Truong Thi Hoa, Ph.

D 1
1. Preparing data for analysis
2. Descriptive statistics
3. Inferential statistics
4. Testing the measurements
5. Testing research model and hypotheses

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Inferential statistics: take data from samples and make
generalization about a population
Two main areas
ØParameter estimation
ØHypothesis testing

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 Hypothesis testing
§ State your research hypothesis as a null hypothesis (Ho) and
alternate hypothesis (Ha or H1).
§ Set the significance level (α)
§ Perform an appropriate statistical test.
§ Define the critical value (z-statistics or t-statistics)
§ Draw the conclusion

Source: Nguyen Dinh Tho (2012) 4

Hypothesis testing
Null hypothesis (H0)
-No statistical relationship or significance between variables
-Assumed to be true until there is evidence to suggest otherwise
Alternative hypothesis (H1)
-The initial hypothesis that predicts a relationship between variables
(the research analysis)
Two-tail test ìH 0 : q = q o
í
î H1 : q ¹ q 0

One-tail test
ìH 0 : q ³ q o ìH 0 : q £ q o
í í
îH 1 : q < q 0 îH 1 : q > q 0 5
 P-value:
Significance level
P-value <𝛼:
(−𝑍! ) (𝑍! )

Reject H0
P-value >𝛼: Fail to
reject H0

(−𝑍! ) (𝑍! )
" "

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Hypothesis testing with SPSS
Ordinal and nominal variable
Ø testing if there exist associations between variables
Testing relationship of nominal-nominal variables and nominal-ordinal
variable (Chi-square test)
Testing relationship of ordinal-ordinal variable (gamma, Sommers’d,
Kendall’s tau-d)
Numerical variables
ØTesting mean differences
-One sample
-Two independent groups (two samples)
-Paired data
ØANOVA test 7
Hypothesis testing with SPSS
Ordinal and nominal variable
Ø testing if there exist associations between variables
Ho: there is no associations between variables
H1 (Ha): There is an association between two variables
Ø computing Chi-squared

ØDefining critical Chi-squared value: c2df,α

ØComparing c2 and c2df,α

If c2 > c2df,α or p-value (sig) < 𝛼 → Reject H0; the evidence favors H1
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Working with SPSS
nominal-ordinal variables
Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Crosstabs
For example: open file thongke.sav
Ha: There is an association between gender and educational levels

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Working with SPSS (nominal-ordinal variables)

P-value > α (0.05). Fail to reject H0

èDo not have the evidence to
conclude there is an association
between gender and educational
level

Test the following hypothesis

H1: Tồn tại mối liên hệ giữa trình độ học vấn và cách đọc báo -> ? 10
Two ordinal variables
Ø testing if there exist associations between tow ordinal variables
Ho: there is no associations between variables
H1 (Ha): There is an association between two variables
Ø Using Goodman và Kruskal’s gamma, Sommers’d, Kendall’s tau-d
ØIf p-value (sig) < 𝛼 → Reject H0; the evidence favors H1

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Testing relationship of two ordinal variables
Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Crosstabs
Ha: There is an association between educational level groups and age group

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Testing relationship of two ordinal variables

P-value < α (0.05). Reject H0

èhave the evidence supports that
there is an association between
educational level group and age
group

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Numerical variables
ØTesting mean differences (one sample)
Ø Hypotheses
Ho: 𝜇 = 𝜇!
H1 (Ha): 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇!
Ø one sample t-test
ØIf p-value (sig) < 𝛼 → Reject H0; the evidence favors H1

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Numerical variables
Testing mean difference: one sample
Analyze -> Compare Means -> One-Sample T Test
Example:
H0: Tri trung binh cua tuoi=28; H1: Trị trung bình của tuoi ≠ 28

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Numerical variables
Testing mean difference: one sample

P-value < α (0.05). Reject H0

→Accept Ha

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Numerical variables
Testing mean differences of two independent groups
Ø Hypotheses
H0: µ1 = µ2 (the means of two groups are equal)
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 (the means of two groups are not equal)
Øindependence t-test
Levene’s test for equality of variance
H0: σ12 - σ22 = 0 (the variances of group 1 and 2 are equal)
H1: σ12 - σ22 ≠ 0 (the variances of group 1 and 2 are not equal)
ØIf p-value (sig) < 𝛼 → Reject H0; the evidence favors H1

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Testing mean differences of two independent groups
Analyze -> Compare Means -> Independent-Sample T Test

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Numerical variables
Testing mean differences of two independent groups
Analyze -> Compare Means -> Independent-Sample T Test

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Numerical variables
Testing mean differences of paired data
Data from the same individuals, objects (exp: two time points)
Ø Hypotheses
H0: µa = µb ("the paired means are equal")
H1: µa ≠ µb ("the paired means are not equal")
Ø Paired-sample t-test
ØIf p-value (sig) < 𝛼 → Reject H0; the evidence favors H1

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Numerical variables
Testing mean difference: Paired data
Analyze -> Compare Means -> Paired-sample T Test
Using testpaired.sav

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Numerical variables
Testing mean difference: Paired data

significantly positive correlation

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Numerical variables
ØTesting mean differences between several groups
Ø Hypotheses
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = ... = µk (The means of all k groups are equal)
H1: At least one µi different (At least one of the means is not equal to the
others")
Ø ANOVA test
ØIf p-value (sig) < 𝛼 → Reject H0; the evidence favors H1
ØPost-hoc test

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ANOVA test
Analyze -> Compare Means -> One-way ANOVA
Using thongke.sav

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ANOVA test

Fail to reject H0 -> No further tests

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ANOVA test

reject H0 -> Post-hoc test

Nhóm có học vấn cấp 1-2

có tự do cá nhân cao hơn
nhóm có học vấn ĐH;

Nhóm có học vấn TH-CĐ

có tự do cá nhân cao hơn
nhóm có học vấn ĐH
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Hoàng Trọng và Chu Nguyễn Mộng Ngọc. (2008). Phân tích dữ liệu nghiên cứu với
SPSS. NXB Hồng Đức.
Nguyễn Đình Thọ. (2009). Phương pháp nghiên cứu khoa học trong kinh doanh—Thiết
kế và thực hiện. NXB Lao động Xã hội.

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