Biostatistics and Epidemiology

WEEK 8 / HYPOTHESIS TESTING

TYPES OF STATISTICAL Formulate the Null (Ho)
ANALYSIS hypothesis and Alternative (Ha) hypothesis

DESCRIPTIVE STATISICS EXAMPLE

 Describing a phenomena Title: Alternative Method ( μ1) and Traditional Method( μ2

 How many? How much? BP, HR, BMI, IQ, etc. ) in Finding Blood Pressure. A Comparative Study.
 Frequencies  Ho: There is no significant difference between the
 Basic measurement results from using alternative method and traditional
method in finding blood pressure.
inferential STATISICS
 Ha: There is a significant difference between the
 Inferences about a phenomena results from using alternative method and traditional
 Proving or disproving theories method in finding blood pressure.
 Associations between phenomena
 If sample relates to the larger population Ex: Diet and
If Ha Then Ho
≠ ¿
health
> ≤
 Hypothesis Testing
< ≥
 Correlation
 Confidence Intervals  Directional (One-tailed test)
 Significance Testing  If Ha is >, <, ≥, or ≤
 Prediction  Distribution either under or above of specified value
 Directionl
Hypotheses  Non-directional (Two-tailed Test)
 If Ha is ≠
 A statement of the research question that sets forth
 Refer to the whole distribution for both under and
the appropriate statistical evaluation
above the specified value
 Null Hypothesis “ H 0
 Less or two standard deviations or more
 A statement of no difference or association
 Non-directional
between variables
 Alternative Hypothesis “ H 1“ EXAMPLES:
 A statement of differences or association between  If Ha: 𝝁 ≠ 234; then it is nondirectional
variables  If Ha: μ1 > μ2 ; then it is directional

Testing Hypothesis OTHER EXAMPLES:

 Formulate the Null (Ho) hypothesis and  Ho: Alternative Method is not better than the
Alternative (Ha) hypothesis. traditional method
 Select the level of Significance (α).  In symbols Ho: μ1 ≤ μ2
 Determine the test statistic to be used.  Ha: Alternative Method is better than the traditional
 Define the Area of Rejection. method
 In symbols Ha: μ1 > μ2
 Compute for the values of the Statistical Test.
 Ho: Temperature in locale A is not less than locale B
 Draw conclusion
 In symbols Ho: μ1 ≥ μ2
 Ha: Temperature in locale A is less than locale B
 In symbols Ha: μ1 < μ2
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WEEK 8 / HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 One-tailed hypothesis Define the Area of Rejection
 Outcome is expected in a single direction
 We are interested in the direction of any
difference
 Example:
 Drug A is better than drug B
 Administration of experimental drug will
result in a decrease in systolic BP’
 TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
 The direction of the effect is unknown
 Difference between treatments, but we do not
state which way it will go
 Example:
 Drug A will be better or worse than drug B
 Experimental therapy will result in a different
response rate than that of current standard of
care
Compute for the values of the Statistical
Select the level of Significance (α) Test
 This will dictate the critical values – these will
determine whether you will accept or reject the
hypothesis draw conclusion
CRITICAL/TABULAR VALUES OF z  Either you ACCEPT or REJECT the null (Ho) hypothesis
α One-tailed test Two-tailed test  NOTE:
0.10 ±1.28 ±1.645  If you Accept Ho – REJECT Ha
0.05 ±1.645 ±1.96  If you Reject Ho – Accept Ha
0.01 ±2.33 ±2.58  Reject or Fail to Reject Ho
 The CALCULATED value is compared to the
CRITICAL value to determine if the difference is
Determine the test statistic to be used significant enough to reject Ho at the
 Parametric Test predetermined level of significance
 Rely on assumptions about the shape of the  If CRITICAL value > CALCULATED value  fail to
distribution, assume Normal Distribution in the reject Ho (Accept Ho)
underlying population and about the form of
parameters (mean, sd) of assumed distribution. Degrees of freedom
 There are no variances, use this test  One sample t-test or paired t-test = N-1
 Nonparametric Test  Independent t-test = N-2
 Rely on no or few assumptions about the shape or  Chi-square test = (# rows - 1) x (# columns – 1)
parameters of the population distribution from  ANOVA:
which the sample was drawn.  df between groups = (# levels or groups – 1)
 Assumes abnormal distribution  df within groups = (# subjects - # of levels)
 Correlations = N-2
Biostatistics and Epidemiology
WEEK 8 / HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 The paired t-test calculates the difference within
each before-and-after pair of measurements,
determines the mean of these changes, and reports
whether this mean of the differences is statistically
Inferential statistics I significant.
 Test of Difference Parametric (Two Sample Means)  Independent t-test
 Z-Test  A T-test asks whether a difference between two
 T-Test groups’ averages is unlikely to have occurred
 Paired T-test because of random chance in sample selection.
 Independent T-test  A difference is more likely to be meaningful and
“real” if
Testing hypothesis  (1) the difference between the averages is large
 (2) the sample size is large
z-test  (3) responses are consistently close to the
average values and not widely spread out
 Use if n1 ≥30 and n2 ≥30
 Used when comparing two sample means
 It is used when sample means are greater than 30

EXAMPLE:

 Protoporphyrin levels were measured in two sample

subjects. Sample 1 consisted of 35 adult male
alcoholics with ring sideroblast in the bone marrow.
Sample 2 consisted of 40 apparently healthy adult non-
alcoholic males.
 Is there a significant difference between the
protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic population and
non-alcoholic population? Given the gathered data.
Using 1% level of significance.(Assuming Normal
Distribution)
 NOTE: Another way to determine if we will reject or
accept Ho is through the p-value
 If the p-value is greater than (>) the alpha, you will
accept the Ho
 If the p-value is less than (<) the alpha, you will
reject Ho

T-test
 It is a parametric test used to test significant difference
of small sample size.
 Used when there are less than 30 samples
 Paired t-test
 Determine whether the mean of the differences
between two paired samples differs from 0 (or a
target value)
Biostatistics and Epidemiology
WEEK 8 / HYPOTHESIS TESTING