (Zabūr ‫ ) َزبور‬of Prophet Dawud (David)
3. Torah (Tawrāh ‫ )تَوراة‬of Prophet Musa (Moses)
The Torah is known to be the Holy Book of Prophet Musa peace be upon
him also referred to as the Old Testament by the Christians. Its specific
meaning is the Pentateuch which are the five books believed to be
revealed to Prophet Musa by the following names:
a. Book of Genesis
b. Book of Exodus
c. Book of Leviticus
d. Book of Numbers
e. Book of Deuteronomy

4. Gospel (Injīl ‫ )ِإجيل‬of Prophet ‘Isa (Jesus)

The Importance of the Quran and a Comparison Between It Holy
Books and Other
In terms of fundamental teachings and instructions, the Quran and all
other divine books that were sent before it have many commonalities
(commonness). All the above-mentioned books teach their followers to
worship the one true God, obey His commands and follow His
messengers, to refrain from sins and wickedness, respect the rights of
other living creatures and to believe in a life after death. However, some
differences exist in these Books that in detail, impact the practices and
doctrines of each religion.
The Importance of the Quran as a Miracle
One of the things that highlights the importance of the Quran and
indubitably acts as a factor for its prominence above all other books is that
it is the only holy book God has sent with the objective of it being a
miracle. Every prophet sent by God displayed miracles as a sign and proof
for their validity and divine position. Prophet ‘Isa healed the blind and the
leper, Prophet Musa’s hand glowed by the command of God in the
presence of Pharaoh and parted the sea, Prophet Saleh presented his
people with a camel from the core of the mountain.
Aside from being a book of guidance like all other books that came before
it, the importance of the Quran can be recognized when one comes to
know that it also acts as a proof for the prophethood of Prophet
Muhammad peace be upon him due to its miraculous eloquence,
knowledge of past and future events, sciences, and timelessness.
The Importance of the Quran and Its Immunity from Distortion
Christian, Jewish, and Muslim scholars all agree on the fact that the Holy
Scriptures and texts of Christianity and Judaism have been a victim of
distortion and alteration. The Quran however is different from all other
holy books because it never has and never will be affected by such
impediment as stated in verse nine of Chapter Al-Hijr. This is yet another
proof of the importance of the Quran.
The Importance of the Quran as the Final and Most Complete Holy
Book
Another aspect that highlights the importance of the Quran as an
exceptional book is the fact that it is the last of its kind and the most
complete and comprehensive of all divine scriptures. The Quran is the
final and updated version of all heavenly books, the same way Islam is the
last religion sent by God for the guidance of mankind.
Importance of the Quran and Reciting and Learning It for Believers
Prophet Muhammad has said the Quran is better than everything and that
its superiority over other books is to the superiority of God over His
servants.14 Imam Ja‘far al-Sadiq (‫) َجعفَ ُر الصّادق‬,was an 8th Century Muslim
Scholar the sixth Shiite(FOUNDER) imam, has also said that the Quran is
God’s pact with His servants; therefore, it is worthy that every Muslim
individual looks at his pact and reads [at least] fifty verses of it every
day.15
Another very important point that confirms the importance of the Quran is
that reciting it has great reward and has been likened to listening to God.
Another reason learning and reciting the Quran is so important
for believers (‫ ) ُمؤ ِمنون‬is that it contains almost everything that needs to be
known, believed in, performed, and refrained from in one’s life.
The Importance of the Quran and Its Teachings
The Quran teaches people many things that are essential for their lives.
For example, by reading, reciting, and understanding the Quran, every
Muslim and believer must become acquainted with and believe in the five
principles and fundamentals of Islam known as Uṣūl al-Dīn (‫)ُأصو ُل الدين‬,
aka the pillars of Islam.
They are as follows:
 Tawḥīd or Tawheed(‫)تَوحيد‬: Monotheism
Nubuwwah (‫)نُبُوَّة‬: Prophethood
Ma‘ād (‫) َمعاد‬: Resurrection
 ‘Adl (‫)عَدل‬: Justice
Imāmah (‫)إما َمة‬: Imamate

For the sake of brevity, here we will discuss two of them: Tawheed and
Nubuwwah.
The Importance of the Quran and Tawheed
One of the first and most fundamental beliefs that every Muslim must
follow is Tawheed, meaning monotheism or belief in only one God. A
person who does not believe in Tawheed is not considered as a Muslim
even by name.
The Importance of the Quran and Nubuwwah
It is almost impossible for people to know that God exists and know what
He wants from them unless there is an intermediary and representative
who would inform them about things such as:
God
The angels
The prophets
STA The Holy Scriptures
MARINA, The Unseen
DANICA F.
The hereafter
Resurrection Day (Qiyamah)
This shows the importance of the Quran even more. God sent His
prophets to people so that they could communicate His words to them and
inform them of His existence and what they should and should not do.
The total number of prophets that God sent to different nations is 124,000.
God sent His final prophet, Muhammad, with the Quran to the people of
the Arabian Peninsula to guide them to the straight path and stop them
from clinging to their pagan (a person who worships many gods or earth
or the nature) beliefs.
Some of rulings that have not been explained in detail in terms of the way
of performing them are the following:
Prayer or salat (‫)ص ٰلوة‬
َ – The daily ritual prayer enjoined upon all Muslims
(5 times a day)
ٰ ‫ – )ز‬Compulsory giving of a set proportion of one’s
Charity or zakat (‫َكوة‬
wealth to charity.
Hajj (‫)ح ّج‬
َ – The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca- located in Saudi Arabia the
holiest city for Muslims. Muslims are expected to make at least once
during their lifetime. Build by Prophet Abraham
Fasting (‫صوم‬
َ )– In Islam fasting is the practice of abstaining, usually from
all food, drink, smoking and sexual activity. Yes, even water and chewing
gum from dawn to sunset. During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.

Importance of Quranic Education

The Quran is a book that gives us a great deal of information and words of
advice as to how we should behave and treat others. It advises us to be
wary of God, to be righteous, and to treat one’s fellow brothers and sister
in faith with mercy and compassion and to make peace between them.
The Quran commands us to antagonize the enemies of God and not to
befriend them It tells us that one must always rely on God for all of one’s
affairs. It teaches us to have faith in God and do good deeds. Believing in
the Day of Judgment (‫ )يَو ُم القِيامة‬alone should make us be careful with our
actions, as on that day, people will be rewarded or punished based on their
deeds in this world.
The Most Important Verses in the Quran
Ayatul Kursi(‫)آیَةُ ال ُکرسی‬
Ayatul Kursi or “the Verse of the Seat [of power]” is verse 255 of Chapter
al-Baqarah which begins at “‫ ”هللا ال إله إاّل هو‬and ends at “‫”وهو العل ّی العظیم‬. A
hadith from the Noble Prophet reports that Ayatul Kursi contains 50
words and 170 letters. In another narration, when asked of the noblest
verse revealed unto him, Prophet Muhammad mentioned Ayatul Kursi to
be the greatest verse he received.

‫ض َم ْن َذا الَّ ِذی‬ ِ ‫هَّللا ُ ال ِإلَهَ ِإال ه َُو ْال َح ُّی ْالقَیُّو ُم ال تَْأ ُخ ُذهُ ِسنَهٌ َوال نَوْ ٌم لَهُ َما فِی ال َّس َما َوا‬
ِ ْ‫ت َو َما فِی األر‬

‫یَ ْشفَ ُع ِع ْن َدهُ ِإال بِِإ ْذنِ ِه یَ ْعلَ ُم َما بَ ْینَ َأ ْی ِدی ِه ْم َو َما خَ ْلفَهُ ْم َوال ی ُِحیطُونَ بِ َش ْی ٍء ِم ْن ِع ْل ِم ِه ِإال بِ َما َشا َء َو ِس َع‬

‫ض َوال یَُئو ُدهُ ِح ْفظُهُ َما َوهُ َو ْال َعلِ ُّی ْال َع ِظی ُم‬ ِ ‫ُکرْ ِسیُّهُ ال َّس َما َوا‬
َ ْ‫ت َواألر‬
Allah – there is no deity except Him, the Ever-Living, the Sustainer of
[all] existence. Neither drowsiness overtakes Him nor sleep. To Him
belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. Who is it
that can intercede with Him except by His permission? He knows what is
[presently] before them and what will be after them, and they encompass
not a thing of His knowledge except for what He wills. His Seat [of
power] extends over the heavens and the earth, and their preservation tires
Him not. And He is the Most High, the Most Great.
Verse of Mubahalah (‫) ُمبا َهلَه‬
Verse 61 of Chapter Aali-Imran otherwise known as the verse of
Mubahalah was revealed on the occasion of the opposition of the
Christians against Prophet Muhammad. Thus, God commanded him to
gather his family members and commence in an act of mubahala to prove
their rightfulness. Mubahalah is when two groups of people compete each
other, each asking God to inflict punishment on the other. This is a way of
showing one’s rightfulness.
The people who were considered as the Prophet’s family and
accompanied him in this mission were Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Prophet’s
cousin and son-in-law, Fatimah Zahra, the Prophet’s daughter, and their
two sons Hassan and Hussain peace be upon them all. This verse is used
as proof for the high position of the household of the Noble Prophet,
especially Ali ibn Abi Talib who is referred to as the nafs of the Prophet,
that is, his own self.

‫ع َأ ْبنَا َءنَا َو َأ ْبنَا َء ُك ْم َو نِ َسا َءنَا َو نِ َسا َء ُك ْم َو‬

ُ ‫ك ِمنَ ْال ِع ْل ِم فَقُلْ تَ َعالَوْ ا نَ ْد‬ َ ‫فَ َم ْن َحا َّج‬
َ ‫ك فِی ِه ِمن بَ ْع ِد َما َجا َء‬
 َ‫َأنفُ َسنَا َو َأنفُ َس ُك ْم ثُ َّم نَ ْبتَ ِهلْ فَنَجْ َعل‌لَّ ْعنَتَ اللَّـ ِه َعلَی ْال َكا ِذبِین‬
“Should anyone argue with you concerning him, after the knowledge that
has come to you, say: Come! Let us call our sons and your sons, our
women and your women, our souls and your souls, then let us pray
earnestly and call down Allah’s curse upon the liars.”
Verse of Taṭhīr (‫)تَطهیر‬
The second part of verse 33 of Chapter Al-Ahzab was revealed to the
Noble Prophet in regard to his household, once again proving their
distinction over all in the eyes of God; that they have been selected above
all of creation for the purpose of guiding mankind with the light of their
purity. The importance of this verse is due to the fact that it proves the
infallibility of the people of the household, thus, making them the best
role model, as they are immune to sins and mistakes.

ْ ‫ت َو يُطَهِّ َرك ُم ت‬
‫َط ِهيرًا‬ ِ ‫س َأ ْه َل ْالبَ ْي‬ َ ‫ِإنَّ َما ي ُِري ُد هَّللا ُ لِي ُْذ ِه‬
َ ْ‫ب عَن ُك ُم ال ِّرج‬
“Indeed, Allah desires to repel all impurity from you, O People of the
Household, and purify you with a thorough purification.”
Verse of Authority (‫)اولی االمر‬
In verse 59 of Chapter an-Nisa, Allah (SWT) lays obedience towards
Him, His Prophet and those of authority as the prerequisite for believing
in God. To clarify the position of the Prophet and those of authority
furthermore, He places submission to them at the same rank as submitting
to God. By doing so, it becomes undebatable for the believers that in
order to have their faith reflect into its active aspect, they must hold the
authority of the Noble Prophet and those appointed by him as the
principle of their religion.

ُ‫يا َأيُّهَا الَّذينَ آ َمنُوا َأطيعُوا هَّللا َ َو َأطيعُوا ال َّرسُو َل َو ُأولِي اَأْل ْم ِر ِم ْن ُك ْم فَِإ ْن تَنا َز ْعتُ ْم في َش ْي ٍء فَ ُر ُّدوه‬

‫ك خَ ْي ٌر َو َأحْ َسنُ تَْأويال‬

َ ِ‫ِإلَى هَّللا ِ َو ال َّرسُو ِل ِإ ْن ُك ْنتُ ْم تُْؤ ِمنُونَ بِاهَّلل ِ َو ْاليَوْ ِم اآْل ِخ ِر ذل‬
“O you who have faith! Obey Allah and obey the Apostle and those
vested with authority among you. And if you dispute concerning anything,
 refer it to Allah and the Apostle, if you have faith in Allah and the Last
Day. That is better and more favorable in outcome.”
Verse of Wilayah (‫) ِواليَة‬
Verse 5 of Chapter Al-Ma’idah is the concept of wilayah which means
authority and mastership. The importance of this verse is best understood
when one comprehends the objective and principles of Islam.
Furthermore, in this verse God specifies absolute ownership and authority
to Himself, His Prophet, and the believers whom give charity while
bowing during their prayers. It has been agreed upon in both Sunni and
Shia sources that “those who give charity while bowing in prayer” refers
to Ali ibn Abi Talib. 23

‫ِإنَّما َولِيُّ ُك ُم هَّللا ُ َو َرسُولُهُ َو الَّذينَ آ َمنُوا الَّذينَ يُقي ُمونَ الصَّالةَ َو يُْؤ تُونَ ال َّزكاةَ َو هُ ْم را ِكعُون‬

“Your guardian is only Allah, His Apostle, and the faithful who maintain
the prayer and give the zakat while bowing down.”

Identify the of different forms Arabic Prose and Poetry

Arabic Prose Saj or “rhymed prose” is most striking characteristics

feature of the Arabic prose.
 bound by strict metre.
 The Khutbah or “formal written in rhymed prose style” is of great
antiquity. Turned out to be religious verses in the earliest time of
Islam.
 Most famous : Ibn Nubatah at-Farigi.
 Arabic prose began in the latter days of the Umayyad Empire. It
exhibits use of the Khutbah style and more sophisticated and
fluent style derived from the literary traditions of Sasanian Persian
. The most celebrated work of Ibn Muqaffa, “Klila wa Dimna” is
translation from a Pahlavi version of the Indian fable,
Pachantantra.

GOLDEN AGE OF ARABIC PROSE

Studied with names of brilliant writers such s the essayist al-Jahiz and
Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi and the critic Ibn Qucaybah.

Mora, instructive and assuring anecdotes, became popular too and the
most outstanding compiler of anecdotes was TANUKHI who was
responsible of
3 compiltions of anecdotes like:

 Niswar al-Muhadarah ( The Table Of Mesopotamian Judge)

 Mustajad (Anecodotes Of Generousity)
 Farah Ba’d al Shiddah (Deliverance after Anguish)

These kinds of works led to a new literary form, the Maqamat

(Assemblies) , initiated by al-Hamadhani
Hamadhani’s Maqamat is a collection of short stories , mainly picaresque,
woven round the names of 2 fictious protagonists. Genre was developed a
century later by Al-Hariri.

Arabic Poetry

There is not much evidence of written literature among the Arabs before
the Islamic period. Oral traditions, the poetry of the North Arabs,
particularly the Bedouin tribes of the fifth and sixth centuries, are the
most outstanding in artistry and sensuousness of feelings. Poetry was
constructed in elaborate meters of which sixteen are universally
recognized.
All verses are divided into types:

Occasional Poems
Collection or Anthologies
All verses are divided into types:

1. Occasional Poems – Consisting 2 to 20 lines whose themes are

usually war and revenge and praise of one’s own tribe. Various
genres fall to this are:
• Elegies
• Praising the dead; the most famous type was Kansa.
• The Odes or Quasida
• Was an elaborate ode usually of 60 to 100 lines
• Themes were usually about exploits of narrator, his old passion,
and descriptions of camp life in honor of his patron. The oral
transmition of poems lasted fot 350 yrs.

Summary of the following pieces

By Danica Sta Marina

The Prophet by Khalil Gibran

Author
Khalil Gibran
 Lebanon-born writer and artist Kahlil Gibran became known for
his mystical Arabic and English works, earning fame following the
1923 publication of ‘The Prophet.

Character

Almustafa - also called the chosen one, is the prophet who imparts his
wisdom to the people of Orphalese.

Summary

The Coming of the Ship

Almustafa, the prophet, has been living in the city of Orphalese for 12
years, waiting for the ship that will take him back “to the isle of his birth.”
Now it has come, and the saddened people of Orphalese gather to hear
some final words of wisdom before he departs. In response to their
questions, Almustafa counsels his audience on a range of topics in the 26
prose poems and farewell that follow.

On Love

The path of love is sometimes hard and painful, but it is worth the risk.
Love strips away your defenses and reveals your secret heart. It teaches
you the true meaning of ecstasy, gratitude, and contentment.

On Marriage

Marriage is the joining of two souls; it is togetherness shared. But in that

togetherness, maintain spaces between you to breathe and to move. In
marriage, stand side by side, with neither seeking to dominate or possess
the other.

On Children

Children are not possessions. They are the sons and daughters of Life and
belong to the future. They need their parents’ love, strength, and stability.

On Giving

Possessions are temporary things. You truly give when give of yourself,
not your possessions. Give freely and without first judging the recipient’s
worthiness. In truth, it is life that gives unto life. You are merely “an
instrument of giving.”
On Eating and Drinking

Eating and drinking are natural and necessary, but they are violent acts.
Eat and drink in the spirit of worship, remembering you also are governed
by natural laws. You will give up your life someday to eternity.

On Work

Work performed with love is an ennobling endeavor that fulfills life. It

builds a spiritual bond, joining “yourself to yourself,” to one another, and
to God.” Work done without love generates an indifferent, inferior end
product.

On Joy and Sorrow

Joy and sorrow complement one another and are inseparably linked. The
capacity for joy is balanced with the capacity for sorrow. Both are equally
present in a person’s life.

On Houses

Though you live in a house within city walls, do not lose your spiritual
connection to nature. A house provides physical comfort, but the lust for
comfort kills the passion of your soul. Your soul, which is not bounded by
walls, belongs to life’s vast spiritual world.

On Clothes

Clothes are your protection from cold and reflect modesty. But they also
hide your body’s natural beauty and reflect feelings of shame and unclean
thoughts. You are part of the natural world, and it welcomes you.

On Buying and Selling

The earth provides all the gifts necessary to sustain every life. In the
marketplace these gifts should be exchanged in love guided by godliness.
No one should leave the marketplace with their needs unsatisfied.

On Crime and Punishment

The person who commits a crime is no different in their soul from any
other. All people are capable of good and evil. Whether victim, criminal,
or judge, all are responsible for the wickedness, injustice, and injury at the
heart of crime. Remorse that falls on the heart of the guilty is the harshest
punishment for crime.

On Laws
All laws created by human beings are easily and willfully destroyed. They
are made to serve the lawmakers, who desire power. Those who seek
spiritual freedom from the law and hurt no one need not fear judgment by
any authority.

On Freedom

The quest for and worship of freedom have become “a harness.” True
freedom is spiritual in nature. It is the soul’s ability to accept and
transcend the care, want, and grief of this world.

On Reason and Passion

The soul is often a battlefield between reason and passion—or judgment

and appetite. Peace requires loving all of these elements in you. This
conflict is unnecessary as each serves a purpose. Learn to let them work
together in harmony.

On Pain

Emotional and spiritual pain comes with the exposure of truth that has
been hidden or denied. It is part of life and no less wondrous than joy. It
can be a healing potion. Accept it as such, and trust its bitter medicine to
heal your sick self.

On Self-Knowledge

Self-knowledge is a treasure that emerges from the infinite dep

ths of your being. The treasure cannot be weighed or measured. It is a
source of truth and a path for encountering the soul of the universe.

On Teaching

No teacher can give you wisdom. You acquire that yourself through
awakened knowledge and contemplation. A teacher provides the right
milieu of faith and love in which wisdom may begin to stir and grow.

On Friendship

Friendship is a shared experience and fulfills your need for love, joy,
comfort, and peace. It deepens the spirit, and this should be its only
purpose. Let the sweetness of friendship refresh your heart.

On Talking

You talk when you are not at peace with your thoughts or you can no
longer live with inner silence. Much of your talking prevents quiet
discovery and contemplation of truth. When you do speak, let your spirit
guide you to speak the truth of your heart.

On Time

The attempt to measure and regulate time is foolish, because time is

infinite and life is timeless. Like love, time is “undivided and spaceless.”
If you must measure time, let the present moment also embrace the past
and the future.

On Good and Evil

Evil is your essential good that has been corrupted by spiritual hunger and
thirst. It is the absence of good. “You are not evil when you are not good,”
but you are estranged from the good that is in you. Goodness lies in your
longing to grow in goodness.

On Prayer

You should pray in time of joy and abundance as well as in times of stress
and need. In prayer, you lift your spiritual consciousness to join that of
others who also are in prayer. True prayers begin in the heart and are the
words of God speaking through you.

On Pleasure

Pleasure is a song born in a moment of freedom. Seek it with gratitude

and without regret. When pleasure is denied, your body’s longings will
find expression in “confused sounds,” not “sweet music.” Both the giving
and receiving of pleasure are good.

On Beauty

When you seek beauty, beauty herself must be your way and your guide.
Beauty is something different for everyone. Perception of it resides in the
soul and reflects the divinity in your own nature.

On Religion

Religion is the totality of your daily deeds and thoughts. It is the wonder
that springs from the spiritual realm within you. It is expressed in
authentic morality, ethical conduct, and ongoing worship. To know God is
to see and recognize him in your world.

On Death

Life and death are as inseparable as the river and the sea. Your deepest
hopes and desires hold the seeds of knowledge of death’s beyond. Though
you tremble in the presence of death, tremble with joy. Death frees your
soul to rise, unencumbered by the body, to seek God.

The Farewell

It is evening when Almustafa makes his way to the ship. The people of
Orphalese follow. He shares with them some last loving thoughts and
promises to return if they forget his love for them or the truth of his
counsel. He then bids them farewell, and the ship sails away.

The Arabian Nights (Frame Story)

Summary

Two brothers, Shahrayar and Shahzaman, rule over separate lands

(India/Indo-China and Samarkand, respectively.) They love each other
dearly, but could not rule together because of succession laws. So after
living ten years apart, Shahrayar sends his chief advisor (his vizier) to
summon Shahzaman to India for a visit.

During the time that Shahrayar’s vizier is camped outside Samarkand,

Shahzaman visits him. When the latter returns to his palace, he finds his
wife in bed with the cook, and murders them both before leaving to visit
his brother.

However, in India, Shahzaman finds Shahrayar’s wife in bed with a slave.

Both brothers have been cuckolded. The brothers lament their
misfortunes, and leave the city together in search of a man who is more
wretched than they are.

On their quest, they encounter a demon which emerges from the ocean
with a glass chest containing a beautiful woman. While the demon sleeps,
the demon’s woman sleeps with each brother, and then takes their rings to
add to her collection – she has amassed 98 rings from 98 lovers, all meant
to show scorn for the demon who keeps her trapped. Happily realizing
that the demon’s misfortune is clearly worse than their own, the two
brothers return to their kingdoms.

Back in India, Shahrayar orders his queen killed, and swears to marry a
new woman each night before killing her the following morning so she
can never betray him. He continues this horrific process for quite a while.

Eventually, his vizier’s daughter, Scheherazade, decides on a scheme to

end what she considers a barbaric practice. Against her father’s advice
and warnings, she marries Shahrayar, and orders her little sister, Dinarzad,
to find her on her wedding night and ask her to tell a story. Her plan is to
tell a different story each night, always ending mid-tale so that Shahrayar
will keep her alive to hear the endings. Each subsequent night, she will
complete the previous night’s story and begin a new one, again leaving
off to keep him intrigued and herself alive.

The scheme works immediately, and continues for, as the title says, one
thousand and one nights, until the king’s mind is finally changed and he
accepts Scheherazade as his permanent wife.

Characters

Shahrayar
 In “The Frame Story,” he rules over the kingdom of India and
begins the practice of marrying wives and killing them the next
morning until Scheherazade begins to tell him stories every night.
Brother to Shahzaman.

Shahzaman
 In “The Frame Story,” he rules over the kingdom of Samarkand
and reveals to his brother Shahrayar that his wife is cheating on
him.

Scheherazade
 Scheherazade is the primary storyteller of The Arabian Nights,
according to “The Frame Story.” The daughter of Shahrayar’s
vizier, she marries the king and tells him stories every night to
keep him from killing her or any more of his wives. She is
 renowned for both her talent and beauty.

Dinarzad
 In “The Frame Story,” she is Scheherazade’s younger sister who
asks for the stories that then keep Scheherazade alive.

The Lady and Her Five Suitors

SUMMARY:
The lady and her five suitors by the Arabian knights is all
about a lady who lost her husband. Her husband went on a trip one day
but never did he return. So the lady then decided to find or fall in love
again for the second time. But unfortunately her lover was sent o jail. She
went to the four most powerful person or men in that land, namely; Kazi,
Wali, Wazir, and King.

But as he approaches those four men they each ask for a trade
in order for them to make a way to release her lover. The trade is for her
to spend a day with these men. But the lady was too clever. She thought
of way on how to get rid of this suitor. After a deliberate thinking, she
then asked a carpenter to make a cabinet with five compartments. One by
one as the suitors arrived, she would give them clothes and foods. And
then if someone knocks on the door, she would pretend that it was her
husband. So, she acts as if she is restless. And then suitors would hide in
the cabinet for they fear it was her husband. After which the carpenter
arrived having a little argument against the lady. She then pushed her in
the fifth cabinet and locked it.

She then went to the jail with the release note made by the
king. After that they left town together and stow away, leaving the suitors,
and the carpenter trapped in the cabinet. After many days the content of
the cabinet was set free by the neighbors. They were recognized because
of their clothes.
CLOSURE The discussion will end by asking the students to give their learning
ACTIVTIES takeaways and explain the things that they have learned with regards to
the topic.
IV. SYNTH The Arabic literary tradition has preserved critical statements that are as
ESIS / old as Arabic literature itself. The earliest critical remarks form part of the
GENER anecdotal heritage ascribed either to the poets themselves or to some
ALIZA important persons in Arab history. (The adjective “Arab” here is used to
TION refer to the people, while “Arabic” refers to the language, and “Arabian”
refers to the Arabian peninsula only.) These early critical remarks are
primarily impressions and based on taste; they did not develop
systematically for a long period of time, mainly because of the oral nature
of the society.

In some cases one can discern a synthetic and generalizing attitude.

Overall impressions, not reasoned arguments, are expressed; feelings
about poetry are offered in a language that is very similar, if not identical,
to that of poetry itself. In other instances we see concrete critiques of the
misuse of language or of imagery. But all of this is generally an
instrument to compare poets with each other and to judge the merits of
each (‘Abbás 13 ff.; Ibrahim 19-58; Sallâm 1:74 ff.). This is because of
the special position attained by poets in pre-Islamic society, where the
more prominent (e.g., al-Nabighah al-Dhubyani) “chaired” meetings that
took place in the large markets and judged poets and poetry during the
four months of peace each year in which it was prohibited to fight among
tribes, a custom that provided the opportunity for trade, festivals, sporting
competitions, gambling, drinking, and the recital or singing of poetry.
(Because most of the pre-Islamic and classical Arabic literary output that
had a privileged status in Arab-Islamic culture was in verse form, the
concept “poetry” can be safely used to refer to literature altogether. Prose
never attained a status comparable to that of poetry, not even in the
twentieth century; theories of prose were generally derived from those
about poetry—the literary was the poetic.)
V. EVALU To test the understanding of the students, they are going to make an essay
ATION about Arabian Literature. The learning objectives should be accomplished
by them having a deep understanding and elaborative explanation about it.
The essay should have a minimum of 400 words and above.
 The students will answer the following questions:
ASSIGNMENT /
AGREEMENT  What factors greatly influenced the content of Arabian literature?
 What is the greatest contribution of Arabic literature to the world?
 What was the contribution of Arabs in the field of literature?

Each students will be graded base on the criteria below:

REFERENCES https://islam4u.pro/blog/importance-of-quran/
https://www.al-islam.org/history-muslim-philosophy-volume-2-book-5/
chapter-50-arabic-literature-poetic-and-prose-forms
https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Prophet/characters/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khalil-Gibran
https://www.gradesaver.com/the-arabian-nights-one-thousand-and-one-
nights/study-guide/character-list
http://marygracediagbel.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-lady-and-her-five-
suitors-mimetic.html?m=1
https://brians.wsu.edu/2016/11/04/the-lady-and-her-five-suitors-from-the-
thousand-and-one-nights/
http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-arabiannightsburton/
chapanal001.html#gsc.tab=0
https://www.britannica.com/art/Arabic-literature
https://lithub.com/a-brief-wondrous-history-of-arabic-literature/
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/arts/world-lit/asian/arabic-
literature#:~:text=The%20first%20significant%20Arabic%20literature,%2C
%20courage%2C%20and%20the%20chase
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arab
https://www.scholaro.com/pro/Countries/Saudi-Arabia/Education-
System#:~:text=Education%20System%20in%20Saudi%20Arabia
%201%20Primary%20Education.,4%20Vocational%20Education.
%20...%205%20Tertiary%20Education.%20