MHF4U

MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Grade 12, University Preparation
Lesson 16
Remainder Theorem
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Lesson 16
Lesson Sixteen Concepts

¾ Understanding and applying the remainder theorem with polynomials
The Remainder Theorem
Example 1
Given f ( x ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 + x − 2 , find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x – 1. Write the

corresponding division statement.
Solution
The corresponding division statement is x 3 + 4 x 2 + x − 2 = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 6) + 4
Now take (1) and substitute it into the division statement
LS RS
x 3 + 4x 2 + x − 2
= (1)3 + 4(1) 2 + (1) − 2 (1 − 1)((1) 2 + 5(1) + 6) + 4
= 1+ 4 + 1− 2 0(12) + 4
= 6−2 =4
=4
Notice that when we substituted 1 in to both sides it produced the same value as the
remainder.
Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 2 of 52

This is an example of a general result that is true for any polynomial, and is called the
remainder theorem.
Remainder Theorem
When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – a, then the remainder is f(a).
Example 2
Find the remainder when x 3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x − 1 is divided by x + 3 .
Solution
f ( x ) = x 3 − 4x 2 + 5x − 1 a = −3 ( x − ( −3 )) = x + 3
therefore,
f ( −3) = (−3)3 − 4(−3)2 + 5(−3) − 1

= −27 − 36 − 15 − 1
= −79
therefore, the remainder is -79
Support Questions
1. Divide and write the corresponding division statement.
a. (x 2
− 2x − 13 ) ÷ ( x + 3 ) b. (x 3
+ x 2 + x + 11) ÷ ( x + 2 )
2. Find the remainder when x 3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 15 is divided by each binomial.
a. x + 1 b. x − 3 c. x + 5 d. x − 2
3. Find the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x − 2 .
a. x 3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 15 b. x 3 − 5 x 2 − x − 10
c. 2x 2 + 5 x − 1 d. x 3 + 13 x 2 + 39 x + 20

4. Without using long division, find each remainder.
a. (2 x 2 + 6 x + 8) ÷ ( x + 1) b. (x 2
+ 4 x + 12 ) ÷ ( x − 4 )
c. ( x 3 + 6 x 2 − 4 x + 3) ÷ ( x + 2)
5. What is the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x?
a. x 2 + 5 x b. x 3 − 2 x + 8 c. − x 3 − 5 x 2 + 2 x + 7
6. Find k when x 3 + kx 2 + 2 x − 3 is divided by x + 2 , the remainder is 1.
7. (
Without using long division, find the remainder of 6 x 2 − 10 x + 7 ÷ (3 x + 1) )
Key Question #16

1. Divide and write the corresponding division statement.
a. ( 2x 3
+ 5 x 2 − 2x − 3 ) ÷ ( x + 1) b. ( 2x 3
− 7 x 2 + 16 x − 22 ) ÷ ( 2x − 3 )
2. Find the remainder when x 3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 15 is divided by each binomial.
a. x − 1 b. x + 3 c. x − 5 d. x + 2
3. Find the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x − 1.
a. x 2 + x − 2 b. x 2 − 11x + 6
c. x 3 + 11x 2 − 6 x − 10 d. 2 x 3 + x 2 − 27 x − 36
4. Without using long division, find each remainder.
a. ( − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 9) ÷ ( x + 1) b. (3 x 3 + 7 x 2 − 2 x − 11) ÷ ( x − 2)
c. ( − x 4 + 3 x 2 − x + 1) ÷ ( x + 2)
5. What is the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x?
a. − x 3 + 5 x 2 − 2 x b. − 3 x 3 + 5 x − 2 c. 7 x 4 + 3 x 3 − x 2 − 4 x + 3

Key Question #16 (continued)

6. Find k when x 4 − kx 3 − 2 x 2 + x + 4 is divided by x − 3 , the remainder is 16.
7. ( )
Without using long division, find the remainder of − 4 x 3 − 9 x + 10 ÷ (1 − 2 x ) .
8. When kx 3 + px 2 − x + 3 is divided by x − 1, the remainder is 4. When

kx 3 + px 2 − x + 3 is divided by x − 2 , the remainder is 21. Find the values of k
and p.

MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Lesson 17
Factor Theorem
Lesson Seventeen Concepts

¾ Understanding and applying the factor theorem with polynomials
The Factor Theorem
x – a is a factor of f ( x ) if and only if f ( a ) = 0
That is, if f ( a ) = 0 , then x − a is a factor and hence if x − a is a factor then f ( a ) = 0 .
Example 1
Is ( x + 1) a factor of x 3 − 4 x 2 + x + 6 ?
Solution
f ( x) = x3 − 4x 2 + x + 6
f ( −1) = ( −1)3 − 4( −1)2 + ( −1) + 6
f ( −1) = −1 − 4 − 1 + 6
f ( −1) = 0
Since f ( −1) = 0 then x + 1 is a factor of x 3 − 4 x 2 + x + 6 .
When trying to decide which values of “a” in x – a to choose to find the factors look at
the last term of the function.
In example 1 the last term was +6 so the possible values of “a” must produce the
product 6. The possible values of “a” are 1, 6, -1, -6, 2, 3, -2, -3.
The largest number of trials would be 8 and there can be only a maximum of three
zeros since it is a cubic function.
Example 2
What is the maximum number of zeros the function f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 3 could have and
list all the possible value of “a” that could be the zeros of the given function.
Solution
This is a quadratic function so it can have a maximum of two zeros. The possible
values of “a” are all the numbers that multiply to equal 3. 1, 3, -1, -3

Support Questions
1. Use the factor theorem to prove each of the following.
a. x + 2 is a factor of x 3 + 3 x 2 − 4 x − 12
b. x − 1 is a factor of x 3 − 2 x 2 − 11x + 12
2. Which of the following has x – 2 as a factor?
a. x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 24 b. 3 x 3 − x 2 + 2 x + 12 c. 2 x 3 − 3 x − 10
3. Find the factors of each polynomial by using the factor theorem.
a. 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 5 x − 2 b. 4 x 3 + 8 x 2 + x − 3
c. 2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 13 x + 6 d. 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 − x 2 − 3 x − 1
Key Question #17

1. Use the factor theorem to prove each of the following.
a. x − 3 is a factor of x 3 + x 2 − 9 x − 9
b. x + 2 is a factor of x 3 + 4 x 2 + 5 x + 2
2. Which of the following has x – 2 as a factor?
a. x 3 − 3 x 2 − 4 x + 12 b. x 3 + x 2 − 16 x + 20 c. − x 3 + 3 x − 2
3. Find the factors of each polynomial by using the factor theorem.
a. x 3 + 5 x 2 + 2 x − 8 b. x 3 + 9 x 2 + 23 x + 15
c. x 3 + 2 x 2 − 19 x − 20 d. x 3 − 7x − 6
4. Why is x − 1 not a factor of f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 8 x 2 + x − 3 ?
5. f ( x ) = kx 3 − 8 x 2 − x + 3k + 1 is divisible by x − 2 . Find the value of “k”.
6. If x + 1 is a factor of x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x + c , find the value of c.

MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Lesson 18
Solving Polynomials: Factoring
Lesson Eighteen Concepts

¾ Solving polynomial equations in one variable of degree no higher than four
¾ Selection various strategies to solve polynomial equations
Solving Polynomials: Factoring
Example 1
Solve for x. x3 − x = 0
Solution
x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x=1 x = -1
Example 2
Solve for x. x 3 − 3 x 2 − 4 x + 12 = 0
Solution
There are various methods to attempt to solve this problem (i.e. applying the factor
theorem). However the left side of the equation can be factored by grouping because a
factor of x – 3 remains when common factors are removed from the first two terms and
from the last two terms.
x 3 − 3 x 2 − 4 x + 12 = 0
x 2 ( x − 3) − 4( x − 3) = 0
( x − 3)( x 2 − 4) = 0
( x − 3)( x + 2)( x − 2) = 0
x – 3 =0 or x + 2 = 0 or x - 2 = 0
x=3 x = -2 x=2

Example 3
Solve for x. x 3 + 9 x 2 + 13 x + 5 = 0
Solution
Since grouping does not work for this equation, the factor theorem is used next.
Possible values of f(x) are 1, 5, -1,-5
f ( x ) = x 3 + 9 x 2 + 13 x + 5
f ( −1) = ( −1)3 + 9( −1)2 + 13( −1) + 5
f ( −1) = −1 + 9 − 13 + 5
f ( −1) = 0
so it can be concluded from the factor theorem that (x + 1) is a factor of

x 3 + 9 x 2 + 13 x + 5 = 0
Dividing x 3 + 9 x 2 + 13 x + 5 = 0 by (x + 1) is now required to further factor the equation.
Either long division can be used to achieve this or we can deduct by equating
coefficients.
The term containing x is 5x + bx on the left side, and 13x on the right side. Since the
coefficients are equal,
5 + b = 13
b=8 so ( x + 1)( x 2 + 8 x + 5) = 0

Example 4
Solve for x. x3 + 1 = 0
Solution
Factor theorem gives us f(-1)=0
So (x –1) is one factor, therefore,
x3 + 1 = 0
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) = 0
Either x + 1 = 0 or ( x 2 − x + 1) = 0
There is only one root, x = -1, in the set of real numbers.
Support Questions
1. Solve for x.
a. x( x − 2)( x + 5) = 0 b. x(2 x + 3)( x − 4) = 0
c. x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 6 = 0 d. x 3 + 5 x 2 − 9 x − 45 = 0
e. x 3 + 3 x 2 − 10 x − 24 = 0 f. x 3 + x − 10 = 0
g. 2 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 18 x + 36 = 0
2. Write a polynomial equation with these roots.
1 2+2 5 2−2 5
a. − , 3,-3,1 b. − 1, ,
2 2 2

3. If one root is 2, find each value of k, and the other roots of

2 x 3 − 13 x 2 + kx + 10 = 0 .
Key Question #18

1. Solve for x.
a. 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 b. 8 x 3 + 4 x 2 − 18 x − 9 = 0
c. 2 x 3 + 10 x 2 + 13 x + 5 = 0 d. 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 75 x − 50 = 0
2. One root of each equation below is the same for every equation. What is this
root?
a. 10 x 3 − 25 x 2 − 15 x = 0 b. 6 x 3 + 45 x − 33 x 2 = 0
c. 3 x 4 + 14 x 3 + 8 x 2 = 0 d. 18 x 4 − 50 x 2 = 0
3. Find the other roots of each in question 2.
4. The product of the squares of two consecutive integers is 256 036. Find the
integers.
5. Write a polynomial equation with these roots.
a. 2, 5,1 b. − 1, 2 + 3, 2 − 3
6. If one root is 2, find each value of k, and the other roots.
a. 25 x 4 + kx 2 + 16 = 0 b. 3 x 3 − 15 x 2 + kx − 4 = 0

MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Lesson 19
Solving Polynomial Inequalities
Lesson Nineteen Concepts

¾ Determine solutions to polynomial inequalities in one variable
¾ Solve linear inequalities and factorable polynomial inequalities in one variable
Solving Inequalities
An efficient method of solving a polynomial inequality is to solve the corresponding

equation and test values of x in the intervals defined by the roots of the equation.
Example 1
Solve the inequality 6 − 5 x 2 < 13 x
Solution
6 − 5 x 2 < 13 x
5 x 2 + 13 x − 6 = 0
Use the factor theorem
f(3)
f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 13 x − 6
f ( −3) = 5( −3)2 + 13(−3) − 6
f ( −3) = 45 − 39 − 6
f ( −3) = 0
Therefore, one factor is x + 3 which helps us find the other factor at (5x - 2) and the
2
zeros are -3 and .
5
Because there are two zeros the x-axis will be divided into three intervals. A, B, and C.

Pick a value of x in each interval, and substitute it in both sides of the inequality. If the
inequality is satisfied, all values of x in the interval are solutions of the inequality.
A value of x in interval A is –10. Substitute –10 for x.
LS RS
6 − 5 x 2 = 6 − 5(−10)2 13 x = 13( −10)
= −494 = −130
This value of x satisfies the inequality.
A value of x in interval B is 0. Substitute 0 for x.
LS RS
6 − 5 x 2 = 6 − 5(0)2 13 x = 13(0)
=6 =0
This value of x does not satisfy the inequality.
A value of x in interval C is 10. Substitute –10 for x.
LS RS
6 − 5 x 2 = 6 − 5(10)2 13 x = 13(10)
= −494 = 130
This value of x satisfies the inequality.
⎧ 2⎫
THEREFORE the solution to the set is ⎨ x x < −3 or x > ⎬
⎩ 5⎭

Example 2
Use the graph to write the solution set of the inequalities given below it.
a. x 2 − 2 x − 15 > 0 b. x 2 − 2 x − 15 < 0
Solution
a. {x -3 < x < 5 } b. {x x < -3 and x > 5 }

Support Questions
1. Use the graph to write the solution set of the inequalities given below it.
a. x 2 − x − 6 < 0 b. x 2 − x − 6 > 0
2. Solve each inequality.
a. ( x − 2)( x + 2) > 0 b. ( x + 1)( x + 2) ≤ 0
c. ( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 6) > 0 d. ( x + 4)( x − 3) 2 < 0
e. x 2 − 5 x < 0 f. x 2 − 2 x ≥ 8
g. 2 x 3 − x 2 − 8 x > −4 h. x 3 + 3 x 2 < 9 x + 27
3. Write a polynomial inequality whose solution set is each given graph.
a.
b.

Key Question #19

1. Use the graph to write the solution set of the inequalities given below it.
a. x 3 − 4 x 2 − 3 x + 18 < 0 b. x 3 − 4 x 2 − 3 x + 18 > 0
2. Solve each inequality.
a. x( x − 5) > 0 b. x( x − 2)( x − 4) ≤ 0
c. x( x + 3)( x + 5) ≥ 0 d. x ( x − 2)( x 2 − 16) ≤ 0
e. 18 − 3 x − x 2 ≥ 0 f. x 2 + 4 > 4 x
g. 2 x 3 + x 2 + 2x < 0 h. x 2 − 6 x + 11 > 0
3. Write a polynomial inequality whose solution set is each given graph.
a.
b.


4. For what values of x does the parabola y = x 2 − 4 x lie above the line y = 2 x − 5 ?
5. Prove that every cubic inequality has infinitely many real solutions.
6. Give an example of a polynomial inequality that has no real solution.

MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Lesson 20
Average and Instantaneous
Rate of Change
Lesson Twenty Concepts

¾ Calculate and interpret average rates of change of functions
¾ Recognize examples of instantaneous rates of change arising from real-world
situations, and make connections between instantaneous rates of change and
average rates of change
¾ Solve problems involving average and instantaneous rates of change
Average Rate of Change
The table shows the results of a student recording temperature every 3 s.
Time(s) Temperature (F)

0 66.756
3 89.330
6 91.544
9 92.678
12 93.542
15 94.010
18 94.496
21 94.550
How can you estimate the rate of change of temperature at exactly 15 s?
A closer look at the temperatures in the table show, that for every 3 s the temperature is
recorded from 0 to 21 s to the nearest thousandths. The temperature amounts are
increasing but the not a constant rate between time intervals.
In other words, the rate of change of temperature is different for different intervals.
The table following shows the first difference and the average rate of change for each
3s interval.

The average rate of change appears to decrease as time increases. The average rate
of change is 0.288 °F / s from 12 to 15 s and the average rate of change is 0.162 °F / s
from 15 to 18s. So it is difficult to estimate the rate of change at exactly 15 s, however,
a sequence of average rates of change to estimate the rate of change at an exact time.

Solution
Support Questions
1. For f ( x ) = x 2 , determine the average rate of change of f(x) with respect to x over
each interval.
a. 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 b. 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 c. 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
2. Determine the average rate of change of g ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 5 x + 1 over each interval.
a. 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 b. 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 c. 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.5

Instantaneous Rate of Change
For the function y = f ( x ) , the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at point
( x1, y1 ) is the limiting value of the average rates of change as the interval between the
x-coordinates of points ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2 , y 2 ) continuously decrease to 0.
Example 2
Chantel drains a holding tank. The holding tank holds 1600L of apple cider. It takes 2 h
for the cider to drain completely. The volume of the cider in the tank is modelled by
1
V (t ) = (120 − t )2 , where V is the volume in litres at t minutes and 0 ≤ t ≤ 120 .
9
a. Determine the average rate of change of volume during the second hour.
b. Determine the instantaneous rate of change after exactly 60 min.

Solution
ΔV
a. The average rate of change is for 60 ≤ t ≤ 120 and so t1 = 60 and t 2 = 120
Δt
The water in the tub drains at an average rate of 6.667 L/min during the second hour.
b. The instantaneous rate of change after 60 min is the limiting value of the average
rates of change as the time interval decreases to 0 near 60 min.
Instantaneous rate of change at t = 60
First find the general equation for the average rate of change.
Average rate of change t1 = 60
Next calculate the average rates of change for different values of t 2 . Let t 2 start at 61
ΔV
and decrease toward 60. The table below shows the values for as Δt approaches
Δt
0 near 60 min.

Interval ΔV = V (t 2 ) − V (t1) Δt = t 2 − t1 ΔV
Δt
60 ≤ t ≤ 61 V(61) – V(60) = 386.78 – 400 = -13.22 61 – 60 = 1 -13.22
60 ≤ t ≤ 60.5 V(60.5) – V(60) = 393.36 – 400 = -6.64 0.5 -13.28
60 ≤ t ≤ 60.1 V(60.1) – V(60) = 398.668 – 400 = -1.332 0.1 -13.32
60 ≤ t ≤ 60.01V(60.01) – V(60) = 399.866 – 400 = 0.01 -13.3322
-0.1333322
60 ≤ t ≤ 60.001 V(60.001) – V(60) = 399.986 – 400= 0.001 -13.33322
-0.01333322
ΔV
As Δt approaches 0, appears to approach –13.3. So –13.3 is the limiting value of
Δt
the average rates of change.
Therefore, the instantaneous rate of change of volume with respect to time after exactly
60 min is about –13.3. L/min
Support Questions
3. Copy and complete the table. Then estimate the instantaneous rate of change of
f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 3 at point (2, 23).
Interval Δf ( x ) = f ( x2 ) − f ( x1) Δx = x2 − x1 Δf ( x )
Average Rate of Change,
Δx
2≤x≤3
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.5
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.1
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.01
4. Estimate the instantaneous rate of change of each function at the given point.
a. f ( x ) = 3 x 2 + 4 x at (1, 7) b. f ( x ) = −2 x 2 − 8 at (0, -8)

Support Questions (continued)

5. A ball is dropped and falls to the ground. The function d (t ) = 4.9t 2 models the
distance, d, in metres the ball has travelled after exactly t seconds passes.
Interval Δd Δt Δd
Δt
3≤t ≤4
3≤t ≤ 3.5
3≤t ≤ 3.1
3≤t ≤ 3.01
a. Copy and complete the above table.
b. Estimate the instantaneous rate of change of distance with respect to time at

3 s.
c. What is the more common name given to the rate of change you found for b?
Key Question #20

1. For f ( x ) = x 2 , determine the average rate of change of f(x) with respect to x over
each interval.
a. 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 b. 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.1 c. 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.01
2. Determine the average rate of change of g ( x ) = 4 x 3 − 5 x + 1 over each interval.
a. 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.1 b. 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.01 c. 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.001
3. Copy and complete the table. Then estimate the instantaneous rate of change of
f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 3 at point (2, 23).
Δx
1≤ x ≤ 2
1.5 ≤ x ≤ 2
1.9 ≤ x ≤ 2
1.99 ≤ x ≤ 2


4. Estimate the instantaneous rate of change of each function at the given point.
a. f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 at (2, 12) b. f ( x ) = − x 4 + 1 at (3, -80)
5. A pebble falls from the top of a cliff that is 180 m high. The pebble’s height
above the ground is modelled by h(t ) = −5t 2 − 5t + 180 where h is the height in
metres at t seconds since the pebble started to fall.
a. Find the average rate of change between 1 s and 4 s.
b. Find h(3)
c. Find the instantaneous rate of change of height at 3 s.
d. Explain the meaning of each value calculated in parts a, b and c.
6. The population of a town is modelled by P (t ) = 6t 2 + 110t + 3000 , where P is the

population and t is the number of years since 1990.
a. Find the average rate of change in population between 1995 and 2005.
b. Find P(15)
c. Estimate the rate at which the population is changing in 2005.

MHF4U
Advanced Functions
Unit 4
Support Question Answers
MHF4U – Advanced Functions Support Question Answers
Lesson 16
1. a.
( )
The corresponding division statement is x 2 − 2 x − 13 = ( x + 3 ) ( x − 5) + 2 .
b.
( )
The corresponding division statement is x 3 + x 2 + x + 11 = ( x + 2 ) ( x 2 − x + 3) + 5 .
2. a.
remainder = -31

b.
remainder = -3
c.
remainder = -315
d.
remainder = -7

3. a.
There remainder is -7
b.
remainder = -24
c.
remainder = 17

d.
remainder = 158
4. a.
f ( −1) = (2(−1)2 + 6(−1) + 8)
f ( −1) = 2 − 6 + 8
f ( −1) = 4
remainder = 4
b.
f (4) = ((4)2 + 4(4) + 12)
f (4) = 16 + 16 + 12
f (4) = 44
remainder = 44
c.
f ( −2) = (( −2)3 + 6(−2)2 − 4( −2) + 3)
f ( −2) = −8 + 24 + 8 + 3
f ( −2) = 27
remainder = 27
5. a. 0 b. 8 c. 7

6.
1 = ( −2)3 + k (−2)2 + 2(−2) − 3
1 = −8 + 4k − 4 − 3
1 = −15 + 4k
16 = 4k
4=k
7.
3x + 1 = 0
3 x = −1
1
x=−
3
1 1 1
f ( − ) = 6( − )2 − 10(− ) + 7
3 3 3
1 6 10
f (− ) = + +7
3 9 3
1 6 30 63
f (− ) = + +
3 9 9 9
1 99
f (− ) =
3 9
1
f ( − ) = 11
3
Lesson 17
1. a.
f ( −2) = ( −2)3 + 3( −2) 2 − 4( −2) − 12
f ( −2) = −8 + 12 + 8 − 12
f ( −2) = 0
no remainder so x + 2 is a factor
b.
f (1) = (1)3 − 2(1)2 − 11(1) + 12
f (1) = 1 − 2 − 11 + 12
f (1) = 0
no remainder so x - 1 is a factor

2. a.
f (2) = (2)3 − 2(2)2 + 5(2) − 24
f (2) = 8 − 8 + 10 − 24 not a factor because remainder not equal to zero
f (2) = −14
b.
f (2) = 3(2)3 − (2)2 + 2(2) + 12
f (2) = 24 − 4 + 4 + 12 not a factor because remainder not equal to zero
f (2) = 36
c.
f (2) = 2(2)3 − 3(2) − 10
f (2) = 16 − 6 − 10 yes is a factor because remainder does equal zero
f (2) = 0
3. a. max of three zeros

list of pairing to equal –2 are 1, -2 and –1 and 2
f (2) = 3(2)3 + 4(2) 2 − 5(2) − 2

f (2) = 24 + 16 − 2 not a factor
f (2) = 38
f ( −2) = 3( −2) 3 + 4( −2) 2 − 5( −2) − 2

f ( −2) = −24 + 16 + 10 − 2 factor
f ( −2 ) = 0
f (1) = 3(1)3 + 4(1) 2 − 5(1) − 2

f (1) = 3 + 4 − 5 − 2 factor
f (1) = 0
f ( −1) = 3( −1) 3 + 4( −1) 2 − 5( −1) − 2

f ( −1) = −3 + 4 + 5 − 2 not a factor
f ( −1) = 4
( x − 1)( x + 2) = x 2 + x − 2
(3 x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2)

b. max of three zeros

list of pairing to equal –3 are 1, -3 and –1 and 3
f ( −3) = 4( −3)3 + 8( −3) 2 + ( −3) − 3

f ( −3) = −108 + 72 − 3 − 3 not a factor
f ( −3) = −42
f (3) = 4(3) 3 + 8(3) 2 + (3) − 3

f (3) = 81 + 72 + 3 − 3 not a factor
f (3) = 153
f ( −1) = 4( −1)3 + 8( −1) 2 + ( −1) − 3

f ( −1) = −4 + 8 − 1 − 3 factor
f ( −1) = 0
f (1) = 4(1)3 + 8(1) 2 + (1) − 3

f (1) = 4 + 8 + 1 − 3 not a factor
f (1) = 10
( )
( x + 1) 4 x 2 + 4 x − 3 = ( x + 1)(2x + 3)(2x − 1)
c. max of three zeros

list of pairing to equal 6 are -1, -6,1,6,2,3,-2,-3
f ( −3) = 2( −3) 3 + 9( −3) 2 + 13( −3) + 6

f ( −3) = −54 + 81 − 39 + 6 not a factor
f ( −3) = −6
f (3) = 2(3)3 + 9(3) 2 + 13(3) + 6

f (3) = 54 + 81 + 39 + 6 not a factor
f (3) = −174
f ( −1) = 2( −1) 3 + 9( −1) 2 + 13( −1) + 6

f ( −1) = −2 + 9 − 13 + 6 factor
f ( −1) = 0
( )
( x + 1) 2x 2 + 7 x + 6 = ( x + 1)( x + 2)(2x + 3)

d. max of four zeros

list of pairing to equal -1 are -1, 1
f ( −1) = 2( −1) 4 + 3( −1)3 − ( −1) 2 − 3( −1) − 1

f ( −1) = 2 − 3 − 1 + 3 − 1 factor
f ( −1) = 0
f (1) = 2(1) 4 + 3(1)3 − (1) 2 − 3(1) − 1

f (1) = 2 + 3 − 1 − 3 − 1 factor
f (1) = 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)(2x 2 + 3 x + 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)(2 x + 1)( x + 1)
Lesson 18
1. a. x = 0, x = 2 and x = -5
3
b. x = 0, x = 4, and x = −
2
c.
f (2) = (2)3 − 2(2) 2 + 3(2) − 6
f ( 2) = 8 − 8 + 6 − 6
f ( 2) = 0
f ( x ) = ( x − 2)( x 2 + 3)
x = 2 and the other roots are not real numbers
d.
f ( −5) = ( −5) 3 + 5( −5) 2 − 9( −5) − 45
f ( −5) = −125 + 125 + 45 − 45
f ( −5) = 0
f ( x ) = ( x + 5)( x 2 − 9) = ( x + 5)( x − 3)( x + 3)
x = -5 and x = 3 and x = -3
e.
f (3) = (3) 3 + 3(3) 2 − 10(3) − 24
f (3) = 27 + 27 − 30 − 24
f (3 ) = 0

f ( x ) = ( x − 3)( x 2 + 6 x + 8) = ( x − 3)( x + 2)( x + 4)
x = 3 and x = -2 and x = -4
f.
f (2) = (2)3 + (2) − 10
f (2) = 8 + 2 − 10
f ( 2) = 0
f ( x ) = ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 5)
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− 2 ± 2 2 − 4(1)(5)
x=
2(1)
− 2 ± − 16
x=
2
x = 2 and the other roots are not real numbers
g.
f (2) = 2(2)3 − 4(2) 2 − 18(2) + 36
f (2) = 16 − 16 − 36 + 36
f ( 2) = 0
f ( x ) = 2( x − 2)( x 2 − 9) = 2( x − 2)( x + 3)( x − 3)
x = 3 and x = -3 and x = 2
2. a. f ( x ) = (2 x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 3)( x − 1)
b. f ( x ) = (2 x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 3)( x − 1)

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
2a
− 2 ± (2) 2 − 4(1)c
2(1)
c. b=2
a =1
c = −4
f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x − 4)
3.
2 x 3 − 13 x 2 + kx + 10 = 0
2(2)3 − 13(2)2 + k (2) + 10 = 0
16 − 52 + 10 + 2k = 0
−26 = −2k
13 = k
2 x 3 − 13 x 2 + 13 x + 10 = 0
( x − 2)(2 x 2 − 9 x − 5) = 0
( x − 2)(2 x + 1)( x − 5) = 0
1
x = 2, x = 5 and x = −
2
Lesson 19
1. a. {x - 2 < x < 3} b. {x - x < 2 or x > 3}
2. a. the roots are 2 and –2
x=5
( x − 2)( x + 2) > 0
(5 − 2)(5 + 2) > 0
3(7) > 0
21 > 0
x satisfies the inequality

x=0
( x − 2)( x + 2) > 0
(0 − 2)(0 + 2) > 0
−2(2) > 0
−4 > 0
x does not satisfy the inequality
x = -5
( x − 2)( x + 2) > 0
( −5 − 2)( −5 + 2) > 0
−7(−3) > 0
21 > 0
The solution set is {x x < −2 or x > 2}
b. the roots are -1 and –2
x=5
( x + 1)( x + 2) ≤ 0
(5 + 1)(5 + 2) ≤ 0
6(7) ≤ 0
42 ≤ 0
x = 1.5
( x + 1)( x + 2) ≤ 0
( −1.5 + 1)(−1.5 + 2) ≤ 0
−0.5(0.5) ≤ 0
−0.25 ≤ 0

x = -5
( x + 1)( x + 2) ≤ 0
( −5 + 1)( −5 + 2) ≤ 0
−4( −3) ≤ 0
12 ≤ 0
The solution set is {x - 2 ≤ x ≤ - 1}
c. the roots are -2 ,2 and 6
x = 10
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 6) > 0

(10 − 2)(10 + 2)(10 − 6) > 0
(8)(12)(4) > 0
384 > 0
x=5
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 6) > 0

(5 − 2)(5 + 2)(5 − 6) > 0
(3)(7)(−1) > 0
−21 > 0
x=0
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 6) > 0

(0 − 2)(0 + 2)(0 − 6) > 0
( −2)(2)(−6) > 0
24 > 0

x = -5
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 6) > 0

( −5 − 2)( −5 + 2)(−5 − 6) > 0
( −7)(−3)( −11) > 0
−231 > 0
The solution set is {x - 2 < x < 2 and x > 6}
d. the roots are -4 and 3
x=5
( x + 4)( x − 3)2 < 0

(5 + 4)(5 − 3)2 < 0
(9)(4) < 0
36 < 0
x=0
( x + 4)( x − 3)2 < 0

(0 + 4)(0 − 3)2 < 0
(4)(9) < 0
36 < 0
x=0
( x + 4)( x − 3)2 < 0

( −5 + 4)(−5 − 3)2 < 0
( −1)(64) < 0
−64 < 0
The solution set is {x x < - 4}

e. the roots are 0 and 5
x=6
x 2 − 5x < 0
(6)2 − 5(6) < 0
(36) − 30 < 0
6<0
x=2
x2 − 5x < 0
(2)2 − 5(2) < 0
4 − 10 < 0
−6 < 0
x = -1
x 2 − 5x < 0
( −1)2 − 5( −1) < 0
1+ 5 < 0
6<0
The solution set is {x 0 < x < 5}
f. from factoring x 2 − 2 x − 8 ≥ 0.. the roots are -2 and 4
x=5
x 2 − 2x ≥ 8
(5)2 − 2(5) ≥ 8
25 − 10 ≥ 8
15 ≥ 8

x=0
x 2 − 2x ≥ 8
(0)2 − 2(0) ≥ 8
0−0≥ 8
0≥8
x = -5
x 2 − 2x ≥ 8
( −5)2 − 2( −5) ≥ 8
25 + 10 ≥ 8
35 ≥ 8
The solution set is {x x ≤ -2 and x ≥ 4}
1
g. from factoring 2 x 3 − x 2 − 8 x + 4 > 0 , the roots are 2, , and -2.
2
x=3
( x − 2)( x + 2)( 2x − 1) > 0

( 3 − 2 )( 3 + 2 ) ( 2 ( 3 ) − 1) > 0
1( 5 )( 5 ) > 0
25 > 0
x =1
( x − 2 )( x + 2 )( 2x − 1) > 0
(1 − 2 )(1 + 2 ) ( 2 (1 − 1)) > 0
−1( 3 )(1) > 0
−3 > 0

x = −1
( x − 2)( x + 2 )( 2x − 1) > 0
( −1 − 2 )( −1 + 2 ) ( 2 ( ( −1) − 1) ) > 0
( −3 )(1)( −3 ) > 0
9>0
x = −3
( x − 2 )( x + 2)( 2x − 1) > 0
( −3 − 2 )( −3 + 2 ) ( 2 ( ( −3 ) − 1) ) > 0
( −5 )(1)( −7 ) > 0
−35 > 0
⎧ 1 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ x − 2 < x < and x > 2 ⎬
⎩ 2 ⎭
h. from factoring x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x − 27 = 0 , the roots are -3 and 3
x=5
x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x − 27
(5 ) + 3 ( 5 ) < 9 ( 5 ) + 27
3 2
125 + 75 < 45 + 27
200 < 72

x=0
x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x − 27
(0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) < 9 ( 0 ) + 27
3 2
0 < 27
0 < 72
x = −5
x 3 + 3 x 2 − 9 x − 27
( −5 ) + 3 ( −5 ) < 9 ( −5 ) + 27
3 2
−125 + 75 < −45 + 27

−50 < −18
The solution set is {x x < −3 or − 3 < x < 3}
3. a. ( x + 4)( x − 2) < 0
b. ( x + 2)( x + 1)( x − 4) < 0
Lesson 20
1. a. b.
Δf ( x ) f (4) − f (1) Δf ( x ) f (3) − f (1)

= =
Δx 4 −1 Δx 3 −1
⎡⎣(4)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣(1)2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣(3)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣(1)2 ⎤⎦
= =
4 −1 3 −1
16 − 1 9 −1
= =
3 2
=5 =4

c.
Δf ( x ) f (2) − f (1)
=
Δx 2 −1
⎡(2)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣(1)2 ⎤⎦
=⎣
2 −1
4 −1
=
1
=3
2. a.
Δf ( x ) f (4) − f (2)
=
Δx 4−2
⎡⎣ 4(4)3 − 5(4) + 1⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4(2)3 − 5(2) + 1⎤⎦
=
4−2
237 − 21
=
2
216
=
= 108
b.
Δf ( x ) f (3) − f (2)
=
Δx 3−2
⎡ 4(3)3 − 5(3) + 1⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4(2)3 − 5(2) + 1⎤⎦
⎣
=
3−2
94 − 21
=
1
= 73

c.
Δf ( x ) f (2.5) − f (2)
=
Δx 2.5 − 2
⎡⎣ 4(2.5)3 − 5(2.5) + 1⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4(2)3 − 5(2) + 1⎤⎦
=
2.5 − 2
51 − 21
=
0.5
30
=
0.5
= 60
3.
2≤x≤3 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .5
Δf ( x ) f (2.5) − f (2)
=
Δx 2.5 − 2
Δf ( x ) f (3) − f (2)
= ⎡⎣5(2.5)2 + 3 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣5(2)2 + 3 ⎤⎦
Δx 3−2 =
2.5 − 2
⎡⎣5(3)2 + 3 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣5(2)2 + 3 ⎤⎦
= 34.25 − 23
3−2 =
0.5
48 − 23
= =
11.25
1 0.5
= 25 = 22.5
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.1 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.01
Δf ( x ) f (2.1) − f (2) Δf ( x ) f (2.01) − f (2)

= =
Δx 2.1 − 2 Δx 2.01 − 2
⎡⎣5(2.1)2 + 3⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣5(2)2 + 3⎤⎦ ⎡⎣5(2.01)2 + 3 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣5(2)2 + 3 ⎤⎦
= =
2.1 − 2 2.01 − 2
25.05 − 23 23.2005 − 23
= =
.1 .01
2.05 0.2005
= =
.1 .01
= 20.5 = 20.05

Δx
2≤x≤3 25 1 25
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.5 11.25 0.5 22.5
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.1 2.05 0.1 20.5
2 ≤ x ≤ 2.01 0.2001 0.01 20.05
So the estimated rate of change is 20.
4. a.
1≤ x ≤ 2 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.5
Δf ( x ) f (2) − f (1) Δf ( x ) f (1.5) − f (1)

= =
Δx 2 −1 Δx 1.5 − 1
⎡⎣3(2)2 + 4(2)⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3(1)2 + 4(1)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣3(1.5)2 + 4(1.5)⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3(1)2 + 4(1)⎤⎦
= =
2 −1 1.5 − 1
20 − 7 12.75 − 7
= =
1 0.5
13 5.75
= =
1 0.5
= 13 = 11.5
1 ≤ x ≤ 1.1 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.01
Δf ( x ) f (1.1) − f (1) Δf ( x ) f (1.1) − f (1)

= =
Δx 1.1 − 1 Δx 1.01 − 1
⎡3(1.1)2 + 4(1.1)⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3(1)2 + 4(1)⎤⎦ ⎡⎣3(1.01)2 + 4(1.01)⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣3(1)2 + 4(1)⎤⎦
=⎣ =
1.1 − 1 1.01 − 1
8.03 − 7 7.1003 − 7
= =
0.1 0.01
1.03 0.1003
= =
0.1 0.01
= 10.3 = 10.03

Δx
1≤ x ≤ 2 13 1 13
1 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 5,75 0.5 11.5
1 ≤ x ≤ 1.1 1.03 0.1 10.3
1 ≤ x ≤ 1.01 0.1003 0.01 10.03
Instantaneous rate of change is approximately 10.03
b.
Δf ( x ) f (0.001) − f (0)
=
Δx 0.001 − 0
⎡⎣ −2(0.001)2 − 8⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ −2(0)2 − 8 ⎤⎦
=
0.001 − 0
−8.000002 + 8
=
0.001
−0.000002
=
0.001
= −0.002
5. a.
3≤t≤4 3 ≤ t ≤ 3 .5
Δf ( x ) f (4) − f (3) Δf ( x ) f (3.5) − f (3)

= =
Δx 4−3 Δx 3.5 − 3
⎡⎣ 4.9(4)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4.9(3)2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 4.9(3.5)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4.9(3)2 ⎤⎦
= =
4−3 3.5 − 3
78.4 − 44.1 60.025 − 44.1
= =
1 0.5
34.3 15.925
= =
1 0.5
= 34.3 = 31.85

3 ≤ t ≤ 3 .1 3 ≤ t ≤ 3.01
Δf ( x ) f (3.1) − f (3) Δf ( x ) f (3.01) − f (3)

= =
Δx 3.1 − 3 Δx 3.01 − 3
⎡⎣ 4.9(3.1)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4.9(3)2 ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ 4.9(3.01)2 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ 4.9(3)2 ⎤⎦
= =
3.1 − 3 3.01 − 3
47.089 − 44.1 44.39449 − 44.1
= =
0.1 0.01
2.989 0.29449
= =
0.1 0.01
= 29.89 = 29.449
Interval Δd Δt Δd
Δt
3≤t ≤4 34.3 1 34.3
3≤t ≤ 3.5 15.925 .5 31.85
3≤t ≤ 3.1 2.989 .1 29.89
3≤t ≤ 3.01 0.29449 .01 29.449
b. 29.449 m/s
c. velocity

MHF4U - Unit 4 - Version A

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Lesson Sixteen Concepts

The Remainder Theorem

Given f ( x ) = x 3 + 4 x 2 + x − 2 , find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x – 1. Write the

The corresponding division statement is x 3 + 4 x 2 + x − 2 = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 6) + 4

Now take (1) and substitute it into the division statement

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 2 of 52

When a polynomial f(x) is divided by x – a, then the remainder is f(a).

Find the remainder when x 3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x − 1 is divided by x + 3 .

f ( −3) = (−3)3 − 4(−3)2 + 5(−3) − 1

therefore, the remainder is -79

2. Find the remainder when x 3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 15 is divided by each binomial.

3. Find the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x − 2 .

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 3 of 52

4. Without using long division, find each remainder.

5. What is the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x?

6. Find k when x 3 + kx 2 + 2 x − 3 is divided by x + 2 , the remainder is 1.

Key Question #16

2. Find the remainder when x 3 − 5 x 2 + 10 x − 15 is divided by each binomial.

3. Find the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x − 1.

4. Without using long division, find each remainder.

5. What is the remainder when each polynomial is divided by x?

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 4 of 52

Key Question #16 (continued)

8. When kx 3 + px 2 − x + 3 is divided by x − 1, the remainder is 4. When

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 5 of 52

Lesson Seventeen Concepts

The Factor Theorem

x – a is a factor of f ( x ) if and only if f ( a ) = 0

That is, if f ( a ) = 0 , then x − a is a factor and hence if x − a is a factor then f ( a ) = 0 .

Since f ( −1) = 0 then x + 1 is a factor of x 3 − 4 x 2 + x + 6 .

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 7 of 52

2. Which of the following has x – 2 as a factor?

3. Find the factors of each polynomial by using the factor theorem.

Key Question #17

2. Which of the following has x – 2 as a factor?

3. Find the factors of each polynomial by using the factor theorem.

4. Why is x − 1 not a factor of f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 8 x 2 + x − 3 ?

5. f ( x ) = kx 3 − 8 x 2 − x + 3k + 1 is divisible by x − 2 . Find the value of “k”.

6. If x + 1 is a factor of x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x + c , find the value of c.

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 8 of 52

Lesson Eighteen Concepts

Solving Polynomials: Factoring

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 10 of 52

Possible values of f(x) are 1, 5, -1,-5

so it can be concluded from the factor theorem that (x + 1) is a factor of

Dividing x 3 + 9 x 2 + 13 x + 5 = 0 by (x + 1) is now required to further factor the equation.

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 11 of 52

Factor theorem gives us f(-1)=0

So (x –1) is one factor, therefore,

There is only one root, x = -1, in the set of real numbers.

a. x( x − 2)( x + 5) = 0 b. x(2 x + 3)( x − 4) = 0

2. Write a polynomial equation with these roots.

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 12 of 52

3. If one root is 2, find each value of k, and the other roots of

Key Question #18

3. Find the other roots of each in question 2.

5. Write a polynomial equation with these roots.

6. If one root is 2, find each value of k, and the other roots.

Copyright © 2007, Durham Continuing Education Page 13 of 52

Lesson Nineteen Concepts

An efficient method of solving a polynomial inequality is to solve the corresponding

Solve the inequality 6 − 5 x 2 < 13 x

Use the factor theorem