Ungrouped and Grouped Data | Measures of Central Tendency for i Mean, Median, ModeMeasures of Central Tendency: A single number to serve as a representative value around which all the numbers in the set tend to cluster. Sometimes it is referred to as a “middle” number of the data. Three types of measures of central tendency: Mean (average) Median (middle) Mode (most)Mean The mean (arithmetic mean or average) of a set of data is found by adding up all the items and then dividing by the sum of the number of items. The mean of a sample is denoted by X (read “x bar”). The mean of a complete population is denoted by # (the lower case Greek letter mu). The mean of n data items x,, x,,..., x,, 18 given by the formula shy tate tx, _ xo oe or x= Xx n nExample: Ten students were polled as to the number of siblings in their individual families. The raw data is the following set: {3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2}. Find the mean number of siblings for the ten students. Xt etx, x -_ 42 n Za BHAA HOHE HAH ~ 10 —_ 29 x=— 10 X = 2.9 siblingsWeighted Mean The weighted mean of n numbers x,, x>,..., x, that are weighted by the respective factors f,, f,,...,f, is given by the formula: 5 (x /) DS w=Weighted Mean Listed below are the grades of a student’s semester courses. Calculate the Grade Point Average (GPA). Course Grade Points (x) | Credits (f) x*f Math A 4 5 20 History B 3 3 9 Health A 4 2 8 Art c 2 2 4 — _ Leeef) = — __ (4#5) + (3 #3) +(4*2)4 (242) = — __ 20494844 w “Ff w 5+34+2+2 w 12 w= — w = 3.42 GPA= 3.42* The mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency because of its mathematical properties and because it uses all the data point in the data set * However, the mean is affected by extremely large or extremely small numbers (outliers) * Extreme values can significantly distort the mean.Median Another measure of central tendency, is the median. This measure divides a group of numbers into two parts, with half the numbers below the median and half above it. The median is not as sensitive to extreme values as the mean. To find the median of a group of items: 1. Rank the items. 2. If the number of items is odd, the median is the middle item in the list. 3. If the number of items is even, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers.Median Example: Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the median number of siblings for the ten students. Position of the median: 10/2 =5 Between the 5" and 6" values Data in order: 1, 1, 2, 2@, 3)3, 3,4,6 Median =(2+3)/2 =2.5 siblingsMedian Example: Nine students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the median number of siblings for the ten students. Position of the median: 9/2 = 4.5 The 5 value In order: 1, 2, 2, 28) 3, 3,4,6 Median =3 siblingsMedian Median in a Frequency Distribution Example: Find the median for the distribution. Value (x) 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency (f) | 4 3 |2)/6/) 8 Position of the median is the sum of the frequencies divided by 2. = (f) 23 Position of the median = ————— = ——— = 11.5 = 12" term 2 ~~ 2 Add the frequencies from either side until the sum is 12. The 12" term is the median and its value is 4.Mode The mode of a data set is the value that occurs the most often. If a distribution has two modes, then it is called bimodal. In a large distribution, this term is commonly applied even when the two modes do not have exactly the same frequency Example: Ten students in a math class were polled as to the number of siblings in their individual families and the results were: 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 6, 3, 3, 4, 2. Find the mode for the number of siblings. @)2. 2, 1B )6BB). 2 The mode for the number of siblings is 3.Mode Mode in a Frequency Distribution Example: Find the mode for the distribution. Value (x) 172)3]74]® Frequency (f) | 4 3 |2)/6/) 8 The mode in a frequency distribution is the value that has the largest frequency. The mode for this frequency distribution is 5 as it occurs eight times.Exercise Find the mean, median and mode of the following set of data. 90 90 88 88 92 90 87 89 86 91 93 92 70 88 Exercise Find the mean, median and mode of the following set of data in the frequency table. Grade Frequency 92 9 93 11 94 10 95 15 96 12 97 98 99 100 Blelry|~Note: 1. All continuous data has a median, mode and mean. 2.Ordinal data has a median and mode only. 3. Nominal data has only a mode. 4. The mean is usually the best measure of central tendency to use when your data distribution is continuous and symmetrical, such as when your data is normally distributed. However, it all depends on what you are trying to show from your data. 5. The median and mean can only have one value for a given data set. The mode can have more than one value.Grouped Mean — DS en Xx = n where xX =mean for grouped data f = frequency of each class X = Class mark n = total number of frequencyGrouped Mean Find the mean of the following set of data Class Class Class Frequency Cumulative Limits Boundaries Mark Frequency 5-9 3 10-14 7 15-19 9 20 — 24 11 25-29 10 30 — 34 6 35 — 39 4where Grouped Median n 2 Xind =| (w)+ Lia ft Xmq = median of grouped data n = sum of frequencies cf | =cumulative frequency of the class preceding/ before the median class f = frequency of the median class w = class width Lina = lower boundary of the median classGrouped Median Find the median of the following set of data Class Class Class Frequency Cumulative Limits Boundaries Mark Frequency 5-9 10-14 7 15-19 20 — 24 11 25-29 10 30 — 34 6 35 — 39 4Grouped Mode =L, Xmo ‘mo + d,+d, +d, (w) where Xmo = Mode of grouped data d, =difference of the frequency of the modal class and the class preceding it d, =difference of the frequency of the modal class and the class succeeding it w = class width Lino = lower boundary of the modal classGrouped Mode Find the mode of the following set of data Class Class Class Frequency Cumulative Limits Boundaries Mark Frequency 5-9 3 10-14 7 15-19 9 20 — 24 11 25-29 10 30 — 34 6 35 — 39 4exercise Find the mean, median and mode of the following set of data Class Class Class Frequency Cumulative Limits Boundaries Mark Frequency 7-15 16 — 24 5 25 — 33 34 — 42 11 43-51 12 52-60 14 61-69 10©