Galasi, Alyssa Kaye C.

ID Number: 2000236

Gram Negative Bacteria Affecting the Respiratory System

Family/ Genus/ Brief Characteristic Animals Disease Characteristic of Epidemiology Diagnosis Prevention/
Species of Genus/ Pathogen Affected Disease Treatment
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas  Obligate aerobe  Cattle -Pneumonia -A bloody nasal -Pseudomonas -CBC and -Predisposing causes
aeruginosa  No special  Sheep exudate may be seen at aeruginosa is a biochemical and sources of
growth  Pigs the time of death common cause of profile infection should be
requirements  Horses -Characterized by high nosocomial -Thoracic identified and, where
 Grows on  Dogs, Cats fever, difficulty infections, radiography possible, eliminated. -
MacConkey agar  Minks breathing, decreased particularly (chest X-ray) Pseudomunus
 Oxidase-positive  Chinchillas
exercise tolerance (tire pneumonia, -Cytology using aeruginosa is
 easily), are lethargic, infection in bronchoscopy extremely resistant to
Catalase-positive  Reptiles
 Motile and/or have a cough. immunocompromise - Specimens many antibiotics and
 Colonies produce Other signs that may be d hosts, and in those suitable for susceptibility testing
present include a nasal with structural lung laboratory should be carried out
diffusible
discharge, loud and disease such as examination on isolates. A
pigment and have
rapid breathing, weight cystic fibrosis. include pus, combination of either
a characteristic
odor loss, anorexia and Epidemiological respiratory gentamicin or
dehydration. studies have aspirates. tobramycin with
identified increasing either carbenicillin or
trends of ticaricillin may be
antimicrobial effective.
resistance, including -Vaccines may be
multi-drug resistant required for farmed
(MDR) isolates in mink and chinchillas.
recent years. P. As there are antigenic
aeruginosa has differences between
several virulence strains, polyvalent or
mechanisms that autogenous formalin-
increase its ability to killed bacterins
cause severe should he employed.
infections, such as Humoral antibody
secreted toxins, induced by a
quorum sensing and polyvalent exotoxin
biofilm formation. A-polysaccharide
vaccine appears to be
protective (Cryz et
al., 1987).
Burkholderia
Burkholderia mallei  Aerobic bacteria  Horses -Glanders -This contagious - The organism is - Diagnosis is - Control is based on
 Grow on disease of Equidae, infectious for based on isolation and culling
MacConkey agar caused by B. mallei, is people, with a 95% presence of of affected animals.
 Burkholderia characterized by fatality rate in nasal ulcers,
mallei grows on purulent nasal untreated complement
media with 1% discharge, nasal septicemia cases, fixation test
glycerol mucosal ulceration, and is therefore reaction,
 Burkholderia lung lesions, and considered a positive mallein
mallei is ulcerating nodules potential test, and culture
biochemically along the subcutaneous bioterrorism agent. and PCR.
unreactive and lymphatics and also by Glanders is one of
non-motile the formation of the oldest diseases
nodules and ulcers in known and once
the respiratory tract or was prevalent
on the skin. worldwide. It
has now been
eradicated or
effectively
controlled in many
countries, including
the USA. In recent
years, the disease
has been reported in
the Middle East,
Pakistan, India,
Mongolia, China,
South America,
Africa, and some
European countries,
including Russia.
Burkholderia  Burkholderia  Dogs, -Melioidosis - Melioidosis is a - This disease, - Specimens for -Administration of
pseudomallei pseudomallei is Humans chronic debilitating caused by B. laboratory antimicrobials,
biochemically disease with a long pseudomallei, is diagnosis should dependent on culture
active and motile incubation period. endemic in tropical include pus from and susceptibility
Abscesses may develop and subtropical abscesses. testing.
in many organs regions of Asia and -Identification -Prevention of
including the lungs, Australia where the criteria for exposure to
liver, spleen, joints and organism is widely isolates include contaminated soil
central nervous system. distributed in soil colonial and water.
In horses, melioidosis and water. appearance on - In countries where
 can mimic glanders. -Its distribution is blood agar and the disease is exotic,
-Exudative predominantly MacConkey confirmation of
bronchopneumonia, tropical and agar (lactose is infection is followed
consolidation, and subtropical, with utilized in by slaughter of
abscesses may be “hyperendemicity” MacConkey infected animals.
found in the lungs of in the northernmost agar),
animals with regions of Australia biochemical
respiratory disease. and northeastern characteristics
Nodules and ulcers Thailand. and
may be found on the agglutination by
nasal mucosa and specific
septum and on the antiserum.
turbinates, and they
may coalesce into
irregular plaques.
Actinobacillus
Actinobacillus  Facultative  Pigs -Pleuro- - Pleuropneumonia is a - Pleuropneumonia, - Diagnosis is - Sick animals may be
pleuropneumoniae anaerobes pneumoniae severe respiratory caused by A. confirmed by treated with
 Non-motile infection caused pleuropneumoniae, bacterial culture. antibiotics, but
 Oxidase-positive by Actinobacillus can affect control is achieved by
 Urease-positive pleuropneumoniae. susceptible pigs of elimination of the
 Ferment Clinical signs include all ages and occurs bacteria at the
carbohydrates fever, anorexia, and worldwide. This breeding stock level.
producing acid reluctance to move, highly contagious
but not gas respiratory distress, and disease affects pigs
 Labile in sudden death. under six months of
environment -In addition, A. age.
pleuropneumoniae
produces four RTX
(repeat-in-toxin) toxins
which damage cell
membranes, iron uptake
systems and, in
common with other
Gram-negative
organisms,
lipopolysaccharide.
Pasteurella
Pasteurella  Facultative Type A -Associated -Characterized by - Shipping fever, - Gross - Affected animals
multocida anaerobes -Cattle with Bovine sudden onset dullness, characterized by pathological must be isolated and
Type A & Type D  Non-motile pneumonic anorexia, pyrexia, severe findings are of treated early in the
 Oxidase-positive pasteurellosis tachypnea, and bronchopneumonia diagnostic value. course of the disease.
 Optimal growth -Sheep -Pneumonia occasionally, and pleurisy occurs Cytospin Treatment with
on enriched -Pigs -Pneumonia, adventitious respiratory most commonly in preparations oxytetracycline,
media atrophic sounds may be audible young cattle within from potentiated
 Some species rhinitis on auscultation of the weeks of being bronchoalveolar sulphonamides and
grow on -Rabbits -Snuffles anterior lung fields and subjected to severe lavage usually ampicillin is usually
MacConkey agar severe fibrinous stress, such as reveal large effective. Stress
 Labile in the bronchopneumonia transportation, numbers of factors must be kept
environment reflecting the fact that assembly in feedlots neutrophils. to a minimum.
death generally occurs and close Procedures such as
early or at an acute confinement. castration, dehorning,
stage. -Bovine respiratory branding and
disease (BRD) is the anthelmintic therapy
most costly disease should be carried out
of beef cattle in several weeks before
North America. It is young cattle are
multi-factorial, with transported.
a variety of physical
and physiological
stressors combining
to predispose cattle
to pneumonia.

Type D
-Pigs - Pneumonia, - Toxigenic strains of - Infection with - In severely - Chemoprophylaxis
atrophic P. multocida type D or Bordetella affected pigs with sulphonamides,
rhinitis A cause a severe, bronchiseptica may characteristic trimethoprim, tylosin
progressive form of cause mild, non- facial or tetracyclines in
atrophic rhinitis. These progressive turbinate deformities are weaner, grower and
toxigenic P. multocida atrophy without diagnostic. SOW rations could be
isolates are designated significant distortion -Visual considered.
AR+ (atrophic rhinitis- of the snout. assessment of -Improvement in
positive) strains. However, the the extent of husbandry must be
- Early signs, usually presence of this turbinate instituted to minimize
encountered in pigs organism atrophy can be the influence of
between 3 and 8 weeks predisposes to made following predisposing factors.
of age, include infection with P. slaughter by -Vaccination with a
 excessive lacrimation, multocida AR+. transverse combined B.
sneezing and, Other factors which section of snouts bronchiseptica
occasionally, epistaxis. may predispose to between the first bacterin and P.
The snout gradually infection include and second multocida toxoid may
becomes shortened and over stocking and premolar teeth. reduce the severity of
wrinkled. poor ventilation. -Isolation and the disease and
-As the disease Bordetella identification of improve growth rates
progresses, a distinct bronchiseptica and P. multocida -Sows should be
lateral deviation of the non-toxigenic strains should be vaccinated at 4 and 2
snout may develop of P. multocidu are followed by weeks before
(Rutter, 1989). widely distributed in tests to confirm far rowing and
Atrophic rhinitis is pig herds. The that the isolate is young piglets at 1
rarely fatal. introduction of a P. a toxigenic week and 4 weeks of
-Affected pigs are multocida AR+ strain. age.
usually underweight carrier may initiate -Suitable tests
and damage to the an outbreak of include
turbinate bones may progressive atrophic demonstration
predispose to secondary rhinitis in a of toxicity for
bacterial infections of susceptible herd. tissue culture
the lower respiratory Although young cells, an ELISA
tract. pigs are particularly test for toxin
vulnerable to detection and
infection, non- the detection of
immune pigs of any the toxin gene
age can be infected by a polymerase
by these toxigenic chain reaction
strains technique.
Mannheimia
hemolytica  Facultative  Calf -Pneumonic -Bovine pneumonic - The condition is - Isolation of M. -Affected animals
anaerobe  Lamb pasteurellosis pasteurellosis (shipping associated with M. haemolytica, must be isolated and
 Grows on (shipping fever) occurs most haemolytica, often in treated early in the
MacConkey agar fever) commonly in young principally serotype association with course of the disease.
 Oxidase-positive Serotypes animals within weeks A1, although recent other pathogens, Treatment with
 Non-motile A1, A6 of being subjected to surveys have from oxytetracycline,
 Haemolysis on -Peumonia severe stress such as demonstrated the bronchoalveolar potentiated
sheep blood agar transportation, increasing lavage fluid or sulphonamides and
 12 serotypes assembly in feed lots importance of affected lung ampicillin is usually
recognized and close confinement. serotype A6 in tissue is effective. Stress
 Labile in the -Clinical signs include Europe and confirmatory. factors must be kept
sudden onset of fever, elsewhere. Several to a minimum.
environment
depression, anorexia, respiratory viruses Procedures such as
 tachypnea and serous including castration, dehorning,
nasal discharge. In parainfluenzavirus branding and
mixed infections, there 3, bovine anthelmintic therapy
is usually a marked herpesvirus 1 and should be carried out
cough and ocular bovine respiratory several weeks before
discharge. At syncytial virus may young cattle are
post mortem, the predispose to transported.
cranial lobes of the bacterial invasion.
lungs are red, swollen
and consolidated.
Histophilus somni,  Facultative  Cattle, pigs -Broncho- -Appears to occur most -This organism may -Definitive - Animals with
Haemophilus anaerobes pneumonia often in animals that opportunistically confirmation of clinical signs of
parasuis,  Fastidious have undergone recent colonize lungs with the involvement septicaemia should be
Avibacterium bacteria; some stress such as chronically damaged of H. somni in isolated and those at
paragallinarum require the X and transportation, respiratory defenses, bovine risk should be
V factors in weaning, change of diet such as occurs with infections monitored closely to
chocolate agar or commingling enzootic calf requires the detect early signs of
 Optimal growth isolation and the disease. Although
in 5-10% CO2 identification of oxytetracycline is
 Motile the pathogen usually used for
 Labile in the from therapy, penicillin,
environment cerebrospinal erythromycin and
fluid or potentiated
postmortem sulphonamides are
lesion material. also effective.
Commercially-
available bacterins
may reduce morbidity
and mortality rates if
administered one
month before
outbreaks of disease
are anticipated.
 Chickens, -Infectious - Infectious coryza, - Its economic - Facial swelling - Medication of water
pheasant, coryza, caused by H. importance relates to is a and feed with
turkeys, respiratory paragallinarum, affects loss of condition in characteristic oxytetracycline or
guinea fowl disease the upper respiratory broilers and reduced finding. erythromycin should
tract and paranasal egg production in - Isolation and be initiated early in an
sinuses of chickens. laying birds. identification of outbreak of disease.
- The mild form of Chronically ill and, A. -An all-in/ all-out
disease manifests as occasionally, paragallinarum management policy
 depression, serous nasal clinically normal from the should be
discharge and slight carrier birds act as infraorbital implemented and
facial swelling. In reservoirs of sinuses of replacement birds
severe disease, swelling infection. several affected should be obtained
of one or both Transmission occurs birds is from coryza-free
infraorbital sinuses is by direct contact, by confirmatory. stock. Good
marked and oedema of aerosols or from -Immuno- management of
the surrounding tissues contaminated peroxidase poultry units
may extend to the drinking water. staining can be minimizes the risk of
wattles. In laying birds, Chickens become used to infection.
egg production may be susceptible at about demonstrate A. -Bacterins may be of
severely affected. A 4 weeks after paragallinarum value in units where
copious, tenacious hatching and in the tissues of the disease recurs.
exudate may be evident susceptibility the nasal Vaccines should be
at post mortem in the increases with age. passages and administered about 3
infraorbital sinuses and sinuses. weeks before
tracheitis, bronchitis -Serological outbreaks of coryza
and airsacculitis may be tests such as are anticipated
present. agglutination
tests, ELlSA or
agar gel
immune-
diffusion tests
are used to
demonstrate
antibodies about
2 to 3 weeks
after infection
and to confirm
the presence of
A.
paragallinarum
in a flock.

Bordetella  Strict aerobes  Dogs -Canine -Canine infectious - Dog parks, dogs - Diagnosis is - Dogs with mild
Bordetella  Grow on non- infectious tracheobronchitis, also that attend dog based on a clinical signs do not
bronchiseptica enriched media tracheobronc known as kennel shows, travel history of recent require specific
and on hitis (kennel cough, is one of the frequently, or stay at exposure to therapy. If coughing
cough) most prevalent kennels have a carrier dogs and persists for more than
 MacConkey agar respiratory complexes higher risk of characteristic 2 weeks or if
 Catalase-positive of dogs. Clinical signs developing kennel clinical signs. bronchopneumonia is
 Oxidase-positive of infection with B. cough than do dogs The appropriate present, antibiotic
 Motile bronchiseptica develop that stay at home specimen for therapy may be
 Toxigenic strains within 3 to 4 days of most of the time. laboratory required. Amoxicillin
agglutinate exposure and, without examination is has proved effective
mammalian red complications, persist transtracheal in field trials.
blood cells for up to 14 days. They aspiration fluid. Tetracyclines and
 Labile in the include coughing, Virulent isolates fluoroquinolones may
environment gagging or retching and of B. also be effective.
mild serous oculonasal bronchiseptica
discharge. Affected haemagglutinate
dogs usually remain ovine and
active, alert and non- bovine red cells.
febrile. The disease is Serology, in
self-limiting unless association with
complicated by vaccination
bronchopneumonia history, may be
which may develop in of value for
unvaccinated pups or in determining the
older involvement of
immunosuppressed respiratory
animals. viruses.
Bordetella avium  Turkeys -Coryza - Turkey coryza, caused - Clinical signs - Buildings which
by B. avium, is a highly and gross have housed infected
contagious upper pathological turkeys should be
respiratory tract disease features may be thoroughly cleaned
of poults with high indicative of the and dis infected
morbidity and low disease. following a disease
mortality. Infection is -Isolation and outbreak. If there are
spread through direct identification of recurring outbreaks of
contact, by aerosols and B. avium from disease in a turkey
from environmental sinus and flock, vaccination
sources. Mucus tracheal should be considered.
accumulates in the exudates is
nares with swelling in confirmatory.
the sub maxillary -Virulent
sinuses. Beak- isolates
breathing, excessive agglutinate
lacrimation and guinea-pig red
sneezing may be blood cells.
 evident. Infection with -Micro-
B. avium predisposes to agglutination
secondary infections and ELlSA
with bacteria such as techniques may
Escherichia coli. Once be of diagnostic
E. coli becomes value.
established, a more
serious disease with
high mortality can
develop.
References:

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Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., FitzPatrick , E.S. & Fanning, S. (2016) 2 nd ed. Concise Review of Veterinary Microbiology. Wiley Blckwell

Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., Carter, M.E. & Donnelly, W.J. (n.d.). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Diseases. Wiley-Blackwell

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Sprague, L. D. (2023, March 22). Melioidosis in animals - generalized conditions. MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/melioidosis/melioidosis-in-animals?query=melioidosis

Timoney, J. F. (2023, March 22). Glanders in horses and other animals - generalized conditions. MSD Veterinary Manual. Retrieved April 8, 2023, from
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/glanders/glanders-in-horses-and-other-animals