Untitled

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ANDHRA PRADESH

AND UTTARAKHAND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
TIRUPATI AND HARIDWAR
A THESIS
Submitted for the Award of the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Submitted by
Sridhar Babu Addanki

Research Scholar
Dev Sanskriti Viswavidyalaya, Haridwar
Supervisor
Dr. Arunesh Parashar
Head of the Department
Dept. of Tourism Management
Dev Sanskriti Viswavidyalaya,
Haridwar, Uttarakhand
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Dev Sanskriti Viswavidyalaya,
Gayatri Kunj-Shantikunj Haridwar-249411(U.K.)
2022
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Research Scholar
Dept. of Tourism Management
Dev Sanskriti Viswavidyalaya
Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
Declaration
I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Growth and Development of Religious
Tourism: A Comparative Study between Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand with
Special reference to Tirupati and Haridwar” submitted for the Ph.D. Degree in Tourism
Management is a record of my original research work conducted under the supervision of
Dr. Arunesh Parashar, HOD, Department of Tourism Management, Dev Sanskriti
University Haridwar (Uttarakhand).
This is my original piece of work and has not submitted for any other degree or
diploma in this or any other university. I further declare that I have been dedicated,
committed and sincere for this research work.

(Enrolment No: P 86/291/14)
Date: ……………
Place: Guntur
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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY (to be given by GUIDE)
This is to certify that the Project Report submitted by me (Sridhar Babu Addanki, I.A.S.) to
the Center of Tourism Management (Department of Indian Culture &Tourism) Dev Sanskriti
Vishwavidyalaya Gayatrikunj, Shantikunj, Hardwar, in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of Ph.D is an original work and it has not been submitted earlier to any other
institution in any other form.
Signature of Supervisor
Date:
Place:
3
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to all who have inspired, supported, encouraged and blessed me to lead
to the completion of this thesis.
Acknowledgement must be extended to Dr. Pranav Pandya, Chancellor,

DevSanskriti Viswa Vidyalaya (DSVV), for his valuable motivation. A special thanks to the
Pro Vice Chancellor, DSVV, Dr. Chinmay Pandya for his encouragement and support.
A special thanks to Dr.Lajwanti Naiduand Dr. Usha Jaiswal for their support
throughout my journey. I really feel blessed, as they have extended all the support, guidance
and motivation throughout my research. Words fail to express my deep sense of indebtedness
to them for providing unconditional support and time in manifesting my dream into reality.
A six letter word, ‘Thanks’ is just not enough for my supervisor, Dr. Arunesh
Parashar, HoD, Dept of Tourism Management, DSVV, who has always been so supportive
and helpful to neutralize all the obstructions with positive and enthusiastic attitude. I extend
my regards to Dr. Smita Vashishth and Ashwani Kumar Sharma of DSVV, for their help
and support. A Big thanks to Vandana Singh, Co-ordinator, Ph.D. Cell, DSVV, for her
tremendous support throughout my research.
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Dr.Purna Chandra Rao, HoD,

Department of Tourism Management, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Dr. Vasuja, Professor
in K.L. University, Dr. Srinivasa Rao Vatluri, HoD, Department of Statistics & Computer
Applications, Agriculture College, Bapatla, Chinni Devadas, Research Scholar, Agriculture
College, Bapatla, who always created time to clear all my research related doubts and provide
the pertinent guidance to reach my ambition.
I am profoundly indebted to Shri G. Bulli Subba Rao, Smt. J. Surekha and Shri
Ayyapusetty Jeevan Kumar for their exceptional commitment, help, support and
encouragement, especially in the difficult phases of my research work.
I would like to offer my special thanks to, Shri N. V. Appalacharyulu Repaka and
Smt. K. Ch. Phalguni for providing all sorts of help in bringing this thesis into a good shape.
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Besides everyone, it is my beloved family whose efforts, encouragement, prayers and
patience make the dream impossible as possible and motivated me throughout to complete
my thesis.
I extend my thanks to all the known and unknown who helped me in any possible
way, making my thesis completion a reality.
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Dedicated
To
My Parents
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Preface
India has a rich cultural heritage and religious diversity. Indian religion has a great
impact on shaping the culture, rituals, and traditions of the country. India is an abode of
various shrines, ancient temples and is a pilgrimage destination. Many religious festivals will
be celebrated in the country with a lot of devotion. Hence, promotion of tourism based on
religion, is of prime importance of the Governments of the day. It is also the duty of the
Governments (being secular) to provide an environment that the religious faith amongst the
followers is enhanced so that the culture as a whole (Indian culture) is kept intact.
There is a wide scope for Government to harness religious tourism as one of the major
sources of income also. The governing bodies should design policies for creation of spiritual
and peaceful environment in the temple sites and areas of pilgrimage for attracting pilgrims
through making the experience of their visit a memorable thing.
The experience to the pilgrim on the tours made to the religious places would become
enriching and delightful, if proper facilities are provided in these sites. The visit to such
temple sites would give tourists an everlasting and memorable spiritual experience and
become an inspiration for making future visits to the tourist place. The overall development
of the temple site covering all facets would attract tourists nationally as well internationally
and will become a major source of revenue to the state.
Indian culture is an amalgamation of several diverse cultures, spread across the sub-
continent and shaped by several thousand years’ history. The rich and diverse cultural
heritage of the country is unique in the entire world and hence this feature can be explored for
promoting tourism industry which in turn can serve as one of the major drive engines for the
entire economy. The aspect of religious diversity along with prevalence of ancient temples,
customs and traditions in the country may be utilised for promoting tourism.
Faith and belief are the driving fuel of the engine of pilgrim tourism to visit Religious
Tourist destinations like Tirupati for the “darshan” of Lord Sri Venkateswara and Haridwar
for having holy bath in the Ganges. The destinations which were appropriately selected for
the study as the two places are historically, geographically prominent areas located in South
India (Tirupati) and North India (Haridwar). The two places generate huge income for the
development of either local areas or significantly contribute to the state economy. The present
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study is comparative study between Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh with that of Haridwar of
Uttarakhand.
On study of the existing models of temple functioning at Tirupati and Haridwar, it

was observed that there is a separate department like Endowments and associated
administrative body for temple administration in the State of Andhra Pradesh, and there is no
such body in Uttarakhand State. The religious tourism potential of Uttarakhand State could
be more effectively harnessed, is the first impression. It is also felt that there are some
additional benefits by having an exclusive temple administration setup for the overall
development of religious tourism in Uttarakhand state. The popularity of Tirupati is ever
increasing and it is evident from the pilgrim turnout and annual increment in donations to the
temple. An in-depth analysis of the existing systems needs to be done and the
recommendations, if any, needs to be given to both the State Governments.
The present research study attempted to make a comparative analysis of state of

religious tourism in Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand with special reference to Tirupati and
Haridwar for laying down a road map for the growth and development of religious tourism in
Uttarakhand. Towards this endeavour, the study examined the socio-economic profile of the
pilgrims and analysed the association of various socio-economic parameters. The study also
made a comparative analysis of the satisfaction levels of the pilgrims during their visit to
Tirupati and Haridwar, the problems faced by the pilgrims during their visit to these holy
shrines so that necessary suggestions could be drawn out for improving the religious tourism
potential of the newly formed State of Uttarakhand.
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Table of Contents
Sl No. Particulars Page No.

1 Growth and Development of Religious Tourism 01
2 Declaration 02
3 Certificate of Originality (to be given by guide) 03
4 Acknowledgment 04
5 Preface 07
6 List of Tables 10
7 List of figures 12
8 List of Abbreaviations 13
9 Chapter–1 Introduction 15
10 Chapter–2 Literature Review 36
11 Chapter–3 Religious tourism of Andhra Pradesh with special 52
reference to Tirupati and Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
(TTD)
12 Chapter–4 Religious tourism of Uttarakhand with special 101
reference to Haridwar
13 Chapter–5 Research Methodology 135
14 Chapter–6 Results and Discussion 156
15 Chapter–7 Conclusion and Recommendations 213
16 List of publication of papers 238
17 List of certificates of presentation of papers in seminar/ 239
conferences
18 List of Annexures 240
19 Glossary 276
20 List of Reference 280
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List of Tables
Table1.3.1: Top countries by International Tourist Arrivals during 2019…………………Page No.17
Table 1.3.2: Top 10 tourism earners during 2019…………………………………….Page No.18
Table 1.3.3 Top 10 international tourism spenders during 2019………………………Page No.18
Table 3.1.1 Table showing Details of Staff of Endowments Department (excluding officers)Page No.55
Table 4.3.5 No of Tourists visited Haridwar, Uttarakhand from 2000 to 2020…………….Page No.122
Table 5.2.1: Questions/variables and their empirical measurement………………………..Page No.135
Table 5.7: Hypothesis and Statistical method used for each of the hypothesis…………….Page No.142
Table 5.8.1: Sources of data………………………………………………………………...Page No.147
Table 5.8.2: Sampling methods……………………………………………………….Page No.148
Table 5.8.3: Sampling design of the research………………………………………….Page No.148
Table 6.1.1: Socio-economic Profile-Gender………………………………………………..Page No.157
Table 6.1.2: Socio-economic Profile-Age…………………………………………….Page No.158
Table 6.1.3: Socio-economic Profile-Marital Status………………………………….Page No.159
Table 6.1.4: Socio-economic Profile-Education………………………………………Page No.160
Table 6.1.5: Socio-economic Profile-Occupation…………………………………….Page No.161
Table 6.1.6: Socio-economic Profile-Income (in Rupees) ……………………………Page No.162
Table 6.2.1.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Gender.Page No.164
Table 6.2.1.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Age in Years…
Page No.165
Table 6.2.1.3: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Marital Status.
Page No.166
Table 6.2.1.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Education….
Page No.168
Table 6.2.1.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Occupation….
Page No.169
Table 6.2.1.6: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Income in
Rupees……………………………………………………………….....Page No.171
Table 6.2.2.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Gender… Page No.172
Table 6.2.2.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Age in Years….
Page No.173
Table 6.2.2.3: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Marital Status…
Page No.174
Table 6.2.2.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Education……
Page No.175
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Table 6.2.2.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Occupation……
Page No.177
Table 6.2.2.6: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Income in Rupees
Page No.178
Table 6.3.1 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test on Accommodation…………………………… Page No.181
Table 6.3.2 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Food………………………………….. Page No.181
Table 6.3.3 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Performance of Puja/Rituals…………. Page No.182
Table 6.3.4 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Temple Management and Accountability for the
offerings………………………………………………………………. Page No.182
Table 6.3.5Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Tourist Guide and interpretation facilities Availability-
(Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)…………………. ………….Page No.183
Table 6.3.6 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Safety and Security Arrangements…….. Page No.183
Table 6.3.7 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Transport Facility……………………….Page No.184
Table 6.3.8 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Support/assistance from local people…..Page No.184
Table 6.3.9 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Support rendered by temple authorities to
pilgrims…………………………………………………………Page No.185
Table 6.3.10 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Availability of Public Utilities………..Page No.185
Table 6.3.11 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Information Availability on Website…Page No.186
Table 6.3.12: Comparison of Pilgrims Satisfaction levels at Tirupati and Haridwar. Page No.186
(Consolidated Results of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test)
TABLE-6.4.1: Rank of the Constraints Faced by Pilgrims in Haridwar………………….Page No.189

TABLE-6.4.2: Rank of the Constraints Faced by Pilgrims in Tirupati……………..Page No.190
Table 6.5: Hypothesis testing based on statistical tests…………………………………..Page No.192
Table 7.1.1: Constraints faced by pilgrims in Haridwar, in the order of Consolidated Ranking……
Page No.215
Table 7.1.2: Constraints faced by pilgrims in Tirupati, in the order of Consolidated Ranking
Page No.215
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List of figures
Fig 5.6: Methodology of the proposed study……………………………………..Page No.141
Fig 6.1.1: Socio-economic Profile-Gender………………………………………..Page No.157
Fig 6.1.2: Socio-economic Profile-Age……………………………………Page No.158
Fig 6.1.3: Socio-economic Profile-Marital Status…………………………Page No.159
Fig 6.1.4: Socio-economic Profile-Education……………………………..Page No.160
Fig 6.1.5: Socio-economic Profile-Occupation……………………………Page No.161
Fig 6.1.6: Socio-economic Profile-Income (in Rupees)…………………...Page No.162
Fig 6.2.1.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Gender…
Page No.164
Fig 6.2.1.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Age in
Years……………………………………………………………………… Page No.165
Fig 6.2.1.3: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Marital
Status……………………………………………………………………… Page No.166
Fig 6.2.1.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and

Education…………………………………………………………………...Page No.168
Fig 6.2.1.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and

Occupation…………………………………………………………………Page No.170
Fig 6.2.1.6: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Income
in Rupees…………………………………………………………………...Page No.171
Fig 6.2.2.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Gender…...
Page No.172
Fig 6.2.2.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Age in
Years……………………………………………………………………….Page No.173
Fig 6.2.2.3: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Marital
Status……………………………………………………………………….Page No.174
Fig 6.2.2.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and

Education………………………………………………………………….Page No.176
Fig 6.2.2.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and

Occupation…………………………………………………………………Page No.177
Fig 6.2.2.6: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Income
in Rupees………………………………………………………………….Page No.179
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List of Abbreviations
ACA Additional Central Assistance

APTDC Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation
BHEL Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
BIRRD Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled
BLTM Business and Luxury Travel Mart
BPL Below Povery Line
CEO Chief Executive Officer
COVID Coronavirus Disease
CPS Contributory Pension Scheme
DAD Dekho Apna Desh
DPP Dharma Prachara Parishad
EO Executive Officer
FA & CAO Financial Adviser & Chief Accounts Officer
FD Fixed Deposits
FEE Foreign Exchange Earnings
FTA Free Tourist Arrivals
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GI Geographical Indicator
GO Government Order
HDPP Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad
IAS Indian Administrative Service
ICT Information Communication Technology
IND Indian Nationals’ Departures
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITA International Tourist Arrivals
ITes Information Technololgy Enabled Services
ITR International Tourism Receipts
JEO Joint Executive Officer
LRPU Leprosy Rehabilitation Promotional Unit
MG LPD Million Gallons of Liters per Day
MLA Member of Legislative Assembly
MP Member of Parliament
PACs Pilgrim Amenities Complexes
PIL Public Interest Litigation
PPP Public Private Partnership
PRASHAD Pilgrimage Rejuvenation & Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
SBAVPS Sri Balaji Arogya Vara Prasadini Scheme
SC Scheduled Caste
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SIIDCUL State Infrastructure & Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd
SITA State Institute of Temple Administration
SVIMS Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences
TAPAS Ticket Automatic Printing & Accounting Systems
TTD Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
TTF Travel & Tourism Fair
UCDDMA Uttarakhand Char Dham Devasthanam Management Act, 2019
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
USP Unique Selling Proposition
WBR World Book of Records
WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council
WTTCER World Travel & Tourism Council Economic Report
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Chapter-I
Introduction
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1 Introduction
1.1. Introduction to tourism
1.2. Importance of tourism
1.3. Global Tourism Trends
1.3.1. Most-visited countries by international tourist arrivals
1.3.2. International Tourism Receipts
1.3.3. International Tourism Expenditure
1.4. Indian Tourism Trends
1.5. Religious Tourism
1.5.1. Religious Tourism and Pilgrimages
1.5.2. Scope of Religious Tourism in Indian context
1.5.3. Need for Involvement of Government in promotion of Religious Tourism
1.6. Potential of Religious tourism in Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand
1.7. Personal Experience of the Research Scholar(Need for the study)
1.8. The Case of Lord Sri Venkateswara temple at Tirupati
1.9. The felt need after visiting both Haridwar and Tirupati
1.10. Scope of this Study
1.11. Objectives of the research
1.12. Limitations of this Study
1.13 Organisation of thesis
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1.1 Introduction to tourism
Travel forms the core idea of tourism, be it for pleasure, religious, health, and
business purposes. The human desire to explore new places and learn about different
cultures, visit historical places of significance visit various religious places, gain knowledge,
and experience pleasure forms the basic tenets of tourism.
During the current years of technical revolution, the mode of living and means for
living is virtual and there is no real contact with nature and the outer world. In this context,
travelling would be a window to nature, culture, traditions, heritage, and mental relaxation.
This would create new avenues for revenue creation and livelihood for some people. Tourism
would act as a symbiotic relationship between tourists and the natives of tourist places.
Tourism is the only link to bring the concept of globalisation to the present world.
In the olden days, people who could travel around the world are mostly saints,
ascetics, and who could spare their lifetime in explorations and adventures. Travel in ancient
times is a tedious process and a lifetime dream. The evolution of technology promoted
tourism as an industry through a reduction in time for travel, planning, and scheduling the
programmes of travel beforehand. In modern times, tourism is gaining importance worldwide
as a potential sector for revenue and employment generation. Dependence of various sectors
such as food, hospitality, travel, and other sectors has gained it an industry status worldwide.
In some economies, international tourism is the main economic driver contributing a
significant amount of foreign exchange besides employment and growth of various allied
sectors.
1.2 Importance of tourism

Tourism which has started as a travel activity has now become a major revenue
generator for many nations. It helped to increase the income levels of the local citizens
besides improving their standard of living. Now, tourism industry is one of the drivers of the
economy in many countries across the world and is a significant contributor to the countries’
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is also a major foreign exchange earner influencing the
foreign trade balance. The diversification of the tourism industry across various sectors like
transport, hospitality, infrastructure, etc., is a driver for socio-economic development in many
countries. For attracting tourists to their countries, the governments improve infrastructural
facilities like roads, hotels, conference centres, etc. It creates various employment
opportunities for the local people. Tourism promotes allied industries like textiles, gems and
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jewellery, handicrafts, furnishing goods, spices, coir, etc. Tourism accounts for a
considerable share of the GDP for many economies around the world. The World Travel &
Tourism Council Economic Report (WTTCER) of 2021, clearly states that 'travel and
tourism' sector contributed to 10.4 % of the global GDP during 2019, which has decreased to
5.5 % in 2020 because of the world wide restrictions imposed on mobility during 2020
(World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC, 2021). Many countries are largely dependent on
tourism sector. Among such countries, Macao (China) tourism accounts for 48% of GDP. In
other countries like Spain, Jordan, Mauritius and Croatia tourism sector accounts for more
than 10 % of GDP (United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2020).
Besides being an important source of revenue to the nations, Tourism also creates
opportunities for people to experience the culture, traditions, and gastronomy of the
destination country. Thus, tourism helps in cultural exchange between the local people and
tourists. Tourism also aids in the social mobility of people for leisure and recreation.
Tourists, besides experiencing pleasure also gain immense knowledge of the local traditions,
food habits, religions, and heritage of the visiting country. The visit to various religious and
historical sites has helped in the preservation of the heritage sites along with their self-
sustenance. Thus, tourism promotes universal understanding, solidarity, and world peace
besides being a driver of the economic growth of the region.
1.3 Global Tourism Trends
According to the UNWTO estimates, the annual international tourist arrivals which
were just 25 million in 1950 have witnessed a 56-fold increase to 1.46 billion by 2019. With
the vast expansion of air connectivity between countries, tourism has flourished and has
turned out to be a major source of revenue and employment in many countries and the
economies of many countries are benefiting from the increase in tourism revenues. Among
the various product categories in terms of export earnings, international tourism was the third
largest segment only after fuels and chemicals during 2019. Since the past 10 years, growth
in export earnings from international tourism consistently recorded a higher rate over
merchandise exports. Export earning from international tourism is becoming one of the
important source of revenue besides helping in job creation, entrepreneurship promotion
thereby leading to development of local economies. In the year 2019, exports from
international tourism reached US$ 1.7 trillion, which is 7 % of the global exports and 28 % of
the world's services exports.
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The strong growth witnessed in the tourism sector could be mainly attributed to the
strong global economy, generally moderate currency exchange rate, low-interest rates, stable
air fuel prices, lower fares for air travel, enhanced visa facilitation, among others.
1.3.1 Most-visited countries by International Tourist Arrivals (ITA)
During the year 2019, the total international tourist arrivals stood at 1,460 million
with an increase of 4 % when compared to the previous year. A growth was witnessed in all
the regions of the world led by Middle East (8%), Asia and the Pacific (4%), Europe (4%),
Americas (2%) and Africa (2%) regions. Out of these regions, Europe accounted for the
major share of 51 % of the total international arrivals followed by Asia and the Pacific (25%),
the Americas (15%), Africa (5%), and the Middle East (4%). The top ten tourist destinations
accounted for 40 % of the worldwide arrivals. The following ten countries were reported by
the World Tourism Organization as the most visited in terms of tourist arrivals during 2019
(UNWTO, 2020) :
Table 1.3.1: Top countries by International Tourist Arrivals during 2019

Rank Country UNWTO International tourist % Change
Region arrivals (2019) over previous year
1 France Europe 89 million 3%
2 Spain Europe 84 million 1%
3 USA Americas 79 million -1 %
4 China Asia and the Pacific 66 million 4%
5 Italy Europe 65 million 5%
6 Turkey Europe 51 million 12 %
7 Mexico Americas 45 million 9%
8 Thailand Asia and the Pacific 40 million 4%
9 Germany Europe 40 million 2%
10 United Kingdom Europe 39 million 2%
Source: “International Tourism Highlights 2020 Edition”, UNWTO publications
1.3.2 International Tourism Receipts (ITR)
During 2019, the total international tourism receipts have increased to US$ 1481
billion. The top 10 tourism earners accounted for 47 % of the total tourism receipts. Among
the world countries, the United States of America stands as the largest earner in terms of
tourism for the year 2019. The top 10 tourism earners for the year 2019 are given below
(UNWTO, 2020):
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Table 1.3.2: Top 10 tourism earners during 2019
Rank Country UNWTO Region International tourist % Change
receipts (2019) over previous year
1 USA Americas $ 214 billion 0%
2 Spain Europe $ 80 billion 3%
3 France Europe $ 64 billion 2%
4 Thailand Asia and the Pacific $ 61 billion 3%
5 United Kingdom Europe $ 53 billion 10 %
6 Italy Europe $ 50 billion 6%
7 Japan Asia and the Pacific $ 46 billion 8%
8 Australia Asia and the Pacific $ 46 billion 9%
9 Germany Europe $ 42 billion 2%
10 Macao(China) Asia and the Pacific $ 40 billion -3 %
1.3.3 International Tourism Expenditure

In terms of outbound tourism, among the world’s major spenders, China stood as the
largest spender accounting for one-fifth of the international tourism spending followed by the
United States of America. The top ten spenders on international tourism during the year 2019
(UNWTO, 2020) are given below:
Table 1.3.3 Top 10 international tourism spenders during 2019

Rank Country UNWTO Region International tourist Change
expenditure (2019) over previous year
1 China Asia and the Pacific $ 255 billion -4 %
2 USA Americas $ 152 billion 5%
3 Germany Europe $ 93 billion 3%
4 United Kingdom Europe $ 72 billion 6%
5 France Europe $ 52 billion 11 %
7 Russian Federation Europe $ 36 billion 5%
6 Australia Asia and the Pacific $ 36 billion 5%
8 Canada Americas $ 35 billion 5%
9 Republic of Korea Asia and the Pacific $ 32 billion -8 %
10 Italy Europe $ 30 billion 6 %
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1.4 Indian Tourism Trends (ITT)
India, as a tourist destination, with a vast diversity of climate, cultures, and religions
offers immense scope for different forms of tourism be it leisure, recreational, religious,
heritage, health, among others. Tourism in India contributes to national integration and
preservation of cultural heritage and improves the social and cultural dimension of the
people. During the visit to different destinations across the country, the tourists go back with
a feeling of belongingness and also with an enriched understanding of the culture, heritage
and traditions of the tourist site. During these visits, there will be exchange of information,
spending of money, thereby creating mutual benefit to the tourist as well as the local people.
Tourism promotes the preservation of ancient monuments and heritage properties and also
helps in continuation of existing local art forms, crafts, and culture.
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) report of 2021, the
contribution of travel and tourism sector to the national economy was estimated at US$ 191.3
billion which is 6.9 % of the country's GDP in 2019. In 2020, the contribution of travel and
tourism to national econmony has come down to US$121.9 billion which is 4.7 % of the
national GDP. Travel and tourism created 40.11 million jobs or 8.8 % of the total
employment in India in 2019. During 2020, the sector created 31.79 million jobs or 7.3 % of
the total employment in India. (WTTC, 2021)
The Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) to India stood at 10.93 million during 2019 with
a growth rate of 3.5 % as against 10.56 million in 2018. The COVID-19 pandemic associated
travel restrictions during 2020 caused a sharp decline (-74.9%) in FTA’s during 2020 to 2.74
million, which could be considered as an exception to the general trend. However, a
consistent growth in FTAs was noticed since 2002 to 2019. The top 10 source countries for
FTAs in India during 2020 had a share of 66.76% led by Bangladesh with 20.01% share
followed by United States of America (14.36%), United Kingdom (10.63), Canada (4.48%),
Russian Federation (3.72%), Australia (3.16%), France (2.70%), Germany (2.64%), Malaysia
(2.55%) and Sri Lanka (2.50%).
India’s ranking in ITAs has a remarkable improvement from 54th rank in 2002 to 24th
rank in 2019. The ITAs during 2019 stood at 17.91 million with a share of 1.22%. In fact, in
Asia Pacific Region, India was ranked 8th in terms of ITAs and accounted for 4.97 % of ITAs
within the Asia Pacific Region in 2019.
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While considering International Tourism Receipts (ITR), as against the world total of
US$ 1465.0 billion, India’s share was 2.05% at US$30.058 billion during 2019. International
Tourism Receipts too had shown a remarkable improvement from 37 during 2002 to 13
during 2019. The Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) too have been on an increasing trend
since 2002(US$ 3.103 billion) witnessing an increase of around 869 % by 2019(US$ 30.058
billion). Thus, tourism is an important segment in terms of FEE to the nation.
With respect to Indian Nationals’ Departures (IND), a consistent increase was noticed
since 2002 to 2019. An increase of 2.4 % in IND was noticed in 2019 (26.92 million) when
compared to 2018 (26.60 million). However, a decline was noticed in 2020 (7.29 million)
mainly on account of travel restrictions due to COVID19 pandemic. The top 10 destination
countries for IND were United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Saudi Arabia,
Qatar, Singapore, Oman, United Kingdom, Thailand, Canada, and Kuwait which together
accounted for 74.16 % of the total IND during 2020.
In respect of domestic tourism, there was a continuous increase in domestic tourist

visits to all States/Union Territories in India since 2001 to 2019. The domestic tourist visits
which were at 236.47 million during 2001 reached 2321.98 million by 2019. However, a
decline was noticed during 2020 (610.22 million) when compared to the previous year in
view of COVID-19 travel restrictions. The top 10 states in domestic tourist visits during 2020
accounted for 89 % of the total domestic tourist visits in the country. Among these states,
Tamil Nadu was the leading state with 23.0 % share followed by Uttar Pradesh (14.1%),
Karnataka (12.7%), Andhra Pradesh (11.6%), Telangana (6.6%), Maharashtra (6.4%), West
Bengal (4.7%), Madhya Pradesh (3.9%), Gujarat (3.2%) and Punjab (2.7%). (Data taken from
Indian Tourism Statistics at a glance 2021 – Ministry of Tourism)
Tourism can play an important role in the development of the economy in India. The
importance of tourism in bringing about economic development and the creation of
employment opportunities has been recognized all over the world. The tourism sector offers
vast scope for development of various other sectors like transport, infrastructure, hospitality,
handicrafts, agriculture, horticulture, poultry, etc. Expenditure on tourism in turn tickles
down to these allied sectors for requirement of supply of goods and services. The expenditure
on tourism thereby creates employment opportunities in these allied sectors thus fostering the
overall development of the economy. With the low level of investment that is required in
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tourism sector, this sector creates a multiplier effect on various other allied sectors. Thus,
growth of tourism sector can lead to the overall development of the economy.
1.5 Religious Tourism

The basic tenet of travel for religious purposes is rooted in faith. Religion offers
solace to people facing mental turmoil and alleviates their mental agony. Visits to religious
places for worship is mostly done to have their wishes fulfilled, to get rid of past sins, and for
gaining a higher state of mind. Religious travel also facilitates the gathering of people of
common faith and for listening to sayings of holy people like saints and monks.
Visit to sacred places of different faiths account for the most concentrated tourist
inflows throughout the world. Few such cases are Kumbh Mela in India, Haj pilgrimage to
Mecca and travel to sacred places of various faiths like Christianity, Buddhism and Judaism
among others.
1.5.1 Religious Tourism and Pilgrimages

The main goal of going on a pilgrimage is to gain inner peace and moksha as pilgrims
gain new insights and deeper understanding by visiting the holy places. Pilgrimage tourism
has spiritual significance. Pilgrimage tourism comes under Religious tourism as one of the
segments. The other segments are missionary travel; faith based cruising, monastery visits
and religious tourist attractions.
The relationship between pilgrimage and tourism must be viewed from two different
perspectives. While the first perspective is from the point of view of pilgrims, the second one
is from the point of view of tourism industry. In the first perspective, people travel for
spiritual reasons. In this, the religious organisations become important. The travellers (who
should be named as pilgrims), are generally not considered to be tourists, because they travel
only for spiritual reasons (but tourism in its true sense involves travel primarily for secular
reasons such as curiosity and pleasure). The other perspective is of the tourism industry and
tourism studies. Pilgrims here are regarded as tourists and they become important as they
have a great role in the development of economy too.
1.5.2 Scope of Religious Tourism in Indian context

India is a land of holy places and the favoured destination for Hindu pilgrimage sites
besides other equally important religious faiths like Islam, Christianity, Sikkism, Jainism, and
23
Buddhism. Visit to religious places is the most important form of tourism in India. India,
being home to one of the largest theistic believers, has created a vast temple infrastructure in
every part of the country and visit to temples has become a way of life for most Indians in
general and followers of Hindu religion in particular. These visits to the holy places are also
accompanied by visit to neighbouring places of cultural and historical importance.
India has rich cultural diversity and religious heritage. Religious tourism has been the
prime driver of tourism sector in the country, in the context of the domestic as well as the
international tourist. Spiritual tourism accounted for around 60% of the total domestic
tourism in India during 2019. With travel motivations deeply rooted in socio-cultural beliefs,
tourism for religious purposes would continue to flourish as a niche segment in future too.
Development of better connectivity to the religious places, creation of infrastructural facilities
near the holy sites and a pilgrim centric temple management enables the pilgrims to realize a
holistic spiritual experience which in turn could immensely boost the tourism potential of
these holy places, thereby aiding in the overall economic development of the surrounding
area.
1.5.3 Need for involvement of Government in promotion of Religious Tourism

Every place of the world always strives to increase its strength, by exploring all the
possible opportunities. If a place has uniqueness, either due to its rich cultural heritage or due
to its religious tourism potential, it should be explored. It may also be said that in spite of
diversity, we Indians are all united due to many reasons religion being the prominent amongst
them. Hinduism in itself is based on time of culture amalgamation with a touch of Sanathana
Dharma.
India has numerous ancient temples; many religious festivals will be celebrated with a
lot of devotion. Hence, promotion of tourism based on religion, is of prime importance of the
Governments of the day. Religious tourism should not only enhance the satisfaction for its
followers but also should stand in its own and the Governments should be making policies in
such a way that religious tourism is sustained. It is also the duty of the Governments (being
secular) to provide an environment that the religious faith amongst the followers is enhanced
so that the culture as a whole (Indian culture) is kept intact.
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1.6 Potential of religious tourism in Uttarakhand and Andhra Pradesh
India is a sacred land of holy temples, where the people irrespective of being rich or
poor visit the temples/religious places. During the visit to the religious places, people spend a
lot of money not only on travel but also on various other facilities utilized by them. An
interesting unique point to temple sites is that philgrims offer money to the deity also. The
reasons for offering money can be plenty. The offerings made/money spent by people in
these religious places aid to foster the economic growth of the place, thus making the place
popular.
It is known fact that the temples are places of worship. In the olden days, temple sites
used to serve as centers not only for dissemination of spiritual knowledge but also as
enlightening torch for the public in every walk of social, cultural, educational, and other
spheres of life. Temples/ religious places have an important place in the socio-economic
development of the nation and contribute to the idea of national integration. They also play a
prominent role in preservation and propagation Indian Arts and Culture.
Uttarakhand is a state that is formed in the year 2000. The hilly regions of Uttar
Pradesh were made into a new state, as there was a conception that people belonging to the
hilly areas need some special rights and lecoal people felt that they have a separate set of
problems, unlike the plain areas. Nine districts out of the total thirteen districts have
completely hilly terrain. The remaining districts also comprive some portion of hilly patches.
Uttarakhand has vast resources with its advantages and opportunities. Haridwar is
conceived as one of the most sacred places in India on this earth. Nainital is known for its
weather and natural beauty. Mussoorie, the Queen of hills is present in Uttarakhand. The
state is the land of the Himalayas with many snow-clad mountains and peaks and the world
renowned rivers Ganga and Yamuna also originate in Uttarakhand.
Building the state includes developing physical and social infrastructure as well as
providing the citizens with all the necessary facilities which requires a lot of finances and the
state government has to explore new avenues of earning or generating money. The existing
resources of the State have to be tapped properly, keeping in view the sustainability angle.
Despite the state is endorsed with rich resources, resources of the state cannot be used to their
full potential because of the challenges posed by the terrain of the state.
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The state has immense potential for tourism and other related activities. The
development of tourism can be done with immediate effect. It is perhaps the only sector that
can bestow faster results and generate revenue. Amongst various forms of tourism, Religious
Tourism is the one that hardly needs any investment from the state. Proper policies have to
be put in place and the Government can steer the development work. Religious Tourism
Promotion in the state of Uttarakhand will ease out the pressure on the newly formed
government, unemployed youth in the state for the creation of job opportunities to it.
The situation of Andhra Pradesh is also much similar. There used to be a combined
state of Andhra Pradesh, (undivided state) till 2013 and the Telangana state was formed by
bi-furcating the combined Andhra Pradesh. The Hyderabad region, wherein a lot of
development took place, was a huge revenue spinner. Hyderabad has now become a part of
Telangana and is the capital of the newly carved out state. The residual part of Andhra
Pradesh is left with few economic resources.
The Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation is a state government agency

which promotes tourism in Andhra Pradesh, India. Andhra Pradesh Tourism received an
award for ‘Most Promising New Destinations’ for Buddhism at Travel & Tourism Fair (TTF)
2020 in Chennai. Andhra Pradesh Tourism also received an excellence award for religious
tourism (Tirumala Tirupati Temple) at Business and Luxury Travel Mart (BLTM) 2020 in
New Delhi.
Andhra Pradesh, with its exquisite temples and ancient shrines, is counted among the
top pilgrimage destinations in India. Of all the places, Tirupati is one of the most ancient and
spectacular places of pilgrimage in India. Venkateswara Temple is a landmark Vaishnavite
temple situated in the hill town of Tirumala at Tirupati in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh,
India. The Temple is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu, who is
believed to have appeared here to save mankind from trials and troubles of Kali Yuga.
TTD which manages the country’s richest temple of Lord Sri Venkateshwara on
Tirumala, has entered into the World Book of Records (WBR) in recognition of its bountiful
and unique services setting new records in temple administration.
The World Book of Records (WBR) has certified TTD for being the world's largest
institution based on five major indicators viz. number of footfalls to the Hill Shrine of Sri
26
Venkateswara Swamy, number of tonsures performed, number of laddus prepared, number of
servings of Annaprasadam and hassle-free management of serpentine queue line.
The state of Andhra Pradesh has to augment its resources after separation. Andhra
Pradesh has a vast potential for religious tourism. Hence it will become an interesting
concept, if religious tourism policies in both the states of Uttarakhand and Andhra Pradesh
are comparatively studied. A comparative analysis can be done and perhaps the policies
being implemented in one state can be emulated with those in the other state for economic
benefit of both the states, if adopted according to the suitability.
The researcher was born in Andhra Pradesh, studied in the combined state of Andhra
Pradesh, and is now serving the Uttarakhand Government in the capacity of an All India
Service officer. The researcher is in the Indian Administrative Service, and is required to
formulate policies for the Governments in the future. Hence, the researcher has chosen the
study of religious tourism in both states. The comparative analysis model will help to identify
the lacuna in the existing administrative policies, along with other better practices that are
being adopted. In-depth review of the existing policies can be easily carried out by comparing
one prominent religious place in each of the states. The renowned religious place in Andhra
Pradesh is Tirupati and in the case of Uttarakhand, it is Haridwar. Hence, the research work is
taken up on "Growth and Development of Religious Tourism: A Comparative Study
between Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand with special reference to Tirupati and
Haridwar".
1.7 Personal Experience of the Research Scholar (Need for the study)
My hobby is visiting new places and as part of that, I have visited many places in
Andhra Pradesh during my school and college days. While preparing for civil services
examinations, I have decided to visit the places of tourist interest in the entire country. In one
such visit, I have visited Haridwar, Rishikesh, and Dehradun. It was the period when
Uttarakhand was earlier a part of combined Uttar Pradesh, and has later got the state-hood in
the year 2000 (recently formed state). I noticed a huge inflow of tourists/pilgrims arrival to
the state of Uttarakhand.
There are lot of differences between the states of Uttarakhand and Andhra Pradesh
with respect to the approach of Road Transport Corporation, the stay arrangements, and the
facilities available to the tourists. The only comparable thing between these two states is
27
heavy pilgrim foot fall in these states and extensive opportunities for religious tourism in both
states.
When I landed in Haridwar, I was looking for a budget hotel similar to Andhra
Pradesh, but, I had to stay in a Dharmasala as the cost of hotel accommodation was
exorbitant. For a novice like me, I was expecting that any of the tourist visiting places will
have many choices for accommodation, be it luxury, budget, or economy class. I also found
that there is no coordination and link between the Transport Department and the Tourism
Department. Any new tourist to an important religious place like Haridwar would expect
flow of services between the two Departments.
In Haridwar, I found that there is hardly any organized tourism or anybody to guide; I
could get information only from the conductor of the bus in which I was travelling, who was
showing the river Ganga from the bus itself. When I asked him to guide me on the
destination, he said that I can get down anywhere along with the banks of the River Ganga or
at any ghat. When I asked him about the facilities available in the Ghats, he simply showed
the steps adjacent to river bank (the constructed places to reach the river). I was taken by
surprise that anybody willing to have a dip in the holy river, just simply goes to the river, and
pours water from the river on him/ her, as there are no facilities like dress changing rooms
and cloakrooms, the pilgrims have to change their clothes then and there itself, on the banks
of the river. Sometimes, the changing of clothes is done on the road also. In Andhra Pradesh,
there is an Endowments Department to take care of religious institutions in the state and
every temple recognized by the Endowment Department has support in the form of
administration and also finances. In Uttarakhand, there is no such department to take care of
the religious institutions. However, in Andhra Pradesh, the Tourism Department takes care
of the tourists coming to the state. Every temple in the state enjoys support from the
Government in Andhra Pradesh and there is no such support to the temples of Uttarakhand.
When I visited Haridwar and attended Ganga Harathi (Aarti) being performed on the
banks of River Ganga at Har-ki-pauri along with few thousands of people on one evening, I
felt that there is an immediate need for effective administrative set up for tourism
management. To attend Aarti, one has to remove their shoes before entering the Har-ki-pauri
Ghat. To my surprise, I could not find a specified place to keep the footwear. Some people
were taking off the shoes/chappal, packing them, and keeping them in their bags to go the
ghats. Many tourists/pilgrims including myself relied on some shop keepers who were
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selling pooja material such as Agarbhatti and Garland by the side of Ghat to keep vigil on
personal items. After entry into the Ghat and before the start of the Ganga Harathi, there was
a call for donations. In Andhra Pradesh, the donations to the temple were generally given in
the form of money and kept in specified cache Hundi. I did not find any Hundi at the Ghat; I
have noticed few people, who were controlling the crowd and asking the devotees to be
comfortably seated on the Ghat, carrying some donation books/receipt books with them.
They were appealing to the pilgrims to offer money in the name of Mother Ganga. Most of
the pilgrims were giving money. Some were giving Rs.10/, some were giving Rs.100/-, and
some were giving even more and receipts were being given to the pilgrims. But one question
disturbed me very much- What if the person collecting the money did not record the amount
of money that he has collected from the pilgrim? The second question that came to my mind
was what would happen to the money i.e., collected in the Ghat and where would it all go, for
which I could not find a proper answer then.
During the time of Ganga Harathi at Haridwar, I have seen that Aarti is not done at
one place or by one person but by many people, at many places along the ghat at Har-ki-
pauri. These people who are performing Aarti do not seem to be like the Poojaries / Archakas
like those found in the temples of Andhra Pradesh. The performance of Pooja in most of the
temples of Andhra Pradesh is done according to the traditions laid down in Agama Sastras.
The clothes the Priests / Archakas / Pandits wear and the attire they carry (don) have while
performing pooja in the temples of Andhra Pradesh reflect a sense of piousness which was
not the case with the priests performing the Aarti at the Ghat at Har-ki-pauri. I felt the need
to improve the spiritual experience of tourists for which poojari / pandits should be qualified
in the field; however, there shall be no arbitrary taking over of the temples for management.
Though the people in Haridwar were very friendly and were very helping by virtue
and nature, my visit to Haridwar ended with a not-so-satisfying experience. There is a need
for improving the infrastructure related to tourism and other facilities like accommodation/
stay arrangements/loging facilities, transportation facilities, food, water for drinking, hygine
facilities etc. Uttarakhand, alias Devbhumi (meaning- the ‘Land of Gods’) has many world-
famous pilgrimage sites has a huge potential in tourism especially Religious Tourism. The
Government of Uttarakhand has started taking a keen interest in developing religious tourism.
1.8 The Case of Lord Sri Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati
29
The Venkateswara swamy temple is a world renowned Hindu pilgrimage site and
perhaps the oldest religious institution in the world where religious worship is being carried
for over 1300 years.
The worship / puja done is according to agama sastras (ancient texts and traditions),
and it is believed that the mulavirat (idol of the Lord) in the temple is self-manifested.
Various sevas/ rituals are held in the temple, some are daily sevas, some are weekly sevas and
some are periodical sevas.
This temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara is now managed by TTD trust. TTD is
involved in the propagation of Hindu religion, and is also engaged into nation-building by
extending its hand for the social upliftment of the citizens of India. TTD is considered as the
big charitable institution in India which has been providing all the requisite services to the
poor and deserving.
Apart from worships provided in the temples for pilgrims, TTD is providing extensive
facilities and amenities to visiting pilgrims for their comfortable stay when they come for
having Darshan. TTD, the biggest Hindu religious conglomerate, is an independent Hinduism
Trust managing many temples and employing more than 14,000 people, besides making
necessary arrangements for the temple visitors. The TTD administration has been maintaining
about 25 educational institutions, besides one Vedapatasala and Sculpture Training Centre.
TTD’s is also generously funding many other institutions viz., Sri Venkateswara University,
General Hospital, a Medical College, an Engineering college, College of Veterinary &
Agricultural Sciences, Sri Padmavathi Women University, and many colleges at Tirupati.
When this is compared to Uttarakhand, which is relatively a newly created state and
has huge potential for religious tourism, an institution like TTD doesn't exist to take-care of
the needs of pilgrims visiting the state. Lakhs of tourists come for Char Dham Yatra and also
to Haridwar every year. Hence, an attempt is made to analyse the need for having such an
establishment in the state of Uttarakhand. TTD derives its power from an Act made by the
Endowments Department of Andhra Pradesh. While searching for a replica in Uttarakhand, it
is found that there is no separate department to take care of religious tourism in the state.
1.9 The felt need after visiting both Haridwar and Tirupati
30
Indian culture is an amalgamation of several diverse cultures, spread across the sub-
continent and shaped by several thousand years’ history. The rich and diverse cultural
heritage of the country is unique in the entire world and hence this feature can be explored for
promoting tourism industry which in turn can serve as one of the major drive engines for the
entire economy. The aspect of religious diversity along with prevalence of ancient temples,
customs and traditions in the country may be utilised for promoting tourism.
In the study of the existing models of temple functioning at Tirupati and Haridwar, it
was observed that there is a separate department like Endowments department and associated
administrative body for temple administration in the State of Andhra Pradesh, and there is no
such body in Uttarakhand. The religious tourism potential of Uttarakhand could be more
effectively harnessed, is the first impression. It is also felt that there are some additional
benefits by having an exclusive temple administration setup for the overall development of
religious tourism in Uttarakhand state. The popularity of Tirupati is ever increasing and it is
evident from the pilgrim turnout and the annual increment in donations to the temple. An in-
depth analysis of the existing systems needs to be done and the recommendations, if any,
needs to be given to both the State Governments.
1.10 Scope of this Study
The study attempts to make a comparative analysis of religious tourism in Andhra

Pradesh and Uttarakhand with special reference to Tirupati and Haridwar for laying down a
plan/ sketch for the growth and development of religious tourism in Uttarakhand. The study
also attempts to identify the benefits of managing the temples through government managed
administrative set-up rather than the management of temples solely by temple priests. The
study involves collection of primary data through a personally administered questionnaire
obtained from the pilgrims who have visited the temples of Tirupati and Haridwar on various
parameters like the need for a dedicated trust/department, satisfaction levels of the tourists on
the pujas conducted at these temples, facilities available to tourists, scope of increase in
economic activity due to tourist visit to the temples, among others. The study also involves
sourcing of secondary data from the available published information to examine the present
functioning of tourism management in Tirupati and Haridwar for analysis and to draw out
significant points for improving the religious tourism in Haridwar in particular and
Uttarakhand, in general.
31
1.11 Objectives of the research
The primary objective of this study is to assess the need of an administrative set up in
the temples of Haridwar under the purview of State Government for improvement of temple
functioning, financial accountability which in turn enhances the trust worthiness on temples
functioning among pilgrims and fit in overall economic growth in the entire area.
The specific objectives devised for the research study are as follows:
OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the demographic profile of the pilgrims visiting Haridwar and Tirupati.
2. To study the association between socio demographic characteristics and overall

satisfaction of pilgrims visiting Haridwar and Tirupati.
3. To identify the major problems or constraints faced by the pilgrims at Haridwar and
Tirupati.
4. To make a comparative analysis of Tirupati and Haridwar on satisfaction levels of

pilgrims pertaining to facilities around the temples.
5. To offer valuable suggestions based on the observations/conclusions of the study to

both the states.
6. To discuss the need and significance of setting up of a government managed

administrative unit like Endowment Department in the state of Uttarakhand.
1.12 Limitations of this Study
1. The study is restricted to the people following Hindu religion and only pilgrims inside
the country are chosen.
2. Due to the paucity of resources, the study was limited to a comparative analysis of one
temple each in Uttarakhand (Haridwar) and Andhra Pradesh (Tirumala).
3. The limitations due to geographical distance between the states of Uttarakhand and
Andhra Pradesh made the collection of feedback possible only through online mode.
Personal interaction with the tourists/ pilgrims for the collection of feedback could not
be done.
4. The information is obtained from pilgrims who have visited the religious places with
some purpose. Once the purpose is fulfilled, they may not give complete attention and
32
time to answer the questionnaire. Also, the timing of the survey and other external
factors may influence the pilgrims, as they have their own inherent drawbacks.
5. The geographical location of Uttarakhand in terms of topography is entirely different

from that of Andhra Pradesh which could influence the overall experience and
satisfaction levels of the tourists.
6. To have a detailed analysis of any research work, a larger sample size greatly benefits
the study through better results. Due to availability of less number of tourists who
have visited both the shrines of Tiupati/ Tirumala as well as Haridwar, the primary
data could be collected only from 624 tourists/ pilgrims, out of which 452 tourists
have visited both the places and 86 tourists have visited only haridwar, but not
Tirupati (apart from 452), and another 86 tourists have visited only Tirupati, but not
Haridwar (apart from 452).
7. The feedback was obtained from the temple staff of Tirumala Tirupati Venkateswara
Swamy temple in Andhra Pradesh. As there is no established set up in temple
managements at Haridwar, the available priests, trust managers, and other temple
authorities were requested for feedback, during the interview. Thus, there could be
misinterpretation on the feedback obtained from temple managements.
8. The feedback from the tourists/pilgrims could be influenced by the attitude of the
tourist to various dimensions of the study, which could yield some deviation in the
results.
1.13 Organisation of Thesis
• Chapter 1 gives a brief Introduction to tourism, highlighting the global and Indian
tourism trends. The Chapter also deals about religious tourism and its scope in the
Indian context. In the later part of the Chapter, the Need for the study is dealt. The
researcher's personal experience during visits to Haridwar and Tirupati are included.
The objectives of the research along with scope and limitations of the study are also
defined in this Chapter.
• Chapter 2: In this chapter, the review of literature on various studies done on tourism
and religious tourism is presented. The observations of the researchers and their
33
suggestions to improve spiritual or religious experience of pilgrims are also
highlighted.
• Chapter 3: This chapter deals about religious tourism in Andhra Pradesh. The
administrative setup to manage temples in the State was presented. Significance of
Tirupati is then discussed along with a brief note on temples in and around Tirupati,
with special reference to Sri Venkateswara Swamy Vari Devasthanam, Tirumala; the
details about the religious activities taken up by TTD, various services provided to the
pilgrims and the importance of these activities for the devotees. Further, details on
temples managed by TTD, its administrative setup, and learning from Andhra Pradesh
temple administration system and TTD are given.
• Chapter 4: This Chapter deals about religious tourism in Uttarakhand. The

importance of tourism to the newly formed state along with a brief note on Char-
Dham temples and the administration of pilgrimage tourism is dealt. The prominence
of Haridwar in Uttarakhand tourism is also discussed. The Uttarakhand Char Dham
Devasthanam Management Act (UCDDMA), 2019 which is a latest development in
the management of religious places in Uttarakhand is also dealt in this Chapter.
• Chapter 5: This Chapter deals with methodology adopted in conducting the study/
research. It explains about the various sources of data used for the study, method of
data collection from various respondents, the statistical tools used on the data
collected and the procedure as to how analysis was done for future conclusion.
• Chapter 6: This Chapter discusses the results of the study through various statistical
methods employed for conducting the study. The socio economic profile of the
respondents, the association of different socio-economic attributes with the overall
satisfaction of pilgrims during their visit to Tirupati and Haridwar were presented.
The constraints faced by the pilgrims during their visit to Tirupati and Haridwar were
also analysed to find out the difficulties faced by them with respect to each place.
During the research study, the satisfaction of the pilgrims with respect to the hotel
facilities, safety, transport facility, public utilities, access to information, comfort,
food availability, medical and first aid facilities, Darshan, performance of rituals,
maintenance and hygiene in the temple sites of the two places Tirupati and Haridwar
was also studied. The results of the study are properly organised and given in a
34
presentable form, so that conclusions can be arrived. The responses of the temple
authorities and policy makers, after a structured interview with them are also
presented. A case study regarding the functioning of TTD and the UCDDMA of
Uttarakhand state were presented for examining the administrative setup and its role
in effective temple administration.The experiences of the meladhikari in organization
of Khumbh mela was presented in his own words.
• Chapter 7: In this chapter, the summary of the results of research study, the
inferences from the statistical analysis, structured interviews with temple authorities
and policy makers and case studies are presented. The conclusions arrived from the
research study along with the suggestions / recommendations for further growth and
development of religious tourism in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand
with special reference to Tirupati and Haridwar were presented.
REFERNCES
1. Indian Tourism Statistics 2020 – Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
2. Indian Tourism Statistics at a glance 2021 – Ministry of Tourism, Government of

India
3. “International Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition”, UNWTO publications
4. “International Tourism Highlights 2020 Edition”, UNWTO publications
5. Noga Collins, Kreiner (2018), “Pilgrimage-Tourism: Common Themes in Different

Religions”, International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, Volume 6(i)
2018, pp 8-17.
6. World Travel & Tourism Council – Travel & Tourism : Economic Impact 2021
35
CHAPTER-2
Literature Review
36
2 Literature Review
2.1 Observations from the Review of Literature
37
Review of Literature
A review of the studies done related to tourism and pilgrimage tourism in India and
abroad is dealt in this chapter. Few studies were conducted on the most Hindu popular
temple, Sri Venkateswara Swamy temple in Tirupati. There are numerous studies on the
TTD, regarding the administration and financial setup. Many papers are published regarding
the pilgrim satisfaction surveys conducted by researchers. The most important observations
are presented here under. Uttarakhand is believed to have an immense potential in almost all
forms of tourism, including religious tourism. The findings of relevant researches are
presented here.
1) Shri Anna Rao C (1977) has worked as the Executive Officer of TTD and he has
rendered his services as Chairman of TTD, later. He has written a book named
'Administration of Temples' in which, he has clearly stated the rituals that take place in the
temple of Sri Venkateswara Swamy, Tirumala. The book has given a detailed account on
the facilities that are available to the pilgrims, at that point of time. According to him,
temples not only serve as religious institutions but also act as potent factors for the social
progress of the country. The book also highlights the usage of funds for social causes and
welfare activities. He opines that money received from people should be put to better
usage by spending the money for the service of people. This book is of great use to any
researcher to know about the complete picture of the religious social activities of TTD.
The code of conduct for poojari / archaka and trustees were also laid out in the book.
2) Muni Reddy B (1986) has taken up a historical survey of the Tirumala Tirupati
Devasthanams Co-operative Stores Limited (No.U.344) Tirupati to study the origin and
growth of the Co-operative Movement in Tirupati in general and the Tirumala Tirupati
Devasthanams Co-operative Stores in particular from 1937 to 1984. The establishment of
the TTD Co-operative stores, Tirupati in 1937 was a landmark in the history of the Co-
operative Movement in the Chittoor District of the Presidency.
The study showed that the members, the managerial and executive cadres of the stores had
worked with a spirit of co-operative and dedication for their common good. The ratio
between supply and demand has been properly balanced. The criteria of co-operation
were fully satisfied in the case of the TTD stores and hence the stores grew from strength
to strength since its inception.
38
Since the TTD stopped buying groceries from the stores, as revealed, the sales in the stores
come down and hence there was an urgent need to improve the marketing and managerial
skills. It suggested that the stores could call local market quotations every fortnight for
comparison and should not depend on TTD alone for its business. To increase the
business, the stores should provide credit facilities to all employees of the TTD and of
other Government and semi-government organization. The stores should be managed by
personnel well versed with modern techniques of business and marketing advertisement
was required. A spirit of innovation was essential for the further growth of the store.
3) Javaid Akthar (1988) has come up with an important finding in his research article
“Accounting for the travel agents and tour operators – An approach to Effective
Management”. He observed that co-ordination of various systems will be the main reason
for overall development of tourism industry.
4) Bijendra K Punia (1994) in his book titled “Tourism Management - Problems and
prospects" has closely observed the tourism in Haryana, and stated that that the
Government has a greater role to play in the development of tourism in any area, region,
state or country. State Governments through a separate department dedicated to tourism
has to ensure close coordination between public and private tourism organisations, at
different levels. The potential of tourism development of any place depends on tourist
resources which are unique and varied. Government initiative is thus necessary in
exploring the uniqueness of the place. According to him, elements like climate,
seasonality, accessibility, attitude of host population, availability of manpower resources
and planning expertise, have vital role to play.
5) Santhi A B ( 1994 ) has taken up a study for analyzing the composition and behavior of
the income and expenditure of TTD and to suggest measures to improve the working of
TTD. The secondary data and personal interviews with TTD officials and pilgrims were
collected and used. The analysis related to revenue items only. Statistical tools like linear
regression and method of least squares were used. The study gave a brief note on TTD
Administration, its accounting procedure and its budgeting pattern. The total revenue
receipts of TTD were Rs.1,899 lakhs in 1984-85 and Rs.6,230 lakhs in 1994-95. Revenue
payments of the TTD had increased from Rs.2,427 lakhs in 1984-85 and to Rs 6,532 lakhs
in 1990-91. It was noticed that between 1984-85 and 1994-95, a clear surplus was seen
during 1985-86, 1988-89, 1989-90 and 1991-95, while other years had recorded deficit.
39
The study suggested a suitable revision of charges for Arjitha sevas. It suggested that there
should be a proper evaluation of workload, requirement of staff and temporary employees’
period of employment the salary bill can be reduced and total surplus can be increased.
The total grants given had heavily increased from Rs. 110 lakhs in 1989-90 to Rs.175
lakhs in 1990-91. TTD should think twice before accepting such heavy burdens, which
adversely affected the financial position of the institution. It also suggested that the State
Governments’ control over TTD should be minimized.
6) Stephen F Witt and Luiz Moutinho (1995) have published a book named “Tourism
Marketing and Management hand book”. They opined that Public sector intervention is
certainly needed for the prosperity of tourism industry. Because of the intervention, the
potential problems will be minimised, and at the same time, associated benefits of tourism
are maximized. This in turn will ultimately benefit the tourism industry, as the economy
and environment of the place will be improved.
7) Krishna R R and Govindaswamy M (1998) in the article titled “Marketing in Tourism”

observed that the optimal satisfaction of tourist is the ultimate objective for the tourist,
while an appropriate return is to be achieved by tourist undertaking. The undertaking may
be either state owned or private. “Marketing in tourism" is nothing but systematic and
coordinated execution of business policy by tourist undertaking.
8) Ajim P Muhammed and Dr. Jagathy Raj V P ( 2008 ) in their paper ‘Tourism strategy -
challenges faced by Kerala tourism industry” came up with a large list of suggestions
which include taking the tourists into confidence, providing special attention and care to
tourists, special protection and arrangement for tourists to see festivals and cultural fairs,
obtaining feedback from tourists, distribution of tourism publicity materials at airports,
increasing domestic and international publicity, starting tourism information centres,
among others.
9) Dr. Sridhar G, Ravindranath M and Dr. Narasimha Murthy G (2008) through their
study, ‘Pilgrim Satisfaction of Religious Event’ observed that creation of basic and
essential facilities to the pilgrims as the most significant factor which influences pilgrims’
satisfaction levels.
40
10) Shri Arnab Karar (2010) has studied the impact of religious tourism in Haridwar and
has highlighted the importance of the city (Haridwar). He opined that Haridwar is not
only important from the point of view of pilgrimage but is also significant from the point
of view of tourism industry. He felt that the tourism related activities have come up in a
big way in and around Haridwar because of the presence of Har-ki-pauri. World famous
River Ganges flows through Har-ki-pauri, and is believed to have mythological
significance. Haridwar as a religious complex shall flourish and thrive as long as river
Ganga flows through Har-ki-pauri and the religious sanctity is ensured at this place.
According to him, the pilgrims' religious sentiments are satisfied at Haridwar at present. If
this is disturbed, tourists find some other place for their spiritual needs, which will
crumble the economy of Haridwar city. The city is largely dependent on the religious
tourism.
11) Madhavi Chockalingam and Aurobindo Ganesh A (2010) in their paper tried to
analyse and identify the problems encountered by tourists. They tried to know the answer
for the question "is there any perceivable difference in the problems faced by tourists
depending on the demographic factors"? This study concluded that the intensity of
experience defers depending on the various factors influencing the tour environment. The
respondents' background also matters here. Demographic factors such as age, gender,
educational qualifications, profession, income level, geographical location, family size
etc., also will impact the intensity level of the tour experience.
12) Aruljothi C and Ramaswamy S (2012) have interviewed 150 pilgrims who visited
Palani Temple of Tamilnadu to identify the major problems encountered by pilgrims.
Their main aim is to promote pilgrimage tourism in Palani. They also wanted to suggest
ways to increase the tourism potential of the place. They finally concluded that the
following criteria have a great impact to make pilgrimage tourism sustainable. They are
(i) Peace and Stability of the place to be ensured.
(ii) Safety and Security of pilgrims should be assured.
(iii)The Government has to provide requisite pilgrimage tourism infrastructure.
(iv) Tourism industry, including private players should be encouraged by the
Governments.
(v) There should be no exhortation.
(vi) There should be a tourist attraction which is accessible.
41
13) Vargheese Antony Jesurajan S and Varghees Prabhu S (2012) have highlighted the
importance of religious tourism in Tuticorin District of Tamil Nadu. The article clearly
stated the problems encountered by the tourists in the Tuticorin district. The problems
faced by most of the pilgrims include (1) Pollution (2) Lack of cleanliness (3) Beggars’
nuisance (4) exploitation by tour operators (5) Charging heavy fee by Taxi / Vehicle’s
owners (6) Lack of Toilets/sanitary facilities (7) lack of Safe drinking water (8) proper
hygiene is not maintained at many places.
They concluded that for any place to flourish as tourist site, the above factors need to be
properly addressed.
14) Rachan Suri and Jitender Rao (2014) made an attempt to study the issue of "spiritual
marketing". The study was taken up to find out the factors which could play a major role
in drawing visitors to sacred destinations for which two destinations, Himachal Pradesh
and Rajasthan were examined. Based on the study, the authors suggested to increase
publicity to the spiritual sites by developing a promotional plan, improve quality of
hospitality services, quality and quantity of accommodations and hygiene at the spiritual
destinations for achieving customer (tourist) satisfaction.
15) Ravi Bhushan Kumar and Lakhvinder Singh (2015) have attempted to study the
satisfaction level of Hindu Pilgrims who visited Naina Devi Temple in Himachal Pradesh.
They were basically trying to evaluate the expectations and satisfaction levels of pilgrims.
They found that the overall satisfaction levels of pilgrims were moderate only. The study
finally said about the importance of improving entertainment activities, improving the
sanitation facilities, face lifting of the place by conducting the cleanliness drive, etc,. The
study observed that the prices finalised for facilities like accommodation, transportation
are on a higher side. Even the souvenir items are priced at exorbitantly high rates, and that
is a reason for the dissatisfaction of pilgrims. The authors stated that pilgrims may not the
revisit the destination, if promotional measures for intensifying tourism are not taken up.
16) Dadakalandar and Sujatha P (2018) in their study on “Impacts of Pilgrimage Tourism
with Respect to Annavaram Satya Narayana Swamy Temple in Andhra Pradesh” focused
to observe the economic impact of pilgrimage in a popular religious place like
Annavaram. The author has observed that tourism is plays a significant role in changing
42
the societies and also that pilgrimage tourism certainly has a great impact on various
aspects of society, which include environmental aspects, economic aspects, socio cultural
aspects.
17) Manju Devi, Dr. Purohit K C and Dr. Panwar R S (2018) have chosen 5 tourist
destinations in Haridwar, namely Mansa Devi Temple, Kankhal, PiranKaliyar, Shantikunj
and Har-ki-pauri to study the satisfaction of tourists visiting Haridwar, Uttarakhand.
Infrastructural facilities were put to test here. The study concluded that respondents are
greatly satisfied with infrastructure regarding Electricity (power supply) and water supply.
Their satisfaction levels are neutral regarding safety and security issue. They have
expressed their dissatisfaction in the following facilities.
a) Road Condition
b) Traffic Management
c) Parking space
d) Sewage
e) Garbage
f) Cleanliness
g) Medical Facilities
h) Bank / ATM facilities and many others.
They recommended that there is an acute need to improve these factors to enhance the
satisfaction of the tourists coming to Haridwar. They also suggested that the Government
should actively take up necessary steps to see these problems are addressed properly.
18) Chanchal Chawla (2019) in his study regarding Tourism Industry in Uttar Pradesh has
identified certain areas where there is plenty of opportunity to attract more tourists through
strengthening of air transportation system, road transportation system, bus services,
railway transportation, accommodation services, self-employment, cultural and
adventurous tourism and promotion of handloom and handicrafts of the state. He also
stated that challenges like poor connectivity (road/ rail/ air), accommodation issues will
hinder the growth of tourism industry.
19) Pursotam Joshi and Dr Sanjeev Saxena (2019) in their study to understand the places
of religious tourism in Uttarakhand and suggestions for their improvement highlighted
certain concerns at religious tourist spots such as limitation of carrying capacity, the
43
problem of management of waste, air pollution, monetizing of religion and lack of scrutiny
of religious trusts. While giving suggestions to improve religious tourism in Uttarakhand,
the authors suggested for improving connectivity to specific religious tourism circuits,
development of integrated infrastructure, improving tourism marketing, examining
creating rail facility, better road transportation network among others.
20) Tulika Sharma (2019) in her study to find out opportunities and challenges of Religious
Tourism in India observed that Religious Tourism will promote Indian economic revenue
and will pave the path of sustainable economic development. The author noted that
deficiency of proper substructure such as roads, electricity, water supply,
telecommunications etc., squander management, insufficient access and connectivity,
monetizing religion, availability of skilled man power, lack of security and safety and lack
of publicity for the tourist destinations in India as the challenges faced by Religious
Tourism in India. The author suggests allaying the negative impact through good
management and policy framing.
21) Prakash Gowtham (2020) has come up with a study on the revenue management in
TTD. The author has said that the TTD has created a religious market using the latest
developments in the field of information communication technology. This made Sri
Venkateswara swamy Temple, Tirumala as one of the affluent temples of Hindu Religion.
He clearly explained that the money circulation of TTD is the reason behind the overall
development of local economy. TTD invests money in various activities. This is the
reason for employment generation in the locality and thus a lot of money is circulated
here. This kind of practice of circulation of money for development of local people is
suggested by him to all other Hindu temples. He noted that circulation of money is
important for developing countries like India and Nepal. The donations by pilgrims in
Hindus have contributed to the economic development. He stressed that the usage of
information communication technology in all religious places will make the system
transparent and also helps in circulation of more money. The money thus collected will in
turn be invested for the benefit of the localities. The author noted that Guthis (trusts) in
Nepal like Pashupatinath, Lumbini, cloud be managed better, in the model similar to that
of TTD model.
44
22) Venkata Krishna Prasad and Jhansi Rani M.R. (2015) took up a research on pilgrim
satisfaction regarding temples present in Andhra Pradesh and Telengana. In their study,
the authors attempted to study the level of satisfaction pertaining to various facilities. The
study was undertaken in 20 prominent temples in Andhra Pradesh and Telengana. In their
study, the respondents to the study were dissatisfied as there was no coordination amongst
the departments that deal with Endowments, Tourism, Transport and local government
bodies. The study concluded that if all the concerned departments work in a synchronised
manner, the satisfaction of the tourists / pilgrims will be greatly enhanced.
23) Woodward S.C. (2004) has published a paper regarding Faith and Tourism. He opined
that pilgrimages will serve as a significant source of income for many countries. He
further stated that the income generated by religious tourism could be used for the
maintenance of religious places. The author recommended numerous ways like entry fees
to religious site and charging for vehicle access etc. to stop overcrowding in famous
religious sites. The study concluded that there is a requirement for special planning for
pilgrimages.
24) Adarsh Kumar Aggarwal, Meenal Guglani and Dr. Raj Kumar Goel (2008) in their
study have made an attempt to evaluate the experience of foreign tourists visiting
Rishikesh. The paper focused on identifying the basic features of spiritual and yoga
tourism. It was concluded that foreign tourists come to Rishikesh to experience inner
journey which is more spiritual in nature. Study revealed that foreign tourists prefer
spirituality to having fun, while they travel to this place. Smoother travelling with
minimum access of technology is their next preference after the spirituality. Comfort and
luxury are not mandatory for their stay in Rishikesh.
25) Libison and Muralledharan (2008) in their paper ‘The economic benefits of pilgrimage
tourism in Sabarimala to the local residents of Pandalam rural area’ highlighted the
economic benefits of pilgrimage tourism in Sabarimala to the local residents of Pandalam
rural area. During pilgrimage season, a large number of economic activities like providing
accommodation and dormitory facilities, facilitating transportation, small food stalls and
tea shops etc. will benefit the region in many ways. Due to this, the living standards of
families based on pilgrimage tourism have greatly increased. The researchers
recommended that a Development Committee must be formed to ensure long term
benefits to the local people.
45
26) Jadhavi S.J. and More V.S. (2010) in their paper “Minimum Expectations of Tourists:
An Essential Factor of Tourism Companies” have made an attempt to evaluate the
essential factors to determine minimum expectations of tourists. A satisfied tourist
experiences a positive change in attitude towards the service given to him. The
expectations and perceptions of tourists play a major role for the decision on the tour
operators, hotels and various facilities. The study attempted to explore the purpose of
visit, food quality, and accommodation like room cleaning, beddings, ventilations,
destination guidance, etc,. The study concluded that, every tourist has expectations on
some attributes like the food quality, accommodation facilities, etc,. The tour operators
who provide such services based on the expectations are successful and those who are
indifferent to the expectations of tourists will not be able to make much profit, as the
tourists won't prefer them.
27) Raja Gopala Raju P.S. (1979) in his publication named "Pilgrimage to Tirumala
Tirupati" has stated the details of various services offered to the deity in Tirumala
Temple. He stated that the main aim of the TTD trust, (which is authorised by the State
Government) is to ensure proper darshan and worship of Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy.
TTD is not only performing its primary duty excellently well but is also providing some
more services to pilgrims. This includes comfortable accommodation, organised queue
system management, distribution of free prasadam, free medical services to un-well
pilgrims, etc,. He concluded that ensuring every aspect of comfort to pilgrims has become
the prime duty of TTD. It is improving the service quality to pilgrims, by bettering itself.
Accommodation, health, sanitary facilities, medical facilities, food, water, etc., are being
improved from time to time so that pilgrims have a wonderful experience during their
visit to the temple.
28) Venkata Rathnamachari (1992) in his thesis titled "Tirumala Tirupati – A study in
religion and Society" has explained the relationship between society and religion. The
study concludes that Religion has been significantly influencing social and cultural
aspects of the social system from time immemorial.
46
2.1 Observations from the review of literature
A. There should be better coordination amongst various departments – for the overall
development of the tourism industry.
B. There should be close coordination between both the public and private agencies at
various levels, for the successful development of tourism at any place. The state
Government department which looks after tourism should play a crucial role in
coordination.
C. Public sector intervention is necessary for the long-term interest of the tourism industry.
D. Basic facilities to pilgrims is the single most important factor that influences the
satisfaction levels of pilgrims.
E. Haridwar's religious sanctity needs to be ensured, as the city's economy is largely

dependent on religious tourism. if the pilgrims find that their religious needs are not
properly catered in Haridwar, they will find any other religious place, where the river
Ganges flows, and the economy of the city will be disturbed.
F. Many research studies stressed the fact that Government should provide requisite
pilgrimage tourism infrastructure and encourage the tourism industry by involving private
players.
G. Wide publicity for spiritual sites, by developing a promotional plan, improving quality of
hospitality services, hygiene at spiritual destinations, needs to be done.
H. Some studies concluded that pilgrimage has a great impact on economic aspects of the
religious place.
I. Pilgrims will be dissatisfied when there will be no coordination amongst various

departments like endowments department, Transportation departments, Tourism
departments, local governments, etc. The satisfaction will be enhanced if all the
concerned departments work in a synchronised manner.
J. Pilgrims are dissatisfied because of lack of facilities like Road Condition, Traffic
Management, Parking space, Sewage, Garbage, Cleanliness, Medical Facilities, Bank /
ATM facilities, and many others.
47
K. It is also observed that pilgrims expect that Government should actively take up necessary
steps to see these problems are addressed properly. In other words, they want
Government intervention.
L. Some researchers have made suggestions regarding religious tourism in Uttarakhand.

They suggested improving connectivity to specific religious tourism circuits,
development of integrated infrastructure, improving tourism marketing, examining
creating rail facilities, better road transportation network among others. They also
highlighted certain concerns at religious tourist spots such as limitation of carrying
capacity, the problem of management of waste, air pollution, monetizing of religion, and
lack of scrutiny of religious trusts.
M. It is observed that Religious Tourism will promote Indian economic revenue and will
pave the path of sustainable economic development. While there are many challenges
faced by religious tourism in India, Good management and policy framing can allay the
negative impact.
N. According to some researchers, temples not only serve as religious institutions but also
act as potent factors for the social progress of the country.
O. The income generated by religious tourism could be used for the maintenance of religious
places.
P. In religious places, a large number of economic activities like providing accommodation

and dormitory facilities, facilitating transportation, small food stalls, tea shops, etc. will
benefit the region in many ways. Due to this, the living standards of families based on
pilgrimage tourism will be greatly increased.
Q. A satisfied tourist experiences a positive change in attitude towards the service given to
him. The expectations and perceptions of tourists play a major role in the decision on the
tour operators, hotels, and various facilities.
48
REFERENCES
1. Anna Rao C, Administration of Temples, TTD Press, Tirupati, 1977

2. Muni Reddy B., 1986, “Co-operative Movement in Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam,
Tirupati”, Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation, Department of History, S.V.University,
Tirupati
3. Javaid Akthar (1988), Ph.D. Thesis on ‘Accounting for the travel agents and tour
operators – An approach to Effective Management’, Aligarh Muslim University
4. Bijendra K. Puria (1994), ‘Tourism Management – Problems and Prospects’, Ashish
Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Santhi A.B., 1994, “Income and Expenditure Analysis of Tirumala Tirupati
Devasthanam”, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Commerce,
S.V.University, Tirupati
6. Stephen F. Witt and Luiz Moutinho (1995), ‘Tourism Marketing and Management Hand
Book’, Prentice-Hall, London, pp 3.
7. Krishna R.R. and Govindaswamy M. (1998), Marketing in Tourism, Southern Economist

Vol. 37, No. 3 (March 15, 1998), pp. 10-12.
8. Ajim P. Muhammed and Dr. Jagathy Raj V. P. (2008), ‘Tourism strategy - challenges
faced by Kerala tourism industry’, Proceeding of the conference on tourism in India –
challenges ahead, pp 13-16.
9. Sridhar G, Ravindranath M and Narasimha Murthy G. (2008), Pilgrim Satisfaction of

Religious Event, Inter-science Management Review, Vol.I/1, pp 1-9.
10. Arnab Karar (2010), “Impact of Pilgrim Tourism at Haridwar”, Anthropologist, 12(2), pp
99-105
11. Madhavi Chockalingam and Auroubindo Ganesh A. (2010), ‘Problems encountered by

tourists’, BEH - Business and Economic Horizons, Volume 3, Issue 3, October 2010, pp
68-72.
12. Aruljothi C and Ramaswamy S (2012), “Pilgrimage Tourism: A Study on Palani Temple,
Tamil Nadu”, Atna Journal of Tourism Studies, 7,2(2012), pp 103-116
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12725/ajts.8.6
49
13. Vargheese Antony, Jesurajan S. and Varghees Prabhu S. (2012), ‘Dimensions of Spiritual
Tourism in Tuiticorin District of Tamil Nadu in India – A Critical Analysis’, Business
Intelligence Journal, Vol.5 No.2, July 2012, pp 245-251.
14. Rachan Suri and Jitender Rao (2014), “Impact of Spiritual Marketing on Different
Segments of Tourists and Their Evaluation of the Site”, Journal of Business & Economic
Policy, Vol. 1, No.1, June 2014, pp 26-34.
15. Ravi Bhushan Kumar and Lakhvinder Singh (2015), “The expectations and satisfactions
of Hindu pilgrims in north-west India – the case of Naina Devi Shrine”, African Journal
of Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure, Vol.4(2), pp 1-18.
16. Dadakalandar and Sujatha P (2018) “Impacts of Pilgrimage Tourism with Respect to
Annvaram Satya Narayana Swamy Temple in Andhra Pradesh”.
17. Manju Devi, Dr. Purohit K.C. and Dr. Panwar R.S. (2018), “Perception of Host
Community and Tourists towards Infrastructural problems of tourism in Haridwar
District, Uttarakhand”, Review of Research, Volume 7, Issue-10, July 2018, pp 1-11.
18. Chanchal Chawla (2019), “Prospects and Problems of Tourism Industry in Uttar
Pradesh”, International Journal of Basic and Applied Research, Volume 9, Number 3,
March 2019, pp 435-442.
19. Pursotam Joshi and Dr. Sanjeev Saxena (2019), “Religious tourism in Uttarakhand”
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Volume 6, Issue 6,
June 2019, pp 864-869.
20. Tulika Sharna (2019), ‘Prospects of Religious Tourism in India’, Shodh Samagam,
October-December 2019, Page No. 358 – 367
21. Prakash Gautam (2020), A Study of Revenue Management of Tirumala Tirupati

Devasthanam: Management Control of Religious Trust in India. The Gaze: Journal of
Tourism and Hospitality, 11, pp 107-125.
22. Venkata Krishna Prasad and Jhansi Rani (2015), "A study on pilgrims’ satisfaction with
special reference to states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana", IJEMR Vol.5, Issue-8
(online edition)
50
23. Woodward, S. C. (2004), ‘Faith and Tourism: Planning Tourism in Relation to Places of
Worship’, Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, Vol. 1, No.2, August
2004, pp.173-186.
24. Adarsh Kumar Aggarwal, Meenal Guglani and Dr. Raj Kumar Goel (2008), ‘Spiritual &
Yoga Tourism: A case study on the experience of Foreign Tourists visiting Rishikesh,
India’, proceedings of Conference on Tourism in India – Challenges Ahead, IIMK, pp
457-464.
25. Libison and Muralledharan (2008), ‘The economic benefits of the pilgrimage tourism in
Sabarimala to the local residents of Pandalam rural area’, South Asian Journal of Tourism
and Heritage, Vol. 1, No 1.
26. Jadhavi S.J. and More V.S. (2010), “Minimum Expectations of Tourists: An Essential
Factor of Tourism Companies”, International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,
Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, pp 184-188.
27. Raja Gopala Raju P.S. "Pilgrimage to Tirumala Tirupati", 1979, TTD Publication,
Tirupati.
28. Venkata Rathnam Achari "Tirumala Tirupati – A study in religion and Society"
Tirupati.Sri Venkateswara University, Ph.D. 1992. (Unpublished)
51
CHAPTER-3
Religious tourism of Andhra Pradesh with special

reference to Tirupati and Tirumala Tirupati
Devasthanams (TTD)
52
3 Religious tourism of Andhra Pradesh with special reference to Tirupati and Tirumala
Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD)
3.1 Endowments Department of Andhra Pradesh
3.1.1 Hindu Dharmika Parishad and Endowments Department
3.1.2 Veda and Agama Patashala
3.1.3 Schemes / Funds to strengthen the Temples of Andhra Pradesh
3.2 Significance Of Tirupati
3.3 A brief note on temples in and around Tirupati
3.4 Sri Venkateswara Swamy Devasthanam, Tirumala - A background note
3.4.1 Legend of the temple
3.5 Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) Trust
3.5.1 About the trust
3.5.2 Administrative Setup of TTD
3.5.2.1 Powers and Functions of the Board
3.5.2.2 Powers and Functions of the Executive Officer, TTD
3.5.3 Financial Administration
3.5.3.1 Classification of finances
3.5.3.2 Budget of TTD
3.6 Progress made by Tirumala Venkateswara Swamy temple under the aegis of TTD
3.6.1 TTD and Information Technology enabled services (ITes)
3.6.2 Pilgrim Services
3.6.2.1 Darshan
3.6.2.2 Sevas
3.6.2.3Pilgrim Accommodation at Tirupati
3.6.2.4Medical Facilities
3.6.2.5Facilities to Pilgrims
3.6.3Religious activities of TTD - Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad (HDPP)
3.6.3.1Dharma Prachara Parishad
3.6.3.2Hindu Dharma PracharaParishad
3.6.3.3Activities of Hindu Dharma PracharaParishad
3.6.4Voluntary Services
3.6.5Activities taken by TTD to promote Indian Culture
3.6.5.1 TTD Sculpting Centre for Gods (Idol making)
3.6.5.2 Educational Activities
3.6.5.3 Publications
3.6.5.4 Research & Projects
3.6.6 Dos and Don`ts
3.7 Highlights of Andhra Pradesh Temple Administration System and TTD
53
Religious tourism of Andhra Pradesh with special reference to Tirupati and Tirumala
Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD)
This Chapter deals about religious tourism in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The chapter
begins with the Endowments department of the state and its role in promotion of religious
tourism. 'Tirupati' town in Andhra Pradesh is very important from the point of view of
pilgrimage tourism. The whole region surrounding Tirupati has also grown in terms of
importance, as temples of the region, over a period of time are patronized by pilgrims coming
from all over the world. In this chapter, Significance of Tirupati is briefly discussed. A short
note on the temples in and around Tirupati, with special reference to Sri Venkateswara
Swamy Vari Devasthanam, Tirumala is also given in the chapter. Details of administrative
setup of TTD, Tirupati are discussed. Various activities of TTD, which include Religious
activities, Pilgrim services, (darsanam/ seva), Laddu Prasadam (GI), Pilgrim accommodation,
Social services are elaborately given so that the learnings from Andhra Pradesh temple
administration system and TTD can be clearly identified.
3.1 Endowments Department of Andhra Pradesh

In some of the states, religious tourism is handled by a separate department in
administration. The religious tourist/ pilgrim is the focal point in the entire set up, as he/ she
are provided with all possible facilities for his travel/ tour to the religious place. The Andhra
Pradesh Government has carved out a Department/ Ministry called the Endowments
Department to take care of all the religious activities in the State.
Andhra Pradesh Endowments Department is mandated to make Andhra Pradesh as a

preferred choice of devotees; the Department is responsible for creating an integrated eco-
system of well managed temples within the State.
3.1.1 Hindu Dharmika Parishad and Endowments Department

The Andhra Pradesh Hindu Dharmika Parishad is a body that will guide the
Endowments Department and also advises the Andhra Pradesh Government in the
administration of Hindu temples and charitable trusts.
Prior to 1956, there were two laws to manage the temples of the state viz., The
Madras Act 19/1951 for Andhra area and the Hyderabad Endowments Regulations 1939 for
Telangana area. After the formation of the new state in 1956, it was required that a uniform
law throughout the State needs to be enforced for administration of temples/ religious
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institutions, The Government of Andhra Pradesh has made an Act called the Endowments
Act in 1966. This Act was modified in 1987 & again in the year 2007, to suit the conditions
acoording to the changing times.
Main objectives of this Department include – ensuring the proper administration of

temples/ mutts/ peetams, protection of the properties of Hindu temples etc. For each temple,
a government servant will have the administrative control. The Department is managed by a
3-tier system of administration. The first tier has the temples with an annual income of less
than two lakh rupees. The second tier has temples with annual income between two laks to
twenty-five lakhs, while the third tier comprises of temples with income of more than twenty-
five laks per year. All the mutts and dharmadayams are also under the administrative control
of a government servant.
As on date, (1st December 2021) a total of 23,834 institutions are managed by the
Endowments Department, which include 115 institutions whose annual income is more than
twenty-five lakhs per annum, 794 institutions whose annual income is more than two lakhs
per annum and also 22,788 institutions whose annual income is less than two lakhs per
annum. 135 Mutts and 2 Dharmadayams are also included in the total number of institutions.
3.1.2 Veda and Agama Patashala

The Hindu religion which is also known as Sanatana Dharma has its origins in Vedas
and Agama sastras. As many as 8 different Agamas are there to meet the requirements of
different streams of Hindu religion. The Endowments Department has been entrusted with the
responsibility of protecting, preserving and nurturing Vedas and Agamas. To fulfill this
purpose the Department is following strategies:
A) Spread of Veda and Agama Patasalas

The objective is to have trained manpower to meet the requirements of various
temples and other religious institutions. The Department is presently running Agama/Veda
patasalas at different places.
B) Utilization of the services of Veda and Agama Pandits in temples

The Department is utilizing the services of Veda Pandits in all major temples of the
State. These Veda pandits undertake Vedic chanting in the temples daily besides participating
in rituals such as yagnas, yagams etc.
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C) Sanskrit Education
Encouraging Sanskrit language and education is one of the important objectives of

Department. The following Devasthanams are running full fledged oriental colleges and high
schools.
(1) Simhachalam
(2) Annavaram
(3) Dwaraka tirumala
(4) Ponnuru
These institutions are furthering education in Sanskrit in accordance with the
traditional curriculum.
3.1.3 Schemes / Funds to strengthen the Temples of Andhra Pradesh

To enhance the spiritual experience and to strengthen the temples in the state,
Endowments department has started many schemes/ funds. Some of the note-worthy schemes
are given under.The idea behind formation of these funds is to see that temples and the priests
are benefited, when they need the support.
A) Common Good Fund

The Common Good Fund is created under Section 70(1) (a) of Endt Act. This fund is
used for renovation & maintenance of temples, with historic value but with little resources for
maintenance, preservation, dhoopa deepa naivedyam in needy temples, establishing and
administering of Veda Patasalas for training to students in Archakatwam, etc.
Fund is created from the contributions made by the institutions, whose income is more
than Rs.50,000 per year. Renovation, preservation and maintenance of old temples in rural
areas with little resources are funded through this Fund. Temples having heritage/historic
significance, but with scanty resources are also covered under this fund.
B) Dhoopa Deepa Naivedyam

This scheme provides an amount of Rs.2,500/- per month to the small temples which
are in poor condition in the state, to cater the needs of Naivedyam, and honorarium to
archaka. Rs. 80 lakhs is being spent towards this scheme. This scheme benefits 3,000 temples
in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh. The small temples which were not in a better shape and are
not properly maintained now have a hope, because of this Scheme.
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C) Archaka Welfare Fund
A Trust by name A.P. Endowments Archakas and other Employees Welfare Fund
Trust has been created in the Endowments Department to take care of archakas and other
small employees of temples. Financial assistance in the form of Death Exgratia to bereaved
Archaka families; medical aid, education loans, scholarships etc., are being extended.
D) State Institute of Temple Administration (SITA)

SITA was established in 2010 by the Andhra Pradesh Dharmik Parishad in the
undivided state of A.P. as a mandate to train employees of the Department for developing and
updating their skill in job related functions. Besides training the employees of the
Department, SITA also recruits veda parayanadars, organises fairs & festivals in
Devasthanams and also trains administrative staff of Dharma Prachara Programmes.
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3.1.1: Table showing Details of Staff of Endowments Department (excluding officers)
DISTRICT No.of Temples Total Administr Dharmika Extent of Inam Land in
with employees Employees ative Staff Staff Acres
of Government
PRAKASAM 52 99 0 99 0.0
SRIKAKULAM 27 80 55 25 97.06
VIZIANAGARAM 18 110 70 40 0.00
VISAKHAPATNAM 61 470 328 142 305.26
EAST GODAVARI 581 1792 766 1026 2544.77
WEST GODAVARI 498 1242 417 825 2474.58
KRISHNA 402 1384 491 893 2056.64
GUNTUR 682 2286 321 1965 8491.18
ONGOLE 313 483 99 384 4426.48
NELLORE 69 217 75 142 314.96
KADAPA 34 84 43 41 234.53
KURNOOL 541 1661 530 1131 21616.69
ANANTHAPUR 447 726 82 644 5844.40
CHITTOOR 29 414 225 189 95.01
TOTAL 3754 11048 3502 7546 48501.56
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3.2 Significance of Tirupati
Tirupati is one of the most important cities and is in the top 10 urban agglomerated
cities of Andhra Pradesh. Tirupati is considered as one of the holiest Hindu pilgrimage
places in India. It is considered as “Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh” because of Tirumala
Venkateswara Temple. It is referred as Education Hub and ‘Heritage City’ also. Tirputati is
in the list of cities to be developed under the 'Smart City Mission' of Government of India.
Hence, the development of the city will take place at a faster pace.
Tirupati in Ancient Texts / Legneds

There are lot of references of this place in many ancient texts and puranas. There are
many stories for the etymology of the word 'Tirupati'. There is a popular belief, that the word
Tirupati comes from Sanskrit word "tripathi". 'Tiru' means Goddess Lakshmi. 'Pati' means
Husband. References in Ramayana and other texts are also numerous, for Tirupati. During
Treta Yugam as per Varaha Purana, Lord Sri Rama and Sita and Lakshmana resided here on
his return from Lankhapuri. So, it can be said that Tirupati is significant since time
immemorial.
History
During 5th Century A.D. Tirumala was established centre for Vaishnavism. The
Vijayanagara Empire ruler Sri Krishna Devaraya and other rulers contributed considerable
resources to the temple. According to the inscriptions found in Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil
languages the Pallava Kingdom, Chola Kingdom, Vijayanagara Kingdoms have made their
huge contributions to the temple. Sri Annamacharya sung many songs in praise of Lord Sri
Venkateswara and he compared this place as ‘Heaven on the Earth’.
However, during medieval times, the region surrounding Tirupati was caught up in
the same battles that were raging through the rest of the country Hindu kings were locked in
military and diplomatic maneuvers to keep their territories from being run over by Muslim
invaders. Irrespective of the outcome of those battles and religious sentiments of Rulers, the
scores of Pilgrims continued to reach the holy gates of the Tirumala temple to worship Lord
Sri Venkateswara and there is no affect on revenues that the temple generated through its
devotees.
It is firmly believed that, Tirumala is a heaven on earth and its powers are
indescribable. It is a popular conception that, Lord Srinivasa resides on Seshadri and
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manifestation of the Vedas formed as rocks, Holiness as flowing streams and the holy peaks
are Brahmaloka.
3.3 A brief note on temples in and around Tirupati

Tirupati is regarded as the most sacred place by many followers of Hinduism. The
internationally renowned and the richest Vaishnav temple, Sri Venkateswara Swamy temple
is situated in Tirupati. The city lying in the shadow of Tirupati hills in Seshachalam range
(Eastern Ghats) is abode of many other famous temples also. Pilgrims go to almost all these
temples. Hence, this place has a great religious fervor. The brief description of some of the
temples is given below
A) Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Devasthanam, Tiruchanoor, Chittor District

Tiruchanoor, a town near Tirupati, is one of the oldest pilgrim centres and it is the
abode of Goddess Sri Padmavath Devi, beloved consort of Lord Sri Venkateswara. It is also
known as “Alamelmangapuram”. As the Goddess Lakshmi emerged on Golden Lotus at the
temple tank of ‘Padmasarovaram’, she is known as ‘Padmavathi Devi’.
A strong belief is prevalent in pilgrims that they should pave visit and seek blessings
of Padmavathi before they visit Lord Sri Venkateswara and Tirumala visit would be
incomplete without the darshan of Goddess of Tiruchanoor.
According to mythology, Lord Sri Venkateswara married Goddess Padmavathi-the

foster daughter of Akasa Raju. This story was popularly known as ‘Srinivasa Kalyanam’.
The Tiruchanoor is an ideal and peaceful spot with its beautiful natural surroundings for
penance in the olden days. Sage Parashara Muni and his Grandson Suka Muni stayed in this
place. In earlier days, this place was named as ‘Sukagrama’ and ‘Varadarajapuram’ also.
In Tiruchanoor temple, Goddess Padmavathi sits in ‘Padmasana’ posture. After

decline of Cholas dynasty Yadavas had given support to Srivaishnavism. Vijayanagara
Rajas, gave impetus to construct ‘Varadaraja Swamy temple’ later to ‘Padmavathi temple’.
B) Sri Govindarajaswami Temple

It is believed that Saint Ramanujacharya, a famous vaishnav saint consecrated this
temple in 1130 AD. Hence it is one of the ancient temples of the region. All the rituals in this
temple are similar to that of Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple at Tirumala. The rituals,
festivals and functions in this temple are conducted according to “Vaikhanasa Agama”.
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Govindaraja Swamy is believed to be the elder brother of Sri Venkateswara Swamy,
who performed the marriage of Sri Venkateswara Swamy and Padmavathi Ammavaru.
Govindaraja Swamy is also believed to be the caretaker of massive wealth obtained from king
Kubera for conducting the wedding. Therefore, Sri Govindaraja Swamy is considered to be
the God who helps to elevate wealth of people / pilgrims.
C) Sri Lakshmi Narayana Swamy Temple

There is a famous temple of Sri Lakshmi Narayana Swamy just at the beginning of
footpath route to Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Tirumala. Most of the pilgrims, who
wants to travel to Tirumala on foot shall visit the temple. It is believed that Goddess Lakshmi
Devi will bless the pilgrims with lot of abundance and wealth.
D) Sri Vinayaka Swamy Temple, 2nd Ghat Road

The temple is located at Alipiri, the foot hills of the mountains and the pilgrims who
reach Tirumala by road, pay respects to “Ghat Road Vinayaka Swamy” seeking blessings for
a safe journey. It may be noted that Vinayaka Swamy is the foremost diety to be revered
amongst the deities, according to Hindu Mythology.
E) Sri Kapileswara Swamy Temple

According to ancient texts, the temple got its name from Maharshi Kapila, who
prayed for Lord Shiva. Because of great devotion of Kapila Muni, Lord Shiva appeared in
person at this location and blessed him. The Linga hence at this temple is believed to be
Svayambhu. Lord Shiva is popularly known as “Sri Kapileswara Swamy”, here. A sacred
Sarovara (lake) in the temple premises is called the Kapila Teertham. Both the temple and
the lake are considered to be highly pious.
F) Sri Kodanda Ramaswamy Temple

God Sri Rama, Goddess Sita Devi are considered the incarnations of Sri Maha Vishnu
and Lakshmi devi. Chola Kings of 10th Century have built this temple. Various other kings
who ruled the region also developed the temple, including the renowned Vijayanagara King,
Sri Krishna Deva Raya in 15th Century. This temple has become one of the important sub-
shrines under the control of TTD.
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G) Sri Bhu Varaha Swamy Temple
Sri Bhu Varaha Swamy temple is located on the banks of Swami Pushkarini (lake) in
the sacred Seven Hills. Sri Bhu Varaha Swamy is an incarnation of Vishnu in the form of a
wild boar. As stated in Varaha Puranam, the earth sank into patalaloka for many years and
then Lord Vishnu has assumed the form of wild Boar and had a fierce fight with
Hiranyaksha, the demon king, in which the demon king was put to death. Earth was then
brought up by the Lord Vishnu's huge tusks. Upon the request of Brahma, devas and other
sages, earth was restored / re-established; Adi Varaha manifested himself on the Western
bank and Vishnu in the form of Venkateswara resides on the South bank of ‘Swami
Pushkarini’.
H) Sri Bedi Anjaneya Swamy Temple

This temple is in the opposite side of Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy, Tirumala. This
temple enjoys a great privilege. The Lord Hanuman, main deity of the temple is seen
Handcuffed, interestingly. Puranas, have a lot of history behind this handcuff. It is believed
that the mother of Lord Hanuman, Anjana Devi (there is a mountain named as Anjanadri also
in the seven Hills of Tirumala) has handcuffed the Hanuman, when he wanted to leave the
place.
There are numerous other temples in and around Tirupati, famous for various reasons.
The main Deities of these temples include the Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy, Manavala
Mahamuni, Choodikudutha Nachiyar Ammavaru (Andal), Pundarikavalli, Thirumangai
Alwar, Kurath Alwar, Madhurakavi and Ananda Alwar, Chakrathalwar, Sri Partha Sarathi
Swamy, Mudal Alwar, VedanthaDesikar, Nammalwar, Sanjeevaraya swamy, Tirumala etc.,
3.4 Sri Venkateswara Swamy Devasthanam, Tirumala - A background note
Tirumala temple is the oldest temple in South India and the presiding diety Lord Sri
Venkateswara (also known as Lord Balaji) is highly revered. The temple is the most visited
temple in India. For the sake of Lord Balaji darshan (to visit the diety), few thousands of
pilgrims travel on foot, every day. The footpath meanders passes through seven hills of
Seshachalam range of mountains and the walking path has all the facilities like good
pavements, lighting facilities throughout day and night (24x7) and has mandapas all along the
way for pilgrims to take a short rest. The temple authorities maintained an excellent Ghat
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road for vehicle transport provided with and continuous bus service to the top of hills for
pilgrims to have divine darshan of Lord Balaji.
The temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara, nestling among the seven sacred hills of
Tirumala, has remained the most important pilgrimage centre for Hindus across the world as
per centuries of written ancient scriptures and unpenned folklore.
Devotees visit the temple round the year for special worship in gratitude to God for
fulfilling their wishes or for placing a request before the Lord. Such requests could be
anything from passing an exam, getting a promotion, bagging a contract for getting elected or
for getting married. It is stongly believed by devotees that their wishes will get fulfill because
of the blessings of Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy.
The Venkateswara Swamy temple gained immense popularity and importance among
Hindu devotees which is evident by the people thronging the temple complex. Even in
ancient times, when travel was arduous and time consuming, devotees came from far places
to visit the temple and usually accompanied by their families. The Hindu way of pilgrimage
visiting holy temples and sacred rivers was one of the main forms of tourism in those days.
Despite the apparent differences in human thought and the priorities in these modern times, it
still remains an important reason for travel within the country.
The Skanda Purana, one of the Mahapuranas of Hinduism, identifies the various
regions Anga, Kosala, Karnataka, Kashi, Gurjara, Chola, Kerala and Pandya from where
devotees used to visit to the temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara. Historical accounts and
religious texts are rich with references of support given by kings of ancient times who
discovered and revamped the temple in its nascent stage. The temple was richly endowed
because of the patronage and devotion of the rulers of the region, the military leaders of
various kingdoms, and prominent citizens of society. Such generous patronage led to wider
popularity which, in turn, led to higher revenues for the temple administration.
It is a long list of devotees who have served the Lord, worshipped him and supported
the temple. This venerable queue of names (continues even till today and perhaps) will never
end. There is no known sculptor of this idol. The idol is eight feet tall and stands right in the
centre of the sanctum.
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The imposing idol of Lord Sri Venkateswara stands inside the garbha griha or
sanctum directly beneath the three-tier golden dome called the Ananda Nilaya Divya Vimana.
This exquisitely-wrought idol called as Mulaberam is believed to be self-manifested
according to puranas and itihasas. The idol which is in a standing posture is a magnificent
illustration of a Divya Mangala Murthi as mentioned in sacred texts. He sports a divine smile
and His eyes are in Sama dristi, conveying the eternal message that He does not distinguish
among the devotees who believe in Him.
The dominant Hindu ritualistic thinking is that an idol of God is really only a limited
expression of the one inexpressible Supreme Brahman. The purusha sukta declares that God
has a thousand heads (Sahasra Sirsha Purusha). There is therefore no limit to the many
different varieties or forms used to represent different aspects of that higher infinite which is
ultimately formless. It is to focus, concentrate and lead the devotee's mind, by slow stages to
the realisation of the infinite, that, in many sanctuaries and temples, worship and prayers are
done, through well laid down principles of puja. Puja and temple worship act as powerful
spiritual forces to raise a limited individual slowly to the realisation of the eternal force in
him.
Images of Goddesses are often seen next to the Gods in temples. But the vigraham of
Lord Sri Venkateswara itself depicts the image of the Goddess Sri Devi and Goddess Bhu
Devi on His chest, close to His heart. As Viraraghavacharya states, the Goddesses image,
seen on the chest, is an integral part of the idol of Lord Sri Venkateswara.
A story in prevalence is that, the chain of the hills represents the Heads of the body of
Serpent King Adisesha, on which Vishnu usually rests. The Puranas says that after ‘Pralaya
Kalpa’ Maha Vishnu rescued the earth and re-established the earth in the revealed form of
‘Swetha Varaha’. He slew the demon Hiranyaksha and resecured the Earth. To protect good
from evil, Venkateswara Swamy established his stay on earth here, according to some
legends. He revealed himself in the corner of Swami Pushkarini. The ‘Swetha Varaha’
(White Boar) is enshrined in the Adi Varahaswamy temple. This temple is older than the
temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara.
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The Pallavas, the Cholas, the Pandyas and then Vijayanagara Kings were regular
visitors and used to patronage temple with huge offerings. The Marata General Raghoji
Bhonsle also presented valuable jewels and has instituted a system (permanent administrative
set up) for conduct of worship in this age old temple.
The temple has three enclosures. The first outer enclosure is ‘Sampangi
Pradhikshana’. We can view the ‘Dhwajastambha’ piller with gold plates and ‘Bali Peetham”
is also in this enclosure. The Second enclosure is ‘Vimana Pradakshina’. We can also see the
kitchen, Yagashala and Kalyana Mandapam. The Third enclosure is ‘Vaikunta Pradhishana’
that is opened on Vaikunat Ekadasi day only. The doors leading to ‘Sanctum Sanctorum’
called as ‘Bangaru Vakilli’. The Main Hundi to receive offerings is kept at ‘Ranga
Mandapa’.
3.4.1 Legend of The Temple
A) Fight Between Adisesha And Vayudeva

It is recorded in the ancient scriptures that during the Dwaparayuga, Adiseshu
prevented Vayudeva from entering into the holy abode of Vishnu, when Vayudeva wanted to
pay his respects to the Lord Vishnu. Then a fierce battle took place between them. The
contest has turned furious and the world trembled. The Brahma, Indra and all deities
convinced Adisesha, to let Vayudeva win the battle, for the benefit/welfare of the world.
Then Brahma and others appeased Adisesha. Adisesha metamorphosed into Seshadri Hill
range and himself manifested as Venkatadri, the abode of Lord Sri Venkateswara.
Once upon a time, Sages, munis and other great men were performing a Yaga/
Yagnam for the benefit of entire universe. They were skeptical about the fact that who
should be given the fruit of the Yaga. It was decided finally that, saint Bhrigu will deliver the
fruit to the deserving one. So, the saint set to Satyaloka and Kailasa. He decided not to offer
the fruit to either Bramha or Siva. He wanted to give the fruit to Lord Vishnu in Vaikuntam.
B) Bhrigu in Vaikuntham
Sage Brighu went to Lord Vishnu`s abode of Vaikuntham. He found Lord Vishnu
and Lakshmi reclining on Adisesha being unmindful of Brighu`s arrival. Then the sage got
infuriated and has kicked Lord Vishnu on his chest. (Goddess Mahalakshmi resides in this
place, on the chest of Lord Vishnu). Lord Vishnu got up and massaged the sage`s feet to
calm down the Bhrigu Maharshi and Sri Vishnu pierced the third eye, in the feet of Bhrigu.
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Bhrigu then realised his mistake and repented for his ego and behavior. But, Goddess Shri
Mahalakshmi was furious over this humiliation and without heeding the entreaties of the
Lord, she left to Karivirapura to perform a deep penance in fury. Lord Vishnu has left
Vaikuntam in search of goddess Lakshmi and then roamed around forests and hills.
C) Manifestation of Lord Venkateswara on Venkatadri

Lord Vishnu was re-incarnated as Srinivasa as son of saint Vakula Devi. Padmavati
was born as daughter to Akasa Raja. Srinivasa (Lord Vishnu) wanted to marry her, and has
expressed his desire to his mother Vakula Devi.
Vakula Devi has approached Akasa Raja with a marriage proposal between Lord
Srinivasa and Padmavathi. Once, Padmavathi has fallen ill, Lord Srinivasa in the guise of
lady fortune-teller entered the city and revealed about previous birth of Padmavathi and the
secret of her birth with a cause of marriage of Lord Vishnu in his present avatar as Lord
Srinivasa. The Lord obtained huge loan from Kubera to meet the expenses of grand wedding
of the Lord of Universe.
D) Lord Srinivasa Turns to Lord Sri Venkateswara
After the marriage, the Goddess Lakshmi, (who has left the Lord Vishnu, when sage
Bhrigu kicked on the Vishnu chest- the dwelling place of Lakshmi) came to see the Lord in
disbelief. Both his two spouses encountered together about Lord`s re-marriage, then the Lord
turned himself into a Granite Statue. The Lord Shiva and Brahma appeared and explained the
purpose behind this avatar, to the two spouses of Lord Vishnu. It is the Lord`s desire to be on
the holy seven hills for the emancipation of mankind from the perpetual trials and tribulations
of Kaliyuga. Later Goddess Lakshmi and Padmavathi turned into stone idols expressing their
wish to be with the Lord Sri Venkateswara eternally. Goddess Lakshmi stayed at left side
and Goddess Padmavathi on the right side of the chest of Lord Sri Venkateswara.
3.5 Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD) Trust

3.5.1 About the trust
TTD is a trust, authorised by the state Government to administer the temple of Lor Sri
Venkateswara Swamy Vari Devasthanam, at Tirumala. The trust manages the operations and
finances of one of the most famous religious centers.
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The Venkateswara Swamy temple has been visited by pilgrims since many centuries.
In the year 1932, the Temple was handed over to TTD. The trust has come into existance in
1932 because of the enactment of the TTD Act. Thus, for the first time, Government has
taken control, through the appointment of a commissioner. The administration of temple will
be the responsibility of a committee, while there will be two advisory councils (comprising of
priests, and farmers). All the activities of the trust will be overseen by the Government
appointed Commissioner.
After the country attained independence, and formation of the Andhra Pradesh as a
separate state, The Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institution and
Endowments Act (1969), was passed. This Act, through the sections 85 to 91, has increased
the scope and responsibilities of TTD. It is envisaged that Hindu Dharma shall be propogated
and promoted through TTD. The Endowments Act of 1987, futher made changes to the
existing Act. In 2006 also, the Endowments Act was modified, and the role of TTD has got
slight changes.
As on date, the TTD Trust maintains and manages 42 temples around the world,
though its prime function is the administration of Sri Venkateswara swamy Temple in
Tirumala. Out of these 42 temples, 6 temples were constructed by TTD in different states of
India, and one is outside the country. It is interesting to know that the 'Tirumala Tirupati
Devasthanams Andhra Ashram' (name of the temple) which is one of the six newly
constructed temples, is in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. The other locations include the capital
cities in the states of New Delhi, Telengana, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Haryana. The list of
temples maintained by TTD is given in Annexure-IV. Thus, TTD is a conglomeration of
temples brought under one umbrella as per the provisions of the Endowment Act.
TTD is administered by a board, (and board members called trustees) appointed by

Andhra Pradesh Government. There is a long list of officers, appointed by the Government to
ensure that the day to day administration is properly carried out. The head of the
administrative set up is the Executive Officer (EO), who is a senior IAS (Indian
Administrative Service) officer usually not below the cadre of Collector. The EO is assisted
by two JEOs (Joint Executive Officers, who are also usually IAS Officers, not below the
cadre of Joint Collector Cadre) and there shall be a Chief Vigilance and Security Officer (IPS
Officer, Superintendent of Police cadre). Thus, at least 4 All India Service Officers are
employed in the trust.
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There are other officers to manage different wings of administration. The most
important amongst them are Welfare Officer, Financial Advisor and Chief Accounts Officer,
Public Relations Officer, Educational Officer, Conservator of Forests, Chief Engineer, Law
Officer, Marketing Officer, General Manager of TTD Transport, etc.,
3.5.2 Administrative Setup of TTD
1. The procedure in which the administration of TTD needs to be carried out is clearly given
in the Endowments Act, 1987 (from sections 95 to 131).
2. There shall be a board of trustees, appointed by the state Government. EO is responsible

for the regular administration of temples under TTD. He implements the decisions of the
Board.
3. The executive powers under the Act are vested in the Management Committee (if
constituted) and the EO.
4. EO has a good establishment/ administrative hierarchy in the form of two Joint Executive
Officers, a Chief Engineer, some Deputy Executive Officers and numerous other officers.
The Management Committee or the EO can delegate work to these officers to ensure the
smooth functioning of the Board.
3.5.2.1 Powers and Functions of TTD Board and EO

The Board takes care of all the policy matters with regard to administration of TTD.
The aim of the board is to provide better spiritual experience to pilgrims, by providing
services and amenities. The safety and welfare measures are upgraded from time to time.
EO's powers and functions are as follows.
1. The Executive Officer (EO) has the general powers to administer the day to day activities.
He is responsible for proper maintenance and custody of the records and properties of
TTD.
2. EO ensures the proper collection of the offerings made in various temples under TTD.
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3. EO can get the requisite work done by any officer, whom he deems fit. For that, EO can
delegate some of his powers to the JEOs or Special Grade Deputy Executive Officer or to
such other officer of the TTD.
4. EO may, in case of emergencies direct the immediate execution of any work which is not
provided for in the budget for the year which in his opinion is necessary for the
preservation of properties of TTD, and may also pay those expenses from the funds of
TTD.
5. EO has personnel powers regarding suspension of any office holders of TTD. He fixes the
pays of the personnel too.
6. EO is responsible for the safety and security of pilgrims visiting temples and he has the
power regarding crowd control in terms of regulating the number of pilgrims.
7. EO is expected to preserve the sanctity and upkeep the religious environment at Tirumala.
So, he is empowerd to issue orders regarding the same.
8. There is a long list of powers/ duties/ functions of the EO, mentioned in Rules also. The
aim of all this set up is to ensure satisfactory darshan to the pilgrims visiting Tirumala.
9. TTD has set up HDPP (Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad) as an official and lawful
Dharmic body with an agenda to protect and propagate the Hindu Dharma, keeping in
view the complexity of the Hindu tradition which is based on the Hindu Dharma. The
Government of Andhra Pradesh vide its G.O.Ms.No.107 Revenue (Endowment)
Department dated 3/2/1993 issued orders creating a separate establishment of staff for
running the administration of HDPP. Executive officer has a greater role to play in HDPP
also.
3.5.3 Financial Administration

The Executive Officer is responsible for the financial activity of TTD in general. But
the actual financial activity is controlled, on their behalf, by an officer designated as Financial
Adviser and Chief Accounts Officer (FA & CAO). He maintains all accounts of receipts and
expenditure for every year and is responsible for the upkeep of all financial transactions and
all finance-related records.
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3.5.3.1 Classification of finances
As regards the nature of the finances of the TTD, there are separate heads namely (1)
Capital receipts (2) Revenue receipts (3) Capital Payments (4) Revenue Payments (5)
Revenue acquired by HDPP (6) Expenditure made by HDPP and (7) Expenditure on the
Hindu Dharmic Activities.
A. Capital receipts - The Hundi collections constitute the single largest source of capital
receipts to the TTD. The voluntary offerings made by the pilgrims, have been the
principal source of funds for the development of pilgrim facilities by the TTD. This
elastic source of revenue is the critical determinant of the state of TTD, finances. The
following are the important capital receipts of the TTD.
 Kanukas or Hundi collection

 Sale of gold and silver dollars, etc.
 Donations received for the construction of choultries, cottages, guest houses and other
buildings
B. Revenue Receipts - The revenue receipts include (1) the collections made from the
students regularly in the form of tuition fees, admission fees and fines, (2) teaching grants
received from the State Government, (3) rent recoveries for the quarters occupied by the
employees working in educational institutions and also (4) rents collected from outside
organizations except the Government for the use of the buildings of the TTD educational
institutions for conducting examinations and teaching work.
C. Capital Payments – These are non-recurring because of their permanent nature like
i) Purchase / Creation of Fixed Assets like Engineering on-going Works and other
assets
ii) Educational Institutions including library and library books etc.
iii) Jewellery, Vahanams etc.
iv) Gold purchases from Interest on Gold Deposits, Gold and Silver Dollars etc.
v) Pension Fund Contributions
D. Revenue Payments - The following are the items of revenue payments by TTD being
made regularly and they are of a recurring nature.
1. Purchase of materials
2. Salaries & Wages
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3. Pension, Gratuity & CPS
4. Other benefits to employees
5. Repairs & Maintenance (Engineering Works, Computer, Vehicles and Others) and
Insurance & Taxes
E. HDPP and Expenditure on the Hindu Dharmic Activities-
The main intention behind the formation of Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad is to
promote Hinduism (Sanatana Dharma). In this regard the HDPP performs some Hindu
Dharmic activities. For this purpose it incurs expenditure on various activities in every year.
These expenditures are also increasing year after year.
3.5.3.2 Budget of TTD

Budget size of TTD (a copy of TTD budget of one of the years is annexed (as
Annexure-V) for reference) could be understood from the following points. The budget of
TTD for the past five years is as follows:
For the year 2015-16 it is Rs.2,530.10 crores, for the year 2016-17, it is Rs.2,678.07
crores, for the year 2017-18 it is Rs.2,858 crores, for the year 2018-19, it is Rs.2,894 crores
and for 2019-20 it is 3116.25 crores.
It is note-worthy that there is a separate department/ administrative set up for

maintaining all of this. In the Rs.3,116.25 crore budget, the cash offerings by devotees at the
temple 'Hundi' is Rs.1,161.74 crore, while the interest on investments in various banks
fetched nearly Rs.845 crore. Approximately, Rs.100 crore is expected from the sale of hair
offered by devotees.
Lord Sri Venkateswara of TTD received cash of Rs.1,161.74 crore through the Hundi
at Tirumala in 2019; the amount received has increased by 8.9 per cent compared to 2018
when the cash offered in Hundi was Rs.1,066.48 crore.
2,78,90,179 pilgrims had darshan of Lord Sri Venkateswara in 2019, as against

2,68,02,047 in 2018. The temple served Annaprasadam to 6,45,73,250 pilgrims in 2019,
compared to 6,08,76,434 during the previous year.
As many as 1,16,61,625 people has got their heads tonsured in 2019 as against
1,12,99,055 in 2018. The occupancy ratio in 2019 was 106 percent with revenue of Rs 83.71
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crore generated through accommodation. It was 99 per cent amounting to 78.68 crore in
2018.
The sound financial principles like accounting and auditing are being followed in
letter and spirit in TTD.
3.6 Progress made by Tirumala Venkateswara Swamy temple under the aegis of TTD
Following are few statistics concerning the temple, as provided by the Tirumala
Tirupati Devasthanams, which give a glimpse into the popularity and wealth of the temple.
 Forests and environment protection involving 32,000 hectares with huge red-sandal wood
trees.
 This Temple has the greatest number of devotees in the country; 50,000 to 80,000
devotees visit the temple from across India daily.
 Over 60,000 pilgrims receive free food daily, one of the biggest such schemes in the
country.
 TTD employs 14,000 people who work in 48 departments, the largest organization for a
single temple in the country
 Largest number of employees within a single Temple, 600 on a 24 X 7 basis.
 The temple is the largest single consumer of flowers in the country, 380 tonnes per
annum.
 The TTD maintains gardens of an area of about 100 hectares around Tirumala temple.
 A work force of 3,000 is employed for maintenance of sanitation and cleaning.
 The temple has one of the largest accommodation facilities. There are nearly 7500
different establishments like rooms, cottages and choultries to provide the boarding and
lodging for more than 60,000 persons per day.
 The temple complex is one of the largest consumers of fresh and clean water
approximately 38 MG LPD (Million Gallons of Liters per Day).
 The temple is the single largest consumer of ghee or clarified butter, 1800 tonnes per
annum.
 The temple is the single largest consumer of electricity which is around two crore units
per an average month.
 This temple is also the largest user of solar generated steam in the country for preparation
of food and prasadams using 2.2 tonnes of steam per hour.
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 The temple supports and maintains 26 educational institutions, 3 universities, and 10
medical institutions.
Besides the above facts, the temple is pioneer in many areas. The following is the list
of some of them.
 This temple is the first temple in adaptation of Information and Technology, extensively
for providing various services to devotees. Information Communication Technology is
used to manage a call centre, online booking of accommodation, Darshan tickets, Seva
tickets, Hundi, and also transport.
 India's first Oriental College set up in 1884 for teaching Sanskrit in this place.
 The nation's first ever School for traditional architecture and sculpture with the name- 'Sri
Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture' was started here.
 India's first Music College was established here in 1959. To ensure that the poor and
handicapped people are benefited the nation's first free artificial limbs fitting Centre was
established in 1981 in this place.
 The philanthrophic activities of the temple and trust have seen new heights with the
establishment of home for beggars, leprosy home for the leprosy patients and bala mandir
for destitude and homeless children. These homes provide beds, meals, medicare, and
clothes for beggars, care the children and support leprosy patients with free medicare,
service and maintenance.
3.6.1 TTD and Information Technology enabled services (ITes)

TTD has successful stories of implementing ITes. The following are few of them
a) E-darshan biometrics based system; On-line service- Queue management
b) On-line booking of services through internet like the e-Seva, e-Hundi, e-Accommodation
etc.,
c) TTDs' official web portal: www.tutirumala.org / www.tirupati.org
d) SMS based service on availability status of darshan, arjitha sevas
e) Accommodation reservation and accommodation allotment completely using the
Information Communication Technology Systems.
f) Reservation system for different kind of sevas.
g) Ticket Automatic Printing & Accounting System (TAPAS), for general and special
darshan
h) On-line Revenue Collection System
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i) Tonsure Token Issuing System
j) Centralized Payroll System, pension monitoring system
k) Toll fee collection through automatic arrangements.
3.6.2 Pilgrim Services

Ensuring the best experience to pilgrims while they wait for darshan is an important
task to TTD. Every day, around 60,000 pilgrims visit the Tirumala Temple. It is not very
easy to engage the pilgrims while they wait for their turn. Though the temple is open for
about 18 hours a day, on an average, pilgrims get only a moment time to have the darshan of
the Lor Venkateswara diety in santum sanctorum. So, pilgrims need to be served in all
possible ways. The following are the services provided by TTD.
3.6.2.1. Darshan
A) Sarvadarshanam:
Sarvadarshanam is an efficient Queue system of free darshanam initiated by TTD, in
which the pilgrims wait in queue or waiting rooms designated for this purpose to catch the
glimpse of Lord Sri Venkateswara. The Sarvadarsanam facility is open for 20 hours during
peak festive days and 18 hours in normal days. The following facilities are provided to the
pilgrims in Queue Complex.
 Annaprasadam, Milk, Coffee & Tea provided for waiting pilgrims at free of cost.
 Free Medical facility, hygienic Toilets and RO filter water and devotional vide and audio
programmes provided in Queue complex to the waiting pilgrims.
B) Quick Darshan / Special Darshan (Seeghra Darshan)

Special Darshan is meant for quick Darshan. Pilgrims can book their Darshan slot 3
hours before of the Current day. Internet booking, e-Darshan centres and Post offices are
available to book advance booking for Seeghra Darshan (Darshan in a shortest time possible).
C) Darshan for pilgrims who come through foot-path route (Divya Darshan)
Pilgrims reach Tirumala temple from Alipiri where the footpath route start to visit the
deity Lord Sri Venkateswara. There are many facilities provided to footpath route pilgrims,
which include free bus connectivity from various points like the Railway Station to the
starting point of footpath route, free luggage centres for baggage and free darshan,
accommodation, meals and tonsuring of hair for footpath pilgrims.
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D) Free Darshan for Physically Disabled & Aged Pilgrims
Every day Physically Disabled and Senior Citizens can avail this special Darshan
through a separate gate at South Mada Street. They are allowed in two different time slots on
showing their relevant Age Proof/Medical Certificate for making free darshan.
3.6.2.2- Sevas
Sevas are nothing but various kinds of pujas performed to the diety. It is the way in
which the Lord is worshipped. Numerous sevas are performed in the temple. There are daily
sevas, weekly sevas, yearly sevas, etc., they are briefly described here to emphasise the point
that all these sevas increase the holiness of the place, and the spiritual quotient is enhanced
for the pilgrims. There are strict rules and regulations in which these sevas are performed.
Specified code of conduct need to be maintained even by the pilgrims in the temple premises
(which is elaborated later in this chapter). The different kinds of sevas are given below.
A) Arjitha Seva
Arjitham means payment of fee for seva. Temple authorities fixed a payment of fee
for Darshan or Seva.
Vaikhanasa Agama gives detail on ritual performance both in temple and home. It
decides the science of rituals. This was written by four disciples of Saga Vaikhanasa i.e.,
Mareechi, Bhrigu, Khasyapa and Atri to spread Vaikhanasa Agama to the world. The Sevas
or festivals that are performed at Venkateswara Swamy Temple are as suggested in the
Vaikhanasa Agama; The Vaikhanasa recommends Six times Puja per a day. TTD performs
Arjitha Sevas as divine exercise to the holy deity and Grihastas are the partners of service.
B) Daily Sevas
Every Day Arjitha Sevas (paid services) are performed to Lord Sri Venkateswara
Swamy. These are Suprabhata Seva, Thomala Seva, Archana Seva and Ekanthaseva. Some
Arjitha Sevas also performed to the Processional Deity “Sri Malayappa Swamy” at Tirumala.
Daily sevas include Suprabhata seva, Archana, Tomala seva and Ekanta Seva.
B1) Suprabhata Seva

Suprabhatam or Suprabhata Seva is the foremost and first seva perfomed at Tirumala
temple. This is performed to wake up Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy by chanting of Vedic
hymns in front of deity at Bangaru Vakili and at the same time with the songs penned by
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Annamacharya at first corridor. It consists of Suprabhatam, Stotram, Prapti and
Mangalasasanam.
B2) Archana
Archana is the recital of different names of the Lord. It is known as
“Sahashranamarchana” the recitation of 1,008 glorious names of Lord Sri Venkateswara.
B3) Thomala Seva

This seva assumes with flower decoration of ‘Mula Virat’ with colorful flowers and
garlands. Sometimes the garlands are made of Tulasi also. The rhythmic beat of Jeganta (bell)
is used in this seva.
B4) Ekanta Seva

The Ekanta Seva is the ritual, while no one is present in premises of Lord Sri
Venkateswara and the seva is the last among all daily sevas. The Silver image of deity is
seated in ‘Sayana Mandapam’ and Lord was kept to Celestial sleep with Lullabies of Saint
poet Sri Annamacharya.
C) Weekly Sevas
Every day in the week is like a festive occasion in the temple. On each of the week
days, a specific ritual is performed, where Venkateswara swamy is decorated in different
attires, and the darshan is given to pilgrims in these different attires.
C1) Vishesha Puja (Ritual on Mondays)

Vishesha Puja became as Arjitha Seva Puja and is celebrated on every Monday. The
Ustava murthis (idols) are worshipped as they will be brought to Mandapa.
C2) Ashtadala- Pada Padmaaradhana (performed on Tuesdays)

This ritual introduced from 1984, when a Muslim devotee offered 108 Gold Lotuses
to the Lord Sri Venkateswara. This puja starts with recitation of 108 divine names of Lord.
C3) Sahasra Kalasabhishekam (celebrated on Wednesdays)

The Silver replica of diety or the Mula Virat, called the Bhoga Srinivasa Murthy, is
worshipped on Wednesdays in the Temple. The silver idol representing the Mula Virat (main
diety) is brought outside and it is connected with a thin Silk rope with the Mula Virat. One
end is tied with the silver idol and other end is placed near the Kathihasta of Mula Virat. This
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signifies that the Pooja offered to Bhoga Srinivasa Murthy is same as the Pooja offered to
Mula Virat. Thirumanjana Abhisekham is offered to Sri Bhoga Srinivasa Murthy with his two
consorts and Viswaksena, with the Holy water of 1008 Kalasas and 8 Parivara vessels. At the
end, the water of Golden vessel brought by one Archaka is offered to the Mula Virat inside
the temple.
C4) Tiruppavada Seva (held on Thursdays)

On every Thursday, after the regular morning puja, all ornaments and flowers are
removed, which are used to decorate the deity, normally. The Mula Virat is draped in Dhoti
and Uttareeyam. Because of this, everyone can see the Netra Darshan- the divine eyes of the
main idol. In all other days the namam covers almost half of the eyes of the diety. It is
performed in front of Bangaru Vakili and Annakutotsavam is performed on this occasion. In
a golden vessel large quantity of ‘Pulihora-tamarind rice’, sweets and other delicious
offerings are kept as naivedyam to Venkateswara Swamy.
A small Thirumanjanam remains with the Mula Virat to cover the space between eye
brows. The ‘Pulihora’ acts as a Veil (paavada) for protecting devotees from powerful Gaze
of Mula Virat.
C5) Abhishekam (performed on Fridays)

The ancient Srivari Abhishekam is performed in privacy in the hill shrine of Lord on
every Friday after Suprabhatam, Thomala and Archana Sevas. The Akasa Ganga theertham,
Milk, Chandanam, Pachcha Karpooram, Saffron Paste, Civet oil etc., water is used for this
Seva. Abhishekam is later performed to the Goddesses with turmeric.
D) Annual / Periodical Sevas

D1) Teppotsavam
Teppotsavam is a five day festival celebrated in Swami Vari Pushkarini every year in
"Chaitra" month. Pooja is offered to the Lord while Swamy take a ride on boat in the water
tank (Pushkarini). The Utsava Murtis are taken out for pleasure ride on the decorated float.
D2) Vasanthostavam
This Annual festival is performed three days in the month of Chaitra in the mark of
Spring season. Aromatic bath is performed (given to) to the diety in Vasanthostavam. Punya
Vachanam, Vaasthu Santhi and Samprokshana rituals are performed by the temple priests.
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The Malayappa Swami and his consorts were brought to Vasantha Mandapam and Swapana
Tirumanjanam is performed on first two days. On the last day, all Utsava Murthies are
brought to Vasantha Mandapam.
D3) Koil Alwar Thrumanjanam

The ceremony is held mainly at the Sanctum Sanctorum. The entire Garbha Gruham,
Floors and ceilings and Pooja articles are cleaned with water and Thirumanjanam. The main
aim of this ceremony is to purify the premises.
D4) Pavithrotsavam
The temple authorities celebrate Pavithrotsavam-the purification festival every year in
the month of Sravana. The priests seek pardon of Lord for all their omissions committed by
them in performing the rituals throughout the year. On the first day, celestial bath to the
processional deities is performed. On the Second day, special pooja performed to Pavithralu-
sanctified Silk woven holy threads and on Third day Homam performed after Celestial Bath
procession.
D5) Pushpa Yagam

The Pushpa Yagam is performed on the day of Sravanam Star in the Karthika month,
which is the Birth star of Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy. Sri Malayappa Swami with his
consorts are worshipped with tonnes of different flowers. It is said to be performed to see
that natural calamities doesn't occur.
D6) Abhideyaka Abhishekam

The festival is performed in the month of Jyestha. To protect the Ustsava Deities
from damage, while conducting ritual procedures and holy bath during festive occasions this
Abhidhyeyaka Abhishekam is usually performed. The Lord and his consorts are adorned
each day with Vajra Kavacham, Muthyala Kavacham and Suvarna Kavacham.
D7) Padmavathi Parinayam

This is three days Celestial wedding festival of Lord performed every year in the
month of Vaishaka. Sri Malayappa Swami- seated inside the Parinaya Mandapam and his
consorts seated on the opposite side. On this festive occasion ‘Edurukolu’ and ‘Vastraa
Dharanam’ are conducted as per Hindu Marriage tradition.
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D8) Pushpa Pallaki
The Lord is taken out as a procession in Floral Palanquin at Four Mada Streets in the
evening time, in Tirumala, on some specified day.
3.6.2.3: Pilgrim Accommodation at Tirupati

Pilgrims are provided with the nominal rate paid accommodation and free Guest
Houses, Choultris and Satrams at Tirupati. During week days and festive seasons, pilgrims
stay at Tirupati and go to Tirumala as per their allotted darshan time schedule.
Accommodation at Tirumala
Around 50,000 – 60,000 pilgrims can be accommodated daily at Tirumala with a
different tariff range from free to 6000 Rupees. Four Pilgrim Amenities Complexes are
located in Tirumala out of which two for pilgrims and one for female Srivari Seva Volunteers
and one for Baggage Centre purpose.
3.6.2.4. Medical Facilities

TTD runs several hospitals and Dispensaries at Tirupati and various places including
Tirumala for the pilgrims and also for its employees and local people. In these centres 24/7
hours medical assistance is provided to pilgrims. TTD leaves no stone unturned to see that
contagious diseases are not spread in the temple town. The canteens run by TTD and private
people provide good hygienic quality food and TTD continuously monitors the quality of
food.
3.6.2.5. Facilities to Pilgrims

TTD is involved in every activity right from accommodation and provide healthy food
for pilgrims at free of cost. Pilgrims need not spend a single rupee at Tirumala for basic
facilities. Free facilities are provided in Tirupati and Tirumala. They include meals, bus
connectivity, Transportation of Luggage and Baggage for footpath route piligrims, etc.,
Piligrims are given free medical aid and emergency patients will be sent to Ruia, SVIMS or
BIRRD Hospital. Tonsure at Kalyankatta is provided to pilgrims at free of cost. Luggage and
Shoe keeping Centres facilities are present round the clock. Apart from this, the following
facilities are available.
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A) Laddu Prasadam
The famous mouth-watering Laddu Prasadam given to Devotees after Darshan has
become a religious obligation to share prasadam to their neighbours, friends after Darshan of
Lord Sri Venkateswara. Tirupati Laddu was registered for a Geographical Indication Tag
under foodstuff category to prevent the Laddu black marketing. Laddu Potu lies inside the
Sampangi Pradakshinam to prepare Tirupati Laddus. The potu is equipped with 03 conveyor
belts to carry the ingrediants of Laddus and to carry the finished Laddus to selling counters.
Laddu potu equipped with a capacity of making 8,00,000 Laddus per day. This ladu is
prepared at Potu- ‘The special temple kitchen’ run by special hereditary Archakas. 200 cooks
work to make laddu at Laddu Potu. The size of Laddu varies according to various conditions.
The various Laddus available are as follows.
(i) Proktham Laddu

This small size Laddus prepared regularly weighing 175 gms and are distributed to all
pilgrims visiting the temple.
(ii) Asthanam Laddu

The large size Laddu weighing 750 gms is prepared with more ingredients on Special
Festive occasions.
(iii) Kalyanotsavam Laddu

The Laddus are distributed to Kalyanotsavam and for a few Arjitha Seva participants.
These are prepared in very few numbers.
TTD is resorting to some drastic changes in Laddu distribution system. Every

devotee will get 4 Laddus at 45 counters in Laddu Complex. Sarva Darshnam and Divya
Darshanam pilgrims will get 2 Laddus. The prasada seva allow the enrolled devotees to sell
laddus to the pilgrims at Laddu counters. This seva is purely on voluntary basis and the
people taking up services are called as “Laddu Prasada Sevakulu”.
B) Anna Prasadam- Inexhaustible food service programme of TTD

Annadanam is Mahadanam as per our Hindu Sanathana Dharma “No better puja or
ritual other than feeding a hungry people” and it is a part of Indian tradition. Lord Krishna
explains the importance of serving food to the living creatures across the world. TTD started
distribution of free food in the name of Annaprasadam. The great Saint poetess Matrusri
Traigonda Vengamamba pioneered the Annadanam and served food for ten days to the
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pilgrims, who visit Tirumala during every Narasimha Jayanthi. Seeing her charity some
devotees gave “Dana Patras” to continue her Annadana vitarana till her last breath.
Following her legacy, TTD has started the Annadana Scheme in 1985 with 2,000 pilgrims,
but today more than 60,000 pilgrims are relishing the “Annaprasdam” of Lord Sri
Venkateswara. Annaprasadam underwent many changes and also delicious quality of food
items and menu are being served to the multitude of increased Pilgrim crowd. A massive 33
crore worth Annaprasada complex with a seating capacity to feed 4000 devotees at one
stretch was inaugurated by the then Hon`ble President Smt. Prathibha Patel in the area, in
honour of Saint Poetess Mathrusri Vengamamba, where her thatched roof hut area existed.
Every day 750 Srivari Seva Volunteers are deputed to serve the Annaprasadam to the
devotees. The volunteers are sanctifying their lives in the pilgrim service and around 2.5
lakh Sevakulu are blessed for their impeccable free services of Annaprasadam.
Annaprasadam Trust is considered to be one of the best with around 3,95,438 donors
among the nine trusts run by TTD. The Trust holds Rs.850 Crore fund and the interest
amount is used to serve food to the 1.75 Crore pilgrims with an annual expenditure of Rs.80
Crore. Every day 13 tonnes of rice and 6 tonnes of vegetable are being utilized to prepare
Annaprasadam. TTD procures the rice and vegetables from the donors of the different states.
Free food Annadanam services also provided to Pilgrims by TTD during special occasions
like Godavari and Krishna Pushkarams etc.
C) Facilities To Foot Path Pilgrims

TTD provides facilities to the devotees, who wants to climb the hills to fulfill their
Vow of coming by walk to have darshan of Lord Sri Venkateswara and they will climb
Sopanamargas (footpaths) leading to temple in Tirumala. The Sopanamargas starts from
Alipiri called as Alipiri Metlu. The path covers a distance of 11 K.M. with a total of 3550
steps. The footpath pilgrims passes through Four Gopurams on the way and also passes
through Seven Hills of Seshachalam Hills. Bio-metric Centres are established to the Footpath
devotees to facilitate free Darshan, Accommodation and Food facilities.
D) Kalyanakatta
Majority of pilgrims make a Vow to offer their hair after fulfilling their wish. TTD
facilitate Kalyanakatta to the devotees to get their heads tonsured after fulfilling their wish
“as a total surrender” to Lord. Hair is said to be the “Crowning Glory” as beauty enhances
with the hair. Lord Sri Venkateswara is the Kuladaivam in many South Indian families and
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they pray to offer the hair and pierce the ears of their new born babies at Kalyanakatta. There
is an intersesting story behind Tonsuring in Kalyanakatta in Tirumala. Talaneelalu
(contributing hair) to god is the symbol of leaving our ego. When a Shepard hit Lord
Srinivasa some portion of the diety's scalp has turned bald. The Gandharva Princess
Neeladevi noticed the defect of handsome face of the Lord and she immediately cut her hair
and implants her hair on the bald scalp of the Lord Srinivasa. Then the swamy ordered that
the hair offered by pilgrims coming to visit Tirumala shall belong to Neeladevi. The word
“Talaneelalu” come for her name.
E) Kalyanavedika
The devotees, who intend to perform their marriage at Tirumala has to book their
marriage 90 days in advance through TTD Website.
F) Tulabharam
“Tulabharam” is a mode of expressing their gratitude to the Lord in fulfillment of
their prayers. A Devotee can offer his or her own weight of Coins, Rice, Sugar and others
used in Prasadams of Lord Sri Venkateswara at Tirumala for fulfillment of their wish. Some
devotees fulfill their Vows with exchange with Rupee Coins and Niluvudopidi of the
ornaments they wear and deposited the same in Srivari Hundi. At present, TTD accepts all
Tulabharam offerings in form of Cash and fixed the rates as per quantity of weight of the
devotee. The process is handled by the banks inside the temple and ‘An amount on par with
money’ collected and deposited in the banks. If any devotee brings coins, he has to deposit
the coins in Srivari Hundi.
3.6.3: Religious activities of TTD - Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad (HDPP)

Dharma Pracharam means Propaganda of Hindu Dharma / Hindu Religion and is
considered as an important step to promote religious activities amongst the followers of
Hindu religion. According to the Andhra Pradesh Charitable and Hindu Religious Institutions
& Endowments Act, 1987 and Rules Published in the AP Gazette vide G.O.Ms.No.311,
Revenue (Endowments) 9th April, 1990. HDPP (Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad) is made
a lawful body with the budget provision to fulfill the specific objectives. Hindu Dharma
originated in India, and is based on the ancient texts and Vedas. Hinduism is the term used
now-a-days to represent Hindu Dharma. Hinduism is called Dharma, as it was evolved by
rishis (saints/ sages), from time immemorial and Dharma refers to right way of living, and not
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a set of doctrines. Many scholars/ spiritual scientists opine that "Hinduism" can also be called
as the 'cradle of spirituality' and 'the mother of all religions'. Some of them maintain that
every major religion around the world is influenced by Hinduism. Some scholars firmly
believe that Hinduism has existed even before 10,000 B.C. Because of this, Hinduism needs
to be preserved and promoted. The activity of preservation and propagation of Hindu
religion is taken up by Endowments Department of Andhra Pradesh.
As mentioned in the section 112 of the endowment Act, 1987, TTD will establish an
Institution called HDPP and allocate some budget to this institution out of its funds.
Accordingly, TTD has established HDPP.
The main objective/responsibility of HDPP is to promote and preserve Hindu

Dharma, publicizing of Hindu Dharma along with training of Dharmacharyas,
Dharmapracharakas and other employees for the same. HDPP is expected to promote and
preserve Hindu Sanathana Dharma as the official Dharmic activity of TTD.
It is the duty and responsibility of the HDPP to design, plan and strive for protection
of Hinduism from the gross root levels of the society covering all sections of the people in
general and younger generation in particular. Thus, the HDPP is playing a significant role in
the protection, promotion and propagation of Hindu Dharma.
It is observed now-a-days, that many people in India, who are born as Hindus, are
leaving Hinduism and converting to other religions.
According to some scholars, due to some important inherent reasons, some sections of
the Hindus do not believe Hinduism. The reasons include
1) Ancient texts that are regarded as Hindu Scriptures are not believed. That is, some Hindus
don’t have faith in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Puranas etc.
2) Hindu dharma shastras are either misunderstood or misrepresented or misinterpreted. The
sense in which these sastras were explained creates disbelief in some instances.
3) Some of the Hindu dharma followers, (the so-called upper castes) try to dominate in
religious affairs and this causes few people to explore new religions, where propaganda of
equality is done.
4) Some concepts like idol-worship are disbelived.
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It is note-worthy that Hinduism gives complete freedom to its believers to follow their
inherent nature and explore their inner world. It is observed that most of the people in India
do not follow the Hindu Sanatana Dharma. In this background, HDPP is instituted to spread
Sri Venkateswara Bhakti cult to promote Hindu Sanatana Dharma; Originally, TTD has set
up “Hindu Dharma Pratisthanam” in 1969 to meet the objective of Hindu dharma pracharam
and it was renamed as “Dharma Prachara Parishad”, with some minor changes. This was
rejuvenated as Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad (HDPP) in 2007.
3.6.3.1: Dharma Prachara Parishad (DPP)

To spread Sri Venkateswara Bhakti cult and promote Hindu Sanatana Dharma, TTD
started “Hindu Dharma Pratisthanam” in 1969 which was later renamed as “Dharma Prachara
Parishad”. DPP runs Patasalas, which pays stipend to students along with free boarding and
lodging during their courses. DPP organizes harikathas, puranapravachanams, yagnams,
bhajans at several places as a step of promoting and preserving Hindu Sanatana Dharma.
3.6.3.2: Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad (HDPP)

In the year 2007, Dharma Prachara Parishad was revived as Hindu Dharma Prachara
Parishad (HDPP), with an agenda to promote and preserve Hindu Sanatana Dharma. HDPP
also produced audio cassettes of thiruppavai through Sri Venkateswara Veda Recording
Project. It also conducts various religious programmes to enhance devotion levels.
HDPP started programmes like celestial wedding of deities replicas all over the
country; kalyanotsavam, managudi – mass temple festival, subhapradam – teaching students
moral values, nada neerajanam – activities with traditional values like dancing, music,
Bhagavadgeetha chanting/explanation etc..
3.6.3.3: Activities of Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad

HDPP has many programs to attract Hindus to understand their religion better. HDPP
tries to see that there is no further loss to the Hindu Dharma, by stopping proselytisations,
discouraging conversions to other religions. The greatness in Hindu dharma is brought out
properly by designing programs like Managudi, Subhapradam, Naada Neerajanam, e.t.c., The
details of the programs taken up by HDPP are as follows.
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A) Managudi
Temples serve as centres for Hindus to express their devotion towards God. Most of
the Hindus need not go to temples very often “is what is understood by many of the followers
of Hinduism”. Due to this, the spiritual connect between God and Disciple is weakened. To
address this cause, a programme called Managudi (which literally means our temple) is being
taken up by HDPP. This is a mass temple festival involving huge participation of Hindus
across the available temples in the country. Managudi programme is conducted in the
months of Shravana & Kaarthika by HDPP. The main aim of the programme is to cultivate
habit of the visiting temples in which inherently the promotion of culture and Hindu Religion
is present.
B) Subhapradam
School and College going students are inculcated moral values by teaching them the
ancient texts of Hinduism. Students of class 10th onwards are encouraged to participate in
these programmes during their holidays / vacations. The aim is to ensure that the future
citizens (students) imbibe efficient value system thereby becoming responsible citizens for
future India.
C) Naada Neerajanam
Dance and Music are used to propagate Bhakti / Devotion amongst the followers of
Hinduism. An open air theatre or a platform is chosen in which the talented artists are invited
to perform so that their art is showcased along with propagation of Hindu Culture.
D) Promotion and Propagation of HDPP Programmes/ Activities to Younger

Generation–Epic Study Examinations and Balabharathi scheme.
It is one of the oldest programmes of HDPP exclusively intended to target the younger
generation with an aim to create awareness and inculcate the devotion and religious ethics
particularly for school going children. This programme was launched in the year 1980 and it
is continued. This scheme covers the students studying, 6th class to 10th class. The students
have been categorised into two groups keeping in view their academic learning ability and
study material. Firstly, this exam is under the title of Dharma Parichaya for 6th and 7th class
students and secondly under the title of Dharma Pravesika for the 9th – 10th class students.
The schedule of the examination along with application forms would be circulated to all the
schools including Government and Private sectors and the study material of these exams are
sent as per the requirement of students registered. Arrangements are being made for the
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collection of answer sheets and their spot evaluation at Tirupati. The top three rankers at the
district and state level are awarded with cash along with Srivari gold dollars (5 grams).
The impact of this programme is fruitful and developed respect and interest among
the students towards the study of puranas and ithihasas and other ancient texts of Hindu
Dharmic literature.
In the Balabharathi scheme, some booklets with stories, characters of the puranas and
itihasas are being published for the purpose of circulation amongst children.
E) Pusthaka Prasadam (Publications)

Publication is one of the most important modes of propagation of Hindu Dharma
since ancient times and it is the best way to make the content available to the general public.
In order to make use of the act of publishing for the protection and propagation of Hindu
Dharma, TTD had set up its own publication wing and printing press. The history of TTD’s
Press goes back to 1933 when Mahant Prayagadas, the Administrator of Tirumala Temple
took one printing press on contract basis in Madras with the name Mahant Press.
Subsequently, with the inception of TTD Board, the name of the Press was changed as TTD
Press. During the Second World War in 1942, the TTD Press was shifted to Tirupati for some
security reasons. TTD Press from that period has been undergoing upgradation at different
phases in the course of time. TTD Press has been playing instrumental role in printing of
books and publicity material for the propagation of Hindu Dharma. The publication wing is
headed by the Chief Editor who is responsible for the publication of books and publicity
material, as a part of Dharma Prachara.
Pusthaka Prasadam is the free-distribution of booklets at free of cost and it is an

important programme of HDPP as a part of dissemination of religious and spiritual
knowledge to different kinds of target people in the society. These booklets contain small
stories / anecdotes extolling the glory of the Lord, various legends, rituals and utsavams
(celebrations) associated with TTD temples. The main intention of this programme is
propagation of Hindu Dharma in general and particularly glorify the philosophy of Lord Sri
Venkateswara in easily understandable format for all sections of the people. HDPP has also
been publishing religious books and booklets through TTD Press relating to Hindu festivals
for distributing them to the devotees and the public in different languages.
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F) Srinivasa Kalyanams (celestial wedding of Venkateswara Swamy)
Srinivasa Kalyanam is the most popular ritual where in it is performed to the
processional deities i.e., Venkateswara Swamy and his consorts Bhudevi/ Sridevi in open
space. It is a kind of unique sacred ritual being performed to the processional deities
according to the method stated in Vaikhanasa Agamam, and it is to be noted that every Hindu
person shows keen interest in witnessing the procedure. This ritual has gained so much
popularity that the weddings in the same manner are now performed by TTD at various
places in the country. There is an exclusive project designed for this purpose and is named as
Kalyanotsavam Project, where in the celestial wedding can be performed even in foreign
nations, besides different states of India.
G) Mangala Kaisika Dwadasi

In order to get the attention of the society to the wonderful service rendered by
Maladasaris (belonging to SC) to Lord Sri Venkateswara narrated in ‘Varaha Puranam’ and
‘Amukta Malyada’ (authored by Sri Krishna Devaraya) the HDPP is conducting Kaisika
Dwadasi celebration every year in selected places across the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
state. This festival is aimed to bring the socially neglected section of people into the main
stream of the Hindu Society.
H) Bhakti Chaitanya Yatra

This programme with the intention of inculcating the seeds of Bhakti and the tenet’s
of Hindu culture, was initiated in the year 2007. Its basic purpose also is to propagate Bhakti
and to show the glories of Lord Sri Venkateswara at the doorsteps of the people in villages
and towns so as to reach the common public. It is a massive participating movement where
the rich and poor, young and old, men and women join together voluntarily and contribute
tremendous awaking of the public involving all groups.
I) Gita Jayanthi
It is conducted every year for the school children who are participating in the
Bhagavad-Gita pathanam. Those who recite the verses with correct pronunciations are
encouraged by awarding prizes in the form of books. Gita is the most important scripture for
the Hindus. Its propagation is very necessary to spread leadership qualities ethical and moral
values among the younger generation. Therefore, Gita pravachanam is to be taken up by the
HDPP on a higher scale.
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J) Other Programmes
In addition to the above activities, HDPP is also performing Padyamdwara
Paramartham, promotion of bhajana mandalis, Yuvalayam, Kala Neerajanam e.t.c., All these
programmes and activities are conducted by HDPP to spread Hinduism and Sanatana
Dharma.
3.6.4: Voluntary Services

Many pilgrims want to serve Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy, by becoming a part of
administration. Such devotees are given a chance to serve other pilgrims in the form of
voluntary services. The following are various services available at present to pilgrims.
A. Srivari Seva (Voluntary Service to the Lord of Seven Hills)

Srivari Seva is a free Voluntary Service to the Pilgrims, who come for darshan to
catch the glimpse of Venkateswara Swamy/ diety every day. Srivari seva is derived from the
richness of Hindu Dharma it preaches “Manava Sevaye Madhava Seva” means “Service to
humanity is service to the God”. It is mandatory that Srivari Sevakulu should be from Hindu
religion person and their age is between18-60 years and they should be in good health
condition to serve for longer sessions in Srivari Seva.
B. Srivari Parakamani Seva

TTD is richest religious institution with an annual budget of 2000 crore mark. 1/3 of
its revenue comes from Hundi offerings made by the devotees. TTD has deployed 40
employees to segregate and count the Hundi offerings on daily basis. The Parakamani Seva
is an activity, where counting and accounting of Srivari Hundi offerings made by Pilgrims
made on day-to-day basis.
To speed up the process of Currency counting system at Parakamani TTD invites

professionals in the field dealing with currency notes like Banking & Insurance sector
professional male employee services on Voluntary service basis. The interested persons can
enroll their names through on-line to render their services at both Tirumala and Tirupati as
per requirement.
C. Laddu Prasada Seva

The devotees enrolled for Laddu Prasada Seva can sell the mouth-watering Laddu
prasadam Tokens and collect the requisite money from the Pilgrims. TTD ensures
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transparency in distribution of Laddu prasadam on the lines of Parakamani Seva. The seva is
purely on voluntary basis. Devotees can apply through on-line to enroll for seva.
3.6.5: Activities taken by TTD to promote Indian Culture

The following are the important activities taken up by TTD. The central idea behind
this is to preserve our heritage, so that future generations know much about the country and
its richness in terms of culture.
3.6.5.1: TTD Sculpting Centre for Gods (Idol making)

Temple is a symbol of Hindu culture. The temples are the gateways that influenced
the tradition of Indians, turned the world towards a regulated social life.
The idols of Hindu God and Goddesses are given shape at Idol making units of TTD.
There is an overseas demand of installation of Idols of Hindu deities in the temples across the
globe. To enhance the devotional elixir of Lord Sri Venkateswara and to promote fine arts in
the country, TTD has took up the promotion and production of Hindu idols and supply to the
temples in the country and also to abroad.
It is the single Institute, which promote Indian fine arts and culture and imparting
Sculpture training in the country. The Krishnashila- the Supine rock is suitable for making
Hindu Idols is available at Tamil Nadu State. Around 60 Sculptors are engaged in making of
Hindu Temple Idols. There is a huge demand in India and across the globe for the TTD make
Hindu Idols.
3.6.5.2: Educational Activities

To popularize and propagate Sanskrit and other ancient languages, TTD established
and is maintaining many professional and Oriental Junior and Degree colleges around
Tirupati and runs a Music and Dance college and Veda patasala and Sculpture Training
Centre to impart ancient Indian Arts.
3.6.5.3: Publications
With a view to propogate and promote Hindu Religion and Hindu Dharma. TTD
publishing and translating the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Puranas, the Ithihasas, the Epics
and the Sathakas etc., in different Indian Languages.
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3.6.5.4: Research & Projects
A. Sri Venkateswara Recording Project
TTD is deeply involved in propagation of Sri Venkateswara Bhakthi Tatva and Vedic
literature through the music compositions of Alwars, Annamacharya and Karnataka
Haridasas. The project produces Pre-recorded Audio-Vedio cassettes at subsidized rates.
B.Annamacharya Project
Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya is a famous music composer in Telugu literature, and is
known for using literature to praise Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy. For this, he has
composed 32,000 Keerthanas dedicated to the diety. He is a pioneer saint-music composer in
Telugu language. Annamacharya project aims at propagating and inculcating Madhura Bakthi
and Saranagathi to Lord Sri Venkateswara.
B1. Music Wing

Young artists who are good at vocal and instrumental music have formed into music
troupes to perform music sabhas (concerts) at temples, important pilgrim centres.
Annamacharya keerthans are being rendered daily during Unjal Seva at Tirumala temple;
they are done by enthusiastic, talented and upcoming musicians.
B2. Research & Publication wing

Annamacharya project granting Research fellowships to young Research Graduates,
who pursue their Doctoral programmes on Annamacharya`s life and works. The
compositions of Annamacharya and other Tallapaka poets are published in the publishing
wing of TTD on demand.
C. Dasa Sahitya Project

The Dasa Sahitya Project was launched to popularize the religious literature of
famous Karnataka Saint Haridasas; Haridasas are known for bringing esoteric the Vedas, the
Upanishads and the Puranas in a lyrical form in simple Kannada Language. The Advisory
Board and Experts Committee review the progress and regulate the research, publication and
propagation of Dasa Sahitya.
D. Alwar Divya Prabandha Project

This project is launched to popularize the life and works of 12 Alwars and other
Acharya purushas of Sri Vaishnava culture. The project emphasises on the contributions of
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Sri Ramanuja, who popularise and propagate the 4,000 Tamil hymns called as Nalayira
Divya Prabandham. Sri Ramanuja regularized the several temple procedures and his work is
recited everyday in almost all rituals of the temple.
E. Festivals
Many festivals are celebrated every year. King Sri Krishnadevaraya is the
distinguished ruler of Vijayanagar Empire. He has contributed a lot for promotion of Hindu
Dharma and Srivaishnava Culture through celebration of festivals in the temple. The festivals
like Brahmostavams have their origins in these celebrations.
F. Veda Recording Project

Vedas reflects the ancient culture of India and are a rich source of spiritual wisdom.
Out of about hundred Sakhas a few original Sakhas only survived at present. They are orally
handed down from Guru to Sishya so as to preserve their correct rendering with proper accent
and intonation. The Preceptors, who can render different Sakhas, are gradually dwindling.
There is an exigency for surviving Vedic Sakhas and hence this project of recording of Vedas
was taken up.
G. Sri Venkateswara Recording Project

TTD is focusing the propagation of Venkateswara Swamy devotion cult. As given
earlier, TTD is into music composition of Annamacharya, Alwars and Kannada Haridasas in
the form of pre-recorded Audio-video cassettes and marketing them at subsidized rates, to
bring this to public/devotees.
H. Sri Venkateswara Central Library and Research Centre

This is a house of rare collections of different manuscripts, palm leaves, iconography
on Hindu Philosophy and religion. The unique archival material is preserved in a scientific
method so that the future generation can access them.
3.6.6: Dos and Don`ts

The Pilgrims who visit `Tirumala’ are expected to follow certain rules, (like code of
conduct) to see that the sanctity of the temple remains intact. They are given certain
suggestions in the form of Do's and Don’ts by the temple authorities. They are expected to
follow them. Temple authorities have come up with a list as to what should be done for
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hassle-free darshan and what is not to be done. The list is made known to public/ devotees/
pilgrims through wide publicity, by notifying them in prominent places.
A) The Do`s in Tirumala are as follows

The pilgrims are suggested to bathe and wear clean clothes before entering the Balaji
temple premises. They are requested to concentrate on Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy inside the
Temple, and also to observe silence and chant “Om Namo Venkatesaya” inside the temple. The
temple authorities appeal the pilgrims to respect ancient customs and promote religious sentiments
among co-pilgrims. To ensure complete transperancy in the offerings to the diety, the pilgrims are
cautioned to deposit their offerings in Hundi only. To enhance the spiritual satisfaction, the
pilgrims are suggested to wear tilak as per religious affiliation. The piligrims are advised not to be
in a hurry to complete the darshan, and they are directed to follow the procedures and wait for
their turn for darshan of Lord.
B) Don’ts in Tirumala are as follows

The pilgrims are directed not to use foot wear around the temple premises. The
pilgrims are requested not to approach middle-men or any commission agents for Darshan
and Accommodation. They should either enter through divya darshan route or reserve their
darshan timings as provided in the online darshan allotment system. Pilgrims making the
Sastanga Danda Pranamam inside the temple will be disturbing the other pilgrims and hence,
the pilgrims are appealed not to resort to this kind of acts. To keep the sanctity of the temple
and its prasadam, pilgrims are directed not to throw away Prasadam and Thirtham. Pilgrims
are appealed not to eat non-vegetarian food or consume liquor and smoke in Tirumala. They
are directed not to commit any violence or harshness in the temple.
3.7 Highlights of Andhra Pradesh Temple Administration System and TTD

The following are the important points in the management of Hindu temples by TTD.
The scope and extent of work done by TTD is known by observing these points.
1) TTD is a government in miniature with different departments and institutions, some

contributing to income and some demanding expenditure. On the basis of the nature and
functions, these departments and institutions are classified as follows:
A) Temples
B) Service Departments relating to (a) Temples & (b) Pilgrims
C) Engineering Department and
D) Educational Institutions.
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2) TTD has 8,000 permanent employees on its rolls, and has nearly 15,000 contract workers.
3) There are two things that come to mind immediately when one thinks of Tirumala and
Lord Sri Venkateswara. First, the famous laddu and the Lord's fabulous earning and
wealth. Devotees line up before His hundi inside the temple to donate Him, their offerings
ranging from cash and Bid, to clothes and even property such as land and buildings, in
return, He sends them back with his blessings.
4) Puja and temple worship act as powerful spiritual forces to raise a limited individual
slowly to the realization of the GODHEAD that is in him. There is a belief that puja or
daily worship if done according to the prescribed agamic rules is conducive to cultivating
a higher spiritual yearning, which is like coming out from confinement of the room into
the glory of the suns full rays. This idea of Puja and temple worship and its importance is
popularised by TTD in all possible ways.
5) The worship in Tirumala temple is done strictly according to Vedic texts, following age
old traditions. TTD does the puja/ offerings following the Vaikhanasa agama/ Pancharatra
agama.
6) On a normal day, nearly 60,000 pilgrims come to the temple at Tirumala. On weekends,
this goes up to over 80,000 and on special days such as Vaikunta Ekadasi and Garuda
Seva, the count can zoom up to as many as 2,00,000 people.
7) There is a special enclosure called the "PARAKAMANI", where the Hundi offerings are
sorted out and cash (notes) and coins are counted.
8) Devotees drop land and property deeds in the Hundi as their offering to the Lord. TTD
manages all these properties.
9) The rich temple manages its finances, by its own administrative set-up, which is well laid.
When we look at the various sources of the income of the Lord and His assets, it is known
that the TTD owned 8.637 tonnes of gold, all of it offered by devotees in the Hundi. His
gold holdings amount to almost 2% of the sovereign gold holdings of India.
10) TTD used to auction the gold donated by devotees in the hundi and park the money in
banks as fixed deposits after accounting for expenses of administering the temple. This
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practice was changed a decade ago when the temple body started accumulating the gold.
Thanks to the change, TTD now holds 8.637 tonnes of gold (as of March 31, 2019).
11) The Reserve Bank of India, custodian of the country's reserves, holds 566 tonnes of gold,
which means that TTD's gold reserves are close to 2 per cent of India's sovereign gold
holdings!
12) TTD holds its gold as deposits with banks, mainly State Bank of India (SBI). Currently,
these deposits earn an interest of between 1.25 to 2.5% per annum, which is also
converted to gold and added to the original deposit.
13) As many as 3.26 lakh laddus are produced daily and an average of 2.42 lakhs are sold
daily in the temple. In addition, 64,000 laddus are given away free to special entry
darshan ticket holders, arjitha seva and divyadarshan (free darshan for those walking up
the footpath) pilgrims.
14) With regard to the famed laddu prasadam, at present TTD is able to produce 3-3.5 lakh
laddus every day. TTD has reached a point where the production and demand are equal.
There is a clear raise in demand for future.
15) It is for this reason that the TTD has decided to construct an additional boondi making
kitchen. On completion, shall push up the laddu production to about 10 lakh laddus a day.
16) While the increase is due to higher volumes of laddus sold, some part of it is also due to
the revenues from laddus sold outside the temple in metros such as Chennai, Delhi and
Mumbai by the TTD. These laddus are priced at 50 rupees each.
17) The cost of producing each laddu is 35rupees though the TTD sells them for between 10
and 25 to devotees coming through free darshan queue at Tirumala.
18) Darshan receipts, accommodation receipts, proceeds from sale of hair and arjitha seva
receipts from the other sources of income for the TTD.
19) The temple earns revenues of more than Rs.3000 crore per year, through its all income
generating sources. There is an increasing trend in the receipts of temple.
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20) The family which descends from Tirumala Nambi, who lived in the 10th century, still
fetches water for the aradhana of the Lord every morning. This highlights the importance
given to traditions and the following / observance of customs and traditions in the temples
of Andhra Pradesh in general and Tirumala in particular.
21) More than 460 Utsavams are performed at the illustrious temple all round the year. They
are broadly divided into five categories namely - Nityotsavas, Vaarotsavas, Pakshotsavas,
Masotsavas and Samvatsarotsavas.
22) Of all the festivals immense importance is attached to the nine-day annual Brahmotsavam
wherein thousands of devotees flock to witness the daily processions of the Lord on
different vahanas and scores of bhajan troops that go around the temple complex singing
various devotional songs in the praise of the Lord.
23) The Brahmotsavam of Lord Sri Venkateswara has been sung by Thirumazhisaippiran, one
of the earlier Azhwars. His date cannot be fixed later than the seventh century by even the
most conservative estimate. It baffles imagination that even in those days the
Brahmotsavam in the remote hills with difficult accessibility had been so popular. And
this continues even till today.
24) The traditions concerning the temple can be traced back to ancient texts like puranas and
upa-puranas. Ten out of the twelve Alwars have acclaimed the glory of the presiding
deity of the Seven Hills in their Pasurams which are recited inside the temple even to this
day.
25) Scriptures reveal that Tirumala Nambi devoted himself to the service of the Lord and later
on, his nephew none other than Sri Ramanujacharya the great reformer and founder of Sri
Vaishnavism worked out the modules relating to the daily rituals and modes of worship
which is observed at the hill shrine even today.
26) Even though the Acharyas of Advaita, Vishistadvaita and Dwaita have different paths of
worship, Tirumala is the one place where the followers of all the three sections submerge
their differences and sing the glory of the Lord in harmony.
27) TTD pays salaries to its employees to the tune of Rs. 1300 crores per annum. The body
also pays pension to its retired staff and last financial year, this alone accounted for 297
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crore. Pension is paid to all those who were employed until 2004, those who joined post
that are under the National Pension System. TTD pays a monthly pension to as many as
5,500 retired employees, and if family pension ia also included, it goes up to about 8,000
retired employees and their surviving spouses.
28) TTD manages to serve free food to 1.4 lakh pilgrims daily and how is it financed is an
interesting story. Nobody should return from Tirumala on an empty stomach after
darshan. That is the guiding spirit of the Nithya Annadanam Scheme rolled out by the
TTD in Tirumala. Started off in a small way in 1985 by serving free food to 2,000
pilgrims daily has now grown to enormous proportions. The Nithya Annadanam Scheme,
now organized under a separate entity called Sri Venkateswara Annaprasadam Trust,
caters to 1.56 lakh pilgrims daily in Tirumala, Tirupati and Tiruchanoor, where Goddess
Padmavati's temple is located.
29) About 1.4 lakh people are served free food and milk in Tirumala alone at various
locations starting from the main dining hall at Matrusri Tarigonda Vengamamba
Annaprasadam Complex where 60,000 pilgrims are served daily. During weekends, this
goes up to 75000 pilgrims.
30) Serving of free food in Matusri Tarigonda Vengamamba Annaprasadam complex begins
at 9 am with breakfast which is typically uppuma or pongal with chutney. At 10.30 am
the service switches to meals comprising rice, curry, sambar, rasam, chutney, buttermilk
and sweet pongal. This is served till 10.30 pm with a break of an hour from 4-5 pm for
cleaning the hall. Thus food is served throughout the day.
31) Food is also served at the Queue Complex, Amenities Centre -2 and also at gaaligopuram
on the footpath. In the queue complex for instance, service begins at 5 am with milk,
breakfast at 7 am (typically uppuma), sambar bath at 10 am, milk/tea from 1-2 pm,
uppuma again at 4 pm and sambar bath from 7-9 pm. The idea is to ensure that pilgrims
waiting for darshan are kept comfortably fed during the long hours of waiting for darshan.
32) The temple administration has made a phenomenal progress in drastically bringing down
the waiting hours in the darshan of the deity through usage of modern technology.
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33) Devotees can now choose the time of darshan just on the click of their mouse. The
waiting time taken, on average, is just two hours in both the paid and dharma darshan
formats something that one couldn't have dreamt of even five years ago.
34) Three massive Pilgrim Amenities Complexes (PACs) with locker, tonsuring and free food
and which can accommodate more than 10,000 people at any point of time have also been
constructed for the benefit of common pilgrims.
35) The pristine nature of the Seshachalam ranges, of which Tirumala is a part, needs no
elaboration. The fragile hill ranges, declared a biosphere reserve, house some of the finest
endemic but endangered flora and fauna. The heavy influx of pilgrims to the temple and
the tonnes of garbage left behind by them apparently turns Tirumala into a tiny black spot
in these hills that otherwise stand synonymous with verdancy.
36) Sensing the relentless impact of pilgrims on the environment, the TTD has initiated a
series of measures to undo the damage hitherto caused, to preserve the greenery on the
hills and leave the legendary temple in a cleaner form for posterity.
37) Steps are taken to see that solid and liquid waste is managed in the most laudable manner.
38) Tirupati is declared as Plastic free from 2nd October (Gandhi Jayanthi) 2018 onwards.
Earlier, laddus and other prasadams were given in polythene covers (though the micron
size is acceptable as per the existing Government norms), but now more eco-friendly
measures like usage of paper boxes and Jute bags with aluminum foil – are being used.
Thus, setting an example to all others.
39) As many as 150 electric buses will be used to serve the pilgrims. This will avoid emission
of smoke by diesel run buses, thus making the environment cleaner and restoring the lost
greenery on Tirumala Hills.
40) The Sri Venkateswara Veda Pathasala in Dharmagiri, an institution that imparts education
in the Vedas, traces its origins back to1884, when a group of mahants administering the
Tirumala temple started a pathasala in Nammalwar Sannidhi of Sri Govindarajaswamy
Temple in Tirupati. The pathasala was shifted to the Sampangi Mandapam inside the
Tirumala temple.
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41) Providing worships in the temples is the main aim of TTD. TTD strives to provide all
possible facilities at Tirumala and Tirupati for pilgrims.
42) TTD has successful stories of implementing Information Technology enabled services
(ITes). Almost all services provided to pilgrims are based on ITes.
43) Propagation of Hindu religion, inculcating devotion among the people is also taken up by
TTD. TTD started an organisation called Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad (HDPP); the
objective is promotion of ancient Vedas, Hinduism amongst the Hindus.
44) Keeping in view the nature of objects to be fulfilled, a network type of organisation has to
be built right from the grass-root level with the temple as the fundamental unit. “The
district level unit of HDPP as on now, is functioning with the name District Dharma
Prachara Mandali.
45) It is the duty of the Executive Committee of HDPP to inculcate moral values among the
younger generation and also to provide moral and religious instruction.
46) TTD extends financial assistance through HDPP to various Dharmic / Religious
Institutions / Organisations working for protection, promotion and propagation of Hindu
Dharma through activities such as conducting yagas / yagnas with cultural and devotional
aspects duly following a prescribed procedure keeping in view of credibility of applicants
and the nature of activities proposed to be conducted.
47) The main intention and formation of Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad is to promote
Hinduism or the Hindu Sanatana Dharma. In this regard the HDPP incurs expenditure on
various activities in every year. These expenditures are also increasing year after year.
The Hindu Dharmic activities that are completely funded by TTD are as follows:
1. Dharma Prachara Parishad (including Nithya Kalyanam & Kalyanam Project).
2. Subsidy for Vigrahams and Umbrellas.
3. S.V. Bhakthi Channel.
4. S.V. Institute of Higher Vedic Studies.
5.Construction of Sri Ramalayams, Sri Venkateswara Temples in Dalithvadas /

Girijanavadas / Matsyakara Colonies and other villages.
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6. Annamacharya Project.
7. Taken over Temples Expenditure.
8. Financial Assistance to Hindu Dharmik Activities.
9. Dasa Sahitya Project.
10. Nalayir Divya Prabhanda Project.
11. HH Pedda Jeeyangar Mutt.
12. Alwar Divya Prabandha Project.
13. S.V. Recording Project.
14. HH Chinna Jeeyar Mutt.
15. Purana Ithihasa Project.
16. Vedic Student Deposits.
17. Veturi Prabhakara Vangmaya Project.
18. S.V. Vedic University Grants.
19. Grants to Nookambika Ammavari Temple, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam.
20. Expenditure on Press and Publication Departments.
21. Vigrahams, Mike sets and Financial Assistance to others etc.
22. Grants & Contributions to TTD Trust Hospitals (SVIMS, BIRRD, SSSN Trust and
Sravanam Project)
48) Apart from administration of temples and dharma pracharam through HDPP, TTD’s
contribution for the propagation of HINDU DHARMA is as follows: -
A) Sri Venkateswara Suprabhatam recitation broadcasted through All India Radio, daily.
B) Establishment of Oriental Research Institute (1939) Now in S.V. University campus,

Tirupati.
C) Sri Venkateswara Arts College, Tirupati.
D) S.V. College for Music and Dance, Tirupati.
E) School for Dumb and Deaf children, Tirupati.
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F) Bulletin of TTD was enhanced to the status as ‘SAPTAGIRI’ monthly Journal. (In
Telugu & English languages).
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CHAPTER-4
Religious tourism of Uttarakhand with special reference to

Haridwar
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4 Religious tourism of Uttarakhand with special reference to Haridwar
4.1 Importance of tourism in Uttarakhand
4.1.1 Uttarakhand is a tourist paradise
4.1.2 Issues/concerns in growth of tourism
4.1.3 Important tourist destinations
4.2 Char Dham Temples (Four Holy Shrines) and their administration
4.2.1 Yamunotri
4.2.2 Gangotri
4.2.3 Kedarnath temple
4.2.4 Badrinath temple
4.2.5 Administrative setup to manage religious tourism/ Char-Dham Yatra
4.2.6 Financial support to manage tourism/ religious tourism
4.2.6.1 Budget allocation of Tourism Ministry for 2021-22
4.2.6.2 Dekho Apna Desh (DAD) initiative
4.2.6.3 Swadesh Darshan Scheme
4.2.6.4 PRASHAD Scheme
4.2.6.5 Budget size of Uttarakhand Tourism
4.3 Importance of Haridwar

4.3.1 Mythological Background (Stories regarding Haridwar)
4.3.2 Haridwar: - Historical reference
4.3.3 Temples and famous pilgrim Places of Haridwar
4.3.4 Tourists visits to Haridwar
4.4 Gangadwar (Haridwar) and Shri Ganga Aarti

4.4.1 Shri Ganga Sabha, Haridwar
4.4.2 Donations collection at Har Ki Pauri
4.5 Kumbh-Mela Administration

4.5.1 Khumbh/ Ardhkhumbh festival - Astrophysical reference
4.5.2 Organisation of Khumbh Mela -2010
4.5.3 Financial support to Kumbh Mela
4.6 The Uttarakhand Char Dham Devasthanam Management Act, 2019 (UCDDMA)
4.6.1 Opposition to the Act and PIL
4.6.2 The Judgment of High Court in July 2020
4.6.3 Constitution of the Uttarakhand Char Dham Devasthanam Board – work
done till now
4.6.4 Latest developments (April 2021 and November 2021)
4.7 Char Dham National Highway and Railway Projects
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Religious tourism of Uttarakhand with special reference to Haridwar
Religious tourism in the state of Uttarakhand is important for all Hindus in the
country. The famous Char Dham, the four holy shrines are discussed as they are very
important from the point of view of pilgrimage tourism. Haridwar is the gateway to religious
tourism / Char Dham, as the name suggests (Dwar means door/ doorway/ gate/ opening etc.).
The whole region in and around Haridwar/ Hardwar has also evolved in terms of importance,
because of historical and mythological significance. Thousands of pilgrims coming from all
over the world, everyday visit to Haridwar for spiritual satisfaction and to have a holy dip in
the Ganga River. Though the Holy River flows in many parts of the country, Haridwar is
preferred for many reasons. Haridwar is preferred destination over other pilgrim sites on
banks of Ganga for several reasons. A short note the Ganga Aarti is also given in the chapter.
Details of Khumb Mela which include Religious activities, Pilgrim services, Pilgrim
accommodation, are elaborately given. The Constitution of Uttarakhand Char Dham
Devasthanam Board and the latest developments in this regard are also presented in the
chapter. The Char Dham National Highway Project is briefly touched, as all these factors
contribute to the religious tourism of the state.
4.1 Importance of tourism in Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand state is formed as the 27th state of the country in the year 2000. In Hindi
it is popularly known as Dev Bhoomi (Land of Gods) as myriad number of Hindu Temples
are situated in the state and the places/theerdhas/rivers in Uttarakhand are also cited in
ancient texts of Hindu Mythology.
Uttarakhand is also famous for various other reasons apart from the temples and
religious places. Uttarakhand is covered by forests/green cover to the tune of 67% and
numerous species of flora and fauna are native to the state of Uttarakhand. The world famous
Himalayas are housed in Uttarakhand. Perennial rivers like Ganga (The Ganges) and
Yamuna originated in Himalayan Ranges in this state flow through many parts of the country
making the sites rich and prosperous. Uttarakhand has both the bhabar and terai regions and
has got huge patches of fertile land.
Uttarakhand has an area of 53,483 sq kms in which approximately 86% has

mountainous terrain. According to the 2011 census the population of the state is 10,116,752,
the density being 189 persons/sq. k m.
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The literacy rate is around 78.82% according to 2011 statistics. The GDP of the state
is Rs.2.93 lakh crore (2019-20) while the per capita income is Rs.2,20,275/-. The state stands
amongst the total 15 states in India with regard to the per capita income. It may be noted that,
the literacy rate of the state is more than the average of the total country.
4.1.1 Uttarakhand is a tourist paradise

Any tourist visiting Uttarakhand will have platter of choices as the State is an ideal
destination for religious, adventure, wild life, cultural and eco-tourism. The state is bestowed
with Himalayan breeze/fresh water resources, dense forest cover, glaciers and hence
opportunities of adventure tourism such as white water river rafting scheme, trekking, rock
climbing, mountaineering, camping, angling, paragliding may be explored. There is immense
scope for religious tourism in State and the pilgrims of Hindu Religion visiting the State have
multiple options of temple sites such as Chardhams (Gangothri, Yamunothri, Kedarnath and
Badrinath) Vaishnavi and Saivism Temples. The pilgrimage tourism is not only confined to
the Hindu religion, but world famous pilgrimage sites such as Piran Kaliyar and Nanakmatta,
Hemkund, Meetha-Reetha Sahib for people practicing Islam and Sikhism are also present in
the state. Most of the tourists belonging to the Hindu religion visit to Haridwar, as Haridwar
is popularly conceived as the gate to Lord Vishnu and also to God Shivas abodes.
Uttarakhand has an unique, rich and vibrant cultural heritage which is evident from the
people participation in Melas and Regiligious functions. The melas that are religiously
conducted are the Purnagiri mela (celebrated in Tanakpur of Champawat district, Pirankaliyar
celebrated in Roorkee of Haridwar, Maghmela celebrated in Uttarkashi town of Uttarkashi
District, Nanda Devi mela celebrated in Nainital. Uttarayani mela celebrated in bageshwar
district).
The world renowned Kumbh Mela is conducted with extreme fervour and zest in
Haridwar with a 12 year periodicity, to which millions of pilgrims from all over the world
attend.
Uttarakhand is endowed with rich scenic beauty because of Himalayas and the world
famous rivers and is an additional attraction for the tourists visiting the state. Popular tourist
attraction is Mussorie which is referred as queen of hills. It may be noted that the Indian
Administrative Service probationers are trained in this place and in the National Forest
Academy situated in Dehradun, Indian Forest Service officers are imparted training. The
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picturesque view of Himalayas can be seen very closely from most parts of the state. The
popular amongst them are Kausani, Almora, Ranikhet, Pauri, Lansdowne, Pithoragarh,
Munsyari, Binsar etc. the natural beauty of Nainital Lake is appreciated by all domestic and
foreign tourists. The Apex court of the state (High Court of Uttarakhand) is also in Nainital.
There are number of opportunities for wildlife tourism in the state. World famous
National Parks/Biosphere Reserves like Jim Corbette National Park, Rajaji National Park,
Nanda Devi National Park (biosphere reserve) are just a few examples of the reserve forests
the state has to offer to the wildlife lovers. Tourists visiting these national parks certainly
could able to spot wild animals like Tigers/Leopards/Elephants, which are rare to be found in
other parts of the country. Bird watchers also could find various species of birds.
Uttarakhand is also famous for its diversity of flora and fauna. Forest trails, mountain
trekking, nature walks, jungle safaris, angling (where fish is caught and released), e.t.c.,
makes the state an ideal destination for ecotourism. The importance of maintaining the
ecological balance is thoroughly made known to the tourists and responsible tourism is
promoted in the state.
Pristine and clean environment free from pollution places the state a prime destination
for tourists to relax. State of art facilities are provided in many parts of the state to invite
tourists from abroad also. Thus, amusement and leisure tourism is also promoted. Tourism as
an industry could be promoted on a large scale as the potential of the state is still unexplored.
Tourism can create better job opportunities for the people of Uttarakhand if pertinent models
are developed to promote tourism in a much bigger way reverse migration to the hills is also
a possibility. Uttarakhand has unique cuisine to attract tourists worldwide. The local cultures
and traditiones can also be showcased. In a state like Uttarakhand, where traditional
employment opportunities are somewhat limited, tourism can directly and indirectly create
huge number of jobs which in turn would boost the economy of the state, thereby increasing
the per capita income.
4.1.2 Issues/concerns in growth of tourism

The state has exceptional geographical features like glaciers, waterfalls and typical
Himalayan villages. The scenic beauty in its natural pristine form is almost undisturbed.
There are age-old trekking paths and circuits connecting some famous tourist sites. All these
specific features make the state a unique destination for nature lovers. Uttarakhand has the
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Jim Corbett national park and Nanda Devi wildlife sanctuary of international reputation. Wild
life including rare types of Tiger, Leopard, Bears etc., can be seen.
The state of Uttarakhand has its own uniqueness due to Himalayas and the tourists
from India and abroad are attracted to the spirituality in environment. Coming to the
Weaknesses of Uttarakhand, the state has some drawbacks like pollution, poor quality of air/
improper waste management/undeveloped health facilities, improper safety measures etc. It
is felt by some experts, that there is unplanned development in some disaster prone zones.
Lack of efficient public transportation and poor traffic management is causing inconvenience
by tourists. Guest houses donot have adequate facilities.
There are umpteen opportunites to the Uttarakhand tourism and the potential is yet to
be tapped properly. The state has unique products to offer in the areas of Adventure tourism,
Water Sports, Rural Tourism, Pilgrimage/Religious Tourism/Spiritual and Yogic Practices. It
is also a fact that there are huge employment opportunities in the sector. Tourism thus can
certainly become an engine for economic growth and development of the state.
However, there are few challenges faced by Uttarakhand tourism. Some of them are
1) Accommodation facilities for all categories of tourists visiting the state are
substandard.
2) Standards of accommodation need to be improved atleast in major tourist destination
points – in the state.
3) The ecosystem being fragile, local communities should be sensitized for.
4) The local communities should be sensitized to see that natural resources are properly
conserved.
5) Some hill destinations have narrow approach roads and have poor traffic
management. The parking facilities are also limited. Solid waste management as a
concept is understood by very few people and serious implementation is yet to be
taken up.
6) Uttarakhand being a hill state has its own natural disadvantage as landslides often
occur. The danger of earthquakes cannot be completely negated.
7) There is limited air connectivity and rail network presence in the state is also meagre.
8) Tourism is affected by snowfall, landslides, rainfall, glaciers, splash floods etc.
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4.1.3 Important tourist destinations
Uttarakhand is unique in the sense that almost all places (be it town or a village) are
having potential to attract tourists. The following places are prominent tourist sites in the
state and are categorised under following heads.
 Pilgrimage Tourism – Haridwar, Rishikesh, Mukhteswar, Gangothri, Kedarnath,

Badrinath, Dev Prayag, Yamunothri.
 National Parks and Wildlife Tourism – Corbett National Park, Nanda Devi National
Park, Valley of flowers National Park and Binsar Wild life sanctuary.
 Eco Tourism & Forestry – Mussorie and Environs, Dhanaulti and Environs, Ramgarh,
Tehri Lake, Ranikhet, Auli, Dayara Bugyal and the Barsu, Lansdowne.
Tourism in Uttarakhand is still in a developing phase / nascent stage. Most of the

potential tourism sites are still lying untapped. Prevalent infrastructure facilities are
considered to be not up to the mark. The state could attract internatioanal tourists, if the
infrastructure facilities could match the world-class standards. Tourism has immense
potential to create employment avenues, generate huge revenue to the state and ensure
prosperity to the people. There is an immediate need to address the infrastructure lacunae,
for further development of tourism potential in the state.
4.2 Char Dham Temples (Four Holy Shrines) and their administration
The state has four holy shrines called as “Char Dham of Uttarakhand” and these shrines
are related to Hindu Gods. These four shrines are situated at Garhwal Himalayas' Region in
Uttarakhand state. Since the ancient times, the pilgrimages of different religions like Hemkund
sahib, Nanakmatta, and meetha-reeta-sahib and the Piran Kaliyar are very famous. Pilgrims' visit
these spiritual places regularly and Char Dham Yatra attracts crores of pilgrims every year.
Pilgrimage has been the major segment of tourism in the state of Uttarakhand. As
Religious tourism of Hindu religion is being dealt, the researcher has toured the popular
temple sites and described them for Hindu devotees in the thesis.
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Four places of Chaar Dhaam Yatra are Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri.
Dham Name Devoted to Altitude
Yamunotri Dham River Yamuna 3293 meters

Gangotri Dham River Ganges 3200 meters
Shri Badarinath Dham Lord Vishnu 3133 meters
Shri Kedarnath Dham Lord Shiva 3581 meters
Haridwar is very important for Char-Dham as this is the starting point to travel Char
Dhaam Yatra and also famous for Ganga Aarthi being performed on daily basis. From
Haridwar, the devotees can travel by road to the next stop in Char Dham Yatra Rishikesh. From
Rishikesh, pilgrims travel to this Chaar Dhaam Yatra.
4.2.1 Yamunotri
The birth place of river Yamuna is called Yamunotri. Yamunotri Dham is the
foremost shrine amongst the four shrines and pilgrims prefer to go to Yamunotri Dham to
commence their Char Dham sojourn. It is located in the Garhwal Himalayas which is situated
in the Uttarkashi district of the state. It is said that the old temple was built in 19th century by
Maharani Gularia of Jaipur in the form of silver idol. Later this temple was reconstructed by
Shri Maharaja Pratap Shah of Tehri (Garhwal).
According to Hindu Mythology, Yamuna is the sister of Lord Yama and the daughter of
Lord Surya. The idol of Goddess Yamuna is made of black marble. The river is worshipped more
than the idol at this place. Generally, all Hindu temples have idols and they are worshipped. This
idol worship is not important at sangamam or confluence of rivers and the place of river
confluence is worshipped. There are several other places of such type of worship like Triveni
Sangam at Prayag, the Bhagirathi-Alaknanda Sangam at DevPrayag, etc. There are many hot
water springs, near to the temple, and they are locally called as kunds. Hot water comes out
of the crevices of the mountains. Suryakund is considered divine and a rock near suryakund
by name Divya Shila, and this is highly worshipped. Pilgrims prepare prasadam at this place
with the rice and potatoes, they brought with them, by dipping them in hot water springs.
4.2.2 Gangotri
Holy River Ganga (Ganges) is considered very pious and sacred, according to Hindu
mythology and ancient texts. The river originates at the place named Gaumukh and trekking
is the only possible option to reach this site as it is a glacier. Gangotri is the place, where the
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pilgrims can offer puja to river goddess, Ganga. The Gangotri temple is dedicated to Goddess
Ganga. Gaumukh is located 19 km above the Gangotri.
The Gangotri temple was built by the Gorkha General Amar Singh Thapa in the 18th
century on the banks of Bhagirathi River. Pilgrims firmly believe that the water from Gangotri
has nectar (Amrut) in it and soothed the throat of Shiva who gulped poison. The water from
Gangotri is carried to offer to Lord Shiva in the temples of remaining parts in the country.
Hence, pilgrims throng this place and revere the sacred river.
The pooja and other services of the Gangotri Ganga Temple are performed by 5 families
of Semwal Brahmins of village Mukhwa. These 5 families manage the affairs of the temple
through a Committee constituted by the 5 Thoks known as Sri 5 Mandir Samiti Gangotri Dham
Uttarkashi.
4.2.3 Kedarnath temple
Kedarnath temple is regarded as a famous pilgrimage centre in Northern India, and is

amongst the twelve Jyotirlingas, dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is on the banks of
Mandakini River.
It is said that the temple was built by Adi Shankaracharya. There is a large statue of
the Nandi (Buffalo) outside the temple, which stands as a guard. According to Hindu
tradition, it is believed that Shiv ji manifests as Jyotirlingam. There are 12 Jyotirlingas in
entire Indian Sub-Continent and Kedarnath is most famous among them. It is located in the
Rudra Himalaya range of Uttarakhand State, at an altitude of 3,581 meters.
Kedarnath experiences heavy Snowfall in winter; The Shrine is blanketed with snow
almost six months in a year. On an auspicious date announced in advance, the holy symbolic
idol from the Kedarnath temple is taken to a place called Ukhimath. In the first week of May
and on an auspicious date which is announced in advance, the symbolic idol is kept in the
original place in Kedarnath.
Outside the sanctum sanctorum there is a stone statue of goddess Parvati, idols of
Pandavas and Shri Krishna in the hall. The main gate has stone sculptures of Lord Ganesha
and Nandi.
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4.2.4 Badrinath temple
Vaishnavites (those following Lord Vishnu in Hinduism), consider Badrinath as the

most important temple. According to the available sources, when Hinduism is facing many
challenges from other religions, Adisankaracharya has resorted to revamp the Badrinath
temple to revive the past glory of Hindu religion.
There are references in ancient texts that Lord Vishnu, as a son of Dharma, is
incarnated as a Nar-Narayan from the womb of Mata Murti (daughter of Daksha Prajapati)
and has done austerities at this place for the benefit of entire universe.
The Badarinath temple is divided into three parts, which are called 1) Garbha Griha,
2) Darshan Mandap and 3) Sabha Mandap. These three parts have their own distinctive
features and are extremely sacred from the pilgrims' point of view. The references are found
in many ancient texts. The place has its citation in Hindu mythological texts like the
Mahabharatha, also.
The chief priests of the Shri Badrinath temple are pure Namboodri Brahmins of the
highest order among the descendants of AdiShankaracharya of Malawar region of South
India. The prominent priest is known as Rawal Ji.
4.2.5 Administrative setup to manage religious tourism/ chardhamyatra

There is no separate body to take care of the religious places, like the endowments
department in Andhra Pradesh. The tourism department of the state manages the Char Dham
Yatra also, besides other activities. There is a trust named Badri-Kedar samiti, which came
into force during the British times, as per the Act in the year 1939. There is representation of
local administration in the trust. The trust is envisaged to manage the Badrinath and
Kedarnath temples. The management of Gangotri temple is done through a local samiti called
the five mandir samiti, in which even the local administration has no role. Yamunotri temple
is managed by pandits of local area, and there is no involvement of government in the temple
management. An attempt in the recent past was made to rejuvenate the management of the
Chardham and other temples through Char Dham Devasthanam Board, (which was described
in detail in chapter 4.6) but it is not fully operational. The Government of Uttarakhand
manages the tourism of the State, including the religious tourism through a body named The
Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board. This Board serves as an advisory body, where the
Minister for Tourism, Government of Uttarakhand is the chairman and Chief Secretary of
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Uttarakhand is the vice chairman. The board also consists of senior bureaucrats and people
having expertise in the field as its members. The board has the power to issue licenses and
also functions as a regulatory authority.
Board has described its objectives also, that include, placing the state as the leading
tourist destination, developing eco-friendly tours, which will involve local people and private
sector. The Board aims to see that tourism sector will prove to be the major source of
employment and revenue generation for the state, so that economic and social development is
possible.
4.2.6 Financial support to manage tourism/ religious tourism

As stated earlier, there is no separate budget allocated formally, for promoting
religious tourism in Uttarakhand, though the support of Government can be noticed in many
schemes, whose ultimate aim is increasing the pilgrim turnout. A comparison of the budget
size may be considered to have an idea about the scale of work that is done at the ground
level for religious tourism. The exact expenditure on religious tourism of Uttarakhand is not
known, and hence the total budget on tourism sector as a whole is considered. A glance on
the Union budget allocated to Tourism Sector may also help us for comprehensive analysis.
4.2.6.1 Budget allocation of Tourism Ministry for 2021-22

The money allocated for Ministry of Tourism in Annual Budget 2021-22 is Rs.
2026.77 Crore. In the budget allocation of Rs 2026.77 crores, it is envisaged that nearly 950
crore rupees would be used for creating tourism infrastructure. Approximately, 670 crore
rupees will be used for the promotional activities of tourism.
The initiatives of Union Tourism ministry, relevant to the state of Uttarakhand are
briefly discussed below.
4.2.6.2 Dekho Apna Desh (DAD) initiative

The Union Tourism Ministry has come up with a new program called 'Dekho Apna
Desh' (DAD) in January 2020. DAD aims to promote the lesser known tourist destinations of
the country. There shall be a huge propaganda using all possible media including the social
media.
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4.2.6.3 Swadesh Darshan Scheme
The development of theme-based tourist circuits is undertaken under the Swadesh
Darshan Scheme. Tourism Ministry has identified 15 themes. Passenger terminals, tourism
facilitation centers, wayside amenities, helipads, first aid centers, signage, solid waste
management, last mile connectivity, construction of crafts haats are some of the components
that are taken up for development under the scheme guidelines. A total of 76 projects have
been sanctioned.
4.2.6.4 Pilgrimage Rejuvenation & Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive

(PRASHAD) Scheme
PRASHAD Scheme aims for holistic development of the selected pilgrimage

destinations in the country. Cloak room facilities, waiting rooms, signage, passenger
terminals, illumination of monuments/ pilgrimage, parking facilities, last mile connectivity,
garbage bins, first aid centers, construction of craft haats, etc., are some of the components
that are taken up for development under the scheme guidelines. A total of 36 projects have
been sanctioned.
4.2.6.5 Budget size of Uttarakhand Tourism

Tourism is not only a major source of revenue for the state, but also provides direct/
indirect employment to the residents of the state. It (tourism) has been allotted Rs.183.37
crore in the 2018-19 Budget. 27.81 lakh pilgrims arrived in the year 2018 for Char Dham
Yatra. The successive budgets have also alloted nearly Rs.180 crores, per annum for the
Tourism sector. This is barring the fund allocation for the Khumb Mela 2021, preparatory
works. The total size of Khumb Mela works of 2010 amounted to Rs.572 crores. (Details of
works given in Annexure-VI)
In many budget speeches, it has been stated by the finance ministers that the
government will develop many tourist destinations in the ensuing years and so, the budget
allocation for the same are done in budget papers. There were promises to bring out a unique
destination in each of the 13 districts in the state. Hence, there shall be an addition of 13
tourist destinations across the state.
Tourism has been granted industry status in the service sector. Tourism Policy 2018
has been notified. Tourism ministry of the Union Government has given the in principal
consent on concept plan for tourism development of Gangotri and Yamunotri Dham under
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the 'Prashad' scheme. Uttarakhand also gets benefited by the Dekho Apna Desh (DAD)
initiative, launched by the union Government.
4.3 Importance of Haridwar
HARIDWAR – is an important pilgrim city in North India, where everyday, thousands of

pilgrims visit this place and have a dip/ bath in the river Ganges, which flows through the
city. Hindu pilgrims have a firm belief that a bath in the river Ganges in Haridwar clears all
the sins of their life. The River Ganga is considered as mother goddess and referred to as Maa
GANGA.
Sivaits (devotees of Lord Shiva) call this place as Hardwar- gate of Lord Shiva, and
Vishnavites (Devotees of Lord Vishnu) call this place as Haridwar relating to Lord Vishnu-
which literally means gate of Lord Vishnu.
As per Hindu Scriptures, Haridwar is one amongst the 7 pilgrim centres that person
should visit to attain Moksha. The following is the sloka from an ancient text of Hindus,
named Garuda Purana.
ॉं
अयोध ्यामथरु ामायाकाशीक चीअवन्तिका। Ayodhya, Mathura, Maya, Kasi, Kanchi &
Avanthika
पुरीद्वाराविीचैवसप ्िैिेमोक्षदायका: । Puri Dwaravathi Cheva Sapruthaithe

Mokshadayaka
The meaning of the above sloka is that there are seven places that have the power to
give Moksha to the individuals. The seven cities are named in the slokam. The seven cities
are very important with regard to Hinduism. They are either the places where Gods have
taken birth or have either incarnated or either sacred temples are located. Ayodhya is the
place where Lord Rama is believed to be born; Mathura – Lord Shri Krishna’s birth place;
Haridwar – a holy place known as the gate of Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva and a place where
river Ganga flows. Varanasi – a favourite place of Lord Shiva bring salvation to a life.
Kanchipuram is a famous place for its Kamakshi Amman Temple. Ujjain is known for
Mahakali Temple and also one of Dwadasa Jyothirlingas. Dwarka is also known for Lord
Shri Krishna’s temple.
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An interesting fact is that Hindu genealogy registers are maintained at Haridwar by
some pandits and hence there is a practice of contacting pandits while immersing the ashes
after cremation into the waters of holy Ganga, and for suggestions on marriages, important
events etc.
4.3.1 Mythological Background (Stories regarding Haridwar)

There are several mythological stories of Haridwar town. Haridwar town is named as
Kapil Ashram in the Religious literature. A story in prevalence was that the horse released in
the Aswamedha Yagna by the Suryavamshi Raja Sagar has been tied at Kapil Muni Ashram
by the King of God`s, Indra. When the later generations of King Sagar found the horse at
Kapil Muni Ashram, they have insulted the Kapil Muni, as a curse, Kapil Muni angrily burnt
the sons of Raja Sagar to ashes. Later the family of Raja Sagar, Maharaja Bhagiradha
practiced asceticism and brought the River Ganges to the earth. The divine touch of the
River Ganga provided salvation to the evil deads of the son`s of Sagar. Then Haridwar is the
mother`s paternal house of Dronacharya and Airavat also as Ulupi has given birth to Airawat
with Arjuna as progenitor. It is known that Haridwar place is related to Bhima also. The
water pool made with his horse`s toe kick named as ‘Bheemgoda’.
One more story is that about Haridwar is the King Vidhur told the Mahabharata Story
to Saint Mythereya at this holy place and later Sapthershi`s (the Seven segas) also narrated
this story to Devarshi Narada. The King Swetha meditated for Brahma near Brahmakund of
Haridwar and attained a boon from Brahma that he remains forever in this place along with
holy Gods and deities and it is called as Brahmakund. It is also recognized as the ascetic
place of Lord Dattatreya, where he perfomed ardous meditation at Kushavart Ghat.
One more tale is there in the mythology about the Saint Umesh, who told about the
importance of Haridwar to King Udhistara that Lord Shiva retained river Ganga in his rolled
hair at this sacred place and due to this reason, the force of River Ganga was reduced to some
extent.
One another story is also there on the Saint Durvasa regarding to Haridwar. It is told
that the divine garland given to Indra by Durvasa muni has been disgraced, as a result of that
the whole world was scared by Saint Durvasa and the whole world suffered with scarcity.
Then the process of churning of the sea the Goddess Mahalakshmi revealed by the grace of
Lord Shiva and the scarcity of the farmers are far away. It is also told that the pot of Amrut
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revealed from the Churning of the sea has been kept in safe custody at Nag Lokh. The
Garuda (king of birds) restored the pot from Nag Lok. In the process of restoration from the
milky ocean, where and when he kept the Amruth pot that places were became famous as
Khumbh pilgrimage places.
It is known that there was Khadhru and Vineetha, the two wives of Prajapathi
Khasyapa and they had a dispute between the colours of horses of Surya were black or white?
It is also known that the Khadru on the basis of Naavansh (no family) dispute she conceded
the horses of Surya with dark complexion, for which act vineetha accept her defeat and
became slave of Khadru. The remedy for her servitude is to bring the life saving nectar
(Amruth) from the Nag lokh. On the way when Garuda bring down the Amruth from Naglok
then King Indra attacked on Garuda four times and at that time Amruth spill out from the
vessal in four places. From that period, it is a tradition to conduct Khumbh festival in these
four holy places.
There is one more prevalent story on churning of sea. According to this story the sea
was churned by making Mandarachal Mountain as a churning stick on the back of
Kaschapavatar of Lord Mahavishnu and making of Nagaraju Vasuki as a rope for churning
by Gods and Demons, then 14 Gems came out from the ocean and last outcome was the
Amrut Pot. When Dhanvantari walked out with the life saving pot, the gods and demons both
became eager for Amrut. At this time the Indra`s son Jayanth took away the Amrut pot from
Dhanvantari and run away from that place. It is said that Jayant kept running with the pot for
12 years, during this period he kept this Amrut pot at 12 different places. Out of these 08
places are at heaven and remaining 04 places are in the earth. On the basis, the tradition of
performing Khumba festival started in these four holy places.
According to the mythological discussions Shownaka muni attained his Siddavastha

at Khankal. As another belief is that, Khankahal itself is called abode place of Veerabhadra.
It is also said that after the war of Mahabharata, the Pandavas came to Haridwar to clear their
sins in the Saptasarovar area. The Drutharastra, Gandhari and Vidura etc., get their Salvation
of bodies from Yogagni. It is also mentioned that the first Jain piligram Adinath also came
and did his penance in this Khankhal.
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4.3.2 Haridwar: - Historical reference
The places of Khankal and Gangadwar found their place in many ancient literary
works. In 38 B.C. “Bhatruhari”, the elder brother of the promoter of Vikrama Shakh of
Ujjaini Raja Vikramaditya did penance on the banks of Ganges at the Gangadwar. King
Vikram built Brahmakund and stairs of Hari Ghat on the ascetic place of his brother
“Bhatruhari”. This is the first reference available about the construction of Har-ki-pauri and
Brahmakund.
The Archeological Survey conducted by Gurukul Kagandi University in between

1985 to 1986 found the evidences that the existence of Khushan Kingom in Haridwar place.
In the year 606, Harshavardhan became King. In the reign of Harshavardhana the
Chinese traveller Yuvan-Chwang came to India in 629 AD. He mentioned in his history that
Mayapur nagar was Gangadwar.
As per the historical records, the Chinese traveller arrives at the Eastern edge of
Bhadra in North-west of Mandawar city of Mo-Yu-lo or Ma-Ya-Ra. The Archaeologist
Cunningham discussed the matter in his survey report and believed that the Yuvan-Chwang`s
Mo-Yu-Lo was Haridwar and middle area of Khankal was Mayapur. The Traveller Yuon-
Chwang metioned about Gangadwar and writes that within a short distance from the town of
Mayapur there was a big mandir called the Gate of Ganga called as Gangadwar. He also
mentioned about kund nearer to Gangadwar, in which the water of holy river Mahabhadra
(Ganga) brought by a canal. About the holy bath of Ganga and river Ganga Yuvan-Chwang
mentioned that the water of river Ganga was very holy and in this holy water has a power to
wash out our all sins. Yuvan-Chwang also wrote about the death rituals and mentioned that
after death of any family members, the Hindu people burnt the body and flows the ashes in to
the water of the Ganga, so that the deceased can be liberated from all his deeds, he will get
his post human life in heaven, if there is a rebirth position, then the birth will be in a good
foster family.
As described by historian atathi, the people of Hindustan worship the face of ‘Gaay’
(cow) at Gangadwar and the Hindu came from every place to take darshan of this and they
perform tour for one year. These people lay to the ashes of their deceased people and bring
the ashes and immerse in the river. It is believed that the soul of the deceased is freed from
all his deeds. The people thrown the Gold and Silver coins into the river. Hindu people took
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their holy bath in the river or they wash their legs in the water and put on few holy drops of
water on their head. The importance of Gangadwar for Hindus is as same as Mecca for
Muslim Community.
Alberuni mentioned about Gangadwar in his composition. The ‘Gangavataran’

describes the holiness of River Ganga and describes that the Hindu community people after
death of their family members burnt their bodies and bring the left over ashes to Gangadwar
and flow it into the holy water of Ganga, so that deceased can be freed from all his deeds
Historian Sharifuddin of King Tymoor narrated in his book “Jaffarnama” that River
Ganga comes out from the Gangadwar and flows to Ku-Pi-la Ghat. The Archeologist
Kamingham believes that Ku-pi-la was Khoh-pairi means the peak of mountain and accepts it
as “Hari- ki- Paidi”. As per the two statements made by Thymoor and Historian Shariffuddin
it is clear that the names of Kapil-thirdh and Kapil-Sthan were popular till 14th Century. The
narration of the holy bath at Gangadwar and rituals of deceased forefathers were the same
analogous to the descriptions made both Yuvan-Chwang and Historian Atavi of Mohd.
Gajini.
In the reign of Akbar, the Gangadwar completely changed as Haridwar. As per

Aaiyna-A-Akbari, Haridwar was an eminent place. Abdul-Fazal described that Mayapur
called as Haridwar.
During the regime of Jahangir, the British Traveller Tom Kerriot came to this place.
He wrote that Haridwar was the capital of Lord Shiva. William Foster mentioned that “I
have to live in Agra for more than 6 weeks. In the end of January, I will get an important
auspicious occasion, while I will visit the holy place of Hindus situated on the banks of
Ganges at a distance of Five days journey from here, where about four hundred thousand
people come to take holy bath. They take head bath in the river itself. They put their
valuables like Gold in the river. They threw both coins and Gold pieces into the river. A part
from this, they performed Puja and worship Ganga in many interesting ways. It would be
very nice to see all these works”. It is clear from the above description that keriott came to
this Haridwar on any time of this Bathing Festival.
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In the year 1796, the British Traveller Hardwick visited Haridwar. Hardwick
described Haridwar city as a small passage at the foot of the hill. The British Traveller came
to Haridwar Kumbh Mela festival. According to him, about twenty-five lakh people
participated on the eve of Bathing Festival in Haridwar.
In February, 1805, the burden of protecting Haridwar area was entrusted by the
Company Government to King Ramdayal of Landhaura and Mohammad Khan of Marhal. In
the year 1808, the British Traveller Rapper came to Haridwar area. According to him
Haridwar was situated on both sides of 15 feet wide and 330 yards long road way. He came
here during the Khumbh mela Festival. According to him, nearly 20 Lakh people came to
Hardiwar for take this holy bath.
In the year 1892, Haridwar reforms committee was formed by this formation
renovation works of various pilgrimage places like Hari-ki-pedi, Brahmakund, Bhimgoda
etc., were done. The notable contribution of this committee is the construction of a gardar
bridge at Lalitarao in the midst of the Mayapur and Haridwar.
In the year 1964-65, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) was established in
Haridwar, which has increased the population of Haridwar significantly. Presently, Haridwar
was divided into four residential areas Haridwar, Kankhal, Jwalapur and BHEL Township
respectively.
In the year 1985, Haridwar was given the status of Tehsil and it was given the status
of District on 28 December, 1988. Haridwar came into the Sate of Uttarakhand on 9
November, 2000 at the time of formation of Uttarakhand state. Today, Haridwar is attracting
attention of the entire world in terms of Pilgrimage, Education, Industry and Tourism. It
gained international reputation as Kumbh Nagar.
Haridwar was no longer a Mythological and religious place. In the year 2002, the
SIIDCUL (State Infrastructure & Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Ltd).,
was established in 2034 acres area in Haridwar, under which big Industries like Hindusthan
Lever Limited, Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, ITC Limited, Britania industries Limited,
Dabur India Limited, Havells India Limited, VIP Industries ltd, and Lakhani India Limited,
Hero Honda Ltd., etc., were established.
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4.3.3 Temples and famous pilgrim Places of Haridwar
During the Kumbh/ Ardh Kumbh people gather without any publicity, according to
the dates of panchang and makes the Haridwar as Khumbh Nagar.
Kumbh year is the year of this huge fair in Haridwar in the winter season. The Hindu
devotees gather in Haridwar to take holy bath at River Ganga then visit the temples and go to
the temples to improve their aspirations.
Even though, there were thousands of holy temples in Haridwar today among the
prominent and Sidha temples of Haridwar, the temple of Goddess Mayadevi, the founder of
Haridwar was famous. The temple is called Mayadevi Siddhapeeth. There is a belief that
Sati, the wife of Lord Shiva, has ruined herself in the fire of penance, when her father
insulted her husband at this very place. It is also believed that the remaining Shakthi Peetas
of India, we can see the broken limbs of Bhagavati, but in this place we can see the complete
statue of Bhagavati Mayadevi.
In the Mayadevi temple, the idol of Bhairavi Trimastika Devi Durga and the Peetam
with trident in one hand and Narmund in one hand was installed. The Mayadevi temple have
been built in the eleventh Century, it is said that the very rich temple was looted by Timur
Lung and he broken the Goddess Kali Statue in this temple.
The Manasa Devi Temple was located in a peak of Shivalik Mountain range in
Haridwar. The carrier of Ashtanag idol with three faces and five arms was enshrined here, it
was originating from the mind of Brahma and the Serpent Goddess mother Manasa devi, the
wife of the Sage Zaratkaru. The Manasa Devi is called the tenth Shakthi roop in Navachandi
Durga.
It was said that, at present time, where there is a temple of Manasa Devi, earlier there
was a tree. Form the Vedic period by tying a strip of cloth saree on this tree itself, women
used to worship for the protection and happiness of their family from snakes. In that place,
any statue was not installed and there was not any temple constructed before the year 1927,
Manasa Devi`s statue and temple was located on Sonar Koti, it is also known as Seol Koti,
situated on the Shivalik Mountain, which was in broken condition.
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It is said that Siddha Baba of Dhanpatiya baba community brought a statue of
Manasadevi from Seol Kot and given the idol to a Ponda family of Jwalapur and installed the
Idol at the site of the present temple. Fifty years later a small temple was built here, which
was well organized now under a trust run by the representatives of Niranjani Akhade. The
Flying Cot road has also been made since 1981 to visit the Manasa Devi temple situated at a
height of about five hundred and fifty meters. With this facility, it became easy to aged
people and children to have darshan of Goddess Manasa Devi. The Goddess Manasa Devi,
sits on the silver throne is the centre of faith of all devotees.
Many years ago, a walkway was made from the back of the mountain of Manasa Devi
to Suarajkund via Bilkeswar road. Surajkund called as penance place of Surya Bhagavan.
The ancient temple of Panchamukhi Hanumanji mandir is located nearer at Surajkund. It was
said that Hanumanji was born at the Anjani Mountain nearer to the Chandi Devi Mountain,
where there is a temple of Anjani Devi; the mother of Hanuman is still located now. While
playing in this place, Hanuman tried to swallow the Surya Bhagvan then Surya Bhagavan
blow with his club, where the place hanuman was fell down, the place was name as
Panchamukhi Hanuman`s temple.
A stream flows near the Panchamukhi Hanuman Temple; it reaches the Hari-Ki-Pari
and joins with the river Ganga. This stream is called Narayani River now it was called as
Naisota. The broken mandir of Narayani Devi at this place is still alive.
According to mythology, Chandi Devi, the protector of Mantra and Tantra, killed the
Shumba and Nishumbha asuras at this place. This story was also strengthening the fact of
this mountain range, that there were two mountains of Shumbha and Nishumbha located
beyond the Neelakanta Mahadeva Mountain. The ascetic place of Yogi Guru Amra of the
Nath Community was also in the same area. Guru Amra was the Guru of renowned warrior
of Alha and Udal and we can see the remains of Allah and Udal forts in this locality.
The idol of Maa Kali was installed in the present temple. The Flying Cot ropeway
was made to go to Chandi Devi temple and in view of the increasing rush of devotees to the
temple and expenditure has been made for gathering the public services. The temple of
Anjani Devi, the mother of Hanuman was located near to this temple.
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The Siddha Temple of Kali is located just below the Chandi Devi temple. The Kali
temple was called the spiritual place of Guru of Allah Udul and Guru Gorak Amara. It is a
rumour that while Guru Amra came to this place while he touring, he was impressed by the
amazing magnatic power of the statue located in the previous founded Kali temple and Guru
Amra stayed here and practiced his Mantra. Even today, the temple is considered as a
supernatural power. The Gauri Sankar Temple is located on the Haridwara-Nazibabad road,
within a short distance from the Chandi Bridge.
The Siddha Peetha Bilkeshwar Mahadev temple of Lord Siva was located in the
foothills of Shivalik mountain range. The temple was founded by the King Wilwak at this
site. Gauri kund was situated nearer to the Bilkeswara temple. Gourikund was called the
penance place of Goddess Parvathi Devi.
The Sunar koti or Syal Koti was located just above from Gowri Kund, where in the
temple of Goddess Lalitha was located in the past. According to the descriptions available
from the books and texts, there were Devi mural pictures along with the Lalitha Devi inside
the temple and outside of the Verndah ten statues were placed around the temple. This
temple was destroyed by an earthquake. The river Lalitha, passing through this temple of
Sonar Koti, was still located in the middle of the city named as Lalataru.
The Daksha temple located in Kankhal, a sub-urban town of Haridwar, has been
called the main pilgrimage place in the scriptures. According to the Skanda Purana,
Kedarkhand, Lord Shiva told that those who will do pilgrimage without darshan of the
Daksheswar mahadev and Mayadevi, their journey will be fruitless.
Khankal was called as the father-in-law`s house of Lord Shiva. The Daksha temple is
located at Yagna site in the capital of King Daksha. The Lord Shiva added the head of the
goat to the King Daksha after the Sati`s self immolation in this place.
In front of the Daksha temple, the divine Samadhi place of Maata Anandamai, where
Maata Anandamai has been consecrated after Mahaprayana (the last holy Journey). The Siva
temple built by Maharaja Karamchand of Patiala in the eighteenth Centry at Rajghat near to
the Daksha temple was situated in Kankhal itself, in the name of Tilabhandeswar. A story
was associated with the temple was that the phallus diety Shiva of the Tilabhandeswar temple
increases in inches in the Lunar moon and decreases in the dark moon. For this test of
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decreasing and increasing, one sacred thread was tied on the Shiva idol every month on full
moon, which breaks automatically on the next full moon.
The third Guru of Sikhs Amardas penance place is nearer to the Tilabhandeswar
temple, it is known as Dera Baba Darghahar Singh. When the tenth and last Sikh Guru
Gobind singh were bottling with the Mughals, he handed over each of the generals of their
army to one of the holy Gursthans to save Sikh religion and send Baba Dera Baba Dargah
Singh, a general of his army to look after the Taposthan of Amardas. This place has been
named as Dera Baba Dargah Singh.
The pashupateswar temple was located in Moti Bazar Shravannadh matt was a replica
of Pashupati Nath Temple of Nepal. The Chaturmukhi shiva statue made of black Stone in
1876 by Raja Ral Singh of Mewar, Rana Jabon Singh of Bikaner and Rajendra Veer Vikram
of Nepal in the presence of Siddasanth Sravannadh.
Apart from darshan of Goddess Maya, Chandi, Manasa and Kali of Mahamaya
Bhagawati darshan of Sureswari idol is also available in Haridwar.
The temple of Bhagavati Sureswari was located at Surkut mountain is inside the forest
nearly two kilometer north of Raipur forest Department Check post nearer to the Bharat
Heavy Electricals Ltd. It is said that the Sureshwar i.e., Indra has meditated here and got
darshan of Bhagavati here, so the name of this place became Sureshwari Devi. On the two
Saturdays, which comes before Diwali, devotees approach Sureshwari and worship with
Amla fruit, as the tradition that continues even today.
The staircase at Brahmakund in Haridwar was known as Hari-ki-Paidi. The Ujjain

King Vikramaditya built these steps in the memory of his elder brother Bhatruhari and named
the steps as “Padi of Bhatruhari”. Later, the word “Bhathru” abolished due to difficulty and
only the word hari ki paidi only remained. Bhatruhari was the disciple of Guru Gorakhnath.
Due to treachery of his younger queen Pingala and the loyalty of elder queen of Bhanumati,
the King Bhatruhari gave all of his Kingdom to his younger brother Vikramaditya and took
asceticism and came to Haridwar and meditated in a cave. He came here and became the
promoter of renunciation way of Nath community. The cave, which Bhatruhari meditated
was still situated in the temple of Goraknath on the upper road nearer to Hari ki paidi. The
cave was installed with ancient weapons and a statue of Bhatruhar.
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Kushavarta Ghat situated to the south of Brahmakund was also the main mythological
place of Haridwar, where ritual Karma of ancestors were performed.
The idol of Lord Dattatreya was also installed on the Kushavarta Ghat, here the works
of Godan, Mundan work (the first child hair cutting tradition), yagnopaveeth (thread
ceremony) were performed.
The Bhimgoda Kunda was situated towards the northern direction of the Har Ki Pauri
and several ancient temples were found in vicinity of the Kund. This place was considered to
be associated with the Pandavas period. It is believed that, Bhima of pandavas has produced
water with the help of his knees given strokes on the ground and gave water to his brothers,
who were thirsty.
Saptharshi place is situated in the northern side from the foot of the Har Ki Pauri. It is
said that when Ganga descended on the earth, she saw the ashram near Haridwar at the same
place, and could not decide to flow from sage ashram as the remaining sages became angry.
The Goddess Ganga Devi, when she was in confusion, divided into seven streams. The
place where Ganga split into seven streams is called as Saptasarovar and Saptarishi. The area
was mentioned in Sri Madbhagawat Puran. The Goswami Ganesh Dattji also established the
Saptharshi temple here. Apart from this, the temple of Hanuman located on Ganesh Ghat by
the Niranjani Akhade was called as Siddha Temple.
The ancient temple of Bhairav dev was located in Haridwar Juna Akhade. The
foundation of the huge statue of Baba Bhairav Nath has also started along with the
construction of the Mayadevi temple.
The Hanuman temple situated at Avadhoot Mandalashram, which was an ancient

place of Avadhuta Mandal Niramkari Mahatmas. A big and magnificent statue of Lord
Hanuman was erected by Shri Swami Maheswardev Ji Shastri. Every Tuesday huge crowd
of pilgrims visit this place.
The Bharat Mata temple was a good symbol of Universal Harmony. It was founded
by Swami Satyamitranand Giri Ji. In addition to the sacred statue of Mother India, the other
inspiring idols of Mahatmas, Saints, Gallent Persons, Social Reformers and Deities of India
are established in this temple.
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The Pavandham, Lalmatha Vishno Devi Mandir temple etc., are the center of
attraction of the visitors in this area.
Mercury Shiva idol at Jagadeesh Ashram in KarKhadi, mercury Shiva of Haridwar

Ashram in Kankhal, Vishno devi temple at Har ki Pauri, Hanuman temple of Hanuman Ghat,
Pathaleswar Vyas temple at Subhash Ghat, Birla Mandir at Birla Ghat, Paramardh Ashram at
Saptharushi, Bharat mata mandir, Pavandham, Jayaram Ashram, Ganga Swaroop Ashram,
Bhooma Nikethan etc., were the pilgrimage places of Haridwar.
4.3.4 Tourists visits to Haridwar

Haridwar is the popular choice of many tourists, who visits Uttarakhand state. Many
pilgrims come to Haridwar to fulfill their religious commitments. Some people believe that
the last rites should be performed at Haridwar; some believe that the ashes (remains after the
body is burnt) should be immersed in Haridwar. Many people come to have a dip in the
Ganges, to fulfill their religious sentiments, etc.
Indian & Foreign Tourists visited Haridwar during 2000 - 2020
25000000 35000
30000
20000000
25000
No. of Indian Tourists
15000000
20000 No of Foreign Tourists
15000
10000000
10000
5000000
5000
0 0
2000'
2001'
2002'
2003'
2004'
2005'
2006'
2007'
2008'
2009'
2010'
2011'
2012'
2013'
2014'
2015'
2016'
2017'
2018'
2019'
2020'
Foreigner Indian
Nearly 60% of tourists visiting Uttarakhand come to Haridwar. Such is the

importance of the place. During the year 2010 more number of foreign tourists visited
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Haridwar and from 2019 onwards the number is declining due to Covid-19 Pandemic.
Whereas the Indian tourists are more in 2019. A table showing the total number of tourists
visiting Uttarakhand, and those visiting Haridwar is shown below.
Haridwar Total no. of tourists – % of tourists visiting
Uttarakhand Haridwar
Year Indian Foreig Total Indians Foreig Total Indians Foreig Total
ner ners ners
2000 5316980 7659 5324639 11078814 56766 11135580 47.99 13.49 47.82
2001 5502273 6276 5508549 10548784 54701 10603485 52.16 11.47 51.95
2002 5518270 6029 5524299 11652018 55974 11707992 47.36 10.77 47.18
2003 5524432 7532 5531964 12929593 63499 12993092 42.73 11.86 42.58
2004 6283726 11012 6294738 13890045 74761 13904806 45.24 14.73 45.27
2005 7527020 13624 7540644 16280765 92744 16373509 46.23 14.69 46.05
2006 9800770 11774 9812544 19358453 96264 19454717 50.63 12.23 50.44
2007 11204275 15609 11219884 22154250 106150 22260400 50.57 14.70 50.40
2008 11356250 17854 11374104 23064170 112423 23176593 49.24 15.88 49.08
2009 12049450 20067 12069517 23154214 118243 23272457 52.04 16.97 51.86
2010 18837125 29555 18866680 30972134 136459 31108593 60.82 21.66 60.65
2011 13454650 26722 13481372 26665753 142687 26808440 50.46 18.73 50.29
2012 15231875 26875 15258750 28329686 140524 28470210 53.77 19.12 53.60
2013 12763650 22611 12786261 21058010 103596 21131606 60.61 21.83 60.51
2014 15456550 20992 15477542 22520097 109948 22630045 68.63 19.09 68.39
2015 19332025 18615 19350640 29295152 111094 29406246 65.99 16.76 65.80
2016 20486775 21322 20508097 31663782 112799 31776581 64.70 18.90 64.54
2017 20985975 23123 21009098 34581097 142102 34723199 60.69 16.27 60.50
2018 21555000 22583 21577583 36697678 152266 36852204 58.74 14.61 58.55
2019 21749425 20807 21770232 39066776 158964 39225740 55.67 13.09 55.50
2020 4016280 5581 4021831 7836002 38763 7874765 51.25 14.40 51.07
(First 3
months)
Table 4.3.4: No of Tourists visiting Haridwar, Uttarakhand from 2000 to2020 (pre-
Covid)
4.4 Gangadwar (Haridwar) and Shri Ganga Aarti

The river Ganga and the Himalayas are pride of the nation. The place river Ganga
descends from Himalayas is called Ganga Mahadwar and the place where Ganga enters into
plains is Gangadwar, also called Haridwar. The river Ganga is sacred river for almost all
Hindu ritual ceremonies. There is a prominent belief that a dip in the river Ganges washes
away all the sins of human life. From ancient times, Gangajal is sacred and pilgrims carry all
the way to their places and distributes to near and dear.
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The river Ganga is sacred and pujas are offered to Ganga. The river is considered to
be the place where Amrit has accidentally fallen from the hands of Garuda and hence a dip in
this water is also believed to be pious and holy. The evening prayer (Aarti) to Goddess
Ganga at Har Ki Pauri is as wonderful experience to the visitors. The diyas offered to the
river after aarthi is an excellent scenary/ revere experience to the pilgrims. Pandits at the
banks of river performs aarthi/ and pujas / and diyas to the river Ganga.
4.4.1 Shri Ganga Sabha, Haridwar

In 19th Century, when British Government decided to construct a dam on the river
Ganga, Bharat Ratna Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya carried a huge protest AVIRAL Ganga –
not to interrupt/interfere the incessant flow of river Ganga, which is considered as the first
water movement in the world against the British rulers. Subsequently British Government
entered to agreement, not to take any decision without the consent of Hindus.
Thus Ganga Sabha, Haridwar is formulated to take care of Hindu pilgrims' beliefs and
feelings in 1905.
Subsequently in the year 1916 an agreement was signed with the British. This
agreement is incorporated in the Article 363 of the Indian Constitution. Ganga Sabha has an
office in Har-Ki-Pauri and has been managing the affairs at Har-Ki-Pauri since then. The
management of Ganga sabha is done through a system laid out, in which there will be office
bearers like President and secretary.
4.4.2 Donations collection at Har Ki Pauri

Hundis are kept at some places on the Ghats of Har Ki Pauri. During the Aarti,
Pandits/ Agents appeal pilgrims to donate on the name of river Ganga. Some Pilgrims offer
huge amount thinking that the offerings are spent by the Government and are accounted for.
4.5 Kumbh-Mela Administration

The life giving elixir (Amrut), which was evolved in the process of Stirring of Sea, is
believed to be capable of prolonging like of mortal human beings indefinitely and which
emancipated them from the scare of death. The religion, devotion, art, tradition, literature,
yoga, worship etc., are the outcomes to which are dedicated by many saints in various time
intervals. The Vedas, Mythological stories, Upanishads, Traditional codes are the favourable
contributions made in this way. Haridwar, Prayag, Avantika and Nashik are the four holy
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places, where the nectar/amrut has fallen from the pot during the transportation of Amrut.
The occasion (parv) of Khumbh/Ardh Khumbh is the festive day of stirring of thoughts,
wherein people from different kind of religions, groups, communities' take holy bath. The
purpose of the pilgrimage is not only the completion of the thirst of spiritual desires but it is
also a cause for uniting the people of India.
4.5.1 Khumbh/ Ardhkhumbh festival - Astrophysical reference

The Khumbh/ Ardhkhumbh festival is the biggest religious event not only in India but
also in the entire world. The Khumbh mela at Haridwar, at the confluence place of Ganga,
Yamuna and Saraswathi in Prayaga, Godavari in Nashik and Kshipra at Ujjain etc., attracts
millions of people all over the country. At any one of these places the Khumbh appears after
twelve years. There is also a tradition of ArdhKhumbh in Haridwar and Prayaga, which
appears every Six years. The time period of Ardh Khumbh at these places is as same as the
Kumbh Mela of Nashik and Ujjain respectively. The direct and indirect relationship of the
virtue of Khumbh/Ardh Khumbh bath can be linked with the influence of the specific
combination of planetary position of the time of Khumbh, which affects human life according
to the Astrology. The rashis (Zodiac) are totally twelve and these are representing the twelve
parts of the Astronomy cycle, which completes our visible-invisible sky. The seven planets
are Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. Rahu and Ketu are the two sin
planet points. In the description of the solar system in the modern astronomy, where in these
planets are included and are orbiting around the Sun. These planets by name Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are different in their shapes
and rotate on their axis at a different speed and also are revolving around to the Sun. As a
result of this continuous journey of planets some conjugations are formed, when the planets
are located in different Zodiac groups.
Khumb festival is based on the Sun and Moon combination. When Jupiter enters the
Aquaries constellation along with Sun the Khumbh festival is held at Haridwar. When Sun is
in Capricorn and Jupiter moves to Taurus the Kumbh Festival held at Prayagraj. When
Jupiter enters Libra and the Sun and the Moon remains together then the Khumbh festival is
held at Ujjain.
In detail, the Jupiter in Aquarius sign is necessary for Khumbh in Haridwar and it is in
Aries sign for Prayag Khumbh Festival, but Jupiter is in Leo Zodiac Sign for Nashik and
Ujjain Khumbh Festival. Therefore, in these places priority was given for organizing
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Khumbh Festival. In view of the Khumbh Festival the top priority is given to the Jupiter,
which was the biggest plannet in our Solar System. Sun is meant for the protection of the
Amrut Khumbh from the broken Stage and the Moon is meant for the protection from the
fallen stage and Jupiter is for the safeguard of the Khumbh from the demons.
4.5.2 Organisation of Khumb Mela -2010

The Kumbh Mela 2021 was recently completed amidst global pandemic of CORONA
(COVID–19). As the real picture could not be manifested in the unprecedents’ pendamic era
during which the pilgrims could not participate as in normal years. The information of
Kumbh Mela 2010 only was considered in this thesis.
About 3 Crore devotees visited during the period of Khumbh Mela- 1998, wherein
more than 1 Crore devotees arrived on the main bathing festival. Based on precedence of
previous years, it is anticipated that 5 crore devotiees could visit Kumbh Mela – 2010 and
around 1.60 crore devotes could take holy Ganga dip on main bath festival 14th April, 2010,
out of which 15 lakh devotees were expected to reside in the temporary camps.
Based on the estimates of devotees, the necessary permanent/ temporary arrangements

were made to facilitate the devotees. But nearly 8.28 Crore devotees arrived during the
Khumbhmela-2010 period and nearly 1.60 Crore devotees took their holy on the main bath
parv. On the view of the arrival of huge people devotees some of the major construction
works, were constructed on the need basis.
The Khumbh mela-2010 works were commenced when Hon`ble Prime Minister
announced at Nainital to give Rs.100 crores in three installments during the financial year
2007-08 for the development of upcoming Haridwar Khumbh-2010 works in Khumbh region.
The first meeting, which was convened 4 years before the Khumbh mela by the Khumbh
Region Control and Organising Committee was held on 04-10-2006 under the chairmanship
of Commissioner, Garhwala Mandal for providing arrangements for Khumbh. In this
meeting, tone term proposals, for Rs.312.10 Crore were proposed by various departments.
These proposals were discussed again in the meeting held on 09-02-2007 with the
Commissioner, Gharwala mandal and after the deliberations made with the then Secretary,
Urban Development, Uttharakhand Government regarding the proposals the DPR of the
construction works for Rs.129.47 were prepared and sent to the Union Government.
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As per the decisions taken in 6 consecutive meetings convened earlier by the Khumbh
Region Control and Organizing Committee regarding arrangements made for Khumbh Mela,
2010, a meeting was held on 29-09-2007. In the meeting, it was proposed to give priority to
the proposal works worth of Rs.274.00.
The proposals for Rs.129.47 Crore, which were sent to the Government of India were
inspected and reviewed by Advisor, Planning Commission, Government of India at Haridwar
on 29-04-2007. Subsequently, the Union Government released the initial installment amount
of Rs.50.00 Crore sanctioned under Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to the Uttarakhand
Government on 17-12-2007, against which an amount of Rs.49 Crore was sanctioned by the
Uttarakhand Government for the long term construction works in the month of March, 2008.
Member, Planning Commission has visited Haridwar and reviewed again on the
proposals of Khumbh on 18-08-2008 and Government of India has approved the second
installment amount of Rs.115.00 Crore on 16-11-2008. Hon’ble Chief Minister convened a
meeting regarding the need of funds during the financial year 2009-10, along with the Vice-
President, Planning Commission in the office of the Planning Commission that was held on
16 & 17 Feb, 2009 and to give requisition of Rs.300 Crore for the Khumbh Works. In this
context, a meeting was convened in the office of the Prime Minister, New Delhi held on 14-
07-2009, wherein it was requested to provide a grant of Rs.542.79 Crore from Government of
India by showing the requirements of Khumbh through their presentation.
Secretary, Planning Commission, Government of India visited Haridwar on 17-07-

2009 to review the proposals given by the Government of Uttharakhand and conducted local
visit to monitor the requirements of Khumbh and also consulted with the representatives of
various religious organisations and Akhads etc. The proposals of Rs.552.88 Crore, wherein
the new works included on the suggestions made by the religious institutions were agreed by
him.
Secretary, Planning Commission, Government of India and Joint Secretary (Police-1),

Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India visited Haridwar on 14-12-2009 and they
reviewed the arrangements and Security system and inspected the Local area and the
arrangements being made for Khumbh at a cost of Rs.580 Crore were explained to them
through presentation for which they agreed and also appreciated the works initiated by the
Khumb Authorities.
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To conduct Khumbh mela smoothly and to provide necessary support from the
concerned departments of the Government of India, a meeting was convened at Cabinet
Secretariat under the Chairmanship of Cabinet Secretary, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of
India on 29-12-2009, wherein the arrangements made for the Khumbh mela were appreciated
and assurance was given to provide full support by all departments of Government of India.
After persistent monitoring of proposals under the chairmanship of the Secretary,

Khumbh Region Control, the Organisation Committee prepared the proposal of Rs.274 Crore
for the long term works. The then Mandalayukt & Principal Secretary, agreed proposals of
Rs.274 Crore in the meeting of Hon’ble Chief Minister held on 29-09-2007.
The particulars of main works including the some important statistical figures, (to
indicate the massive scale of works) are given in the annexure. (Annexure-VI)
4.5.3 Financial support to Kumbh Mela

It is easily understood that this massive administration requires huge amount of
money. The mode of fund allotment is dealt in detail budgetary support of the government is
the predominant source. A fund named "Eternal Kumbh Fund" has been constituted for
collecting the voluntary donations. The necessary steps are taken to see this fund is not
lapsed and finance would not lapse after the end of financial year, hence the fund is eternal.
Even after completion of Khumbh/Ardh Khumbh mela, various melas held

continuously during the year in the khumbha mela area, which attracts large number of
travellers and devotees. Keeping in view of this festive spirit, Government of Uttarakhand,
Legislative and Parliamentary works department vide their Notification No.503/ Legislative
and Parliamentary Works/2003, Date 19 January, 2004, established the “Eternal Khumbha
Fund” to collect donations from the donors for the conservation and development of the mela
area. The fund A/c No. 01100215081 has been opened at State Bank of India, Secretariat
complex, Rajpur Road, Dehradun. At the time of Ardh Khumbh mela-2004 the donations
made to this fund were given tax exemption.
4.6 The Uttarakhand Char Dham Devasthanam Management Act, 2019 (UCDDMA)
The Minister for Tourism, Government of Uttarakhand has proposed the Uttarakhand
Char-Dham Shrine Management Bill, 2019, in the state legislature in December 2019.
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The aim of the Bill is to bring the Char Dham temples of Badrinath, Kedarnath,
Gangotri and Yamunotri under one common Board, which will also cater the requirements of
additional temples, along with these four Chardham Temples and hence a total of 53 temples
shall be under the purview of the Board. The temples covered by this Act are given in the
Annexure (Annexure-IVA).
Prior to this, two shrines – Badrinath and Kedarnath were managed by the Shri
Badrinath – Shri Kedarnath Act, 1939. Gangotri and Yamunotri temples are under the control
of local trusts in Uttarkashi district.
The tourism Minister has observed the necessity for making some provisions for
temples located in Uttarakhand on lines of the famous shrines like Sai Baba temple at shiridi,
Somnath, Vaishno Devi Mata Temple and Jagannath temples. And hence the Bill was put to
the state assembly.
The Minister also was hopeful that the Bill shall be a milestone for the rejuvenation of
world famous temples in Uttarakhand, which include Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri,
yamunotri. It is proposed that the Board shall comprise Official Members headed by Chief
Minister along with few nominated members.
The state assembly had passed the Bill, in spite of protests from various circles. In
January 2020, H.E. Governor of Uttarakhand gave her consent for the UCDDMA.
4.6.1 Opposition to the Act and PIL

The Priests and trustees have vehemently opposed the Act and their main contention
is that Government has usurped their power, without even properly consulting them. They
openly stated that Government should not control the temples and the properties of temples.
The priest community wanted a PIL (Public Interest Litigation) be filed against the Act. In
February 2020, PIL was filed in the High Court of Uttarakhand.
4.6.2 The Judgment of High Court in July 2020

The Uttarakhand High Court (HC) has listened to the activists opposing the Act. On
July 2020, HC has dismissed the PIL against the government’s move to rejuvenate the Char
Dham temples. In other words, the formation of the Char-Dham Devasthanam Management
Board was upheld.
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Court has observed that Article-14 of the constitution is not violated. The High Court
believed that the objective of bringing the temples under the UCDDMA Act for the sake of
temple rejuvenation by the Board.
The Hon’ble court clearly stated that the board's power is limited to the management
and administration of the properties of temples.
The contention of the PIL that Article 14, Article 25, Article 26 and Article 31-A of
the Constitution, are violated is given a patient hearing and the court declared that there is no
violation of any provision of the constitution. The court also declared that religious
sentiments have not been violated by this Act.
Thus there was a clear indication that the Government should go ahead with the
constitution of the Char Dham Devasthanam Board, which it has constituted, immediately.
4.6.3 Constitution of the Uttarakhand Char Dham Devasthanam Board – work done till
now
The Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, on January 15, 2020 constituted the Uttarakhand
Char Dham Devasthanam Board, after the assent of Governor of Uttarakhand was obtained
for the Bill. The Board includes the Chief Minister in the capacity of Chairman, Minister for
Tourism will be the Vice-Chairman of the Board. MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly)
of Gangotri and MLA of Yamunotri will also be the members. The Chief Secretary is also
another member in the board. A Senior IAS officer who is nominated as the Chief Executive
Officer is also another member of the Board.
Till the end of year 2020, the Board met thrice and fruitful discussions were held for
the development of temples covered under this Act. Suggestions were received for better
coordination and conducting the char dham yatra.
4.6.4 Latest developments (April 2021 and November 2021)

Uttarakhand chief minister (Tirath Singh Rawat) announced in April 2021 that he
would free 51 temples and shrines from Government control. The chief minister stated that
the decision will be reviewed and the control of Government, ultimately will be removed.
Later the present Chief Minister (Pushkar Singh Dhami) has announced that the State
government will withdraw the Act itself and the Uttarakhand Char Dham Devasthanam
Management Board Act. Hence may soon be abolished.
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4.7 Char Dham National Highway and Railway Projects
1) Char Dham National Highway Project:- The highlights of the Project are
 The Char Dham National Highway, is an ambitious project talen up by Government of

India, with an estimated budget of 12,000 crores of rupess; the aim is to connect the Char
Dham temples, namely Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath with the main
land by all weather roads.
 There shall be a construction of two-lane express National Highway, in each direction and
nearly 900 km of National Highway shall be added to the state of Uttarakhnad, by the end
of completion of the project.
 Char Dham Highway Network has four different sectors and these four sectors/ distinct
routes are further divided into seven different packages, strengthening five National
Highways, which include National Highway–58, National Highway–94, National
Highway–108, National Highway–109 and National Highway–125. A detailed map
showing all the relevant details are given in annexure. (Annexure-VII)
Uttarakhand tourism is facing several challenges due to frequent landslides or the

erosion of roads, because of several reasons. The distance between two adjacent habitations /
places will run into several kilometres because of absence of connecting bridges or tunnels.
In this project, such issues are addressed by constructing several long bridges and tunnels.
This huge construction will also eliminate the chances of accidents in slide prone areas.
The Char Dham National Highway will boost pilgrimage and the local people
(residents) will get huge opportunitites to explore their potential in many ways.
Private Investment is expected to flow in a big way at all the tourist places including
the pilgrimage sites. Hence, we may expect the improvement in infrastructure and other
facilities to tourists / pilgrims in coming years.
2) The Char Dham Railway

The Char Dham Railway project which is expected to complement the Char Dham
Highway project is also being proposed. This ambitious project by the Ministry of Railways
aims to connect the sacred places of Hindu religion (other important destinations also are
133
included). This project has added benefits, as the Sino-Indian border will be made accessible
by the rail route.
Military supplies from Delhi or any other location can easily reach the border, and
thus, India will be in a much better position to address border issues, as the men and material
transport will be made much quicker and safer. Time and Risk in movement especially in
war- like situations could be easily addressed. In normal situation, this facility could be used
for pilgrimage tourism which could and in economic development of the state.
134
CHAPTER-5
Research Methodology
135
5 Research Methodology
5.1 Formulation of Research problem
5.2 Research Questionnaire
5.2.1 Questions/variables and their empirical measurement in the study
5.3 Measurement of Socio-personal and Socio-economic variables
5.4 Measurement of Variables
5.5 Research objectives and Research methodology
5.6 Research design
5.7 Research hypotheses
5.8 Sample size, Sampling methods and Sources of Data
5.9 Data collection
5.10 Procedure for data analysis
5.10.1 Frequency and Percentage
5.10.2 Chi-square Test (χ2)
5.10.3 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
5.10.4 Garrett Ranking Technique
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Research Methodology
This chapter deals with methodology adopted in the study/ research. It explains as to
how data was collected from various respondents. The statistical tools used on the data
collected are briefly explained. The procedure as to how analysis was done for future
conclusion is also explained. Various sources of data, research instruments applied,
procedure to arrive at sample size, how the data is collected, how the data is measured etc.,
are discussed in this Chapter.
The main aspect of the present research is to study the need of creating an
administrative set up under the control of concerned State Government for efficient
management of temple functioning and financial resources which in turn facilitates in
increased revenue generation, Pilgrim satisfaction and better economic activity in the
vicinity. The research program was undertaken on comparing the performance of Tirupati
temple in Andhra Pradesh having established administrative set up exclusively for temple
management and the temples in Haridwar of Uttarakhand without any monitoring body. The
research design, hypotheses and the research methodology adopted for taking up the
research activity, is discussed below.
Adopting an appropriate methodology determines the success of the research

program. Identification of problem, enunciating problem, arriving at objectives, formulating
the hypothesis, collection of data, analyzing the same, and reaching at conclusions are some
of the important steps in research. The investigation is a descriptive research study / ex-post
facto study which included online survey of tourists who visited both the places of Tirupati
and Haridwar to evaluate the objectives of study. The present research study may be
categorized as fundamental and qualitative research study and can be sub classified as
inferential approach study wherein the technique of focus group interviews is employed. A
set of objectives are formulated and research hypotheses are devised, the details of which are
presented later in this chapter.
5.1 Formulation of Research problem

The very first step in a scientific enquiry is the definition of research problem. The
process involves understanding the problem thoroughly and deciphering the same into
meaningful terms for analysis i.e., phrasing the problem. Once the problem is properly
stated, (which we may call as Decision Problem), the next step involves the collection of
137
background information. The background information can be collected from various
sources, such as review of literature, knowing from experts, etc., Research Questions (RQs)
are framed, and an appropriate analytical model is then formulated.
In the present research study, numerous published literatures of various temples,

journals of various professional bodies and institutions, tourism ministry reports,
Endowment Department reports, Central and State Government policies regarding tourism
industry and information from websites have also been reviewed. Accordingly the research
problem was channelized to Research Questions and Objectives. Hypotheses are formulated
based on the research objectives.
5.2 Research Questionnaire

The requisite instrument for collection of data in survey research is the questionnaire.
The questionnaire in the present research is designed to find out the perception of the
different groups of people on various parameters as per the objectives of the research. Easily
understandable questions are framed so that the target groups can easily answer with out any
complications. A standardized pattern of questions was designed to elicit the diverse
unbiased opinions of different people based on the points of study. In this present study, a
questionnaire is prepared in a manner to keep the interview brief and to the point (as given
in Annexure-II). Upon a comprehensive analaysis of the relevant and available literature on
religious tourism and more pointedly on the temple tourism in Andhra Pradesh and
Uttarakhand, the following research questions are designed to address the gaps.
Relevant questions/variables were identified in consultation with experts and also

based on review of related literature. Questions/Variables selected for the study were
presented in table below.
Table 5.2.1: Questions/Variables and their Empirical Measurement

S. No. Questions/Variables Instruments used for the study
Questions on Demographic Information (Socio Personal and Socio Economic Variables):
1 What is your Age? Schedule developed for the study
2 What is your Gender? Schedule developed for the study
3 What is your Marital Status? Schedule developed for the study
4 What is your Education? Schedule developed for the study
5 What is your Occupation? Schedule developed for the study
6 What is your Income per annum? Schedule developed for the study
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Question on Overall Satisfaction (Dependent Variable)
A five-point Likert scale, ranging from
What is your level of overall satisfaction Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
7
towards available services? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Dissatisfied, Highly Dissatisfied).
Questions on Satisfaction/Agreement of the pilgrims regarding various pilgrimage services
(Independent Variables)
What is your level of satisfaction on the A five-point Likert scale, ranging from
Availability and quality of accommodation Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
8
in guest house, dharmashalas, hotels and (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
lodges? Dissatisfied, Highly Dissatisfied).
Availability of different variety of food, Its Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
9
quality/ hygiene? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
What is your satisfaction level on the A five-point Likert scale, ranging from
Performance of puja/rituals in Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
10
temple/tourist site? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
What is your level of agreement on the A five-point Likert scale, ranging from
Statement that the Trust of the Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree.
temple/Endowments Department (Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral,
11
organizes/manages the temple properly Disagree, Strongly Disagree).
and belief that there will be accountability
for offerings?
Availability of tourist guide and Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
12
interpretation facilities at tourist sites? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Arrangements for safety and security? Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
13
(Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
What is your level of satisfaction on A five-point Likert scale, ranging from
Transport facility (including local transport Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
14
services)? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Support/assistance rendered by local Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
15
people? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Support rendered by temple authorities to Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
16 pilgrims (such as free food and other (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
philanthropic activities)? Dissatisfied, Highly Dissatisfied).
139
Availability of public utilities (drinking Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
17
water, electricity, toilet facility, etc.)? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Availability of sufficient information on Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied.
18
website? (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Constraint Variables:
19 Theft and cheating Schedule developed for the study
20 Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket Schedule developed for the study
Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' Schedule developed for the study
21
facilities
22 Poor quality of 'Prasadam' Schedule developed for the study
Illegal/ unauthorized collection of money Schedule developed for the study
23 for performance of rituals in the
pilgrimage center
24 Long waiting time for dharshanam Schedule developed for the study
Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of Schedule developed for the study
25
temple premises
26 Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place Schedule developed for the study
27 Lack of spiritual atmosphere Schedule developed for the study
Lack of coordination among departments Schedule developed for the study
28
related to pilgrimage tourism
5.3 Measurement of Socio-personal and Socio-economic variables

A) Gender:
Gender refers to the respondents' Gender. The coding pattern followed was: 1 – Male
and 2 – Female.
B) Age: Age refers to the chronological age of the respondent expressed in terms of years
completed at the time of the enquiry. The respondents were categorized into four ranges as
follows:
Category Range
Young <20 years
Youth 20 years to 35 years
Middle 35 years to 50 years
Old >50 years
C) Marital status:
It refers to the civil status of the respondents that describe a persons' relationship
with respect to other. The coding procedure adopted was: 1 – Married and 2 – Unmarried.
140
D) Education:
It refers to the formal education received by the respondents. Based on the
educational level, the respondents were categorized into five categories. Scoring was done as
follows:
Category Score
Illiterate 1
Primary 2
Secondary 3
Diploma/Intermediate 4
Degree and Above 5
E) Occupational Status:
Occupational status was operationally defined as the engagement of the respondents
in any one of the occupation status at the time of investigation to generate income and means
of livelihood. Occupation status schedule was drawn with the following items and scoring
was done as given below.
Occupation Score
Agriculturist 1
Government Employee 2
Private Employee 3
Business 4
Others 5
F) Annual Income:
It refers to the gross annual income from all sources of a respondents' family. It is
calculated in terms of rupees. Based on the annual income of the respondents, they were
placed into four different ranges as follows:
Range
< 2.00 lakhs
2.00-4.99 lakhs
5.00-9.99 lakhs
> 10.00 lakhs
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5.4 Measurement of Variables
A) Dependent Variables
The dependent variable i.e., overall satisfaction of the respondents towards the
services, in the study was measured by means of the most commonly used scale i.e., Likert
(1932) scale. The Likert scale is a rating scale that is often utilized when surveying the
respondents about their experiences with the services, products, etc. This scale is extensively
utilized to measure attitudes and opinions with a greater degree of distinction than a simple
“Yes/No” question. The scale developed for the present study followed the method as
suggested by Likert. Scoring was done as follows:
Level of Overall Satisfaction
Category Score
Highly Satisfied 5
Satisfied 4
Neutral 3
Dissatisfied 2
Highly Dissatisfied 1
B) Independent Variables
After reviewing the past studies and other relevant literatures, 11 research questions
(independent variables) as shown at table 5.2.1 were considered and utilized in the study.
A five-point Likert scale is used to give ranking to the attributes. Their range is from
Highly Satisfied to Highly Dissatisfied. (Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Dissatisfied,
Highly Dissatisfied) or Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. Scoring was done as follows:
Level of Satisfaction
Category Score
Highly Satisfied 5
Satisfied 4
Neutral 3
Dissatisfied 2
Highly Dissatisfied 1
Level of Agreement
Category Score
Strongly Agree 5
Agree 4
Neutral 3
Disagree 2
Strongly Disagree 1
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C) Constraint Variables
Constraints imply (the problems faced by the respondents) forcible restriction and
confinement of action. To find out the major constraints faced by the pilgrims, separate
schedule was prepared by the investigator for this study with all the possible major
constraint variables, which are shown in Table 5.2.1. The respondents were asked to rank the
constraints in terms of the most important constraint to the least important constraint.
5.5 Research objectives and Research methodology

Research objectives address the purpose of the study and reason behind the
investigation. The objectives should be realistic to fit into the research study. The research
questions are split out as tasks or objectives. The specific objectives are already given in the
beginning of the thesis. The main objective is to study the need of establishment of
administrative set up under the purview of the State Government in temples of Haridwar for
better temple functioning and management of temple finances. For research on this aspect,
there is no adequate literature and studies. Hence, personally administered questionnaire
survey and structured interview methodologies have been adopted and primary data was
obtained from the responses of the tourists who visited Tirupati and Haridwar, temple
authorities, and policy makers of both the states of Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand. In the
present research study 624 samples were surveyed. The secondary data was obtained from
different relevant sources, such as information of temples obtained from various
publications, journals, policy papers, research publications, etc., Endowments Department
reports, reports of Department of Tourism and excerpts from websites. The secondary data
was utilized to devise a comparative in depth case study of the temples at Tirupati and
Haridwar. An ambitious attempt was done to record all the intricate details in the study.
5.6 Research design

The objective of the investigation is to find out the need of an administrative set up
such as trust on Endowments Department under the purview of Government for efficient
temple management and satisfaction of pilgrims. For this research study, descriptive
research with qualitative research design shall be more appropriate to arrive at the designed
objectives.
Another objective is to identify the problems faced by tourists/ pilgrims in the tourist
sites of Haridwar/ Tirupati. An appropriate statistical tool was used to rank the various
problems commonly faced by tourists. An attempt was made to quantify the satisfaction
143
levels of pilgrims in both the places. An apt statisctical tool was chosen for the purpose.
Religious tourism and management of religious sites is associated with several components
of society like the Government agencies, Non- Government agencies, various social groups,
different functionaries at the religious sites such as archakas, service providers and tourists
themselves. All these categories were involved in the research study on temple management
and religious tourism.
The research design in this study is illustrated in the form of a flow chart as given in
the figure below:
Objectives of the Study
Formulation of Hypothesis
Identify data source

(Tourists, Temple Authorities, Policy makers of both the states of Andhra Pradesh and
Uttarakhand)
Collection of Data
Questionnaire
(Primary Data) Published sources
(Secondary Data)
Online Survey
Analysis of data ComparitiveCase-Study
Test the hypotheses
Conclusions
Suggestions and recommendations of the study

Fig 5.6: Methodology of the proposed study
144
5.7 Research hypotheses
As per the case objectives fixed for the study, the hypotheses were formulated. The
conclusions are to be arrived by testing the hypotheses based on the primary data obtained in
the survey.
Based on the study of the background information available regarding a potential

research problem, Research Questions are designed. The data collected through the Research
Questions is used to scientifically test the postulated hypothesis to draw conclusions and
suggestions in the study. Various statistical tests were carried out, which are given below.
Hypothesis testing is often called confirmatory data analysis. This testing is done by
considering two hypotheses viz., Null hypothesis (Ho) and Alternate hypothesis (Ha). The
hypotheses tested during the present study are as follows:
Table 5.7: Hypothesis and Statistical method used for each of the hypothesis
S.N. Hypothesis Statement Statistical Test
Ho1: There is no significant association between the
socio-economic profiles of the pilgrims and overall
satisfaction in Haridwar.
1 Chi-Square Test
Ha1: There is a significant association between the
satisfaction in Haridwar.
Ho2: There is no significant association between the
satisfaction in Tirupati.
2 Chi-Square Test
Ha2: There is a significant association between the
satisfaction in Tirupati.
Ho3.1: There is no statistically significant difference in
the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability and quality of
accommodation in guest house, dharmashalas, hotels
Wilcoxon Signed-
and lodges".
3.1 Rank Test
Ha3.1: There is a statistically significant difference in
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability and quality of
accommodation in guest house, dharmashalas, hotels
and lodges".
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability of Different Wilcoxon Signed-
3.2 Variety of Food, Its Quality/Hygiene". Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability of Different
145
Variety of Food, Its Quality/Hygiene".
Haridwar for the attribute "Performance of puja/rituals in
Wilcoxon Signed-
temple/tourist site".
3.3 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Performance of puja/rituals in
temple/tourist site".
Haridwar for the attribute "The Trust of the
Temple/Endowment Department Organizes/Manages the
Temple properly and believes that there will be
Wilcoxon Signed-
accountability for whatever we offer".
3.4 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "The Trust of the
Temple/Endowment Department Organizes/Manages the
Temple properly and believes that there will be
accountability for whatever we offer".
Haridwar for the attribute "Trust of the
temple/EndoAvailability of tourist guide and
Wilcoxon Signed-
interpretation facilities at tourist sites".
3.5 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Trust of the
temple/EndoAvailability of tourist guide and
interpretation facilities at tourist sites".
Haridwar for the attribute "Arrangements for safety and
Wilcoxon Signed-
security".
3.6 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Arrangements for safety and
security".
Haridwar for the attribute "Transport facility (including
Wilcoxon Signed-
local transport services)".
3.7 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Transport facility (including
local transport services)".
Ho3.8: There is no statistically significant difference in Wilcoxon Signed-
3.8 the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Support/Assistance rendered
146
by local people".
Haridwar for the attribute "Support/Assistance rendered
by local people".
Haridwar for the attribute "Support rendered by temple
authorities to pilgrims (such as free food and other
Wilcoxon Signed-
philanthropic activities)".
3.9 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Support rendered by temple
authorities to pilgrims (such as free food and other
philanthropic activities)".
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability of public utilities
Wilcoxon Signed-
(drinking water, electricity, toilet facility, etc.,)".
3.10 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability of public utilities
(drinking water, electricity, toilet facility, etc.,)".
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability of sufficient
Wilcoxon Signed-
information on website".
3.11 Rank Test
Haridwar for the attribute "Availability of sufficient
information on website".
5.8 Sample size, Sampling methods and Sources of Data
(i) Sample size: Sample size in research represents the number of observations obtained for
the study. Sample size determination is an important decision in any research. Whenever the
researcher is surveying a large number of respondents, he/she is interested in the entire
group, but it is not practically possible to get responses from each and everyone. So a
random sample of individuals is generally taken. The size of the sample is thus important for
arriving at accuracy and statistically significant results.
In the present study, the sample size is determined using Slovins formula.
𝑁
n= 1+𝑁.𝑒 2 in which: n represents the sample size
N being the population size

e denotes the margin of error.
The present study is about a comparative analysis of two religious places. At any
given point of time, thousands of pilgrims will be present in the religious towns of Haridwar
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and Tirupati. N, the population size is to be considered for both the places, and 'N' cannot be
the same. We have accurate number of people visiting the temple at any given day. We have
the statistics published by Government of Uttarakhand visiting Haridwar in any given year,
since the formation of the State.
The questionnaire for pilgrims to respond was kept online in the calendar year 2017
(from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2017) Annexure-II. Maximum responses were
received in the month of August, 2017. And that is the reason for considering the month of
August 2017 for sample size determination. The number of pilgrims visiting the temple in
each day of August 2017 is given in annexure. 2287529 is the number of people who had the
darshan of Lord Sri Venkateswara in the month of August 2017. The date wise details and
the analysis of the date wise details are also given in the Annexure-I.
Coming to Haridwar, Table 4.3.6, shows the total number of tourists visiting the
place in the calendar year 2017 to be 21009098. We may aarive at a decision regarding the
tourists for August 2017 to be 1/12th of 21009098. (A year comprises of 12 months). This
comes to 1750758.
Hence 'N' for Tirupati is 2287529 and 'N' for Haridwar is 1750758. 'e' is 0.05 (error
margin)
𝑁
Applying the formula n= 1+𝑁.𝑒 2 for Tirupati, using the values given above, we
arrive at 'n', the sample size to be 399.93006 (rounded to 400).

And,
𝑁
Applying the formula n= 1+𝑁.𝑒 2 for Haridwar, using the values given above, we
arrive at 'n', the sample size to be 399.908 (rounded to 400).

In both the cases, n, the sample size comes to 400.
The researcher tried to arrive at sample size using other method also. The researcher
tried to find out the sample size for unknown population also, considering the complexity of
tourist/ pilgrim seasons in both the religious places. The aim is to see that there should not
be any loss because of generalization.
148
A) Formula for determining the size of the sample for unknown population:
For large populations, Cochran has developed an equation to arrive at a representative
sample. The equation is given under.
𝑧2 ∗ 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞
𝑛0 =
𝑒2
The parameters used in the above formula have the following explanations:
“𝑛0 " 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
“e” is the margin of error
“p” is the proportion of the success (generally taken as 0.5)
“q” is defined as “1-p”. In other words, it can be stated as proportion of failure.
“z2 “is the abscissa of the normal curve that cuts off an area “α” at the tails (1- α equals the
desired confidence level, e.g., 95%). This is also termed as critical value which can be
calculated using Z-table.
B) Calculation of sample size using Cochran formula:
Note: Z-scores for the most common confidence levels are as follows:
90% – Z Score = 1.645
95% – Z Score = 1.96
99% – Z Score = 2.576
Now using the above formula, we can calculate the required sample size for the study (at
95% confidence interval, with error margin 0.05) which is as follows:
𝑧2 ∗ 𝑝 ∗ 𝑞
𝑛0 =
𝑒2
1.962 ∗ 0.5 ∗ 0.5

𝑛0 =
0.052
𝑛0 = 384.16
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Therefore, the minimum required sample size for the study is 384 (approximately).
In both the formulae, the sample size is 400 and 384. The data obtained is 452,
(pilgrims visiting both the temples). 452 is greater than the sample size. The statistical tools
are applied on all the data obtained. So, the sample size is 452 for this study.
(ii) Sources of Data: Data is collected from different sources, which is given below in the
following table
 Primary data : Questionnaire sent through Online (Google

forms), and in some cases, personally
administered questionnaire for the pilgrims;
Structured interview with the temple
authorities and policy makers.
 Secondary data : Data that is available in websites of the

Union Tourism ministry, State
Governments, Tourism policies of the
governments, reports, websites of various
temples, journals, etc.,
 Sampling decisions
a) Pilgrims : Convenience sampling
b) Temple authorities : Convenience sampling
c) Tourism Department : Convenience sampling
officials
 Sample size
a) Pilgrims : Data is sought from as much number of
pilgrims as possible. A total of 624 pilgrims'
responded. It is found that 452 pilgrims
visited both the temples. The rest have gone
to only one place. Either to Tirupati or to
Haridwar.
Hence, the sample size of 452 was
considered for analysis.
b) Temple authorities : Nearly 100
c) Tourism Department : 10 policy makers of both the states of
officials Andhra Pradesh &Uttarakhand
Table 5.8.1: sources of data
150
(iii) Sampling methods: Sampling methods used are non-probability method and
convenient sampling procedures. In the current study, samples are selected from the targeted
tourists, who according to the researcher can be patient enough to answer the questions
properly. The sampling method is employed as a part of exploratory research towards the
achievement of objectives of the study. 'Convenience sampling’ is normally used when
target group/ groups of people are purposely selected, based on the judgment of the research
study. The sample category is shown below.
Sample Total
S.No Particulars
size sample
1 Tourists
a. Who visited both Tirupati & Haridwar 452
b. Who visited Tirupati, alone 86 624
c. Who visited Haridwar, alone and not Tirupati 86
2 Temple authorities 100 100
3 Policy makers of both the states of Andhra Pradesh 10 10
and Uttarakhand
Table 5.8.2: Sampling methods
(iv) Sample location: The tourists who visited Tirupati temple in Andhra Pradesh state and
temples in Haridwar in Uttarakhand state are considered for conducting the present
investigation. Tirupati is an internationally renowned pilgrimage location in Andhra
Pradesh. It is the richest pilgrimage centre in India earning highest revenues and witnessing
boom in economic activity around the temple vicinity. Haridwar temples are the major
pilgrimage destination in the 'Devbhoomi'- Uttarakhand where tourists come from different
parts of the world. Haridwar, the gateway to Devbhoomi is the tourist destination in the
state. The shrines and festivals in Ganga River attract tourists from all over the country and
other countries to Haridwar.
Sample location Tirupati and Haridwar
Target population Pilgrim who visited both the shrines
Sampling frame a. Pilgrims : 452 who visited both the temples and 624 in
total
b. Temple authorities: nearly 100
c. Tourism Department officials: 10 policy makers of
both the states of Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Sampling technique  Convenience sampling
 Judgmental sampling
Sample size 734 respondents
Execution Reach out to the tourists who visited Tirupati and
Haridwar temples, obtained on-line feedback to
questionnaire from respondents, interviewed the
151
concerned officials of tourism department, study of the
excerpts from published literature, digital data from
websites, Ministry of tourism reports.
Time period Nearly 4 years
Table 5.8.3: Sampling design of the research
5.9 Data collection
The data is collected both from the primary and secondary sources.
A) Primary source: A personally administered questionnaire in the form of structured
interview is the main method of data collection. The questionnaire framed was well
structured, uncluttered, simple and easy to answer. Redundancy in the questionnaire was
avoided to possible extent and questions focused on research objectives were prepared.
The total number of samples collected are 624 i.e. responses from 624 tourists who
visited Tirupati and Haridwar.
B) Details of the samples
Tourists who visited both the places : 452
Tourists who visited Tirupati only : 86
Tourists who visited Haridwar only : 86
Primary data was generated based on response of the 624 tourists, but for study, the
data of the responses from 452 tourists who visited both the place were analyzed. The
remaining data was collected as back end information to know about the tourists' motivation,
experiences, performance and perception about the research investigation. The data from
respondents was obtained through online and hence the responses are unbiased and impartial
without any influence of researcher.
Data was also collected from 100 temple authorities and 10 policy makers of both
Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand states in tourism departments.
C) Secondary sources: Secondary source include the available/ accessible journals,

magazines, web portals, Ministry of Tourism reports, published information of various
temples in Department of Endowments reports. The data from secondary sources is
crucial in the preparation of the case study analysis of the temple management in
Tirupati and Haridwar.
152
5.10 Procedure for data analysis
Appropriate statistical tools were applied and analysis of data was done for arriving
at conclusions. Different statistical tools are used for analysis of the collected data. Their
description is discussed in this section.
1. Frequency and Percentage
2. Chi-Square Analysis
3. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
4. Garrett Ranking Technique
5.10.1 Frequency and Percentage

In statistics, the frequency (fi) is referred as an event i occurred n number of times in
the experiment or the study.
𝑓𝑖
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒(%) = 𝑋 100
Ʃ𝑖 𝑓𝑖
5.10.2 Chi-square Test (χ2)
The chi-square test is generally used to test the association of socio personal and
socio economic status of the pilgrims with respect to overall satisfaction of the respondents
towards the services available.
(𝑂𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖)2
𝜒2 = ∑
𝐸𝑖
Where,
χ2= Chi-square value
Oi = Observed frequency
Ei = Expected frequency
5.10.3 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

The test is named after Frank Wilcoxon. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test is a Non-
parametric statistical hypothesis test used to compare two related samples on a single
respondent to assess whether their population mean ranks differ.
Test Procedure is as follows
If N is the sample size, i.e., the number of pairs. Thus, there are a total of 2N data points. For
pairs i=1,….,N, let x1,i and x2,i denote the measurements.
H0: difference between the pairs follows a symmetric distribution around zero
H1: difference between the pairs does not follow a symmetric distribution around
zero.
153
1. For i=1,….,N, calculate |𝑥2,𝑖 − 𝑥1,𝑖 | and , 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥2,𝑖 − 𝑥1,𝑖 ) , where sgn is the sign function.
2. Exclude pairs with |𝑥2,𝑖 − 𝑥1,𝑖 | = 0. Let Nr be the reduced sample size.
3. Order the remaining Nr pairs from smallest absolute difference to largest absolute
difference, |𝑥2,𝑖 − 𝑥1,𝑖 | .
4. Rank the pairs, starting with the pair with the smallest non-zero absolute difference as 1.
Ties receive a rank equal to the average of the ranks they span. Let Ri denote the rank.
5. Calculate the test statistic ‘W’
𝑁𝑟
𝑊 = ∑[𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝑥2,𝑖 − 𝑥1,𝑖 ). 𝑅𝑖 ], 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠

𝑖=1
6. Under null hypothesis, W follows a specific distribution with no simple expression. This
distribution has an expected value of 0 and a variance of
𝑁𝑟 (𝑁𝑟 + 1) (2𝑁𝑟 + 1)
6
‘W’ can be compared to a critical value from a reference table.
The two-sided test consists in rejecting Ho if |𝑊| > 𝑊𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙,𝑁𝑟
7. As Nr increases, the sampling distribution of W converges to a normal distribution. Thus,

𝑊
For 𝑁𝑟 ≥ 20, a z-score can be calculated as 𝑧 = , where
𝜎𝑤
𝑁𝑟 (𝑁𝑟 + 1) (2𝑁𝑟 + 1)
𝜎𝑤 = √
6
To perform a two-sided test, reject Ho if |𝑧| > 𝑧𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 .
Alternatively, one-sided tests can be performed with either the exact or the approximate
distribution. p-values can also be calculated.
8. For 𝑁𝑟 ≥ 20 the exact distribution needs to be used.

5.10.4 Garrett Ranking Technique
The constraints encountered by the respondents had been investigated through an

online questionnaire. In some instances, it is found that, some pilgrims did not rank all the
constraints. They have given ranks up to 7 or 8 places in some cases. While the researcher
requested the respondents to give ranks till the end, i.e., to give 10 ranks, some 5 to 10
percent of responses are not 100% complete. Garrett’s ranking technique is used to see that
154
constraints are ordered based on their importance from the viewpoint of pilgrims. Garrett’s
formula for converting ranks into percent was given as follows:
(𝑅𝑖𝑗 − 0.5)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑋 100
𝑁𝑗
where,
Rij is the rank given for ith factor by jth individual; Nj represents the number of
factors ranked by jth individual. (This is because not all respondents have given complete
Ranking to all the available attributes.)
The percent position of each rank was transformed to order of merit into scores
which are referred from the table given by Garrett and Woodworth (1969). With the help of
Garrett's table, for each of the constraints, the following procedure is implemented.
First, scores of all the respondents (who have given ranking) were added together.
Then, the sum is divided by total number of respondents for whom scores was added. Thus,
mean score for each constraint is arrived at. Thereby, the final ranking is obtained by
arranging them in the descending order.
Data was analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 22.0 (version) software. The
study is qualitative, and an in-depth interview method, surveys, focus interview were used to
collect the data from religious tourists. An interpretive approach using the MS Excel and
SPSS softwarewas used to analyze the data. Very little research was conducted to do a
comparative analysis between these two destinations.
The present research program is an investigation to know the satisfaction level of

pilgrims' visting Tirupati and Haridwar. The constraints faced by the pilgrims are also to be
brought to light. The research methodology proposed to be adopted with a clear design has
been presented. Questionnaire survey methodology was adopted, for which responses from
624 tourists to Tirupati and Haridwar are collected through online. The data collected from
temple authorities, policy makers' and some secondary sources is used for comparitive case
study analysis of the temple of Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh state and Haridwar temples in
Uttarakhand state to elucidate the scope of development in Haridwar temples.
155
CHAPTER-6
Results and Discussions
156
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Demographic Information
6.1.1 Summary of Demographic Information
6.2 Association of socio-personal characteristics of the pilgrims with Overall
Satisfaction in Haridwar and Tirupati
6.2.1 Association of socio-personal characteristics of the pilgrims with Overall
Satisfaction in Haridwar
Satisfaction in Tirupati
6.2.3 Summary of the Findings on Association of socio-personal characteristics
and overall satisfaction of the pilgrims visiting Haridwar and Tirupati
6.3 Comparison of Pilgrims Satisfaction levels at Tirupati and Haridwar
6.3.1 Availability and quality of accommodation in guest house, dharmashalas,
hotels and lodges (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
6.3.2 Availability of Different Variety of Food, Its Quality/Hygiene- (Satisfaction
at Tirupati and Haridwar)
6.3.3 Performance of puja/rituals in temple/tourist site- (Satisfaction at Tirupati
and Haridwar)
6.3.4 The Trust of the Temple/Endowment Department Organizes/ Manages the
Temple properly and belief that there will be accountability for whatever is
offered- (in Agreement with the statement with respect to Tirupati and
Haridwar)
6.3.5 Availability of tourist guide and interpretation facilities at tourist sites
(Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
6.3.6 Arrangements for safety and security - (Satisfaction at Tirupati and
Haridwar)
6.3.7 Transport facility (including local transport services) - (Satisfaction at
Tirupati and Haridwar)
6.3.8 Support/assistance rendered by local people- (Satisfaction at Tirupati and
Haridwar)
6.3.9 Support rendered by temple authorities to pilgrims (such as free food and
other philanthropic activities) - (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
157
6.3.10 Availability of public utilities (drinking water, electricity, toilet facility,
etc.,)- (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
6.3.11 Availability of sufficient information on website- (Satisfaction at Tirupati
and Haridwar)
6.3.12 Summary of the comparison of pilgrim satisfaction levels at Tirupati and
Haridwar (Consolidated Results of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test)
6.4 Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims at Haridwar and Tirupati
6.4.1 Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims in Haridwar
6.4.2 Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims in Tirupati Temple
6.4.3 Summary of Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims at Haridwar and Tirupati
6.5 Testing of Hypothesis
6.6 Interview with Temple Authorities and Policy Makers
6.6.1 Problems affecting the religious tourism industry
6.6.2 Performance of Tourism development agencies in Andhra Pradesh and
Uttarakhand
6.6.3 Performance of top level management of the temple
6.6.4 Master Plan for promotion of Religious Tourism
6.6.5 Role of Government in development of religious tourism
6.6.6 Inclusion of Local bodies and Private Sector in promoting Religious
Tourism
6.6.7 Coordinated approach of related departments for promoting Religious
Tourism
6.6.8 Role of festival calendar of temple in promoting and attracting pilgrims
6.7 Comparative case studies of Tirupati and Haridwar
6.7.1 A note on various 'Social Services' rendered by TTD
6.7.1.1 UdayasthamaSeva
6.7.1.2 Social Service Activities
6.7.1.3 Trusts of social importance
6.7.2 Case study regarding Uttarakhand Char-DhamDevasthanam Management
Act (UCDDMA), 2019
6.7.2.1 Salient features of the Act
6.7.2.2 Judgement of High Court regarding UCDDMA
6.7.3 Views of Meladhikari of Kumbh Mela
158
Results and Discussions
One of the important phases in survey-based descriptive research is to analyze the raw
data and derive inferences. A questionnaire (as given in Annexure-II) was prepared and the
response of the tourists who visited Tirupati and Haridwar was obtained through online
mode. Using the responses and opinions of pilgrims who have responded, the primary
database was developed. There was no live person-to-person contact between the researcher
and the respondents (pilgrims) due to which the response of the respondents is not influenced
by the researcher and is unbiased. The questionnaire formulated was simple, uncluttered, and
was devised based on the need for research and targeted towards the tourists who toured both
the Tirupati and Haridwar temples for conducting the present investigation. The total number
of samples is 624 i.e., tourists to Tirupati and Haridwar, out of which 452 tourists visited both
Tirupati and Haridwar, 86 tourists visited only Tirupati, and 86 tourists visited only
Haridwar. Out of the responses received from 624 tourists, the response of 452 tourists who
visited both Tirupati and Haridwar were analyzed in the present research study. The data
collected from 452 respondents through the online survey were analysed and presented in
tables in the following sections in the order of the research questions raised to the
respondents. In-depth analysis regarding the need for constitution of administrative set up
like Trust or Endowments Department on temples of Haridwar for efficient management of
financial resources, development of infrastructural facilities and economic activity in the
area, is also done.
6.1 Demographic Information

The socio-economic background of respondents in terms of gender (male/female), age
(the exact number of years), marital status (married/unmarried), education (level up to which
the respondent has studied), occupation, and income (per annum) has been studied and are
presented hereunder. Data collected through the questionnaire were tabulated and analysed
using the statistical parameters, frequency, and percentages, which are presented in the
following tables.
A) Gender
Data of gender-wise distribution of the respondents presented in Table-6.1.1 and
Fig.6.1.1 showed that male respondents in the survey are comparatively more i.e., 60.62% in
comparison with female respondents (39.38%). The increased number of male respondents
159
indicates that the male population is more actively touring than the female population and
responding to online surveys.
Table 6.1.1: Socio-economic Profile-Gender

Characteristics Frequency Percent
Female 178 39.38
Gender Male 274 60.62
N 452 100.00
70%
60.62%
60%
50%
39.38%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Female Male
Fig.6.1.1: Socio-economic Profile-Gender

B) Age
Table-6.1.2 & Fig.6.1.2 reveals that, the majority of the pilgrims (50.89%) in the
survey comprise of the age group of 21-35 years, 27.88% of them belong to the age group of
36-50 years, 11.50% of them belong to the age group of >50 years and the remaining 9.73%
of them are below 20 years.
160
Table 6.1.2: Socio-economic Profile-Age
<20 44 9.73
>20 and between 21-35 230 50.89
Age in Years >35 and between 36-50 126 27.88
>50 52 11.50
N 452 100.00
60%
50.89%
50%
40%
30% 27.88%
20%
11.50%
9.73%
10%
0%
<20 21-35 36-50 >50
Fig.6.1.2: Socio-economic Profile-Age
C) Marital Status:
The marital status of respondents provided in Table-6.1.3 and Fig.6.1.3 illustrates that
married tourists (69.91%) are more interested in tours to religious sites than unmarried
tourists. The 30.09% of the unmarried tourists may comprise leisure seekers, students, and
employees seeking diversion from routine work.
161
Table 6.1.3: Socio-economic Profile-Marital Status
Married 316 69.91
Marital Status Unmarried 136 30.09
N 452 100.00
80%
69.91%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30.09%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Married Unmarried
Fig.6.1.3: Socio-economic Profile-Marital Status

D) Education
The academic qualification of pilgrims who have taken the survey, presented in
Table-6.1.4 and Fig.6.1.4 shows that more than half (65.93%) of the pilgrims have
educational qualification of degree and above, 12.86% of the respondents are intermediate/
diploma holders 10.62% of them had their secondary school education, 5.31% of them had
their primary school education and the remaining 5.31% of them are illiterates. The presence
of more educated persons among respondents gave strength to the research study since the
opinions from educated participants would be more rational than the participants without
education. The reason for the participation of educated respondents may be due to the online
survey. The response through online mode may be unbiased, straight forward since there
would be no scope for any sort of influence of the researcher on the respondent.
162
Table 6.1.4: Socio-economic Profile-Education
Illiterate 24 5.31
Primary 24 5.31
Secondary 48 10.62
Education
Diploma/Intermediate 58 12.83
Degree and Above 298 65.93
N 452 100.00
80%
65.93%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
12.83%
10.62%
20%
5.31%
5.31%
10%
0%
Illiterate Primary Secondary Diploma/Intermediate Degree and Above
Fig.6.1.4: Socio-economic Profile-Education
E) Occupation
The occupation wise distribution of pilgrims who participated in the survey, as
reflected in Table-6.1.5 and Fig.6.1.5 shows that the majority of the participants (30.53%) are
private employees, 24.34% of them are Government employees, 19.02% of them are
belonging to other occupations i.e., students, pensioners, retired officers, etc., 15.93% of
them are having their occupation as business and the remaining 10.18% of them are
agriculturists. The private job holders during their professional tours may have paid visits to
these religious sites. Government job holders are being encouraged by Government to
perform tours across the country and might be availing these packages.
163
Table 6.1.5: Socio-economic Profile-Occupation
Agriculturist 46 10.18
Government Employee 110 24.34
Private Employee 138 30.53
Occupation
Business 72 15.93
Others 86 19.02
N 452 100.00
40%
30.53%
30%
24.34%
20% 19.02%
15.93%
10.18%
10%
0%
Agriculturist Govt. Employee Private Business Others
Employee
Fig.6.1.5: Socio-economic Profile-Occupation
F) Income
It is observed from Table-6.1.6 and Fig.6.1.6 that, the majority of the respondents (30.97%)
income is in the range of Rs.3-5 lakhs. The percentage of respondents whose income is less
than Rs.2 lakhs was 28.32%, followed by the respondents whose income ranges from Rs.6-10
lakhs at 23.89% while the remaining 16.81% of them are having income more than Rs.10
lakhs per annum. From this information, it is apparent that more than half of the respondents
are in the category of above-average income i.e. earning above Rs.5 lakhs. 28.32% of the
respondents are earning less than Rs.2 lakhs and it can be deduced that this category of
164
respondents is majorly comprised of students who are pursuing their education, small private
employees, etc.
Table 6.1.6: Socio-economic Profile-Income (in Rupees)
< 2 lakhs 128 28.32
>2 lakhs and between 2
140 30.97
lakhs -5 lakhs
Income >5 lakhs and between 5
108 23.90
lakhs -10 lakhs
> 10 lakhs 76 16.81
N 452 100.00
35%
30.97%
30% 28.32%
25% 23.89%
20%
16.81%
15%
10%
5%
0%
< 2 lakhs 2-5 lakhs 5-10 lakhs > 10 lakhs
Fig.6.1.6: Socio-economic Profile-Income (in Rupees)
6.1.1 Summary of Demographic Information

The summary of the major findings of the present study is as follows.
Gender:
The majority of the respondents (60.62%) visiting Tirupati and Haridwar are male
devotees and the rest 39.38% are female devotees.
165
Age:
Almost half of the pilgrims (50.89%) who are visiting Tirupati and Haridwar are in
the age group of 21-35 years and the remaining 49.12% includes the age group of 36-50 years
(27.88%), > 50 years (11.50%) and below 20 years (9.73%).
Marital Status:
More than half of the pilgrims (69.91%) visiting the shrines of Tirupati and Haridwar
are married while the remaining 30.09% are unmarried.
Education:
The majority of the visiting pilgrims (65.93%) are having educational qualifications
as degree and above and the remaining 34.07% are having educational qualifications as
intermediate/diploma (12.86%), secondary school education (10.62%), primary education
(5.31%), and illiterates (5.31%).
Occupation:
The majority of the pilgrims (30.53%) visiting Tirupati and Haridwar are private
employees, followed by Government employees (24.34%), Other categories (19.02%) like
students, pensioners, retired officers, etc., Business (15.93%) and Agriculturists (10.18%).
Income:
The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (30.97%) income is in the
range of Rs.3-5 lakhs and the remaining respondents are having the income range of < Rs.2
lakhs (28.32%), Rs.6-10 lakhs (23.90%) and > Rs.10 lakhs (16.81%). From the study, it is
also revealed that more than half of the respondents are in the category of above-average
income i.e. earning above Rs.5 lakhs and hence can afford long-distance religious tours. At
the same time it also depicting that Income is not only the criteria to visit long distance
religious tours.
6.2 Association of socio-personal characteristics of the pilgrims with Overall

Satisfaction in Haridwar and Tirupati
This study aims to identify the association between socio-personal characters like
gender (male/female), age (the exact number of years), marital status (married/unmarried),
education (level up to which the respondent has studied), occupation, and income (per
annum) with the overall satisfaction in Haridwar and Tirupati separately. Using the Chi-
square test, these socio-personal characters were analysed for independence. Also, the
166
Pearson Chi-square test was used to check the existence of a significant relationship between
the socio-personal characters and overall satisfaction.
Note: In the following Tables, (*) - Represents Significant at 5 % LOS, (**) -Represents Significant
at 1 % LOS, and (NS) -Represents Non-Significant for particular variables.
6.2.1Association of socio-personal characteristics of the pilgrims with Overall

Satisfaction in Haridwar
A) Association of Gender with Overall Satisfaction
The Chi-square test is used here to find the association between gender and overall
satisfaction with the facilities in Haridwar. The results of cross-tabulation in Table 6.2.1.1
and from Fig.6.2.1.1 show that there is a considerable amount of association between overall
satisfaction and gender as indicated by the Chi-square value. This is found to be significant at
the 0.001 level. The majority of the male and female respondents (37.23% and 29.21%
respectively) were dissatisfied with the overall facilities in the Haridwar. Further among the
male respondents, 26.28% of them were satisfied, 13.14% of them were neutral, 13.14% of
them were highly dissatisfied and 10.21% of them were highly satisfied with the overall
facilities in Haridwar. While among the women respondents, 26.97% of them were highly
dissatisfied, 15.73% of them were highly satisfied, 14.61% of them were satisfied and
13.48% of them were neutral with the overall facilities in Haridwar.
TABLE-6.2.1.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and
Gender (N=452)
O.S.H Highly Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Total χ2
Satisfied N (%) N (%) N (%) Dissatisfied N (%) Value
Gender N (%) N (%)
Male 28 (10.21) 72 (26.28) 36 (13.14) 102 (37.23) 36 (13.14) 274 (100)
22.56
Female 28 (15.73) 26 (14.61) 24 (13.48) 52 (29.21) 48 (26.97) 178(100)
(***)
Total (N (%)) 56 (12.40) 98 (21.68) 60 (13.27) 154 (34.07) 84 (18.58) 452 (100) 37.23%
40%
29.21%
35%
26.97%
26.28%
30%
25%
15.73%
14.61%
20%
13.48%
13.14%
13.14%
10.21%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Female Male
Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral
167 Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied
Fig. 6.2.1.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Gender
B) Association of Age with Overall Satisfaction

The results of cross-tabulation presented in Table 6.2.1.2 and Fig.6.2.1.2 depict the
association of age with the overall satisfaction. It is clear from the table shown that there is no
significant relationship between overall satisfaction and age groups as indicated by the Chi-
square value. The results of the study revealed that there is no association between age group
and overall satisfaction in Haridwar.
TABLE-6.2.1.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Age

in Years (N=452)
Age N (%) N (%)
<20 6 (13.64) 10(22.73) 4 (9.09) 20 (45.45) 4 (9.09) 44 (100.00)
21-35 26 (11.30) 58 (25.22) 26 (11.30) 72 (31.30) 48 (20.88) 230 (100.00)
12.64
36-50 16 (12.70) 20 (15.87) 22 (17.46) 46 (36.51) 22 (17.46) 126 (100.00)
(NS)
>50 8 (15.38) 10 (19.23) 8 (15.38) 16 (30.77) 10 (19.24) 52 (100.00)
Total (N (%)) 56 (12.40) 98 (21.68) 60 (13.27) 154 (34.07) 84 (18.58) 452 (100.00)
45.45%
50%
36.51%
45%
31.30%
40% 30.77%
35%
25.22%
22.73%
20.88%
30%
19.24%
19.23%
17.46%
17.46%
15.87%
25%
15.38%
15.38%
13.64%
12.70%
11.30%
11.30%
20%
9.09%
9.09%
15%
10%
5%
0%
<20 21-35 36-50 >50
Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied
Fig. 6.2.1.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Age in
Years
168
C) Association between Marital Status and Overall Satisfaction
The results given in Table 6.2.1.3 and fig.6.2.1.3 show that there is certainly an
association between the marital status and the overall satisfaction as indicated by the Chi-
square value which is significant at the 0.001 level. The results showed that the majority of
the Married couples (35.44%) were dissatisfied with the overall facilities in Haridwar, while
the Unmarried group (35.29%) were satisfied with the overall facilities. Further in the
Married group 19.62% of them were highly dissatisfied, 15.82% were satisfied, 14.56% were
highly satisfied and 14.56% were neutral with the overall facilities; while in the unmarried
group, 30.88% were dissatisfied, 16.18% were highly dissatisfied, 10.30% were neutral and
7.35% of them were highly satisfied with the overall facilities in Haridwar.
Marital Status (N=452)
Marital N (%) N (%)
Status
Married 46(14.56) 50(15.82) 46(14.56) 112(35.44) 62(19.62) 316(100.00)
23.08
Unmarried 10(7.35) 48(35.29) 14(10.30) 42(30.88) 22(16.18) 136(100.00)
(***)
Total (N (%)) 56(12.40) 98(21.68) 60(13.27) 154(34.07) 84(18.58) 452(100.00)
35.44%
35.29%
30.88%
40%
35%
30%
19.62%
16.18%
15.82%
25%
14.56%
14.56%
20%
10.30%
7.35%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Married Unmarried
Fig. 6.2.1.3: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Marital
Status
169
D) Association between Education and Overall Satisfaction
An analysis of the results given in the Table 6.2.1.4 shows that there is a considerable
amount of association between education and overall satisfaction in Haridwar as indicated by
the Chi-square value. This is significant at the 0.001 level. The results of Table 6.2.1.4 and
Fig.6.2.1.4 reveal that in the Illiterate group, the majority (50.00%) of them were highly
satisfied, 16.67% were satisfied, 16.67% were dissatisfied, 8.33% were neutral and 8.33%
were highly dissatisfied with the overall facilities. Among the respondents who had primary
education, the satisfaction levels, viz., highly satisfied, neutral, and highly dissatisfied hold
the same percentage share with overall satisfaction i.e., 25.00% each, followed by the
respondents who expressed satisfaction at 16.67% and dissatisfaction at 8.33%.
The majority of the respondents who had secondary education (33.33%) were highly
dissatisfied, while 29.17% of them were dissatisfied, 16.67% of them were neutral, 12.50%
of them were satisfied and 8.33% of them were highly satisfied with the overall facilities.
Further majority of the diploma/intermediate holders (51.72%) were dissatisfied with the
overall facilities. In this group of respondents, satisfied and highly dissatisfied share the same
percentage of overall satisfaction i.e., 17.24 each while 10.35% of them were highly satisfied
and 3.45% of them were neutral with the overall facilities. In the category of respondents
who had a degree and above, 34.90% of them were dissatisfied, 24.83% were satisfied,
16.78% were highly dissatisfied, 14.09% were neutral and 9.39% of them were highly
satisfied with the overall facilities in Haridwar.
170
Education (N=452)
Education N (%) N (%)
Illiterate 12(50.00) 4 (16.67) 2 (8.33) 4 (16.67) 2 (8.33) 24 (100.00)
primary 6 (25.00) 4 (16.67) 6 (25.00) 2 (8.33) 6 (25.00) 24 (100.00)
secondary 4 (8.33) 6 (12.50) 8 (16.67) 14 (29.17) 16 (33.33) 48 (100.00)
66.08
Diploma/
(***)
Intermediate 6 (10.35) 10 (17.24) 2 (3.45) 30 (51.72) 10 (17.24) 58 (100.00)
Degree and
Above 28 (9.40) 74 (24.83) 42 (14.09) 104 (34.90) 50 (16.78) 298 (100.00)
Total (N (%)) 56 (12.40) 98 (21.68) 60 (13.27) 154 (34.07) 84 (18.58) 452 (100.00)
51.72%
60%
50.00%
50%
34.90%
33.33%
40% 29.17%
25.00%
25.00%
25.00%
24.83%
30%
17.24%
17.24%
16.78%
16.67%
16.67%
16.67%
16.67%
14.09%
12.50%
10.35%
20%
9.40%
8.33%
8.33%
8.33%
8.33%
3.45%
10%
0%
Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
Dissatisfied
Illeterate Primary Secondary Diploma/Intermediate Degree and Above
Fig. 6.2.1.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and

Education
171
E) Association between Occupation and Overall Satisfaction
Table 6.2.1.5 presented below reveals that there is a good amount of relationship
between Occupation and overall satisfaction in Haridwar as indicated by the Chi-square
value. This is found to be significant at the 0.001 level. It is known from the Table and
Fig.6.2.1.5 that the majority of the Agriculturists (26.09%), Government Employees
(29.09%), Private Employees (46.38%), and Others group (30.23%) were dissatisfied, while
the majority of the business persons (30.55%) were neutral with the overall facilities in
Haridwar. Further, among the Agriculturists category, 26.09% were highly satisfied, 21.74%
were satisfied, 17.39% were highly dissatisfied and 8.69% were neutral with the overall
facilities.
In the Government Employees group, 27.27% were satisfied, 21.82% were highly
dissatisfied, 12.73% were highly satisfied and 9.09% were neutral with the overall facilities.
While in the private employees' group, 21.74% were highly dissatisfied, 17.39% were
satisfied, 10.14% were neutral and 4.35% were highly satisfied with the overall facilities.
Further, business persons were 27.78% dissatisfied, 16.67% were satisfied, 13.89% were
highly dissatisfied and 11.11% were highly satisfied with the overall facilities and finally, in
Others group, 25.58% were satisfied, 18.61% were highly satisfied, 13.95% were highly
dissatisfied and 11.63% of them were neutral with the overall facilities.

Occupation (N=452)
Occupation N (%) N (%)
Agriculturist 12 (26.09) 10 (21.43) 4 (8.69) 12 (26.09) 8 (17.39) 46 (100)
Government
Employee 14 (12.73) 30 (27.27) 10 (9.09) 32 (29.09) 24 (21.82) 110 (100)
52.96
PrivateEmployee 6 (4.35) 24 (17.39) 14 (10.14) 64 (46.38) 30 (21.74) 138 (100)
(***)
Business 8 (11.11) 12 (16.67) 22 (30.55) 20 (27.78) 10 (13.89) 72 (100)
Others 16 (18.61) 22 (25.58) 10 (11.63) 26 (30.23) 12 (13.95) 86 (100)
Total (N (%)) 56 (12.40) 98 (21.68) 60 (13.27) 154 (34.07) 84 (18.58) 452 (100)
172
46.38%
50%
45%
30.55%
40%
30.23%
29.09%
27.78%
27.27%
26.09%
26.09%
25.58%
35%
21.82%
21.74%
21.74%
30%
18.61%
17.39%
17.39%
16.67%
25%
13.95%
13.89%
12.73%
11.63%
11.11%
20%
10.14%
9.09%
8.69%
15%
4.35%
10%
5%
0%
Highly Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
Dissatisfied
Agriculturist Govt. Employee Private Employee Business Others
Fig. 6.2.1.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and

Occupation
F) Association between Income and Overall Satisfaction
From the results shown in Table 6.2.1.6, it is known that there is a significant
association between income and overall satisfaction in Haridwar as indicated by the Chi-
square value. This is found to be significant at the 0.001 level. The results from Table 6.2.1.6
and Fig.6.2.1.6 revealed that all the income groups' viz., < 2 lakhs (35.94%), 2-5 lakhs
(30.00%), 5-10 lakhs (31.48%) and > 10 lakhs (42.10) were dissatisfied with the overall
facilities. Further, in the Income group < 2 lakhs, 23.44% were satisfied, 20.31% were highly
satisfied, 17.19% were highly dissatisfied and 3.12% of them were neutral. In the Income
group 2-5 lakhs, 30.00% were satisfied, 22.86% were highly dissatisfied, 11.43% were
neutral and 5.71% were highly satisfied. Further in the 5-10 lakhs group, 24.07% were
neutral, 18.52% were highly dissatisfied, 16.67% were satisfied and 9.25% were highly
satisfied. While in > 10 lakhs group, 18.42% were neutral, 15.78% were highly satisfied,
13.15% were highly dissatisfied and 10.53% of them were satisfied with the overall facilities
in Haridwar.
173
Income in Rupees (N=452)

Income N (%) N (%)
< 2 lakhs 26(20.31) 30 (23.44) 4 (3.12) 46 (35.94) 22 (17.19) 128 (100.00)

2 - 5 lakhs 8 (5.71) 42 (30.00) 16 (11.43) 42 (30.00) 32 (22.86) 140 (100.00)
49.82
5 - 10 lakhs 10 (9.25) 18 (16.67) 26 (24.07) 34 (31.48) 20 (18.52) 108 (100.00) (***)
> 10 lakhs 12(15.79) 8 (10.53) 14 (18.42) 32 (42.10) 10 (13.16) 76 (100.00)
Total (N (%)) 56(12.40) 98 (21.68) 60 (13.27) 154 (34.07) 84 (18.58) 452 (100.00)
42.10%
45%
35.94%
40%
31.48%
30.00%
30.00%
35%
24.07%
23.44%
22.86%
30%
20.31%
18.52%
18.42%
25%
17.19%
16.67%
15.79%
13.16%
20%
11.43%
10.53%
9.26%
15%
5.71%
10%
3.12%
5%
0%
Fig. 6.2.1.6: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and Income
in Rupees

Satisfaction in Tirupati
A) Association of Gender with Overall Satisfaction

The Chi-square test was applied to know the association between gender and overall
satisfaction with the facilities in Tirupati. The results of cross-tabulation in Table 6.2.2.1 and
from Fig.6.2.2.1 show that there is a considerable amount of association between overall
satisfaction and Gender as indicated by the Chi-square value. This is found to be significant
174
at the 0.001 level. The majority of the males (26.28%) were neutral concerning satisfaction
levels, while females (39.33%) were satisfied with the overall facilities in Tirupati. Further,
in the male group, 25.54% were satisfied, 23.36% were highly satisfied, 16.06% were
dissatisfied and 8.76% were highly dissatisfied with the overall facilities, while in the female
group 23.59% were highly satisfied, 14.61% were highly dissatisfied, 13.48% were neutral
and 8.99% were dissatisfied with the overall facilities in Tirupati.
TABLE-6.2.2.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and

Gender (N=452)
O.S.T Highly Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Total χ2
Gender N (%) N (%)
Male 64 (23.36) 70 (25.54) 72 (26.28) 44 (16.06) 24 (8.76) 274(100.00)
22.32
Female 42 (23.59) 70 (39.33) 24 (13.48) 16 (8.99) 26 (14.61) 178 (100.00)
(***)
Total (N (%)) 106 (23.45) 140 (30.97) 96 (21.24) 60 (13.28) 50 (11.06) 452 (100.00)
39.33%
45%
40%
26.28%
25.54%
35%
23.59%
23.36%
30%
16.06%
25%
14.61%
13.48%
20%
8.99%
8.76%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Female Male
Fig. 6.2.2.1: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Gender
B) Association of Age with Overall Satisfaction
It is evident from Table 6.2.2.2 that there is a considerable amount of relationship

between Age and overall satisfaction as indicated by the Chi-square value. This is found to be
significant at the 0.001 level. The results from Table and Fig.6.2.2.2 reveals that the majority
of < 20 (27.27%) and 21-35 (30.44%) age groups were highly satisfied, while in 36-50
175
majority (44.44%) were satisfied and in > 50 majorities (26.92%) were satisfied with the
overall facilities in Tirupati. In age group < 20, 22.73% were highly dissatisfied, 18.18 %
were satisfied, 18.18% were neutral and 13.64% were dissatisfied. Further in the age group
21-35, 26.96% were satisfied, 20% were neutral, 11.30% each were dissatisfied and highly
dissatisfied. In the 36-50 age group, 20.64% were neutral, 19.05% were dissatisfied, 11.11%
were highly satisfied and 4.76% were highly dissatisfied. In the age group > 50, 26.92% were
satisfied, 19.23% were highly satisfied, 15.38% were highly dissatisfied and 7.70% were
dissatisfied with the overall facilities in Tirupati.
TABLE-6.2.2.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Age

in Years (N=452)
Age in N (%) N (%)
years
<20 12 (27.27) 8 (18.18) 8 (18.18) 6 (13.64) 10 (22.73) 44 (100)
21-35 70 (30.44) 62 (26.96) 46 (20) 26 (11.30) 26 (11.30) 230 (100)
43.30
36-50 14(11.11) 56 (44.44) 26 (20.64) 24 (19.05) 6 (4.76) 126 (100)
(***)
>50 10 (19.23) 14 (26.92) 16 (30.77) 4 (7.70) 8 (15.38) 52 (100)
Total (N (%)) 106 (23.45) 140 (30.97) 96 (21.24) 60 (13.28) 50 (11.06) 452 (100)
Fig. 6.2.2.2: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Age in
44.44%
50%
45%
40%
30.77%
30.44%
27.27%
26.96%
26.92%
35%
22.73%
30%
20.64%
20.00%
19.23%
19.05%
18.18%
18.18%
25%
15.38%
13.64%
20%
11.30%
11.30%
11.11%
7.70%
15%
4.76%
10%
5%
0%
<20 21-35 36-50 >50
Years
176
C) Association of Marital Status with Overall Satisfaction
The results are given in Table 6.2.2.3 and Fig.6.2.2.3 clearly show that there is a
considerable amount of association between the marital status and the overall satisfaction as
indicated by the Chi-square value. This is found to be significant at the 0.001 level. The
results showed that the majority of the married couples (33.54%) were satisfied, while the
majority of the unmarried (36.76%) were highly satisfied with overall facilities. Further
married couples were 23.42% neutral, 17.72% were highly satisfied, 15.19% were
dissatisfied and 10.13% were highly dissatisfied with the overall facilities, while among the
unmarried 25.00% were satisfied, 16.18% were neutral, 13.24% were highly dissatisfied and
8.82% were dissatisfied with the overall facilities.
Marital Status (N=452)
Satisfied N (%) N (%) N (%) Dissatisfied N (%) Valu
Marital N (%) N (%) e
Status
Married 56 (17.72) 106 (33.54) 74 (23.42) 48 (15.19) 32(10.13) 316 (100.00)
23.02
Unmarried 50 (36.76) 34 (25.00) 22 (16.18) 12 (8.82) 18 (13.24) 136 (100.00)
(***)
Total (N (%)) 106(23.45) 140 (30.97) 96 (21.24) 60 (13.28) 50 (11.06) 452 (100.00)
36.76%
33.54%
40%
25.00%
35%
23.42%
30%
17.72%
16.18%
15.19%
25%
13.24%
10.13%
20%
8.82%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Married Unmarried
Fig. 6.2.2.3: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and marital
status
177
D) Association between Education and Overall Satisfaction
The results of cross-tabulation presented in Table 6.2.2.4 and Fig.6.2.2.4 depict the
association of Education with the overall satisfaction. It is seen from the Table that there is a
considerable amount of relationship between overall satisfaction and education as indicated
by the Chi-square value. This is found to be significant at the 0.001 level. From the Table and
Fig.6.2.2.4, it is clear that the majority of illiterates (33.33%), primary educates (41.67%),
secondary educates (33.33%) and degree and above holders (31.54%) were satisfied, while
diploma/intermediate holder (44.83%) were highly satisfied with the overall facilities. In the
Illiterates group, 25.00% were dissatisfied, 16.67% were highly dissatisfied, 16.67% were
neutral and 8.33% were highly satisfied, while in the primary educates group, 25.00% were
highly dissatisfied, 16.67% were neutral and 8.33% each were highly satisfied and
dissatisfied with overall satisfaction. In the secondary education group, 25.00% were highly
dissatisfied, 20.84% were highly satisfied, 12.50% were dissatisfied and 8.33% were neutral
with overall satisfaction. Further among the diploma/intermediate holders 20.69% were
satisfied, 17.24% were highly dissatisfied, 10.34% were neutral and 6.90% were dissatisfied,
while among the degree and above holders, 26.18% were neutral, 22.15% were highly
satisfied, 14.09% were dissatisfied and 6.04% were highly dissatisfied with the overall
facilities in Tirupati.
Education (N=452)
Education N (%) N (%)
Illiterate 2 (8.33) 8(33.33) 4 (16.67) 6 (25.00) 4 (16.67) 24 (100.00)
Primary 2 (8.33) 10 (41.67) 4 (16.67) 2 (8.33) 6 (25.00) 24 (100.00)
Secondary 10 (20.84) 16 (33.33) 4 (8.33) 6 (12.50) 12 (25.00) 48 (100.00)
Diploma/ 57.24
Intermediate 26 (44.83) 12 (20.69) 6 (10.34) 4 (6.90) 10 (17.24) 58 (100.00) (***)
Degree and
Above 66 (22.15) 94 (31.54) 78 (26.18) 42 (14.09) 18 (6.04) 298 (100.00)
Total (N (%)) 106 (23.45) 140 (30.97) 96 (21.24) 60 (13.28) 50 (11.06) 452 (100.00)
178
44.83%
41.67%
50%
45% 33.33%
33.33%
31.54%
40%
26.18%
35%
25.00%
25.00%
25.00%
22.15%
20.84%
20.69%
30%
17.24%
16.67%
16.67%
16.67%
25%
14.09%
12.50%
10.34%
20%
8.33%
8.33%
8.33%
8.33%
6.90%
15%
6.04%
10%
5%
0%
Illiterate Primary Secondary Diploma/Intermediate Degree and Above
Fig. 6.2.2.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Education
E) Association between Occupation and Overall Satisfaction
Table 6.2.2.5 presented below reveals that there is a considerable amount of

relationship between Occupation and overall satisfaction in Tirupati as indicated by the Chi-
square value. This is found to be significant at the 0.001 level. From the Table and
Fig.6.2.2.5, it is evident that the majority of the Agriculturists (34.78%), Business persons
(38.89%), and others group (32.56%) were satisfied, while in the Government Employees
group, the majority were neutral (27.27%) and dissatisfied (27.27%), and in private
employees group majority (34.78%) were highly satisfied with the overall facilities. Further
in Agriculturists, 26.09% of them were neutral, 17.39% of them were highly satisfied,
13.04% of them were dissatisfied and 8.70% of them were highly dissatisfied with the overall
facilities in Tirupati.
In the Government Employees group, 25.46% were satisfied, 16.36% were highly
satisfied and 3.64% were highly dissatisfied, while in the private employee's group 28.99%
were satisfied, 18.84% were neutral, 10.14% were highly dissatisfied and 7.25% were
dissatisfied. Further among Business persons, 22.22% were neutral, 16.67% were highly
satisfied, 11.11% were dissatisfied, and the remaining 11.11% were highly dissatisfied and in
179
others group, 23.26% each were highly dissatisfied and highly satisfied 13.95% were neutral
and 6.97% were dissatisfied with the overall facilities in Tirupati.
Occupation (N=452)
Occupation N (%) N (%)
Agriculturist 8 (17.39) 16 (34.78) 12 (26.09) 6 (13.04) 4 (8.70) 46 (100.00)
Govt. Employee 18 (16.36) 28 (25.46) 30 (27.27) 30 (27.27) 4 (3.64) 110 (100.00)
Private Employee 48 (34.78) 40 (28.99) 26 (18.84) 10 (7.25) 14 (10.14) 138 (100.00) 60.2
Business 12 (16.67) 28 (38.89) 16 (22.22) 8 (11.11) 8 (11.11) 72 (100.00) (***)
Others 20 (23.26) 28 (32.56) 12 (13.95) 6 (6.97) 20 (23.26) 86 (100.00)
Total (N (%)) 106(23.45) 140(30.97) 96 (21.24) 60 (13.28) 50 (11.06) 452 (100.00)
38.89%
45%
34.78%
34.78%
32.56%
40%
28.99%
27.27%
27.27%
35%
26.09%
25.46%
23.26%
23.26%
30% 22.22%
18.84%
17.39%
25%
16.67%
16.36%
13.95%
13.04%
20%
11.11%
11.11%
10.14%
8.70%
15%
7.25%
6.97%
3.64%
10%
5%
0%
Agriculturist Govt. Employee Private Business Others
Employee
Fig. 6.2.2.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and

Occupation
F) Association between Income and Overall Satisfaction
From the results given in Table 6.2.2.6, it is known that there is a considerable
amount of association between income and overall satisfaction in Tirupati as indicated by the
Chi-square value. This is found to be significant at the 0.001 level. The results in Table
180
6.2.2.6 and Fig.6.2.2.6 revealed that the majority of the respondents in Income groups < 2
lakhs (35.94%), 2-5 lakhs (28.58%), and 5-10 lakhs (33.33%) were satisfied with the overall
facilities, while in > 10 lakhs group, the majority (42.11%) were highly satisfied with the
overall facilities. Further among < 2 lakhs income holders, 26.56% were highly satisfied,
20.31% were neutral, 9.38% were highly dissatisfied and 7.81% were dissatisfied. In the 2-5
lakhs group, dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied shared the same proportion i.e., 18.57% each
and highly satisfied (17.14%) and neutral (17.14%) also shared the same proportion about
overall satisfaction. In the 5-10 lakhs group, 33.33% were neutral, 14.82% were highly
satisfied, 12.96% were dissatisfied and 5.56% were highly dissatisfied, while in the> 10 lakhs
group, 23.68% were satisfied, 13.16% were neutral, 13.16% were dissatisfied and 7.89%
were highly dissatisfied with the overall facilities in Tirupati.

Income in Rupees (N=452)
Income N (%) N (%)
< 2 lakhs 34 (26.56) 46 (35.94) 26 (20.31) 10 (7.81) 12 (9.38) 128 (100.00)
2-5 lakhs 24 (17.14) 40 (28.58) 24 (17.14) 26 (18.57) 26 (18.57) 140 (100.00)
48.28
5-10 lakhs 16 (14.82) 36 (33.33) 36 (33.33) 14 (12.96) 6 (5.56) 108 (100.00)
(***)
> 10 lakhs 32 (42.11) 18 (23.68) 10 (13.16) 10 (13.16) 6 (7.89) 76 (100.00)
Total (N (%)) 106(23.45) 140(30.97) 96 (21.24) 60 (13.28) 50 (11.06) 452 (100.00)
181
42.11%
45%
35.94%
33.33%
33.33%
40%
28.58%
35%
26.56%
23.68%
30%
20.31%
18.57%
18.57%
25%
17.14%
17.14%
14.82%
13.16%
13.16%
12.96%
20%
9.38%
15%
7.89%
7.81%
5.56%
10%
5%
0%
Fig. 6.2.2.6: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and Income in
Rupees
6.2.3 Summary of the Findings on Association of socio-personal characteristics and

overall satisfaction of the pilgrims visiting Haridwar and Tirupati
While studying the association of socio-personal characteristics and overall
satisfaction of the pilgrims in Haridwar, almost all the socio-economic characters exhibited a
significant association with overall satisfaction, except for the attribute 'age' where there was
no significant association with the overall satisfaction. In Tirupati, all the socio-economic
characters have shown a significant association with overall satisfaction levels. Thus, it was
observed that socio-economic characteristics like gender, age, marital status, education,
occupation, and income had a significant relationship with the level of satisfaction of the
pilgrims in both Haridwar and Tirupati.
6.3 Comparison of Pilgrims Satisfaction levels at Tirupati and Haridwar

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to find out the difference in the satisfaction
levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar. For non-parametric data (ordinal data) as in our
study, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test is found to be appropriate/ suitable. This test is used to
182
find-out if there is a mean difference between paired observations; the test is commonly
employed on the same individual/ individuals on two different occasions.
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test results are given in the following tables. This test also
presents the calculation and ranking of the directional changes in each pair. A brief write-up
on the test may be considered at this point. The concept of ranks needs to be first known.
There are three different kinds of Ranks. They are, Negative Rank, Positive Rank and Ties.
‘Negative Rank’ represents the number of pilgrims who indicated higher satisfaction at
Haridwar compared to Tirupati. ‘Positive Rank’ indicates the number of pilgrims who
derived higher satisfaction at Tirupati compared to Haridwar. ‘Ties’ represents that the
number of pilgrims who expressed the similar levels of satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar.
In Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, 'Z value' and Significance are measured. Z is the
distance between the sum total of ranks of the negative group and its expected value. Also,
only those attributes whose significance value is less than 0.05 (p<0.05) needs to be taken
into account.
A set of 11 attributes regarding different factors that influence the pilgrims of Tirupati
and Haridwar were analysed, using a five-point Likert scale. The score of the agreement
variables were taken on a scale range from 1 to 5 i.e., 5- indicates 'Strongly Agree', 4-
indicates 'Agree', 3- indicates 'Neutral’, 2- indicates 'Disagree', and 1- indicates 'Strongly
Disagree' and satisfaction scale denotes 5- indicates 'Highly Satisfied', 4- indicates 'Satisfied',
3- indicates 'Neutral', 2- indicates 'Dissatisfied' and 1- indicates 'Highly Dissatisfied'.
6.3.1 Availability and quality of accommodation in guest house, dharmashalas, hotels

and lodges (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
It is clearly seen from the below Table-6.3.1 that there is a statistically considerable
amount of difference in the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar regarding
the Availability and quality of accommodation in guest house, dharmashalas, hotels and
lodges, with z = 8.929, p=0.000, < 0.05. The table shows the mean of the ranks in favour of
pilgrims’ satisfaction with regard to Availability and quality of accommodation in guest
house, dharmashalas, hotels and lodges at Haridwar at 115.97, while the mean of the ranks in
favour of pilgrims’ satisfaction at Tirupati is 195.32. The results also show that majority of
the pilgrims (228) responded that their satisfaction levels were higher in Tirupati than
Haridwar and very few pilgrims (110) have opined that they were highly satisfied in
183
Haridwar than Tirupati, with Availability and quality of accommodation in guest house,
dharmashalas, hotels and lodges. Further 114 pilgrims responded that they were equally
satisfied at both Tirupati and Haridwar regarding this attribute.
Table 6.3.1 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test on Accommodation

Details N Mean Sum of Z Significant
Rank Ranks Value
Negative Ranks 110 115.97 12757
Tirupati Satisfaction
Positive Ranks 228 195.32 44534
Level– Haridwar -8.929 0.000
Ties 114
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.2 Availability of Different Variety of Food, Its Quality/Hygiene- (Satisfaction at

Tirupati and Haridwar)
The Table 6.3.2 revealed that there is a considerable amount of difference in

satisfaction levels of pilgrims regarding availability of various varieties of food, its
quality/hygiene at Tirupati and Haridwar with Z = 3.058, p = 0.002, < 0.05. The mean rank of
satisfaction of pilgrims at Haridwar is 164.24, whereas the mean rank of satisfaction of
pilgrims at Tirupati is 211.21. It is also clear from the above table that among all the 452
pilgrims visiting both the shrines, majority pilgrims (236) were highly satisfied at Haridwar
than Tirupati, while less (130) pilgrims responded that their satisfaction is higher in Tirupati
than Haridwar and 86 pilgrims responded that they were equally satisfied at both the temple
places regarding Availability of different variety of food, Its quality/ hygiene.
Table 6.3.2 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Food
Rank Ranks Value
Ties 86
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.3 Performance of puja/rituals in temple/tourist site- (Satisfaction at Tirupati and

Haridwar)
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test results presented in the Table 6.3.3 related to satisfaction
of pilgrims with the Performance of puja/rituals in temple/tourist site at Tirupati and
Haridwar revealed that majority of the pilgrims (230) showed high level of satisfaction at
Tirupati than Haridwar, while few pilgrims (108) responded that their satisfaction level is
high in Haridwar compared to Tirupati and 114 pilgrims were equally satisfied at both
Tirupati and Haridwar regarding the Performance of puja/rituals in temple/tourist site. The
184
mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Haridwar is 116.39, whereas the mean rank of
satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati is 194.44. The results also revealed that there is
considerable amount of difference in the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
Haridwar with Z = 9.035, p = 0.000, < 0.01.
Table 6.3.3 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Performance of Puja/Rituals

Rank Ranks Value
Ties 114
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.4 The Trust of the Temple/Endowment Department Organizes/Manages the Temple

properly and belief that there will be accountability for whatever is offered- (in
Agreement with the statement with respect to Tirupati and Haridwar)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test results on the agreement of the pilgrims on the
question, that the trust of the temple/endowment department organizes/manages the temple
properly and believe that there will be an accountability for whatever we offer shows that
there is a considerable amount of difference in the agreement of the pilgrims at Tirupati and
Haridwar with Z = 9.425, p = 0.000, < 0.01. The mean rank of pilgrims in agreement to the
statement with respect to Haridwar is 163.79, whereas the mean rank of pilgrims in
agreement to the statement with respect to Tirupati is 198.50. The results also revealed that
the majority of the pilgrims (280) believes that there is proper management and organization
by the trust of the temple/ endowment department and there will be an accountability for
whatever the pilgrims offer in Tirupati than in Haridwar, while very few pilgrims (98) agreed
to the statement in favour of Haridwar than in Tirupati and 74 pilgrims were neutral.
Table 6.3.4 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Temple Management and Accountability for
the offerings
Rank Ranks Value
Agreement with Tirupati – Positive Ranks 280 198.50 55580
-9.425 0.000
Agreement with Haridwar Ties 74
Total 452
185
6.3.5 Availability of tourist guide and interpretation facilities at tourist sites(Satisfaction
at Tirupati and Haridwar)
To evaluate whether there is considerable amount of difference in the satisfaction

levels of pilgrims regarding the Trust of the temple/Endo Availability of tourist guide and
interpretation facilities at tourist sites in Tirupati and Haridwar, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test
was used and the results (Table 6.3.5) shows that there is a considerable amount of difference
in the satisfaction levels of pilgrims with Z = 3.133, p = 0.002, < 0.05. The average of the
ranks in favour of pilgrims’ satisfaction at Haridwar is 167.45, where as the average of the
ranks in favour of pilgrims’ satisfaction at Tirupati is 213.34. It is evident from the table that
out of 452 pilgrims, most of the pilgrims (238) were highly satisfied with the Trust of the
temple/EndoAvailability of tourist guide and interpretation facilities at tourist sites in
Haridwar compared to Tirupati, while 128 responded that their satisfaction level is high at
Tirupati than in Haridwar and 86 respondents were neutral with respect to satisfaction level at
both the places for this particular attribute.
Table 6.3.5 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Tourist Guide and interpretation Facilities
Availability- (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
Rank Ranks Value
Ties 86
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.6 Arrangements for safety and security - (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
The results presented in Table 6.3.6 revealed that the observed difference between the
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Haridwar
regarding the Arrangements for safety and security is insignificant, Z = 1.165, p = 0.244, >
0.05. The mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Haridwar is 176.34, whereas the mean rank
of satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati is 174.78. The results revealed that the pilgrims were
equally satisfied in both Tirupati and Haridwar with the arrangements for safety and security.
Table 6.3.6 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Safety and Security Arrangements
Details N Mean Sum of Z Signific
Rank Ranks ant
Value
Positive Ranks 188 174.78 32858 0.244
Level– Haridwar -1.165
Ties 102 (NS)
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
186
6.3.7 Transport facility (including local transport services) - (Satisfaction at Tirupati
and Haridwar)
The results presented in the Table 6.3.7 relating to satisfaction of pilgrims with
transportation facilities at Tirupati and Haridwar revealed that majority of the pilgrims (304)
expressed high level of satisfaction at Tirupati than Haridwar, while few pilgrims (70)
responded that their satisfaction level is high in Haridwar compared to Tirupati and 78
pilgrims were equally satisfied at both Tirupati and Haridwar regarding the transportation
facilities. The mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Haridwar is 170.53, whereas the mean
rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati is 191.41. The results also revealed that there is
considerable amount of difference in the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
Haridwar with Z = 11.188, p = 0.000, < 0.01.
Table 6.3.7 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Transport Facility
Details N Mean Sum of Z Signific
Rank Ranks ant
Value
Ties 78
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.8 Support/assistance rendered by local people- (Satisfaction at Tirupati and

Haridwar)
The results presented in the Table 6.3.8 relating to satisfaction of pilgrims with the
support/assistance rendered by local people at Tirupati and Haridwar revealed that majority
of the pilgrims (242) expressed high level of satisfaction at Haridwar than Tirupati, while few
pilgrims (106) responded that their satisfaction level is high in Tirupati compared to
Haridwar and 104 pilgrims were equally satisfied at both Tirupati and Haridwar regarding the
support/assistance rendered by local people. The mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at
Haridwar is 190.91, whereas the mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati is 137.03.
The results also revealed that there is considerable amount of difference in the satisfaction
levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar with Z = 8.579, p = 0.000, < 0.01.
Table 6.3.8 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Support/assistance from local people
Rank Ranks Value
Ties 104
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
187
6.3.9 Support rendered by temple authorities to pilgrims (such as free food and other
philanthropic activities) - (Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
From the results shown at Table 6.3.9, it is evident that among the 452 pilgrims,
majority of the pilgrims (314) revealed that they were highly satisfied in Tirupati than
Haridwar, further 64 pilgrims responded that their satisfaction level is high in Haridwar
compared to Tirupati while 74 pilgrims responded neutrally with respect to satisfaction level
for both Haridwar and Tirupati on the support rendered by temple authorities to pilgrims
(such as free food and other philanthropic activities). The mean rank of satisfaction of
pilgrims at Haridwar is 166.38, whereas the mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati
is 194.11. The results also revealed that there is good amount of difference in the satisfaction
levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar with Z = 12.036, p = 0.000, < 0.01.
Table 6.3.9 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Support rendered by temple authorities to
pilgrims
Rank Ranks Value
Ties 74
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.10 Availability of public utilities (drinking water, electricity, toilet facility, etc.,)-
(Satisfaction at Tirupati and Haridwar)
Table 6.3.10 displays the results of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test carried on satisfaction
levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar regarding the availability of public utilities. The
mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Haridwar is 178.30, whereas the mean rank of
satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati is 164.10. The results revealed that majority of the
pilgrims (254) were highly satisfied at Tirupati than Haridwar, while few pilgrims (80)
responded that their satisfaction level is high in Haridwar compared to Tirupati and 118
pilgrims were equally satisfied at both Tirupati and Haridwar regarding the availability of
public utilities. The results also revealed that there is considerable amount of difference in the
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar with Z = 7.985, P = 0.000, < 0.01.
Table 6.3.10 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Availability of Public Utilities
Rank Ranks Value
Ties 118
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
188
6.3.11 Availability of sufficient information on website- (Satisfaction at Tirupati and
Haridwar)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test results presented in the Table 6.3.11 revealed that the
observed difference between the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar
regarding the availability of sufficient information on website as insignificant with Z = 0.627,
P = 0.531, > 0.05. The mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Haridwar is 211.11, whereas
the mean rank of satisfaction of pilgrims at Tirupati is 217.77. The results revealed that the
pilgrims were equally satisfied in both Tirupati and Haridwar with the availability of
sufficient information on website.
Table 6.3.11 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test on Information Availability on Website
Rank Ranks Value
Positive Ranks 218 217.77 47473 0.531
Level– Haridwar -0.627
Ties 24 (NS)
Satisfaction Level
Total 452
6.3.12: Summary of the comparison of pilgrim satisfaction levels at Tirupati and

Haridwar (Consolidated Results of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test)
The comparative analysis of the pilgrim satisfaction levels with respect to the
pilgrims’ visits to Tirupati and Haridwar revealed a significant difference in the satisfaction
levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar except for two attributes viz., “availability of
sufficient information on website” and “arrangements for safety and security” where there
was no significant difference between the satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
Haridwar. In other words, the pilgrims were equally satisfied at both the places i.e., Tirupati
and Haridwar with regarding these two attributes. With respect to the remaining attributes, a
significant difference was noticed with respect to the satisfaction levels in the pilgrims. A
tabular presentation of the different attributes with respect to the level of satisfaction for
Tirupati and Haridwar separately is given below at Table 6.3.12.
Table 6.3.12: Comparison of Pilgrims Satisfaction levels at Tirupati and Haridwar

(Consolidated Results of Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test)
T H
S. Mean Sig.
Attributes S/A S/A Z-val Significance
N Diff. Val
Mean Mean
Satisfying/Agreed Attributes at Tirupati
Availability and quality of
accommodation in guest house,
1 3.531 2.672 0.859 -8.929 0.000 Significant
dharmashalas, hotels and lodges
(Satisfaction)
189
Performance of puja/rituals in
2 3.535 2.663 0.872 -9.035 0.000 Significant
temple/tourist site (Satisfaction)
The Trust of the Temple/
Endowment Department
Organizes/Manages the Temple
3 3.601 2.677 0.924 -9.425 0.000 Significant
Properly and Believe that there Will
be an Accountability for Whatever
We offer (in Agreement)
Transport facility (including local -
4 3.641 2.526 1.115 0.000 Significant
transport services) (Satisfaction) 11.188
Support rendered by temple
authorities to pilgrims (such as free -
5 3.491 2.278 1.213 0.000 Significant
food and other philanthropic 12.036
activities) (Satisfaction)
Availability of public utilities
6 (drinking water, electricity, toilet 3.716 2.854 0.862 -7.985 0.000 Significant
facility, etc.,) (Satisfaction)
Satisfying Attributes at Haridwar
Availability of Different Variety of
7 Food, Its Quality/Hygiene 3.061 3.398 -0.337 -3.058 0.002 Significant
(Satisfaction)
Trust of the temple/EndoAvailability
8 of tourist guide and interpretation 3.066 3.411 -0.345 -3.133 0.002 Significant
facilities at tourist sites(Satisfaction)
Support/Assistance rendered by local
9 2.858 3.557 -0.699 -8.579 0.000 Significant
people (Satisfaction)
Neutral Attributes
Arrangements for safety and
10 3.504 3.438 0.066 -1.165 0.244 Insignificant
security(Satisfaction)
Availability of sufficient information
11 3.513 3.469 0.044 -0.627 0.531 Insignificant
on website (Satisfaction)
Note: T S/A Mean = Tirupati Satisfying/Agreement Mean
H S/A Mean = Haridwar Satisfying/Agreement Mean
Tirupati Satisfying/Agreement Mean or Haridwar Satisfying/Agreement Mean for a

particular attribute or variable is arrived by averaging the scores given by respondents for that
particular attribute or variable in Tirupati/ Haridwar.
It is observed the attributes relating to transport, performance of puja, availability of

accommodation and other public utilities and agreement on the better management of the
temple and greater accountability in the presence of a trust/Endowment Department were
found to the most satisfying attributes in Tirupati. With respect to Haridwar, availability of
different variety of food and its quality/hygiene, tourist guide facilities, support by local
people were found to be most satisfying attributes.
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6.4 Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims at Haridwar and Tirupati
Multiple responses were taken separately for Haridwar and Tirupati Temples from the
452 respondents on the constraints faced by them while touring to these temples. Opinions of
452 pilgrims were taken in order to understand and ascertain the problems faced during their
visit.
Garrett’s ranking technique was employed to bring out the difficulties faced by the
pilgrims during their visit to Haridwar and Tirupati Temples and these constraints were
explained in terms of ranks and total mean (score) presented in Table 6.4.1 & 6.4.2. The
procedure employed for arriving at these tables is briefly explained below.
Ten constraints were identified based on the preliminary interview with the pilgrims.
The pilgrims were then asked to assign ranks amongst the 10 constraints interms of the order
of severity i.e., from the most severe to the least severe. That is, the respondents were
requested to give ranking to the factors in the descending order of severity. (Based on
personal judgment).
With the help of Garrett's table (given by Garrett and Woodworth in 1969), the
percentage position of each rank was converted into scores. For each of the constraints,
scores of all the respondents (who have given ranking) were added together, and the sum is
divided by total number of respondents for whom scores were added. Thus, mean score for
each constraint was arrived at. Later, the final ranking was made arranging them in the
descending order.
6.4.1 Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims in Haridwar

The Table-6.4.1 shows the mean scores and ranking of the problems faced by the
pilgrims in Haridwar. It is noted from the above analysis that most of the respondents were
faced with the problem of “Lack of spiritual atmosphere” which is ranked 'first' constraint
with an average score of 62.87. “Lack of coordination among departments related to
pilgrimage tourism” and “Illegal/ unauthorized collection of money for performance of rituals
in the pilgrimage centre” got second and third ranks with an average scores of 58.96 and
54.39 respectively. “Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities” with an average score
52.75 is ranked as fourth, “Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple premises” with
average score 51.30 is ranked fifth, followed by “Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place”
and “Poor quality of 'Prasadam'” which is ranked as sixth and seventh with an average scores
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of 49.13 and 47.95 respectively. “Theft and cheating” with an average score 41.71 is ranked
as eighth constraint faced by the pilgrims. The ninth and tenth constraints faced by the
pilgrims were “Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket” and “Long waiting time for
dharshanam” with an average scores of 36.77 and 36.22 respectively.
TABLE-6.4.1: Rank of the Constraints Faced by Pilgrims in Haridwar

S.NO Constraint factors Average scores Ranks
1 Theft and cheating 41.71 8
2 Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket 36.77 9
3 Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities 52.75 4
4 Poor quality of 'Prasadam' 47.95 7
Illegal/ unauthorized collection of money for 54.39 3
5 performance of rituals in the pilgrimage center
6 Long waiting time for dharshanam 36.22 10
Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple 51.30 5
7 premises
8 Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place 49.13 6
9 Lack of spiritual atmosphere 62.87 1
Lack of coordination among departments related to 58.96 2
10 pilgrimage tourism
Finally, the study revealed that, the top five major constraints experienced by the
pilgrims in Haridwar were, “Lack of spiritual atmosphere”, “Lack of coordination among
departments related to pilgrimage tourism”, “Illegal/ unauthorized collection of money for
performance of rituals in the pilgrimage centre”, “Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid'
facilities” and “Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple premises”.
6.4.2 Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims in Tirupati Temple

The Table-6.4.2 shows the list of the constraints faced by the pilgrims in Tirupati
Temple. It is seen that “Long waiting time for dharshanam” is considered as the major
constraint faced by the pilgrims in Tirupati which is ranked as 'first' with an average score of
63.67. The constraint “Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket” with an average score of
59.18 is ranked as second constraint. Further “Theft and cheating” and “Illegal/ unauthorized
collection of money for performance of rituals in the pilgrimage centre” got third and fourth
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ranks with an average scores of 57.48 and 54.42 respectively. The constraint “Lack of proper
medical and 'First-Aid' facilities” with an average score of 54.25 is ranked 'fifth', followed by
“Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place” and “Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of
temple premises” which ranked as sixth and seventh with average scores of 49.91 and 49.56
respectively. Further “Poor quality of 'Prasadam'” and “Lack of spiritual atmosphere” got
eight and ninth ranks with an average scores of 45.56 and 41.11 respectively. The constraint
“Lack of coordination among departments related to pilgrimage tourism” is ranked as tenth
with an average score of 32.76.
TABLE-6.4.2: Rank of the Constraints Faced by Pilgrims in Tirupati

S.NO Constraint factors Average scores Ranks
1 Theft and cheating 57.48 3
2 Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket 59.18 2
3 Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities 54.25 5
4 Poor quality of 'Prasadam' 45.06 8
Illegal/ unauthorized collection of money for 54.42 4
5 performance of rituals in the pilgrimage center
6 Long waiting time for dharshanam 63.67 1
Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple 49.56 7
7 premises
8 Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place 49.91 6
9 Lack of spiritual atmosphere 41.11 9
Lack of coordination among departments related to 32.76 10
10 pilgrimage tourism
Hence, from this study it can be concluded that “Long waiting time for
dharshanam”, “Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket”, “Theft and cheating”, “Illegal/
unauthorized collection of money for performance of rituals in the pilgrimage centre” and
“Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities” are the top five significant criteria’s
enlisted by the pilgrims towards the constraints faced by them in Tirupati temple.
6.4.3 Summary of Constraints Faced by the Pilgrims at Haridwar and Tirupati

For discussing the constraints faced by the pilgrims in Haridwar and Tirupati temples
Garrett Ranking technique was used. Garrett Ranking technique provides for preferential
ordering of the pilgrims’ problems.
193
Identifying the problems faced by the pilgrims will help in better decision making and
framing effective policies by the temple management. While analysing the problems faced by
the pilgrims in Haridwar, “Lack of spiritual atmosphere” was found to be the major constraint
faced by them followed by the constraint “Lack of coordination among departments related to
pilgrimage tourism”. The other constraints in the decreasing order of priority were “Illegal/
unauthorized collection of money for performance of rituals in the pilgrimage center”, “Lack
of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities”, “Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple
premises”, “Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place”, “Poor quality of 'Prasadam'”, “Theft
and cheating”, “Charged high fare on entry/darshan ticket” and “Long waiting time for
dharshanam”.
Similarly, an analysis of the problems faced by the pilgrims in Tirupati has revealed
that “Long waiting time for dharshanam” was the major constraint followed by the
constraint, “Charged high fare on entry/darshan ticket”. The other constraints in the
decreasing order of priority were “Theft and cheating”, “Illegal/ unauthorized collection of
money for performance of rituals in the pilgrimage centre”, “Lack of proper medical and
'First-Aid' facilities”, “Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place”, “Poor hygiene and poor
maintenance of temple premises”, “Poor quality of 'Prasadam'”, “Lack of spiritual
atmosphere”, and “Lack of coordination among departments related to pilgrimage tourism”.
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6.5 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Outcome
Status
S.No. HYPOTHESIS: (Based on statistical analysis of responses of
Accepted / Rejected
the pilgrims)
Ho1: There is no significant association between the socio- Almost all the socio economic characters had
economic profiles of the pilgrims and overall satisfaction in Rejected showed a significant relationship with overall
Haridwar. satisfaction by Chi-square values at 0.001
1 level, except 'age'. Also, majority of the
Ha1: There is a significant association between the socio-
pilgrims were dissatisfied to highly dissatisfied
economic profiles of the pilgrims and overall satisfaction in
Accepted with the overall facilities available in
Haridwar.
Haridwar.
Ho2: There is no significant association between the socio- All the socio economic characters had showed
economic profiles of the pilgrims and overall satisfaction in Rejected a significant relationship with overall
Tirupati. satisfaction by Chi-square values at 0.001
2 level. Most of the pilgrims were either satisfied
Ha2: There is a significant association between the socio-
or highly satisfied because of the overall
economic profiles of the pilgrims and overall satisfaction in Accepted facilities in Tirupati.
Tirupati.
Ho3.1: There is no statistically significant difference in the The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test has revealed
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for that there is a significant difference in the
the attribute "Availability and quality of accommodation in Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
guest house, dharmashalas, hotels and lodges". Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
3.1 the results that pilgrims showed high level of
Ha3.1: There is a statistically significant difference in the
satisfaction at Tirupati compared to Haridwar.
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for
the attribute "Availability and quality of accommodation in Accepted
guest house, dharmashalas, hotels and lodges".
3.2 the attribute "Availability of Different Variety of Food, Its Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
Quality/Hygiene". Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
195
Ha3.2: There is a statistically significant difference in the the results that pilgrims showed high level of
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for satisfaction at Haridwar compared to Tirupati.
the attribute "Availability of Different Variety of Food, Its Accepted
Quality/Hygiene".
the attribute "Performance of puja/rituals in temple/tourist Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
site". Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
the attribute "Performance of puja/rituals in temple/tourist Accepted
site".
the attribute "The Trust of the Temple/Endowment satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
Department Organizes/Manages the Temple properly and Rejected Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
believes that there will be accountability for whatever we the results that pilgrims showed high level of
offer". satisfaction at Tirupati compared to Haridwar.
3.4
the attribute "The Trust of the Temple/Endowment
Department Organizes/Manages the Temple properly and Accepted
believes that there will be accountability for whatever we
offer".
3.5 the attribute "Trust of the temple/EndoAvailability of tourist Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
guide and interpretation facilities at tourist sites". Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
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Ha3.5: There is a statistically significant difference in the the results that pilgrims showed high level of
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for satisfaction at Haridwar compared to Tirupati.
the attribute "Trust of the temple/EndoAvailability of tourist Accepted
guide and interpretation facilities at tourist sites".
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for Accepted that there is no significant difference in the
the attribute "Arrangements for safety and security". satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
3.6 Haridwar for this attribute. Pilgrims responded
that they were equally satisfied at both Tirupati
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for Rejected and Haridwar.
the attribute "Arrangements for safety and security".
the attribute "Transport facility (including local transport Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
services)". Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
the attribute "Transport facility (including local transport Accepted
services)".
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for Rejected that there is a significant difference in the
the attribute "Support/Assistance rendered by local people". satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
3.8 Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
the results that pilgrims showed high level of
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for Accepted satisfaction at Haridwar compared to Tirupati.
the attribute "Support/Assistance rendered by local people".
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the attribute "Support rendered by temple authorities to Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
pilgrims (such as free food and other philanthropic Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
activities)". the results that pilgrims showed high level of
3.9 satisfaction at Tirupati compared to Haridwar.
the attribute "Support rendered by temple authorities to Accepted
pilgrims (such as free food and other philanthropic
activities)".
the attribute "Availability of public utilities (drinking water, Rejected satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
electricity, toilet facility, etc.,)". Haridwar for this attribute. It is evident from
the attribute "Availability of public utilities (drinking water, Accepted
electricity, toilet facility, etc.,)".
satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and Haridwar for that there is no significant difference in the
the attribute "Availability of sufficient information on Accepted satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Tirupati and
website". Haridwar for this attribute. Pilgrims responded
3.11 that they were equally satisfied at both Tirupati
and Haridwar.
the attribute "Availability of sufficient information on Rejected
website".
Table 6.5: Hypothesis testing based on statistical tests
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6.6 Interview with Temple Authorities and Policy Makers
On analysis of the responses of the tourists with respect to the satisfaction level on various
attributes and the problems faced by the pilgrims during their visit to Tirupati and Haridwar, it was
observed that the pilgrims derived more satisfaction in Tirupati with respect to majority of the
attributes and majority of the tourists were also in agreement to the statement that the trust of the
temple/endowment department organizes/manages the temple properly and that there will be an
accountability for whatever they offer. These satisfying attributes and the observation by the pilgrims
about the importance of trust of the temple/Endowment Department for temple management
motivated the researcher to inquire with the temple authorities and also the policy makers of both the
states for gaining deeper insights. The researcher interviewed 100 temple officials and also policy
makers who are in the Government managing tourism and religious tourism in both the States. The
researcher has elicited the responses through a questionnaire which is placed at the Annexure-III and
the responses were recorded. The responses obtained from the temple officials and policy makers on
the questionnaire are presented below.
6.6.1 Problems affecting the religious tourism industry

With respect to the problems affecting the religious tourism industry in Andhra Pradesh, most
of the respondents have informed that there are no major problems as such to be addressed. However,
5% of them have raised concerns about propagation of other religions in Tirumala - Tirupati area.
In Uttarakhand state, the respondents have mentioned about the issues related to
transportation, availability of proper accommodation, poor/non-availability of local guides and lack of
inter- departmental coordination. The respondents have also opined that religious tourism is not being
considered as an important segment of tourism sector, though it is the major form of tourism in
Uttarakhand State. The respondents have also expressed lack of government support in promoting
religious tourism and also minimal government control in temple administration/ management. They
expressed that the pilgrims are looted by private players as per the demand under the prevailing
situations. Lack of proper crowd management during the important religious events like the
internationally renowned ‘Kumbh Mela’ was also highlighted by the respondents. Most of the
respondents have expressed that the facilities for religious tourism are inadequate in Uttarakhand
State.
199
6.6.2 Performance of Tourism development agencies in Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand
While respect to the opinion about the performance of Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development
Corporation (APTDC), almost all the respondents have expressed that they are greatly satisfied. They
have stated that Andhra Pradesh has good network of APTDC offices in all the major pilgrimage
centres which is catering to the requirements of the pilgrims by creating accommodation facilities as
well as guided tours in all major tourist circuits. However, few respondents (10%) have stressed on
the need to improve the quality of the accommodation at the APTDC lodges/guest houses.
Regarding the performance of Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board, most of the

respondents (80%) have informed that the Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board is having a
limited coverage in the State and felt the need for further establishment of offices in all the major
religious centres in the State. They expressed that the guest houses of the Tourism Development
Board are limited in number and were available in very few pockets in the entire State. They also felt
that the quality of accommodation is also not up to the standard. They suggested that there is a need
for establishing a Help Desk run by the Tourism Development Board in all the major pilgrim centres.
6.6.3 Performance of top level management of the temple

Almost all the respondents have acknowledged the presence of the full-fledged administrative
setup of TTD for Tirumala Temple Management in Andhra Pradesh. The respondents have expressed
that due to this exclusive administrative body for temple management, there is total accountability and
transparency in temple administration thereby facilitating in rendering of better services to the
pilgrims. They also expressed that since the establishment of the TTD, the revenue generation by the
temple has also increased many folds due to which the temple is taking up numerous religious,
cultural and philanthropic activities not only in Tirumala but all around the State as well as in many
parts of the Country. They also stated that the availability of an administrative set up has also helped
the authorities in timely redressal of grievances and problems faced by the pilgrims during the temple
visits.
In Uttarakhand State, the respondents expressed that the involvement of Government in temple
management is limited and they also said that there is no exclusive Endowments Department in the
State to take care of the maintenance and administration of the temples. Some of the respondents
expressed that in the absence of Government administered body, the funds belonging to the temple
may be mis-utilised and could not be properly channelized for developmental activities.
200
6.6.4 Master Plan for promotion of Religious Tourism
Regarding the Master Plan for promotion of Religious Tourism, the respondents have
expressed that there is a Master plan in place for Tirumala temple and all the execution is done
according to the clearly laid out plan and the finances allocated for the plan in the Annual General
Body Meetings of TTD Board. With respect to Uttarakhand, the respondents have expressed that
except for Kumbh Mela, Master Plan for promotion of tourism is not being laid out. They strongly
advocated that a well laid out plan is the need of hour for effective crowd management, financial
planning and for exploring the full potential of tourism sector in the State.
6.6.5 Role of Government in development of religious tourism

With respect to Andhra Pradesh, the respondents have expressed that the State Government
has established all the systems for temple management in Tirupati as well as in other temples of
Andhra Pradesh. They also informed that all major temples in Andhra Pradesh has a Government
representative named Executive Officer (EO) who is a Government servant working under the
Endowments Department of the State.
While coming to Uttarakhand, the respondents have expressed that there is a need for the
Government to take part in management of temple administration. They opined that creating a full-
fledged administrative set-up run by the State Government could also help in increasing transparency
thereby leading to better revenue generation. Though the respondents expressed the need for having
government intervention in temple management, they opined that the Government need not take over
the management of temples totally. They also stated that the 'Kavad' Mela could be better conducted,
if Government has a greater role.
6.6.6 Inclusion of Local bodies and Private Sector in promoting Religious Tourism
In response to the inclusion of local bodies and Private Sector in promoting Religious
Tourism, the respondents informed that the TTD is taking care of all the requirements of the tourists
in Tirupati and expressed satisfaction over the functioning of TTD. They also said that the TTD is
taking care of infrastructure development, running of the hospitals, free food provision to the pilgrims
and thus expressed that there is not part to be played by the Private Sector in promoting religious
tourism at Tirumala.
201
With respect to Uttarakhand, the respondents felt the need for the involvement of the local
bodies as well as Private Sector, in taking part along with the Government, for promoting Religious
Tourism. They said that since the Uttarakhand State is newly formed and needs further development,
the involvement of the local bodies and the Private Sector would immediately address certain lacunae
and give a boost to the religious tourism sector. In this regard, they suggested that the services like
transport, local guidance, hosting of cultural events, crafts-mela etc., could be taken up by the Private
Sector by involving local community. However, they stressed the role of the Government in creating
accommodation, first aid and other basic amenities to the pilgrims since the area is seismic-sensitive
and prone to frequent landslidesand hence requires quality accommodation.
6.6.7 Coordinated approach of related departments for promoting Religious Tourism

While eliciting of the opinion on the need for a coordinated approach of all related
departments for promoting religious tourism, the respondents felt that a coordinated approach is
always required in both the States which may be spear headed by the Government / any agency
authorised by the Government for affective promotion of Religious Tourism.
6.6.8 Role of festival calendar of temple in promoting and attracting pilgrims

On the role of festival calendar in promoting and attracting pilgrims, the respondents
acknowledged that framing a festival calendar and publishing the same through various media and
posting in Government tourism websites would not only help in attracting more pilgrims and promote
growth of religious tourism but also for having better planning and execution of the festivities.
6.7 Comparative case studies of Tirupati and Haridwar

The researcher has tried to analyse the objectives of this research study primarily through
statistical analysis of the responses obtained from the pilgrims who visited the temples of Tirupati and
Haridwar. Further, the information was also obtained through a questionnaire survey of the temple
authorities, concerned policy makers of Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand States. Through the analysis
of this primary data, the researcher was able to test the hypothesis and arrive at certain conclusions in
this research study. The researcher also referred to the available information in the websites,
publications, official notifications etc. to examine the present situation of temple administration in
Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand. To further corroborate these findings, the researcher has attempted
to take up a comparative case study of the temple administration in Tirupati and Haridwar temples.
202
As part of these case studies, the researcher has dealt in detail in the the functioning of TTD in
extending all kinds of services to general public. The underlying concept of "service to mankind is
servive to God" is behind the initiatives of TTD. The religion of the beneficiary of the services
doesnot matter, here. This might increase the confidence of pilgrim visiting the shrine, there by
impacting the satisfaction level.
Similarly, the researcher has also examined the existing temple administrative set up in the
state of Uttarakhand through the analysis of the UCDDMA to further dwelve into the issues faced in
temple administration in Uttarakhand. The researcher has also elicited the opinion of the Meladhikari
of Kumbh Mela to gain first hand information on the administration of the major religious event in the
State.
6.7.1 A note on various 'Social Services' rendered by TTD
TTD has been richly contributing in numerous service activities in many spheres including
Education, Medicine, welfare of the disabled, e.t.c., TTD has been in the service of disadvantaged
people, it is also serving the Physically Challenged and Economically Backward sections of the
Society. Rehabilitation of orphans, mentally challenged people is also taken up by TTD.
Any person might be wondering as to why any religious institution should perform social
service activities. If we understand the different kinds of service activities taken up by TTD, and
understand why TTD does involve itself for the cause of disadvantaged sections, there can some
clarity.
6.7.1.1 Udayasthama Seva

TTD is one of the richest Hindu Temples conglomerate in the world. TTD on an average day
earns nearly 3 crores of rupees through hundi offerings and donations. Nearly 40 employees of TTD
employed to count the currency notes, coins, gold and other valuables. It is of great interest to know
about what happens to the donations and offerings. An answer to this is that huge amounts are used in
social service activities of TTD, the details of which (though not exhaustive) are given in 6.7.1.2 and
6.7.1.3.
A small example in the recent times (November, 2021) will clearly define the role of Charity
in TTD. It will also clarify the standard of trust (TTD) in pooling of funds for social cause. This will
certainly help us understand how religion can be used to do good to the society.
203
 TTD wanted to construct a world class paediatric hospital to provide free medical treatment to
children and infants who belong to economically weaker (poor) families. This multi-disciplinary
paediatric hospital needs huge funds, (more than 500 crores of rupees) which TTD has decided to
pool through donations from pilgrims and philanthropists. TTD has come up with one Seva called
Udayasthamana Seva, in which the donor (devotee) along with his 5 other family members can
take part in all sevas at Tirumala Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple in one single day in one
calendar year. The Seva ticket for Udayasthamana Seva is priced at Rs.1 crore on all days and
Rs.1.5 crore on Friday. TTD wants to raise 550 crores of rupees through the 531 Udayasthamana
Seva Tickets. The highlight is, there will be only one ticket per day.
 It can be clearly seen that from the above example (Seva) that TTD has decided to reciprocate in
kind to the donor devotees to establish a hospital which shall be beneficial to the society at large in
future.
 This example also shows that a properly run trust (based on the sound financial principles) can
make a greater impact in the society. Hence, the social service activities of a religious trust with
the motto of service to a man kind is thus note worthy.
6.7.1.2 Social Service Activities

A) Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled (BIRRD)
BIRRD has been providing treatment to the Poor who are suffering from various anamolies
and who need urgent medical attention. Poor and needy patients suffering from diseases like Polio,
Congenital anomalies, Spinal Injuries and orthopedically handicapped are taken care of in the trust.
BIRRD has a spacious hospital with 250 beds, and it has modern Artificial Limb fitting Centre and
also sophisticated Physiotherapy Department also.
B) Sri Venkateswara Poor Home:

The Poor Home has set with an aim of treating Leprosy patients, who are basically poor. TTD
has set up a unit by name Leprosy Rehabilitation Promotional Unit (LRPU) at Tirupati with the
financial support from Union Government. LRPU caters to the surgery and artificial prosthetic
support to Leprosy patients. The patients are given occupation therapy which helps for their
rehabilitation.
204
C) Venkateswara Bala Mandir:
This is a charitable Institution and caters to the needs of poor and destittude children; Orphan
children are admitted in this institution. Their nutritional needs are properly addressed. The aim is to
see that orphans should not suffer hunger. They (orphans) are also provided a chance / opportunity to
get educated so that rehabilitation becomes easy. Thus good citizenship is promoted.
D) Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS):

TTD has launched a sophisticated Super Specialty centre to provide Medical facilities to the
poor and needy people on the lines of AIIMS, New Delhi and JIPMER, Pondicherry. The well being
of Poor and disabled people and to provide from top to bottom level availability of sophisticated
medical treatment at much cheaper rates is the motto of SVIMS, Tirupati.
E) Sri Venkateswara School for Deaf:

The Venkateswara School established with an aim to training the deaf children with free
boarding and lodging facility. The school provides placement and guide the children to become
independent individuals in the society.
F) Sri Venkateswara Training Centre for the Handicapped:

The Training Centre imparts vocational training to orthopedically and visually challenged
people. Also, the hearing impaired people are assisted; all these persons with disabilities are shown
the employment opportunities and necessary training is given to them so that they can be self-reliant.
G) Haritha Project (Conservation of Water and Forests):

The Project was started with a aim to conserve ground water resources in Tirumala. TTD has
developed different activities based on the satellite images of the Forest Department. TTD is also
playing its role in conservation of water. Contour Trenches, Checkdams and Percolation tanks have
been constructed to prevent the rain water draining from Seshachala Hills. It is observed that there has
been a great improvement in the water table because of Peripheral trenches and Check dams, Rock fill
dams. They certainly have contributed for the raise in the ground water level. Apart from that Planting
of Seedlings is also taken up in a big way under this project, nearly 65 Lakh different seedlings and 40
tones of seeds have been planted under the Haritha Project. Another aim of the project is the
Development of areas adjoining the Holy Tirthas. Approximately 20,000 Samplings and avenue
plantation has been taken up under this Project.
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6.7.1.3 Trusts of Social Importance
There are many trusts run by TTD like BIRRD Trust. These trusts have come up over a period
of time and TTD is entering into those areas where the pilgrims and donors contribute. The underlying
philosophy in the social service activities is "manava seva ye madhava seva", which literally means
the service given to mankind is nothing but service performed to God. TTD has taken the lead and
established numerous trusts. As TTD itself is involved, the donors and pilgrims have come up in large
numbers and are contributing for social welfare. Thus, a religious institution has become a service
organisation also. The brief details of the trusts and their activities are given below.
A. Sri Venkateswara Pranadanam Scheme

SVIMS is funded by TTD and it provides lifesaving and high-quality treatment for many
patients, who are under the BPL category. (BPL= below poverty line). The consultation and other
forms of treatment are at reduced or entirely free of cost. The BIRRD Trust is a charitable Trust
launched by TTD with an aim to provide good medical facilities to the poor and needy with zero cost.
Research in the areas of life threatening specific diseases is also taken up. Note worthy developments
in the spheres like cardiac, renal, cancer, urology e.t.c., have taken place in the recent past. It is to be
note that the patients of all castes, creed/ religion are trated under the scheme.
Genesis of the Scheme

 The noble Pranadanam scheme launched with an objective of providing treatment to all people
with a wide array of specialist doctors.
 Poor patients, those who could not afford to pay high medical treatment expenses for life
threatening diseases like Cancer, Cardiac, Kidney, Neuro- Surgery etc.
 The trust is providing free basic medical amenities like Blood Banks, Artificial Limbs,
Physiotherepy, Tools and Implants and pioneering Research & Development activities towards
Chronic Renal Failure, Hemophilia, Thalassaemia and Cancer diseases.
Selection procedure under the Scheme

 The patients possessing white ration card and coming under nation poverty line are identified
and after taking preliminary examination they are advised to avail free treatment under this
scheme.
The base fund of Pranadanam Trust was established by TTD. TTD has rising funds from
donors for sustaining the programme in perpetuity. The donors are given tax benefits also.
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SVIMS introduced a new scheme called Sri Balaji Arogya Vara Prasadini Scheme (SBAVPS)
to available latest Medical Technology to every poor and disabled people at affordable rates.
Accomplishments of SVIMS & SBAVP Donations

SVIMS, Tirupati was established under the aegis of TTD to bring most advance Technology
for alleviation of ailments and mitigation of human sufferings. It provides free medical care for the
poor and needy people, who were covered under Public Financing System. 12,000 adults and children
undergone for life saving procedures at free of cost under TTD supported “Pranadanam Scheme”. The
Institute offers 45 different Under Graduate and Post Graduate courses in allied Health Sciences. It is
approved on permanent basis to receive donations under Income Tax Act, and donors can get Income
Tax exemption as well as provided special privilege Darshan of Lord Sri Venkateswara during their
visit to Tirumala.
B. Sri Venkateswara Vidyadana

The Sri Venkateswara Vidyadana Trust will generally sanction 1000 scholarships to the
meritorious poor and needy students who fall below poverty line to pursue their higher studies every
year. The contribution for the scheme starts from Rs.1000/-, and any donor/ pilgrim may contribute
any amount higher than Rs.1000.
C. Sri Venkateswara Sankara Netralaya Trust

Sri Venkateswara Sankara Netralaya Trust was set up to provide necessary funds for the
treatment of eye-disease suffering patients. Any pilgrim/ any person can contribute any amount of
money to the trust. It has been decided that TTD will also invest an amount equal to each donation (as
a matching grant) collected by the trust to make Netralaya Trust self-sufficient.
D. Sri Venkateswara Annaprasadam Trust

Every human being needs food. Every day 2 lakh devotees availing free Annaprasadam at
Vengamamba Nitya Annaprasada complex. TTD provides food packets to Queue line pilgrims and
free food to the pedestrian pilgrims. Annaprasadam being performed throughout the year with the
magnanimous donations received from donors and also from e-donations. Vegetables are received in
the form of Vegetable donation.
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E. Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Trust
Protection of Cow is the main aim of theis trust. The trust emphasizes the importance of Cow
in economic growth perspective also. Hindus have a special attachment to Cow and regard that as
Godly creature. Cow is regarded as the greatest blessing to the human beings, and is called Go-mata
(mother). To maintain the bovine population and to improving the living conditions of Cows TTD
proposes to create one modern Goshala at Tirupati. The Sri Venkateswara Dairy form supplies dairy
products like milk, curd, ghee to all TTD temples to perform rituals, Abhisekham etc., in TTD and
also to the TTD service institutions.
F. Sri Venkateswara Balamandir Trust

To serve the Orphans, destitute and disadvantage children TTD has setup Sri Venkateswara
Balamandir in Tirupati with a motto of “serving to the Lord by serving Humanity”. The orphan boys
and girls are admitted in this institution. The orphan children are given free education up to Post-
graduation level and provided free accommodation facilities to live their own life happily.
G. Sri Venkateswara Preservation Trust

Temples are the symbols of great Indian culture and Sanathana Dharma. Temples have
sculptures, paintings and other art forms. Temples also act as the centres of Vedic Culture. And
hence, there is a need to renovate and preserve the dilapidated temples for universal welfare. It is
uphill task for an individual to renovate such temples. TTD launched this trust to accomplish the
preservation of temples.
H. Sri Venkateswara Veda Parirakshana Trust

The Vedas, which contains codes of righteous conduct and spiritual revelation are the treasure-
trove of Sanathana Dharma and Tradition.
The main objectives are:
 To bring to light of Vedic knowledge, which is considered as a heritage of all human beings.
 The propagation of valuable knowledge of Vedas and enlighten the people to lead peaceful
and co-operative life as socially responsible members of the global social environment.
 Translation of Vedic texts in all languages and maintaining appropriate data base along with
Audio-Visual records to ensure perpetuity and uninterrupted availability of Vedas for present
and future generation.
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6.7.2 Case study regarding Uttarakhand Char-Dham Devasthanam Management Act
(UCDDMA), 2019
As given in the Chapter 5.6, UCDDMA has come to force from January 2020. This was
challenged in the High Court in the form of a Public Interest Litigation (PIL). The Uttarakhand High
Court has dismissed the PIL and has pronounced a judgement in July 2020. The present case study is
regarding the provisions of the Act and the observations made by the High court in this land mark
judgement.
6.7.2.1 Salient features of the Act

The most important provisions of the UCDDMA are given below. They clearly show that the
Government is of the opinion that pilgrims can be better served through an administrative set up in the
form of a Board.
A) The Board will frame various policies, and will act as a body to take decisions on all matters, to
formulate budget and to sanction expenditure for management of affairs of all the 54 temples under
its jurisdiction. CEO (Chief Executive officer) will be the overall in-charge of all the administration
of the temples.
B) The Board shall make policies regarding all the movable and immovable assets of the temples for
their custody and management. This includes all the jewellery and other properties vested in the
temples also.
C) For each of these temples / religious institutions, registers shall be maintained. There shall be
annual verification of registers also. Inspection of property and documents can be done at any time.
D) The properties that belong to these temples are deemed to be transferred to the Board and all the
assets and all liabilities of these temples henceforth will be the Board's responsibility.
E) Board can further acquire land or any other property, in or around the religious place (and any
other places also), if the Board thinks it is necessary for the development of any Devasthanam.
F) The manner in which Priests, Trustees and Rawals are appointed is clearly laid out. The CEO may
resort to actions like suspension, removal or dismissal of the trustees, or a priest etc., if required.
Provisions for disqualification of Trustees, Rawals, Priests etc., are also clearly laid out.
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G) A Fund which shall be called 'Uttarakhand Char-Dham Fund' will be created, which shall be
managed/ administered by the CEO.
H) There shall be installation of Hundi. The offerings/ donations by the pilgrims visiting the temple
will be put in the Hundi. The operation of Hundi will be the sole responsibility of CEO. A part of
the collection has to be credited to the Uttarakhand Char-Dham Fund. There shall be no
interference by any unauthorised person regarding the Hundi installed in the Temple.
I) Accounts of receipts and expenditure shall be maintained. The procedure, in which the accounts are
to be maintained, will be specified by the CEO. These accounts will be subject to peroiodical audit
as decided by CEO.
J) Board also determins the pay, and allowances of all the people involved in the system that comes up
as a result of framing this Board. The Char Dham Fund which is created for this purpose will be
used to pay the people involved.
6.7.2.2 Judgement of High Court regarding UCDDMA

The important observations of the HighCourt in its judgement regarding UCDDMA are
presented below:
A) The Uttarakhand High court noted that the entrusting of management of Hindu temples to a Board
is not being done for the first time. There are world famous religious institutions, being managed
by Boards; the Court also cited the examples of Guruvayoor temple in Kerala, Shri Jagannath
Temple at Puri, Kashi Vishwanath temple at Banaras, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi temple,
Mahakaleshwar temple at Ujjain, Somnath temple, Shri Shirdi Sai Baba temple,
RamanathaSwamy temple, etc., which are the control of committees constituted under various
State Government Acts.
B) The High Court recollected the fact that the Uttar Pradesh Badrinath-Kedarnath Temples Act of
1939, was made (at that time) to arrest the mismanagement of temples.
C) The mismanagement of funds in case of Gangotridham temple is clearly spelt out in the present
judgment. The court maintained that though there may be no complaint of misutilisation of funds
till date, but a closer look into the provisions of by-laws of the society made by the Five Mandir
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Samithi, Gangotri Dham (which they have registered themselves into a society in 2002), will
clarify about the mis-utilization.
D) The court found out that the by-laws clearly indicate that the income which is left out after
deducting the expenditure incurred shall be distributed among the Brahmin community of
Mukhwa.
E) The provisions in the by-laws state that 30% of the donations and offerings in the temples should
be taken by the priests working in Gangotri Dham; remaining 70% of the offerings and donations
will be calculated as the income of the temple. The entire expenditure shall be deducted and the
remaining amount shall be distributed amongst the community members. The High Court strongly
commented that this is a clear case of mis-utilisation of funds of a public temple.
F) High Court also examined the contention regarding the violation of Fundamental Right guaranteed
under Article 26 (d) and has finally declared that no Fundamental Right is violated for anyone.
G) The High Court observed that there is no unconstitutionality in Act. The PIL on the Act contested
that the Articles 14, 25, 26 and 31-A of the constitution are violated; the Court has deliberated on
each of these and finally concluded that the said Articles are not violated.
H) It also noted that the State Government is not doing any wrong by putting in place an institutional
mechanism like Devasthanams Management Board, through which various facilities and amenities
can be provided to the pilgrims. The Court also opined that the State Government has all power to
regulate the secular activities of temples.
I) High Court has noted that according to Section 15 of the UCDDMA Act, giving the power of
controlling the secular activities of temples to CEO (Chief Executive Officer) is not any violation
of any constitutional provision; High Court clearly mentioned that Article 26 of the Constitution
will not be violated (as contested in the PIL).
J) Sections 17, 17(1), 17(2) provides for a transparent mechanism in which registers are prepared and
maintained by the CEO for each of the temples. This information is to be kept in public domain
also. Section 32, 32(3), 32(4) relates to the creation of Char-Dham Fund and maintenance of
accounts related to the Char-Dham Fund. According to the High Court, the UCDDMA 2019 Act
contains a lot of safeguards to ensure transparency.
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K) The High Court also opined that no provisions in the UCDDMA Act interfere with religious
activities of the temples. Installation of hundi(s) in the temples, and the denial of any share to the
priests from the hundi do not tantamount to interference in the religious matters.
L) The CEO is made responsible for overall area development activities like providing sanitation
facilities, providing medical services, ensuring good boarding and lodging facilities, arranging
transportation and communication facilities. This should be a welcome measure, as these facilities
are for common good.
M) The UCDDMA Act clearly states that the assets of the deities of Chardham temples shall remain
as they were earlier. The Board now will only manage and administer properties. This should not
be seen as taking over by the State Government.
Thus the court opined that the objective of the 2019 Act is for rejuvenation of various temples,
and the competence of State is very much there, in framing such a law. The Government of
Uttarakhand has all rights to manage the Board.
6.7.3 Views of Meladhikari of Kumbh Mela

Experience of Meladhikari of Khumb Mela (2010) in the words of Mela Officer is given as an
annexure, for better understanding of conducting the Khumb Mela, from the point of view of
Administrator. This is being provided here to highlight the importance of coordination work to be
performed. The officer has to set his own targets, lay out the plans and function on his own. Though
there is every support from the Government, the absence of a department like Endowments
Department can be noticed, easily. The officer could manage nearly 8 crore pilgrims, and has
conducted numerous meetings, to make the event a grand success.
The experience of the officer explains how complex is the job of managing crores of pilgrims.
Needless to describe about the satisfaction that officer must have derived out of managing this
massive feat, the experience of spirituality of pilgrims who participated in the Kumbh Mela can never
be quantified by whatever means. According to him, one should only feel proud that such a divine
thing happened (is possible in and only) in our Country.
A detailed account of how Kumbh Mela was conducted in 2010 is (given in his own words)
placed at Annexure VIII.
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CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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7 Conclusion and Recommendations
7.1 Summary of the research study
7.1.1 Inferences from the statistical tests
7.1.2 Inferences from responses of temple authorities/ policy makers
7.1.3 Inferences from Case Studies
7.2 Conclusions
7.3 Suggestions/ Recommendations
7.3.1 Suggestions pertaining to both the states i.e., Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand
7.3.2 Suggestions to the state of Uttarakhand
7.3.3 Recommendations to the Andhra Pradesh Government
7.4 Future Scope to extend the study
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
India has a rich cultural heritage and religious diversity. Indian religion has a great impact on
shaping the culture, rituals, and traditions of the country. India is an abode of various shrines, ancient
temples and is a pilgrimage destination. There is a wide scope for Government to harness religious
tourism as one of the major sources of income. The governing bodies should design policies for
creation of spiritual and peaceful environment in the temple sites and areas of pilgrimage for attracting
pilgrims through making the experience of their visit a memorable thing.
Religious tourism should enhance the satisfaction among the followers and should provide
unique experience to the pilgrims. In this research, an attempt was made to compare the religious
experience of tourists visiting temples in Tirupati and Haridwar, by obtaining the opinions of sample
population and empirical measurement and analysis of data. During the research, the satisfaction of
pilgrims with respect to the hotel accommodation facilities, safety, transport facility, public utilities,
access to information, comfort, food availability, medical and first aid facilities, Darshan, performance
of rituals, maintenance and hygiene in the temple sites of the two places Tirupati and Haridwar was
studied.
7.1 Summary of the research study

The research is majorly focused on development of these religious places. The scope for
creation of a proper governing body which could facilitate the amelioration of the problems and
encumbrances was studied. Tourism occupies a very distinct and special place in human beings life
for refreshment and serves as a vent from drudgery of life. Pilgrimage is a type of tourism to spiritual
destinations. Tourism and pilgrimage overlap when the tourists travel to such temple sites. The
experience of such religious tourism would become enriching and delightful, if proper facilities are
provided in the sites. The overall development of the temple site in all facets would attract tourists
nationally and internationally and will become a major source of revenue. Visit to such temple sites
should give tourists an everlasting sense, spiritual experience and inspiration for many years to come
and become unforgettable for them throughout their life.
Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh and Haridwar in Uttarakhand are renowned Hindu pilgrimage sites
attracting large number of tourists, Tirupati temple attained international prominence and is competing
with the world renowned religious site, Vatican City in terms of revenue generation. The effort of the
research is to emulate the model of the Tirupati Devasthanam for the improvement of the Haridwar
region and for evolution of an efficient system.
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7.1.1 Inferences from the statistical tests
The researcher intends to present the inferences derived from the findings, keeping in mind the
main purpose of the survey.In the survey that was conducted online, a total number of 624
respondents have given their responses, out of which it was found that only 452 people have visited
both the religious places. The rest of them visited only one of these places. Hence, statistical tests
were conducted on only 452 responses. For comparison of overall satisfaction Chi-square test was
employed. For assessing the satisfaction level with respect to 11 attributes (as given in Questionnaire)
Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used. The Garrett Ranking technique was used to identify the
problems faced by pilgrims.
In this research study, responses of 624 tourists were drawn in the unbiased online mode and
the data collected from tourists who visited both the temples of Tirupati and Haridwar were
thoroughly analysed using the statistical tools to identify the pros and cons in both the sites, compare
both the working models and decipher the solutions for the problems. The data was taken from the
sample group of 452 tourists from all walks of life and the sample served as a representative micro-
model of society covering all possible socio-economic profiles. The sample covered tourists of male /
female genders and different age groups, education status, occupation, income levels and marital
status. The attributes of the respondents such as socio-personal and economic aspects and their
observation, inclination and fulfillment for visiting the temple sites are considered and the empirical
data so obtained, is evaluated using statistical analysis methods.
Statistical technique, Chi-square test was employed to elucidate the relationship between the
socio-personal characters and overall satisfaction levels. On comprehensive analysis of the data, it
was found that socio – personal and economic characteristics are having significant influence on
overall satisfaction of the travelers.
The respondents in the research study expressed higher satisfaction after the visit to Tirupati
temple than Haridwar temple. The respondents who were in the age group of 21-35 years expressed
significantly higher satisfaction over the visit to Tirupati temple than Haridwar temple and this aspect
has to be taken into account, as the sample size of 21-35 years’ age around 51% of the total sample
size. The married respondents are 69.91% of the total sample size and the opinion of married
respondents is positive towards the visit to Tirupati temple. The sample size of higher education
(Degree and above) respondents is 65.93% of the total sample and they have expressed significantly
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higher satisfaction on their visit to Tirupati temple then Haridwar temple. The respondents,
irrespective of their income status have expressed satisfaction over the experience of their visit to
Tirupati temple than Haridwar.
A comprehensive analysis of the research data findings depicts that 106 respondents (23.45%)
are highly satisfied, 140 respondents (30.97%) are satisfied, 96 respondents (21.24%) showed neutral
response, 60 respondents (13.28%) are dissatisfied and 50 respondents (11.06%) are highly
dissatisfied towards the visit of Tirupati temple. It can be thus inferred that 246 respondents (54.42%)
are satisfied and 110 respondents (24.34%) are dissatisfied with the visit to Tirupati.
With respect to their visit to Haridwar, 56 respondents (12.40%) are highly satisfied, 98
respondents (21.68%) are satisfied, 154 respondents (34.07%) are dissatisfied and 84 respondents
(18.58%) are highly dissatisfied towards the visit of Haridwar temple. On the whole, 154 respondents
(34.08%) are satisfied and 238 respondents (52.65%) are dissatisfied with the visit to Haridwar.
The difference in satisfaction levels of pilgrims at Haridwar and Tirupati temples is done by
using statistical tool, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and attributes having significant difference was
identified. The results of the test have provided the information on attributes that yielded higher
pilgrim satisfaction and few attributes of Haridwar temple also have attracted higher level of pilgrim
satisfaction. The pilgrims expressed utmost satisfaction on the facilities at TTD than Haridwar region
with respect to availability of accommodation facilities, performance of rituals, systematic
management of temple, provision of free food and availability of public utilities.
It is clearly observed from the statistical analysis of the results obtained from 452 pilgrims,
who have visited both the places, that pilgrims visiting Tirupati have shown greater amount of
satisfaction than Haridwar.
From this study, it may be noticed that there is an exigency for the improvement of the
facilities provided at Haridwar in order to attract more pilgrims and to see that pilgrims derive more
spiritual satisfaction.
One of the objectives of this research is to identify the major problems faced by pilgrims at
Haridwar and also at Tirupati. The constraints faced by the respondents in both the temple sites are
grouped and Garrett Ranking technique mode of statistical analysis was utilized to analyse the data. In
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Haridwar, the major constraint identified is “Lack of spiritual atmosphere” and in Tirupati the said
constraint is not a problem. In Tirupati “Long waiting time” is a major constraint and in Haridwar this
constraint is at the lower rank. The Garrett ranking analysis facilitated to identify the strengths and
limitations in the working mechanism of both the regions. As per comprehensive analysis of
constraints faced by pilgrims and satisfaction levels of pilgrims, it is evident that there is a need for
having a focused development in Haridwar on lines of Tirupati.
Rank Constraint factors
Number
1 Lack of spiritual atmosphere
2 Lack of coordination among departments related to pilgrimage tourism
Illegal/unauthorized collection of money for performance of rituals in the pilgrimage
3 center
4 Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities
5 Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple premises
6 Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place
7 Poor quality of 'Prasadam'
8 Theft and cheating
9 Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket
10 Long waiting time for dharshanam
Table 7.1.1: Constraints faced by pilgrims in Haridwar, in the order of Consolidated Ranking
Rank Constraint factors
Number
1 Long waiting time for dharshanam
2 Charged high fare on entry/darsan ticket
3 Theft and cheating
Illegal/unauthorized collection of money for performance of rituals in the pilgrimage
4
center
5 Lack of proper medical and 'First-Aid' facilities
6 Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place
7 Poor hygiene and poor maintenance of temple premises
8 Poor quality of 'Prasadam'
9 Lack of spiritual atmosphere
10 Lack of coordination among departments related to pilgrimage tourism
Table 7.1.2: Constraints faced by pilgrims in Tirupati, in the order of Consolidated Ranking
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From the results of Garrett Ranking technique, it is observed that there is a need to both the
Governments to devise solutions to overcome the major constraints in Haridwar and Tirupati, in order
to convince and attract the more pilgrims to visit these places which in turn could lead to safeguarding
the life of local people who are economically dependent on tourism for their survival.
The analysis of the constraints faced by the pilgrims in Haridwar and Tirupati reveal some
interesting facts (above two tables may be observed). In Haridwar, "Lack of spiritual atmosphere"
and "Lack of coordination among departments related to pilgrimage tourism" were the major
constraints ranked 1 and 2 respectively whereas these same constraints were found to be the least
significant in Tirupati being ranked at 9 and 10 respectively. Similarly, the constraints “Charged high
fare on entry/darshan ticket” and “Long-waiting time for darshan” were are ranked as the least
significant constraints in Haridwar being ranked 9 and 10 while these same constraints were found to
the most significant constraints in Tirupati being ranked at 1 and 2. Thus it may be observed that the
constraint which is very significant in Haridwar is the one that was least significant in Tirupati and at
the same time the constraint that is most significant in Tirupati was found to be least significant in
Haridwar.
7.1.2 Inferences from responses of temple authorities’/ policy makers

The outcome of the data analysis through various statistical procedures was deliberated in
detail with the concerned resource persons to ascertain and arrive at a clear idea. In order to dwelve
into the reasons behind the difference in satisfaction levels of pilgrims during the visit to these two
places, the feedback on positive and negative aspects on experiences of the pilgrims during their visit
to these two places was collected through a structured simple questionnaire from temple authorities
and policy makers.
The temples are the major tourist attractions in both the states. Promoting temples/ religious
places as major destinations to pilgrims internationally and providing more number of facilities,
would help in reaping the benefits of Religious Tourism to the fullest extent. While all of them have
opined that Religious Tourism is very important in the development of both the places, it is clearly
observed that the Religious Tourism in Uttarakhand is not very well organised. The policy makers of
Uttarakhand also opined that government support and promotion is very much needed to manage the
religious tourism in an efficient manner. They also said that the accountability issues can be addressed
properly, if some reliable arrangement is made. The generation of revenue in tourism may not be the
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main aim, according to them, but the regulation of affairs in tourism places could give a big boost to
the economy of the pilgrim site.
In Andhra Pradesh there is a well-organized administrative set up for management of the

temples and Tirupati has one of the richest temples of the world. The foremost reason for evolution of
this temple to such magnanimity is definitely the power of God “Sri Lord Venkateswara Swami’ and
the next immediate reason is the role of the Endowment Department in creating the discipline and
spiritual atmosphere in the temple site. The temple is being maintained diligently with careful
planning of crowd control, infrastructure, transport and revenue collection. Tirupati is referred as
'Education hub' and 'Heritage City'. Tirupati is in the list of 'Smart City Mission' of Indian
Government; hence the development of the city will be done in a faster pace, in the near future.
In Uttarakhand, there is no such Government intervention and administrative setup for

maintenance of temples. Government intervention in the form of Endowments Department/Chardham
Board will boost Religious Tourism in Haridwar. The creation of governing body will streamline all
the activities of any system and works exclusively for the cause of focussing all its energies.
When there is control of the Government in temple administration, crowd management can be
better done thereby, avoiding possible disasters (mostly man-made disasters) Check posts can be
maintained, as there will be better co-ordination by the administration.
An effective temple administrative set-up can help in achieving a really big objective like, a
Geographical Indication (GI) tag to the temple/ Prasadam, a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the
pilgrim centre, ISO certification, etc., (which is specific to the temple). The Laddu Prasadam of
Tirupati is one such example, which has been granted a GI tag. Few other temples of Andhra Pradesh
which are famous for their Prasadam are Satyanarayana Swamy Temple, Annavaram, Kanakadurga
Temple of Vijayawada and Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy Temple, Mangalagiri. Each of these
temples has its unique Prasadam which is much relished by the people. The popularity of these
Prasadams is generating significant revenues to the temple authorities. (Receipts from sale of the
famous laddu and other Prasadams such as Vadai and Appam form a big source of income for the
TTD. In 2018-19, prasadam sales receipts were Rs. 270 crore, almost double the Rs. 142 crore that the
religious body earned in 2013-14).
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The temple administration could work more synchronously with other departments like
Tourism Department, Electricity Department, Medical Department, Police Department, Transport
Departments which could help create better infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims. Thereby, the
tourists/pilgrims could get a better spiritual experience.
Separate tourist circuits (like Subhapradam buses plying between religious places in Andhra
Pradesh) could be created by integrating all the facilities, which would help in standardizing the tour
operation costs. This will help the pilgrim to save on his pocket. The government can encourage more
private players which would enhance competition. Hence, there would be no need for the government
to provide every facility and the government may only oversee the facilities i.e., overall coordination
within the set of rules and only private people will provide facilities.
7.1.3 Inferences from Case Studies

A) Inferences from Service Activities of TTD
1. Efficient revenue management of the temple funds leads to transparency in fund utilization. The
system could be made more accountable by adopting a proper procedure of accounting and
auditing.
2. Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy's Hundi earned Rs.1,206 crore in 2018-19, which is approximately
Rs 3.30 crores a day. Six years ago, in 2013, this was Rs.885 crore or about Rs.2.42 crore a day.
So, the Hundi income alone has gone up by a third in six years. This says that, when there is
confidence in accountability/ transparency, pilgrims offerings will only increase.
3. The rise in Hundi collections is as much due to the consistently rising throng of devotees to the
temple as also to the growing affluence that enables devotees to share more of their income with
the Lord.
4. Most of the pilgrims are not sure about what will finally happen with the offerings in the temple.
They offer money/ gold/ other valuables, thinking that God will take care of their needs. Since, the
temple administration has ensured transparency through the systems of Hundi and Parakamani,
they don’t hesitate to offer; they directly put their offerings in the designated Hundi(s), in Tirupati.
It seems that confidence is missing in pilgrims visiting Haridwar.
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5. The hundi collections go into the corpus of the TTD which invests the money in fixed deposits
(FD). The interest on these deposits which adds up to Rs.800 crore now forms the next big
income.
6. TTD invests the hundi earnings as FDs in both private at public sector banks. It may be noted that
TTD has a total of Rs.10,074 crore in fixed deposits with the banks.
7. TTD is involved in social welfare activities like providing food and shelter to poor and destitute;
providing educational facilities to the deaf and dumb students; arranging medical facilities to
people and pilgrims; All these facilities are provided completely free of cost.
8. When there is proper accounting and auditing, there will be a surplus of funds and such surplus
funds could be used for creation of better facilities and also to take up more philanthropic
activities.
9. TTD is not only performing its primary duty of ensuring proper Darshan excellently well but is
also providing some more services to pilgrims. This includes comfortable accommodation,
organised queue system management, distribution of free Prasadam, free medical services to un-
well pilgrims, etc. Ensuring every aspect of comfort to pilgrims has become the prime duty of
TTD. It is improving the service quality to pilgrims, by bettering itself. Accommodation, health,
sanitary facilities, medical facilities, food, water, etc., are being improved from time to time so
that pilgrims have a wonderful experience during their visit to the temple.
10. TTD runs 26 educational institutions and the salaries of teachers and lecturers are paid by it while
the education is offered free without collection of fees from students.
11. Pilgrims offer more offerings if they realise that their offerings / donations are put to better
utilisation. If they could identify that fund usage is directed towards destitute helping and
provision of medical facilities to the poor, pilgrims tend to derive more satisfaction. (As, they
might not be able to help the needy, individually, but a collective contribution will certainly be big
enough to support the services to the destitute.) This could increase satisfaction and enhance
spiritual experience of the pilgrims.
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12. The increase in pilgrim satisfaction could thereby increase pilgrim visits, which could lead to
increase in offerings/donations made by the pilgrims and which could make the temples self-
reliant resulting in a sustainable temple management model.
13. The increased tourist flow could add to increased economic development in the surrounding area,
thus creating more employment opportunities.
14. With the available surplus funds, temple(s) can acquire properties through purchase of land and
leasing out the same for generating additional income. Or, there could be any such activity to
enhance the spiritual satisfaction of pilgrims.
B) Inferences from Uttarakhand Chardham Devasthanam Management Act (UCDDMA) and

Khumb Mela experience
1. Uttarakhand is known all over the world as Devabhoomi and the future is of religious tourism.
Hence the usage of latest technologies like RFIDs System, Sudarsan Token (as in TTD) is
necessitated.
2. The Chardham pilgrimage is very popular in some parts of the country, but it needs much more
publicity in the whole of the country and also world wide.
3. The Union Government has promised that the Chardham connectivity (Road) route will be made
all weather roads. World-class facilities along the newly proposed route are to be planned by the
Government of Uttarakhand which attracts many tourists both the domestic and international.
4. The exisiting Trusts or Societies managing the Chardham Temples may not be able to catch the
pace and they should not be hindrance to the development of religious tourism.
5. The UCDDMA, 2019 is one of the first steps to ensure the rejuvenation of the Dhams and other
temples.
6. There might be fears amongst the existing Trusts/Societies which are managing the temples of
Uttarakhand as of now that the UCDDMA is detrimental to them. The Government’s
responsibility is first to take them into confidence and allay all their fears.
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7. They may be given a prime role in the whole process of rejuvenation and revamping of Chardham
Temples. The Government has to take care of the concerns of all the stakeholders involved. It is
the prime responsibility to make all the stakeholders believe that future of religious tourism in
Uttarakhand is bright.
8. A master plan/ blue print for the next 15 to 20 years needs to be made for each of the religious
places in Uttarakhand to realize the vision/goal kept for the ensuing 50 to 60 years.
9. The UCDDMA, 2019 which is upheld even by the courts should be implemented in its true letter
and spirit. The benefits arising out of the implementation of the Act needs to be highlighted to the
general public and also to all the concerned stakeholders.
10. The objective of classification of the temples and bringing them into the ambit of UCDDMA is to
facilitate a good and efficient management through the Board.
11. The High Court has clearly said that no religious sentiments are violated by the Act, and the
religious and temporal affairs are separated.
12. The Board (formed due to UCDDMA) will take over only the secular management, and that is
legally permissible, according to the High court.
13. The court made the following observation. "As there was a need for a law because of mis-
management of temples, the earlier Act of 1939 (Badri Kedar Samiti Act) was made. The new Act
(UCDDMA) will further that objective, and hence it is valid."
14. With all these observations, the High Court of Uttarakhand has clearly given an indication that the
state legislature is competent enough to make an Act regarding Hindu temples. At the same time,
the state executive is competent to administer the Board. The High Court, by citing the examples
of TTD, Matha Vaishno Devi, Somnath, Sai baba Trusts indicate that Uttarakhand Government
should also go towards establishing such Trusts wherein the temples can be better administered
and managed.
15. The organizing of khumb mela involves huge amount of resources. It directly involves spending of
nearly Rs.600 to 700 crores of rupees from the exchequer. By having an organised set up at the
policy level, this situation can be reversed. The government need not spend money, but can
generate revenue.
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16. Kumbh Mela experience clearly signifies the importance of coordination between various
administrative departments. For example, (As given in annexure VIII) the roads have to be dug
and repaired for the second time in December, 2008, because of absence of coordination between
the Sewage Department, Drinking water Department and Roads & Buildings department.
17. For organizing Kumbh Mela which is of the span of four months, the planning of the event needs
to be done atleast four years ahead of starting of the Kumbh Mela. The Union Government has
asked for money for organization of the mela. The proposals were also sent 3-4 years ahead of the
start of mela. The initial demand in 2007 for the constructions works was Rs.129.47 crores, while
the total spending was Rs.572 crores.
18. Regular meetings at various levels involving members of the Planning Commission, Advisors and
even Prime Minister not only signifies the importance of the Kumbh Mela but also says that the
State Government of Uttarakhand is heavily dependent on the funds from Government of India.
19. The budgetary estimates for organization of Kumbh Mela have increased tremendously in every
meeting. This only signifies the importance of having a permanent financial administrative set up
for organizing Kumbh Mela.
20. Meladhikari himself has spoken about the availability of new technologies and their inclusion for
organizing big functions like Kumbh Mela. He suggested that the experiments with innovative
technologies have to be carried out regularly.
7.2 Conclusions
From the research study, following aspects can be drawn.
A. Spirituality drives people

Lack of facilities does not discourage people from visiting religious places. If there are more
facilities and the visits are properly planned and organized, the satisfaction of pilgrims would be
enhanced to considerable extent. Hence, better facilities/administration at the religious places is a
desirable condition for attracting pilgrims and for enhancing satisfaction.
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B. Government intervention in the form of Endowment Department/Chardham Board will
boost religious tourism
There will be a responsible organisation for people to put forward their demands and claim for
the facilities in the vicinity of the religious places. There will be persistent and continuous overall
development of social, economic, cultural sectors, which are intertwined with religious places and
generate revenues.
Regulation can be better implemented if Government is involved in some form which can be
useful in creating discipline and accountability in various facets such as management of crowd, queue
lines, revenue collection, diversion of funds to useful programmes, security, public utilities.
C. Spiritual experience of the pilgrims is enhanced when Government is involved

Touts/unqualified people/people with wrong credentials will have lesser chances of becoming
the priests; Priests working in key areas like Garbhagruha/SanctumSanctorum needs certain
credibility. Piligrims are interested not only in the religious places, but also the rituals and puja at the
Garbhagrihas, when pilgrims are satisfied by the Pooja-vidhana (the method of performance of pooja),
their attachment to the place increases in greater proportion.
It can be inferred from the research that a specific governing body such as an Endowment
Department or a trust should be constituted in Uttarakhand for organized and systematic management
of temples, which in turn can influence the subsequent creation of allied developmental activities.
The presence of a Department like Endowments Department in Uttarakhand in brief will result
in following benefits.
a) Provide good facilities to pilgrims.
b) Create a spiritual atmosphere in the site.
c) Usage of latest technologies like the information communication technology in the temple
activities.
Such department in addition to temple management can take up promotions of Hindu Dharma
or Sanathana Dharma to the fullest extent.
D. Economic activity is greatly boosted if Government is involved

A governing body emulating the Board like TTD has to be constituted at Haridwar for overall
development of the area and for channelizing the revenues.
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In the initial phase if the Government involves in creation of Board and commences its
activity, the private partnerships can be attracted to the cause. Government can step back in later
stages and allow private partners to manage the activity. Key departments of the area can be
maintained by Government and allied activities such as public utilities, infrastructure development can
be handed over to private players. The involvement of Government creates a belief in private
companies and the participation of private players would become manifold. Steering of the activity by
Government would create goodwill in the public, and thus will promote all round development of the
area.
The presence of Government related Board/Entity will have the following benefits.
a) Business activities will be properly organised, which would address apprehensions amongst the
already existing shop owners/business community, who normally do not want new comers to enter
the activity. Government with proper planning and minimum investment (in providing some basic
facilities) coupled with rules and regulations can enhance the business activity in the area which
could not only generate employment but also would promote economic activities.
b) Stream lines the activities and attracts the private entities and people who can promote the overall
development of the area.
E. Prasadam will be a major take-away from the religious place

Though the experience of visiting the place has its own significance, the Prasadam, the take
away product given to the pilgrims serve as a ‘sense of satisfaction (the spiritual experience). The
better the programme is streamlined; the best would be the experience of pilgrims. The prasadam
prepared with local cuisines and ingredients would become an item of identity to the pilgrim centre
and could serve as a means of publicity about the temple. The aspect of prasadam offered to the deity
in uttarakhnnad temples has to be streamlined in such a manner that it should become the symbol of
devotional experience to the pilgrims in temple as being done in all major temples of Andhra Pradesh,
such as Tirupati, Annavaram, etc.
7.3 Suggestions/Recommendations
Religious Tourism should not only enhance the satisfaction for its followers but also should
stand in its own and the Governments of the day should be making policies in such a way that
Religious Tourism flourishes in a sustainable manner. It is also the duty of the Governments (being
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secular) to provide an environment that the religious faith amongst the followers is enhanced so that
the culture as a whole (Indian culture) is kept intact.
7.3.1 Suggestions pertaining to both the states i.e., Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand have abundance of religious centers spread across the states.
Religious tourism in both the states can go successfully providing unique experiences of their own to
the pilgrims. Hence both the state Governments should plan and implement strategically along with
professionalism regarding the development of tourism products to enhance the growth level of tourism
sector.
It is therefore, very important to identify the deficit areas, and to provide apt solutions to the
concerns/issues. If these concerns are addressed properly religious/spiritual tourism can be a game-
changer for both the pilgrims and also the local residents.
“Value for money/effort tourism” should be realized both in letter and spirit. Staff working in
hotel and hospitality industry, transport sector and other tourism related organizations have to undergo
periodical updating their refresher programmes to suit them better in their roles. The facilities at the
temples, boarding faculties, queue line management, pilgrim management, cleanliness inside the
temples, assistance and guidance in and outside the temple, the quality of prasadam etc., will all
decide the satisfaction of the pilgrim or the tourist. Any attempt to improve the above facilities will
enhance the satisfaction thereby promotes religious/spiritual tourism to both the places.
The pilgrims should have access to basic public toilet/ sanitation facilities, ATM facilities,
refreshment facilities, e.t.c., they should not have a feeling of cheating by the local people/ guides/
vehicle operators. To ensure that the religious tourism avenues of both the states of Andhra Pradesh
and Uttarakhand are explored to the maximum level, the problems faced by tourists/ pilgrims needs to
be addressed.
State Governments should have a vision for the development of religious places. The master
plan should aim at next 10-25 years. The inside and outside amenities of the religious places/town/
area should be planned and executed in a phased manner so that religious tourism in the state is given
a big boost. The coordinated effort amongst private players i.e., hotels, vehicle operators, tour
operators, guides, the transport department i.e., railways, roadways, airways, the endowments
department, tourism department, local Government bodies, cultural department etc., should all be used
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to prepare a master plan and their contribution besides roles and responsibilities are to be made clear.
The administration should not underplay the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT)
and IT enabled services while making the master plan.
7.3.2 Suggestions to the state of Uttarakhand

1. This research wants to highlight the benefits of having the endowments department guided by the
Government. If we consider the state of Andhra Pradesh where the endowments department and
Board like TTD and an organization working under the TTD the HDPP are present, pilgrims tend
to derive more satisfaction in their visit to temples. The Endowments Department of Andhra
Pradesh may be thoroughly studied and a similar set up may be constituted in Uttarakhand.
2. The provisions of the Acts like The Hindu religious and Charitable Institutions Acts, Endowments
Acts that were passed in different states, that suit the conditions of Uttarakhand should be
implemented.
3. Schemes like the common good fund, Archaka welfare fund etc, should also be created in the
state.
4. The UCDDMA, 2019 which was applicable to more than 50 temples of Uttarakhand is certainly a
welcome step where the Board shall manage the Hindu Temples. The ambit of the Act / Board
should increase to all the Hindu shrines, so that all the religious places including Haridwar can be
managed in a better way.
5. The Haridwar Khumb-Mela Administration may also be a part of the UCDDMA, 2019. To start
with, it may (Khumb-Mela Administration) have a meaningful link with the UCDDM Board.
6. The UCDDMA, 2019 may also involve itself in the religious promotion on lines of the HDPP of
TTD.
7. Audio visual guided tours of all the religious places / tourist spots may be facilitated by the Board.
8. The Government need not or may not control the temple administration but enhancement of
spiritual experience to the pilgrim which is of utmost importance to promote religious tourism in
the State of Uttarakhand should be the main objective.
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9. The benefit of the Government steering this process is that e-governance initiatives can easily be
introduced and implemented. The integration issues will also be minimal. At a later stage, the
Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements needs to be attracted wherein the Government can
step back and allow private partners to manage. This will greatly benefit the pilgrims where the
accommodation arrangements and other facilities improve.
10. The Government should involve until the administrative setup becomes self- sustained and able to
generate income for regular temple maintenance.
11. The attempt which was made in the recent past during 2019-20 to have a Board, which is named
as Devasthanam Board, but it had to undergo many hurdles. There was initially a court case that
the Government should not intervene in the temple administration which was finally struck off by
the High Court just in the month of March, 2021. However, the State Government has now
withdrawn the Act made in 2019-20 freeing the Board.
12. The UCDDMA, 2019 is not just the first Act where the state governments manage popular Hindu
Temples and this very fact is to be made known to all the concerned. The people of Uttarakhand
and the Stakeholders involved in religious tourism should be shown the examples of Shri Matha
Vyshnodevi Temple in Jammu & Kashmir, Shri Jagannath Temple in Puri, the Somanath Temple
in Gujarat and the TTD of Andhra Pradesh etc., which are under the Management and supervision
of Boards constituted by the State Governments.
13. The success stories of these needs to be highlighted to all the concerned (including the state
government officials) so that the intention of the Government to manage religious institutions is
made crystal clear. It is to be noted that the above said Board’s when constituted, have initially
faced a lot of criticism but the respective state governments have steered through very well.
14. It is clearly laid down that, taking the prasadam shall enhance the spiritual feeling in the pilgrims.
Further, the pilgrim takes back the prasadam given in temple to his place and distribute that to his
near and dear. The people who could not visit the pilgrim sites were given an opportunity to have
the spiritual experience through the prasadam. This is different from the practice that is happening
in most of the temples of Uttarakhand. Prasadam/some sweets/savories were brought from outside
the temples, a part of it is offered to deity and the remaining part is taken away as a prasadam. The
spiritual feeling might not be 100% in this case.
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15. There should be institutionalization for distribution of prasadam to all the pilgrims by each of the
important temples / religious places in Uttarakhand, wherein, the locally available ingredients
which are specific to Uttarakhand may be promoted which will help in enhancing the spiritual
feeling of the pilgrims.
16. Some attempts were also made to standardize the prasadam given in temples of Uttarakhand.
However, the attempts could not be fruitful as there are many hurdles to overcome like the local
interests of the shop keepers, not able to arrive on a consensus regarding the standardization of the
prasadam etc. It was also noted that if any such institutionalization or standardization of prasadam
takes place it will become a revenue generating model also. For this the need for an organizational
set up is really felt.
17. The accommodation arrangements can be made better as was in the case of TTD. TTD is using a
time tested model of providing accommodation to the pilgrims by not only constructing the
guesthouses, but also managing the entry/exit of pilgrims through the usage of Information
Technology. Even though on an average 60-65 thousand pilgrims visit the deity at Tirumala i.e.,
Lord Sri Venkateswara Swamy on a day, there are enough arrangements for the tourists.
18. There are lot many dharmasalas/ashrams/hotels/ make shift arrangement in Haridwar also for
tourists. But they all need to be coordinated as the information regarding the availability of
accommodation is not available to the pilgrims coming to Haridwar. It is only by chance that a
tourist/pilgrim ends up paying the correct amount for the accommodation given to them. Many a
time demand supply issues come up and the pilgrims ends up paying more or he is thoroughly
dissatisfied with the accommodation he ultimately gets (after going to two or three places).
19. Price regularization for the service rendered to the pilgrim may be done and proper publicity may
be given regarding the ceiling rates for each of the facility.
20. Management of queue system in TTD is really excellent. Many studies have shown that the
pilgrims need not wait for long and a specified time and date is given to the pilgrims as the
administration is using Information Communication Technology to manage the queue lines. Many
a time in Uttarakhand crowd management is not done properly and it is not out of place to remind
of the 2013 super disaster when thousands of pilgrims have died because of the mismanagement of
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the crowd. Too many pilgrims got stranded and the rescue operations also have taken a lot of time.
The exact number of deaths could not also be recorded because of lack of surveillance/record as to
how many people reached Kedarnath and how many have escaped the tragedy.
21. Financial administration is of prime importance for the healthy development of any institution. A
proper account of the receipts and expenditure is well maintained when there is some sort of
intervention by the Government or some credible institution. The unhealthy financial
administration may disturb the religious affairs also.
22. Financial adminstration should not be left to the trustees/Pujaris of that particular religious place.
If the income from hundi collection/pilgrims is more and is not being accounted for, there is every
chance of unhealthy competition amongst priests/Pujaris. There can be court cases/law suits about
the inheritance / successor rights for some mutts/peethas/temples if not regulated.
23. The Donations/Offerings/Hundi collections should be done in a much more transparent manner on
lines of Parkamani System available in the Lord Balaji Temple of TTD, Tirupati. The Hundi
Collections from pilgrims need to be purely voluntary and there should not be any forced
collection. Proper counting and accounting of the Hundi Collections needs to be ensured in all the
possible ways.
24. The Hundi Donations/Collections of money need to be used only for the specified purposes which
are predefined.
25. The Donations/Collections are not to be used as income source. The state government should not
also take any money out of the donations. The donations / collections of temples need to be
managed as specified in the Acts that are to be enacted in the days to come (as in the UCDDMA
Chardham Fund 2019).
26. The income generation at tourist places may be done by acquiring exclusive rights of attracting,
offering special darshans, charging accommodations, renting vacant spaces, renting commercial
complexes shops etc.
27. Rope way and escalator facilities may be provided with safety arrangements and they may be
utilized (categorized as commercial activity) to earn money /generate extra income.
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28. If the principle of sound finance is properly followed, the Government can receive income from
important religious places and enhance the tourism prospects thereby promoting the development
of the region.
29. In case of Andhra Pradesh where the Puja to the deity is done according to Agama Sastras the
spiritual experience or the satisfaction of the pilgrims after the visit to the shrine has certainly
enhanced. While having the Dharma Prachara Parishad or the body to look in to the daily rituals
that are to be performed in temples, the pilgrim connects more to the deity and thus the sanctity in
the place shall certainly be enhanced. So it is of utmost importance to have the Puja vidhanam
streamlined in accordance with traditions and conventions. This can only be done if the trust or
the body managing the people is highly committed to give the good experience to the pilgrim. It
is only a matter of chance that the trusts or Bodies like that exists. But if it is made under a
government set up or backed by an Act the streamlining of Puja vidhanam can easily be done.
30. In the case of Andhra Pradesh, there are Veda Patasalas to see that the priests undergo training in
Vedic rituals but whereas in most of the temples in Uttarakhand and Haridwar, there are no such
arrangements. It is to be noted that some big temples like Badrinath the main pandit/rawal comes
from South India.
31. Kumbh/ardh Kumbh/other important functions are based now on the past/immediate past
experience of the management. If there is an institutional set up (permanent one) backed by a
Trust like Hindu Dharma Prachara Parishad the Kumbh could be easily managed in a much better
and efficient way. It may be noted that huge amount of budgetary provisions are made for
management of Kumbh/Ardh Kumbh. The Tourism Department of Uttarakhand is not a
professional body like Endowments Department to manage big functions like Kumbh mela. A
more organized setup would certainly help in this aspect.
32. Ganga arthi is being performed at one private ashram in Rishikesh. Ganga arthi is performed in
Haridwar along the banks of river Ganges. At Har-ki-pauri in Haridwar, small temple like
structures along the banks would be performing Ganga arthi. (Though it is managed by Ganga
Sabha).
33. Arthi is not performed in Gangothri/Yamunothri/Uttarkashi/Nand Prayag/Dev Prayag etc., at

places where the river Ganga flows, though attempts are being made in the recent past.
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34. Government may intervene to see that religious atmosphere is present in the Ghats of Ganga. This
should be improved through an institutional setup by the government itself, so that, rituals will be
performed in a more disciplined mode.
35. The activities to be divided into purely religious and commercial activities. The aim of this clear
division is to see that the religious place runs on its own in a self-sustaining basis without the
support of the Government in future.
36. Religious Tourism shall not be seen as a remunerative or profit maker enterprise. Whatever is
done in the direction of promotion of Religious Tourism should ultimately end up in the welfare
of the humanity and the realization of full spiritual satisfaction to the pilgrims.
37. Handling of money by Poojaris should not be allowed, there should be no discretion of Pandit or
Poojari to allow some pilgrims into the temple for a longer time. There should not be bias in
treatment of pilgrims.
38. The concerns of the Pandits/Purohits should be properly addressed. The potential of Religious
Tourism of Uttarakhand which is untapped till now certainly needs a greater understanding and
extensive participation from all the circles involved in Religious Tourism.
39. The inheritance issues of Poojaris / Archakas may be a difficult problem to settle. Existing time-
tested models needs to be considered for settling such issues.
40. If there are any complaints/ greviances by the pilgrims, they should be heard properly and then
attended to i.e., the feedback of the pilgrims needs to be taken. A Special Officer / Vigilance
Officer to be put in place for this.
41. Culture and heritage of the local deities can be better preserved if there is Endowments
Department. The local culture shall be documented properly. Temple development is now
dependent on the meagre funds given /allotted in the district plan which in majority of the years is
not sanctioned/ implemented. Allocation of sufficient funds is required which shall promote and
sustain the local culture. In some instances, MP/MLA funds are allotted but in most of the cases,
they are given in few thousands of rupees. Real development of the temples/culture could not be
done with these funds.
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42. Some temples that have been historically or culturally important can be better explored and
handed over to responsible institutions like Archeological Survey of India etc., for restoration or
preservation. This is strictly lacking in the temples of Uttarakhand. Presence of Endowments
Department will certainly improve the situation.
43. By following some or all of the above recommendations (whichever can be followed) it is felt
that the Religious Tourism in Uttarakhand would certainly grow which will not only benefit the
economy but also enhance the spiritual satisfaction that a pilgrim gets when he enters
Devabhoomi.
7.3.3 Suggestions/ Recommendations to the Andhra Pradesh Government

1) There are rumors about propogation and promotion of other religions in the temple town of
Tirupati, which should be properly dealt by the government, considering the right to religious
freedom of individuals, guaranteed by the constitution.
2) Some people opine that the HDPP is unable to deliver its objective. The effectiveness of the
implementation of programs of HDPP may be reviewed periodically and necessary changes be
carried out.
3) Many people are unaware about the various service activities of TTD. Wide publicity should be
done regarding the philanthropic activities and programs being taken up, through all possible
media and forums and the number of beneficiaries should increase.
4) The Board of TTD should contain people who are really service oriented and are able to serve the
pilgrims. It has come to the notice of media that the some of the Board members are involved in
financial scams. Government should nominate the deserving candidates, so that the reputation of
the board is not maligned.
5) Andhra Pradesh endowments department maintains more than 25000 temples in the entire state.
Not all temples have a great income generation capacity. The reasons for not able to be self-
sustaining should be studied and a suitable model for these temples be implemented.
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6) There have been complaints regarding theft of valuable assets like jewels, antique ornaments, etc.,
in some temples, where the supervision is not up to the mark. These needs to be addressed
properly to regain the lost faith amongst the followers.
7) There are complaints that the property of some temples and trusts are being encroached by some
powerful people of the locality. There are complaints about revenue leakage also. All these needs
loopholes need to be plugged immediately.
8) The local community, neighbourhood should be engaged in the development of temples of the
region so that the assets remain more secured.
9) The participative approach of management to be enhanced by involving the local community in

financial administration, by conducting social audit, explaining the income and expenditure of
temples to the general public also.
10) The ultimate aim of endowmwnts department is to see that all temples, be it small or big, shall
become truly spiritual destinations, which are self-sustaining.
7.4 Future Scope to extend the study

The present research study attempted to make a comparative analysis of state of religious
tourism in Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand with special reference to Tirupati and Haridwar for laying
down a road map for the growth and development of religious tourism in Uttarakhand. Towards this
endeavor, the study examined the socio-economic profile of the pilgrims and analysed the association
of various socio-economic parameters. The study also made a comparative analysis of the satisfaction
levels of the pilgrims during their visit to Tirupati and Haridwar, the problems faced by the pilgrims
during their visit to these holy shrines so that necessary suggestions could be drawn out for improving
the religious tourism potential of the newly formed State of Uttarakhand. An online survey was taken
up for conducting the research study by obtaining feedback from the tourists who have visited Tirupati
and Haridwar.
There is scope for further study in the following areas:
(i) Mode of data collection and selection of tourist respondents:

The present study collected responses only from those tourists who are able to fill up the
survey questionnaire through online mode due to geographical constraints faced for obtaining the
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feedback from tourists who are wide apart in terms of distance between the states of Andhra Pradesh
and Uttarakhand. Further, the entire cross section of the pilgrims may not be reflected through online
survey due to lack of access for online instruments for many categories of the population. Collecting
responses directly from the tourists through physical mode could help in gaining first hand
information through better interaction with the tourist. Hence, collecting responses through online
mode as well as physical mode could help in gaining further insights in the area of research.
(ii) Increase in sample size:

The sample size could be increased for having a comprehensive outlook of all facets of
research study since perspectives from more respondents would reinforce the research findings.
(iii)Data collection from local resident common people

The data can be collected from local people, shopkeepers in temple sites, people working in
related service sectors such as hospitality and tourism sectors etc., in addition to regular tourists as the
opinions of these people could help in throwing light on the economic perspective of the tourism
industry so that suitable measures for improvement in these areas could be drawn out for overall
development of the religious tourism industry.
(iv) Case studies of more temples

In the present study, the TTD and the Uttarakhand Chardham Devasthanam Management Act
(UCDDMA) were examined to put forth the benefits of managing the temples through a government
monitored administrative set up. The case of a well established and highly successful administrative
model like TTD was put forth for proving the benefits that could be accrued through an administrative
body and for emulating key areas in this administrative model in the State of Uttarakhand.
However, further study on the existing administrative models of other temples would facilitate
in discovering more beneficial, more pragmatic and more easily scalable approaches for establishing a
government monitored administrative set up for temple management in Uttarakhand state.
237
LIST OF PUBLICATION OF PAPERS
The following are the publications in the Journals mentioned, for fulfilling the Ph.D.
Programme requirements
Sr. No Title of Paper Publication Details

1 Impact of tourism in Publication in Turkish On-line Journal of
economic growth of Andhra qualitative Inquiry (TOJQI)
Pradesh and Uttarakhand
states of India Volume 12 | Issue 6 | June 2021, pp 498 – 507.
2 A study of impacts of Journal of Fundamental & Comparative Research

Pilgrimage tourism with
Volume VII, No.9(I) : 2021 ISSN: 2277 – 7067
respect to Sri Varasiddhi
Vinayaka Swamy Temple in
Andhra Pradesh
3 A conceptual study of Journal of Fundamental & Comparative Research

potential Indian Medical
Volume VIII, No.1(II) : 2021 ISSN: 2277 – 7067
Tourism
238
LIST OF CERTIFICATES OF PRESENTATION OF PAPERS IN SEMINAR/
CONFERENCES
The following are the Paper Presentations in the Forums mentioned, for fulfilling the Ph.D.
Programme requirements:
1. Presented paper entitled “Impact of pilgrimage tourism with respect to Tirumala

Venkateswara Swamy Temple” at the National Conference on “Tourism marketing and its
role in Indian Economy”, organized by Department of Tourism Management, Vikrama
Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh (11th-12th March, 2015).
2. Presented paper entitled “Opportunities in Religious Tourism in the states of Andhra

Pradesh and Uttarakhand” at the National Seminar on “Work life Management in the Era of
Globalisation”, organized by Department of Management Studies, Adikavi Nannaya
University, Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh (20th-21st December 2016).
3. Certificate regarding publication of article in “Journal of Fundamental & Comparative

Research” entitled “A study on impacts of Pilgrimage Tourism with respect to Sri Varasiddhi
Vinayaka Swamy Temple in Andhra Pradesh” in Vol.VII, No. 9(I): 2021.
4. Certificate regarding publication of article in “Journal of Fundamental & Comparative

Research” entitled “A Conceptual Study of Potential Indian Medical Tourism” in Vol.VIII,
No. I (II) : 2022.
239
List of Annexures
 Annexure-I statistics regarding pilgrims visiting Tirumala on a typical month and Pilgrim
Turnout during the Covid
 Annexure-II -Pilgrim Satisfaction Survey in TIRUPATI AND HARIDWAR
 Annexure-III Structured interview questions to temple officials /policy makers
 Annexure –IV List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
 Annexure-IV-A List of temples covered under the UCDDMA, 2019
 Annexure-V TTD Budget of a typical year (2016-17)
 Annexure-VI Particulars of the main works (Khumbh Mela–2010)
 Annexure-VII proposed Char Dham Highway Project
 ANNEXURE-VIII Khumbh- 2010- An Overview (as said by the MELA officer)
 Annexure-IX Publication in Turkish on line journal of Qualitative Inquiry Vol.12, Issue 6,
June 2021; 498 – 507
 Annexure-X Publication in Journal of Fundamental & Comp Research Volume VII, No.9(1);
2021 ISSN – 2277 – 7067
 Annexure- XI Publication in Journal of Fundamental & Comp Research Volume VIII No.I(II)
2022 ISSN – 2277 – 7067
 Annexure-XII Certificates of Paper Presentation in workshops and Journals – 4 certificates.
240
Annexure-I
A) Brief statistics about pilgrims visiting Tirumala on a typical month (August 2017)
Thousands of pilgrims visit the deity in Tirumala. 2287529 is the number of people who had
the darshan of Lord Sri Venkateswara in the month of August 2017. The date vise details are given the
table below.
DATE in August 2017 PILGRIMS VISTING
TIRUMALA
1st of August 2017 79494
2nd of August 2017 67749
3rd of August 2017 71686
4th of August 2017 67412
22nd of August 2017 68435
23rd of August 2017 67619
total number of tourists in AUG 2287529
average no of pilgrim/ day 73791
average no of pilgrim/ sat, sun 83517
maximum pilgrim turnout 95789
minimum pilgrim on any day 39144
minimum pilgrim on other day 58594
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B) Pilgrim Turnout during the Covid
1) Even during the outbreak of Covid pandemic also, the pilgrims wanting to have Darshan of Lord
Sri Venkateswara Swamy have also not come down / shrink. TTD had to restrict the number of
pilgrims considering the COVID protocols.
2) To avoid discomfort to the pilgrims during Covid times, TTD has been effectively using
information communication technology and allotting tickets to the pilgrims who wanted to
physically visit the temple. The Darshan tickets for the ensuring month (30 days) are declared
open a week before the start of the month.
3) It was noticed that the online quota pertaining to the month which consists of around 4.6 lakh
darshan tickets (restricted entry) are booked in less than an hour. The example for this is on
24/12/2021 on-line quota of January, 2022 month was released and within 18 minutes all the
tickets got booked which include 20,000 special entry darshan tickets.
242
Annexure-II
Questionnaire for the pilgrims visiting Tirupati And Haridwar
Pilgrim Satisfaction Survey in TIRUPATI AND HARIDWAR
Name:-___________________________________ (Please tick the appropriate box)
PART-1
Age (In completed < 20 Years 20 – 35 35 – 50 > 50 Years

1
years)
Male Female
2 Gender
Married Unmarried
3 Marital Status
Illiterate Primary Secondary Diploma Degree &

Education
4 Above
(Up to)
Agriculturist Government Private Business Others
5 Occupation Status Employee Employee
Annual Income < 2.00 2.00 to 5.00 5.00 to 10.00 > 10.00
6
(Rs. In lakh)
What is your level of Highly Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
overall satisfaction Satisfied Dissatisfied
7a towards available
services in Tirupati
What is your level of
overall satisfaction
7b towards available
services in Haridwar
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Part-2 Satisfaction levels of the pilgrims regarding the following variables in Tirupati and
Haridwar- for Comparative Study (Please tick appropriate box)
Tirupati Pilgrimage – Please recollect your experience during your pilgrimage to Tirupati and
answer the questions accordingly
The Trust of the Temple/Endowment Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Department Organizes/ Manages the Agree Disagree
1 Temple Properly and believe that
there will be an accountability for
whatever we offer
Highly Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
satisfied Dissatisfied
2 temple/tourist site
3 accommodation in guest house,
Availability of different variety of
4 food, its quality/ hygiene.
Tourist guide availability
5 &availability of interpretation
facilities at Tourist Sites
Arrangements for Safety and
6 Security
Transport Facility (Including Local
7 Transport Services
Support/assistance rendered by local
8 people
Availability of sufficient information
9 on website
10 authorities to pilgrims (free food and
other philanthropic activities)
Availability of Public Utilities
11 (Drinking Water, Electricity,
Bathroom & Toilets)
244
Haridwar Pilgrimage – Please recollect your experience during your pilgrimage to Haridwar and
answer the questions accordingly
The Trust of the Temple /Endowment Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Department Organizes/ Manages the Agree Disagree
1 Temple Properly and believe that
there will be an accountability for
whatever we offer
Highly Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly
satisfied Dissatisfied
2 temple/tourist site

3 accommodation in guest house,
Availability of different variety of
4 food, its quality/ hygiene.
Tourist guide availability &
5 availability of interpretation facilities
at Tourist Sites
Arrangements for Safety and
6 Security
Transport Facility (Including Local
7 Transport Services
Support/assistance rendered by local
8 people
Availability of Sufficient Information
9 on Website
10 authorities to pilgrims (free food and
other philanthropic activities)
Availability of Public Utilities
11 (Drinking Water, Electricity,
Bathroom & Toilets)
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PART-3: Constraints faced by pilgrims (Garrett Ranking)
Please give Ranks 1 to 10 to both Tirupati and Haridwar. Please give rank no.1 to the first
constraint that you faced in your visit, Rank No.2 to the next constraint, and so on. Please give ranks
to all the attributes.
Sl. No Constraint factors Tirupati Haridwar

Ranks Ranks
1. Lack of proper medical and first-aid facilities
2. Long waiting time for darshanam
3. Theft and cheating
4. Charged high fare on Entry/Darsan Ticket
5. Poor hygiene and maintenance of temple premises
6. Lack of coordination of temple authorities
7. Difficulty in reaching temple/tourist place
8. Poor quality of prasadam
9. Lack of overall satisfaction over the pilgrimage
10. Illegal/ unauthorized collection of money for
performance of rituals in the pilgrimage center
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Annexure-III
Structured interview questions to temple officials /policy makers
Name:
Designation:
Department:
1. What are the problems affecting the religious tourism, according to you?
2. What is your opinion about the performance of Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development
Corporation/ Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board and other related departments?
3. What is your opinion about the performance of top level management of the temple (Board of
Trustees, EO & Team, and Endowment Department)?
4. Do your temple/ area have Master Plan for promotion of tourism?
5. What should be the role of Government in development of religious tourism?
6. What is your view, if local bodies and private sector is allowed to play more in promoting
religious tourism?
7. Do you agree that religious tourism promotion requires a coordinated approach of all related
departments?
8. Does your temple(s) have a festival calender? If so, what is the role of festival calander of
temple in promoting and attracting pilgrims?
247
Annexure-IV
List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams
A) Temples in Tirupati
 Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur
 Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala
 Alipiri Padala Mandapam, Tirupati
 Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati
 Kapileswara Temple, Kapilatheertham
 Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati
 Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Srinivasamangapuram
 Vakula matha Temple, Perur
 Surya Narayana Temple, Tiruchanur
 Prasanna Venkateswara Temple, Appalayagunta
 Varahaswami Temple, Tirumala
 Sri Bhu Sameta Venkateswara Temple, Thondamanadu
B) Temples outside Tirupati

B1) In Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh
 Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swami Temple, Narayanavanam
 Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram
 Avanakshamma Temple, Narayanavanam
 Venugopalaswamy Temple, Karvetinagaram
 Sri Pattabhirama Temple, Valmikipuram
 Kariyamanikya Temple, Nagari
 Karivaradaraja Temple, Satravada
 Annapurna sametha Kashi Visweswara Temple, Buggaagraharam
 Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Tarigonda
 Prasanna Venkateswara Temple, Kosuvaripalle
 Konetirayala Temple, Keelapatla
B2) In YSR Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh
 Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta
 Veeranjaneya Temple, Gandi
 Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Jammalamadugu
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 Lakshmi Venkateswara Temple, Devunigadapa
 Siddeswara Temple, Thallapaka
 Chennakesava Temple, Thallapaka
B3) In Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh
 Sri Venkateswara Temple, Ananthavaram
B4) In Westgodavari district, Andhra Pradesh
 Seetharamaswamy Temple, Saripalli
B5) in Eastgodavari district, Andhra Pradesh
 Padmavathi Sametha Venkateswara Temple, Pithapuram
B6) Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh
 Sri Venkateswara Temple, Upamaka
C) Temples newly constructed by TTD
 Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams Andhra Ashram, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
 Sri Venkateswara Temple, New Delhi
 Hyderabad (Telangana)
 Bangalore (Karnataka)
 Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
 Kurukshetra (Haryana)
D) Temples outside INDIA

 Ohio (U.S.A.)
249
Annexure-IV-A
List of temples covered under the UCDDMA, 2019
Apart from the famous four temples, known as Char Dham temples, there are other important
temples in Uttarakhand. These temples are proposed to be rejuvenated under the UCDDMA Act,
2019. The list of all the temples, which attract tourists or having great significance are as follows.
1) Temple of Shri Badrinath situated in Garhwal and all other temples within its premises of the
village of Badrinath in the Patti-Talla Pain Khanda, District-chamoli, Garhwal including
shrilaxmiji temple, the images of Garur, Hanumanji, Ghantakaran and includes all other minor
images.
2) Shri Shankaracharya temple at Badrinath
3) Shri Adi Kedareshwar Temple at Badrinath
4) Shri Ballabhacharya Temple at Badrinath
5) Tapta Kund at Badrinath
6) Brahma Kapal, the shila at Baronet and Parikarma (Campus) at Badrinath
7) Mata Muri Temple at Badrinath
8) Yog Badri Temple at Pandukeshwar
9) Bhavishya Badri at Subbain.
10) Narsingha Temple at Joshimath
11) Basudev Temple at Joshimath
12) Sri Durga Temple at Joshimath
13) Raj Rajeshwari Temple at Joshimath
14) Mahadev Temple at Jyoteshwar
15) Bhakta Vatsalya Temple at Jyoteshwar
16) Narayan Temple at Vishnu Prayag
17) Sitadevi Temple at Chain
18) Vridha Badri Temple at Animath
19) Dhyan Badri Temple at Urgam
20) Shri Narsingha Temple at Pakhi
21) Shri Narsingha Temple at Darmi
22) Shri Laxmi Narayan Temple at Nand Prayag
23) Shri Laxmi Narayan Ternple at Kulsarsi
24) Shri Laxrni Narayan Temple at Dwarhat, Almora
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25) Shri Laxmi Narayan Temple at Gudsir, Almora
26) Shri Laxmi Narayan Temple at Bayala, Almora
27) Panch Shilas within Badrinath Puri
28) Panch Dharas with Badrinath Puri
29) Dharmshila within Parikarma of Shri Badrinath Temple
30) Vasudhara and Dharmshila at the bottom of the fall at Vasudhara.
31) Temple of Shri Kedarnath in Garhwal and includes the appurtenant and subordinate
Devasthanams etc.
32) Udak Kund at Kedarnath.
33) Minor Temples within precincts of Shri Kedamath Temple
34) The Temple of Shri Vlshwanath Ji at Guptakashi
35) Minor Temple within the precincts of Temple of Shri Vishwanath Ji at Guptakashi
36) The Temple of Shri Usha at Ukhimath
37) Temple of Shri Barahi at Ukhimath
38) Temple of Shri Madmaheshwar at Madmaheshwar
39) Temple of Shri Maha Kali at Kalimath
40) Temple of Shri Maha Laxmi at Kalimath
41) Temple of Shri Maha Saraswati at Kalimath
42) Temple of Shri Narayan at Trijugi Narayan
43) Minor Temples within the precincts of Temple of Shri Narayan at Trijugi Narayan
44) The Temple of Shri Gauri Mayi at Gaurikund
45) The Temple of Shri Tungnath at Tungnath
46) The Ternple of Shri Tungnalh at Makku
47) The Temple of Shri Kali Shila at Kali Shila
48) The Temple of Yamuna ji, Shani Dev, Kunda, Shila etc., and all other minor temple in or around
Yamunotri Devasthanam including temple of Shani Maharaj at village Khirsali.
49) Temple of Ma Ganga at Gangotri and all other minor temples in or around Gangotri Deyasthanam
including its "originating place" at Gaumukh
50) Chandra Badri Temple at Tehri Garhwal
51) Raghunath Temple at Devprayag, Tehri Garhwal
52) Sem Mukhem Nagraja Temple at Tehri Garhwal
53) Shri Raj Rajeshwari Devi Temple at Chauras Srinagar (Pauri Garhwal).
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Annexure-V
TTD Budget of a typical year (2016-17)
T.T.D. Budget 2016-2017
PRESS RELEASE
BUDGET AT A GLANCE
Sources of Funds
(Rs. in Crores)
Sl. Particulars Estimated Revised Budget
No. for Estimates Estimates
2015-16 2015-16 2016-17
1 Capital Funds–Kanuka 905.00 1010.00 1010.00
2 Interest on Investments 744.91 768.04 778.93
3 Special Entrance, Seegra Darhsanam and Break
Darshanam 215.00 199.00 209.00
4 PrasadamReceipts 145.00 155.00 175.00
5 Sale of HumanHair 200.00 150.00 150.00
6 Accommodation Receipts 98.50 109.50 114.50
7 Loans & Advances to employees, EMD, Security
Deposits, etc. 37.39 37.39 37.39
8 Arjitham Receipts 50.00 50.00 55.00
9 Sale Proceeds Gold Dollars 15.00 15.00 15.00
10 Lease rents from hotels and shops , KKC Receipts,
Engineering Receipts, Toll gate receipts, Sale of
publications, Canteen Receipts, 119.30 127.56 133.25
Educational Receipts, Other Capital Receipts etc.
Total: 2530.10 2621.49 2678.07
Utilization of Funds
Sl. Particulars Estimated Revised Budget
No. for Estimates Estimates
2015-16 2015-16 2016-17
1 Corpus and Other investments 681.24 783.52 757.06
2 Salaries&Wages to Employees 482.00 500.00 500.00
3 Procurement of Material
i) For Temples and institutions 308.00 308.00 320.00
ii) Other procurements 46.80 41.60 42.60
4 Grants and Contributions 202.60 147.75 165.50
5 Fixed Assets – Engineering Works 150.00 150.00 160.00
6 Out sourcing expenses 183.65 192.75 199.25
7 Pension Trust and Gratuity Trust Payments 120.00 105.00 120.00
8 Pension Fund Contributions 75.00 75.00 75.00
9 Electrical Charges 55.00 56.00 55.00
10 Repairs & Maintenance of Fixed Assets 64.70 74.50 80.20
11 Loans &Advances to employees, EMD, Security
Deposits, etc. 41.50 38.50 41.50
12 Costpaid for Land 1.00 0.00 1.00
252
13 Other benefits to staff like reimbursement of
Fees & Books, Brahmotsava Bahumanam, etc. 23.00 20.50 23.00
14 Advertisements 8.00 9.00 8.00
15 Other Capital & Miscellaneous Expenses 87.61 119.37 129.96
Total 2530.10 2621.49 2678.07
253
Budget 2016-2017
Highlights
Sources of Funds
A) Capital Fund – Kanuka

 Estimated Receipt – Rs.1,010.00 Crores during 2015-16
 Projected Receipt – Rs.1,010.00 Crores for the year 2016-17
B) Interest on Investments
 Estimated Receipt – Rs.768.04 Crores during 2015-16
 Projected Receipt – Rs.778.93 Crores for the year 2016-17
C) Seegra Darshan and other Special Entrances

 The Darshan receipts are expected to yield Rs.199.00 Crores during 2015-16.
 The Darshan receipt is expected to yield Rs.209.00 Crores during 2016-17.
D) Sale of Human Hair

 During 2015-16 revenues are estimated at Rs.150.00 Crores
 During 2016-17 the same is expected at Rs.150.00 Crores.
E) Prasadams
 Estimated Receipts for 2015-16 Rs.155.00 Crores
 Projected Receipts for 2016-17 Rs.175.00 Crores
F) Accommodation and Kalyanamandapams receipts

 During 2015-16 it is estimated at Rs.109.50 crores.
 During 2016-17 the same is estimated at Rs.114.50crores.
G) Arjitha Sevas
 During 2015-16 it is estimated at Rs.50.00 crores.
 During 2016-17 the same is estimated at Rs.55.00crores.
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Utilization of Funds
A) Engineering Department in TTD
The following major areas where the Engineering Department is proposed to spend the
budgeted provision of Rs.160.00 Crores during the year 2016-2017.
 Temple Works & Pilgrim Amenities - Rs.70.07 Crores
 Roads - Rs.19.64 Crores
 TTD Kalyana Mandapams - Rs.12.77 Crores
 Educational Institutions - Rs.11.38 Crores
 BIRRD & Hospitals - Rs.11.10 Crores
 SVIMS - Rs.7.79 Crores
 TTD employees Facility works - Rs.7.20 Crores
 Other Works - Rs.7.10 Crores
 Water Works - Rs.5.03 Crores
 Stores (Civil & Electrical) & Furniture - Rs.4.37 Crores
 Drainage Works - Rs.2.75 Crores
 Vedic University Works - Rs.0.80 Crores
Total: Rs.160.00 Crores
B) Propagation of Hindu Dharma
The total Outlay towards this activity is as follows:
 2015-16 Rs.111.40 crores
 2016-17 Rs.121.00 crores
C) Educational Department in TTD

Total Outlay
(Rs. In crore)
Particulars Revised estimates Budget estimates
2015-16 2016-17
TTD Educational Institutions 86.24 87.95
Universities and Library 5.10 5.25
Total: 91.34 93.20
D) Health and Sanitation Department

(Rs. in Crore)
2015-16 2016-17
Health & Sanitation 72.68 72.85
Facility Management Services 36.00 36.00
Total: 108.68 108.85
255
E) Vigilance & Security Department
The Outlay of the Vigilance and Securities Department for various years is as follows:
➢ 2015-16 Rs.67.79 Crores
➢ 2016-17 Rs.67.87 Crores
F) Hospitals
The Outlay for this department is as follows:
(Rs. in Crores)
2015-16 2016-17
TTD Hospitals and Dispenssaries 25.76 25.82
SVIMS, BIRRD, SSSN Trust, Sravanam Project 29.00 37.00
and SVRRG Hospitals
Total: 54.76 62.82
G) Pension
A) The Pension Outlay for two years is given below:
➢ 2015-16 Rs.105.00 Crores
➢ 2016-17 Rs.120.00 Crores
B) To strengthen the corpus of the Pension Fund, the following contributions are proposed.
➢ 2015-16 Rs.75.00 Crores
➢ 2016-17 Rs.75.00 Crores
256
Annexure-VI
PARTICULARS OF THE MAIN WORKS (KHUMBH MELA -2010)

 Rs. 572 Crore - Sanctioned for Khumba works (Upto 30.04.2010)
 SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS:
* 202 Zonal Megistrate/ Sector Megistrate / Additional Magistrates appointed.
* 32 Temporary sector/ stations constructed.
* 42 Temporary Police posts constructed.
* 10 Temporary Police lines constructed.
* Nearly 21,500 police force were posted along with Central Security forces to
make security arrangements of Khumbh mela.
* Temporary 7 Look- last centres constructed, from this around 28,500 lost persons
make contact with their families.
* 753 persons were saved from sinking by the River police force at different Ghats.
 HEALTH ARRANGEMENTS:
* Constructed 06 permanent base Hospitals, 20 temporary 10 beds Hospital and 19
Temporary primary Health Centres.
* 230 additional beds were provided in permanent hospitals.
* 222 doctors were appointed and 443 supporting staff were engaged.
* 63 ambulances were provided
* Treatment provided to the 3,25,911 patients during the Khumbha mela period.
* 10287 patients were admitted and they are relieved after cure.
* Around 6000 Temporary Toilets constructed in Khumbh mela-1998, where as
Khumba mela-2010 around 14,000 temporary toilets constructed for public use
around 4000 toilets were semi-structured.
* 8,616 scavengers were appointed for cleaning arrangements.
 BATHING GHATS
* Before Khumbh mela- 2010 - 7.50 K.M. bathing Ghats available later it was
increased to 15 K.M., wherein 13 K.M. permanent bathing ghats and 2 K.M.
temporary ghats constructed.
* More than 1 Crore people took holy bath in these ghats per day.
257
 DRINKING WATER ARRANGEMENTS:
* Enhanced the capacity of drinking water system of Haridwar from 63 MLD to 106
MLD.
* Established 06 new bore wells, 06 new inter well, 17 high level tanks, 46 KM
pipe lines permanently.
* Established 206 K.M. main pipe line and distribution line for drinking water
system in the temporary sectors.
* 1325 temporary stand posts available for Drinking water system.
* 25 generator sets arranged for distribution of good drinking water system.
* 17 tankers made available in temporary sectors for regular sprinkling purpose.
* 150 temporary fire extinguishers were made available to prevent fire accidents.
 CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND BRIDGES:
* Repairs to the 154 K.M. roads.
* Making of 4.38 K.M.new roads.
* Hill bypass, which was closed more than 09 years due to land skip was re-opened.
* Expanded the Bypass road Khadkhadi to Dudhadhari circle to make the hill
bypass away from the city, for which the vehicles cannot entire the city. For this
we obtained the High court order under the Forest conservation Act.
* Railway over bridge was constructed to avoid traffic jam at Laskar city. 06 more
temporary bridges were constructed in addition to the bridge.
* A permanent bridge was constructed at Dhanouri for movement of the vehicles
straight from Saharnapur to Haridwar. This bridge very useful at the time of
Khavada mela also.
* Construction of temporary bridges in the Khumba mela area to connect the NH-
58, Roorkee-Haridwar road & NH-74, Haridwar- Nazobabad road to avoid the
city traffic.
* 42 pedestal and Motorbile temporary bridges were constructed for easy access to
the various sectors of Khumba mela region.
 TEMPORARY PARKING:-
* Temporary parking units were made available for parking of 18 thousand vehicles
in 28 places in the area of 74 Hectors during Khmbh mela-1998, but during
Khumb mela- 2010 the space was provided for parking of 01 Lakh vehicles in 45
258
places in the total area of 300 Hectors.
 CAMPING AREA:-
* 100 Hectors land provided for Camping purpose during Khumbh-1998, but it was
provided nearly 172.35 hectors for Khumbh mela-2010.
* Land was allotted to 806 organizations during Khumbh-1998, but it in Khumbh
mela- 2010 land was allotted to 1539 orgnaizations.
 PERNMANENT ELECTRICITY SYSTEM:
* The availability of electricity increased from 100 MVA to 147 MVA. 03 New
Electricity sub stations, increase the capacity of 05 new Transformers, 11 KV line
of 38 KM`s 10 KM composite man, 54 new distribution transformers fixed under
this works.
* In addition to that, 09 compact Electricity Sub-stations, 02 dry Transformers, 06
Linking-delinking work, 03 KM. L.T line & 9.5 K.M Bunch cable work done. 28
KM. LT line conducter changed and 22 KM. 11KV lines were strengthened.
* Nearly 27 KM. length 692 electricity polls, 1072 sodium lights and 10 High-mast
lights fixed in the town and Kumba mela sight for improve the lighting system.
 TEMPORARY ELECTRICITY SYSTEM :
* For provide the lighting system 15 KM. 11 KV. Line, 70 KM. LT line and 81 new
Distribution sub-station were constructed at temporary sectors and 17 KM LT line
at temporary sectors.
* 27 Genrarator sets provided for uninterrupted electric supply.
 GANGA POLLUTION CONTROL:

* 36.85 KM sewer lines built for control of pollution in the river Ganga.
* 02 new sewer finding machines established.
* 04 new sewer cleaning machines were purchased.
* 08 new suction machines were purchased to empty of the Soak-pits at temporary
toilets.
 TEMPORARY BUS SHEDS:
* Construction of 06 international Bus stands/ Bus stands in different places during
Khumbha mela period.
* 83,508 buses run by different transports corporations at different places during
Khumbha mela period.
259
 RAIL TRANSPORT:
* 3000 trains operated during the Khumbha mela period, wherein 24,78,447 visitors
travelled.
 NIGHT HALT ROOMS:
* 09 stations at different places arranged for the passengers to stay at night.
 DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD:
* Wheat 3729 M.Tons
* Atta 944 M.Tons
* Rice 3134 M.Tons.
* Sugar 1727 M.Tons.
* Oil 2421 K.Lts.
* Temporary Gas connections- 7500
* Refilling of Gas cylinders- 65000
 MILK DISTRIBUTION:
* 24 temporary milk booths established.
* 5 Lakh Lts. Milk sold.
 TOTAL DEVOTEES DURING MELA PERIOD:
* Devotees during the Bath festival- 4.16 Crore.
* Total devotees during the 04 months period of Khumbha mela- 8.28 Crore.
260
Annexure-VII
261
ANNEXURE-VIII
Khumbh- 2010- An Overview (as said by the MELA officer)
The following is the abstract of what Meladhikari (of Kumbh-Mela) said about the Kumbh-
Mela of 2010. To see that the effectiveness in the subject remains, active voice is preferred (first-
person). He was sent to the district (Haridwar) as district collector.
"The local people of Haridwar believe that the officers, who got the blessings of Mother
Ganges will be posted to this Khumbha mela. I assumed charge as District Magistrate, Haridwar on
21-05-2007. In some unavoidable circumstances, I was additionally given the charge of Vice-
President, Haridwar Development Authority on 13-09-2007 and I was assumed charge of Vice-
President, Haridwar Development Authority and Secretary, Khubha Region Control & Management
Committee on 19-09-2007. Khubha Region control & Management Committee is a standing
Committee, constituted after the Ardh khumbh Mela- 2004 and to look after the preparations of
coming Khumbh mela, maintenance of Mela land and maintenance of records on 30-07-2004. The
Chairman of the Committee, the Commissioner of Garhwal Mandal and Secretary of the Committee
Vice-Chariman, Haridwar Development Authority. Therefore, along with the responsibilities of
District Magistrate, Haridwar, I also handled the responsibilities of Vice-Chariman, Haridwar
Development Authority & Secretary, Khumbh Region Regulation and Arrangements Committee.
In the above Committee, in addition to the representatives of different Organisations, the

officers of the different departments, the District Collectors of Haridwar, Deharadun, Tehari and Pauri
and SSP`s are the members in the committee. After several meetings, the committee agreed all
proposals (Basic Plan) for Rs.274 Crore for the preparations of Khumbha mela-2010 on 29-09-2007
and also send the proposals to Government for approval in the first week of October, 2007.
About 3 Crore people devotees visited during the period of Khumbh Mela- 1998. Earlier 3-4
years the people devotees visited during the Bathing Festivals like Kawad mela & Somavati
Amavasya etc., basing on that festivals it is excepted that more than 5-6 Crore people devotees will
visit during the 04 month period of Khumbh Mela and during the main Bathing Festival day it is
excepted to be visit of about 1.5 Crore devotees to take the holy bath. During the mela period about
10-15 Lakh devotees expected to be resided in the temporary Camps. On the basis of the arrival of
number of devotees, the facilities, arrangements and security to the pilgrims have been made. We
take care of each and every small aspect of arrangements. Khumbh Festival is such different kind of
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event, whatever preparations we made, it seems to be less. Our team always tried to discuss on each
and every issue on this occasion. The more hard work we made during this occasion, the less
difficulties will be faced during the actual mela.
A Committee constituted to discuss on the Basic plan of Khumbh mela- 2010 under the
chairmanship of the Hon’ble Chief Secretary held on 04-01-2008 and the meeting conducted with the
help of (power point) presentation. Later, a committee chaired by Chief Minister has been given in-
principle approval of the proposals. After the meeting, we procured the estimates on every plan form
the concerned departments and send to Government for approval. We received the first approval in
the month of March, 2008 for the proposal works related to the departments of Drinking Water,
Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Electricity Department and Public Works Department respectively.
The Government of India sanctioned Rs.50 crore rupees for the works of Khumbha mela through
ACA in the month of March, 2008. The amount was kept in PLA of Vice-Chairman, Haridwar
Development Authority by the Government.
The foundation stone to start the works related to Khumbh mela laid on 04-07-2008 by the
Hon’ble Chief Minister. The works related to the Public Work Department, Drinking Water
Department were included in the above.
I took the charge of District Collector as well as the charge of Mela Officer by formal way on
26-07-2008 and conducted different levels of meetings once in every week or sometimes 03 times a
week were held to resolve the long standing and delayed pending problems of the works related to
Khumbh mela. For this, I and a small team available at committee office went to Dehradun almost
every week for this purpose. Before going to the meetings held at Dehradun, we used to keep a list of
pending issues in various departments for approval of Government. The issues, which was pending at
Government level we used to contact the Department Secretary of the concerned department. Most of
the cases were related to Urban Development Authority and Finance Department.
We faced huge difficulties, when the Khumbh mela works started in Haridwar. Haridwar has
at least 05 months season for the pilgrim people. Large number of travellers were visit during this
period. Two months period go out of rainy season, in which no construction works started. Only 4-5
months are left to start the construction work. The summer season is also very hot and in winter
season, the cold is also very high in Haridwar. Therefore, we have left only 4-5 months in a year to
start the works effectively. Pert Chart/ Bar Charts of each work were prepared and I used to review
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the work progress in work places and hold meetings regularly on the basis of the charts. Once there
was a time, when all the main roads of Haridwar City i.e., NH 58-Shantikunj to Saptharushi-
Bharatmata mandir- RTO Chowk marg, Bopathwala- Harki paidi upto Arya nagar Chowk marg,
Jwalapur-Bhagatsingh Chowk road, Simhadwar-Deshrakshak- upto Ramakrishna mission Hospital to
Shankaracharya Chowk marg in Khankal and Desh Rakshak Chowrasta to DAV School main road at
Laskar road have been excavated by the Pollution control Unit for making of sewer. Some sewers/
Truck sewers were being laid on some of these routes. Truck sewers have made by Ganga Action
Plan at some roads. The remaining was completed by the Drinking water Corporation. They also dug
roads of Streets-mohallas to set up the raising men and pipe lines under JNNURM. Due to this works,
the local people feel angry. People started insulting the officers of the mela administration that these
officials cannot improve the city condition then how will they be able to manage the Khumba Mela.
As this is the travel season to Haridwar, travelers were also coming in large numbers in Haridwar.
The officers are facing lot of problems in this situation. The issue was reported to Hon’ble Chief
Minister. In order to pacify the wrath of the local people, two senior officers have to be suspended.
In order to deal with the above said situations, I have made continuous meetings with the
office bearers of various local organisations like Business groups, Hotel associations, Dharmashala
Managers, Ashram Managers, Ganga Sabha, Rotary Club, Press Club etc., and no communication gap
from my side. I made them a belief that where and when the (mela) works starts for the convenience
of the Public/ travelers, some kind of problems will arise. I continuously contact with IMA, Rotary
Club, and Lions Club people. This led to two benefits, the public was made aware of our problems/
plan and the problem of the people or lack of progress in the quality of construction work, I have
received the direct feedback, of which immediate solution was benefitted to me to solve the problem.
Along with the efforts to calm down the local people angry, I have made the weekly Pert chart/ Bar
Chart of the construction works and daily visits to the work sites was ensured me that the daily
progress was made as per the weekly Pert chart prepared by the concerned departments. The
additional Mela Officers were also kept on the inspection work to review the construction work in the
morning and it was reviewed in the evening and also what works will be completed on the next day
and there is no problem in establish co-ordination with other departments. Once there was a situation
arose in the entire city that the land lines were stopped/ remains closed due to the cable cut due to
digging to lay pipes for Telephone sewer/ pipes. To deal the situation, I discussed with BSNL
Officials and BSNL personnel were appointed at every excavation site, so that they could connect the
cables immediately after the telephone line was damaged. Month wise meetings were convened to
264
ensure the progress of construction works as per the pert chart. One Staff meeting was convened at
Camp Office on every Monday at 10 A.M, wherein Police Deputy Inspector, Khumbh, all Under-
Mela Officers, and Dy. Mela Officers and staff of Haridwar Development Authority also attended in
this meeting. In these meetings, the review of work done during the last week and what is to be done
during next week will be discussed.
There was a lack of co-ordination between the departments. During November-December,

2008 a critical situation happened that the roads were repaired after sewer work completed and then
the roads were dug again by the Drinking Water department for laying their drinking water pipeline.
The departments have limited thinking. They are neither sensitive to the problems/ difficulties
of the people, nor they want to continue co-ordination with the other departments. In such, situation
the important role of the mela administration is to solve and fill the gap. Therefore, it was the
responsibility of the Mela Administration to ensure the public to complete the problem early and
establish the co-ordination between the various departments.
Principle Secretary, Hon’ble Chief Minister/Co-ordinator, who was also Mandalayukth, upto
11/2008 got the full benefit of experience of the Last Kumbh Mela preparations. He made periodic
inspection of works from time to time by visit Haridwar. This was brought a lot of momentum in the
construction of works. He was given full support in the disposal of cases related to various
departments at the level of his Government.
He participated in the meetings held at the State level and Government of India level along
with the above responsibilities and he shown interest on the Inspection of the work places, the
requirement of construction work, justification etc., from time to time on the arrival of the Higher
officials visit to Haridwar. He also participated in the meetings of Hon’ble Chief Minister/ Hon’ble
Minister etc.
A meeting was convened on 14-07-2009 under the Chairmanship of Principle Secretary, Prime
Minister`s office, in which various arrangements and Schemes of Khumbh mela were presented. In
this meeting, Chief Secretary, Secretary, Urban Development, Principle Secretary, Local
Commissioner and I participated on behalf of Uttarakhand. After this meeting, Secretary, Planning
Commission, Government of India visited Haridwar. He was reviewed the Khumbh mela proposals
and made on-site inspection at Haridwar on 17-07-2009 and in 18-07-2009 at Dehradun. It is the
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turning point on this occasion that in the past as the Khumbh mela proposals were proposed and
selected for Rs.350-400 Crore after talks with representatives of various religious institutions,
Akhadas they given proposal of Rs.552 Crore were given formal approval in the meeting. Thereafter,
the Government of India released Rs.400 Crore from ACA for Khumbha related works. Earlier
Government of India already released Rs.135 Crore. After this, the acceptance of proposals continued
rapidly from the Government side. It is noteworthy that out of 309 Schemes approved, about 200
schemes were sanctioned in the six months period from September, 2009 to February, 2010. After
this, the team of Planning Commission, Government of India is visiting regularly. They were visit the
place and satisfied with the quality and progress of the arrangements/construction works done for
Kumbh Mela.
The target for completion of permanent nature works was kept upto 10/2009. Accordingly pert
chart were also made. From the point of Khumba mela, all the important permanent works completed
in the month of 12/2009 and the temporary works completed in the month of 12/2009. Some works,
which were completed simultaneously with the mela period except the drinking water attachments,
Electricity attachments and cleaning arrangements the remaining all temporary works i.e., Main pipe
line, temporary electricity line and temporary construction of Hospitals etc., completed by the month
of 12/2009. The mela period was notified from 01 January to 30 April, 2010. Hence, before the
starting date of mela all the important works were completed. Due to timely completion of above
works in time the opinion like “the works will not be completed till Khumbh period” of the public and
officials was proven baseless.
Apart from the construction of works, the second important task was planning of the sectors.
The responsibility was handed over to the officials of Haridwar Development Authority. The officials
of the Haridwar Development Authority along with their old experienced staff and the traffic officers
of the police department visited different contact routes, alternative routes of the mela area upto Delhi,
Bejnour and prepared the Macro plan and Micro plan of the Khumbh. The Macro and Micro plans
were presented several times in various meetings held under the chairmanship of the Mela Officer
along with Dy. Superintendent of police and officers of the other important departments. After
finalizing the plans approval consent was received form Advisory committee/ High level committee
on this plan. The sector Bairagi, Satidweep, Dakshdweep Gowrisankar, Neeldhara-Chadidweep and
Saptasarovar are the main sectors in the Sector plan. For the first time Pantdweep was kept vacant in
addition to the Government camp, which was great benefit for us in this way. If Pantdweep was not
266
kept in the free-circulation area, it would be very difficult to handle the huge crowds reaching Hariki
Paidi camp. According to the plan prepared the work of allocation of the land started on right time.
There was no difficulty in the temporary services to be created but as per the pre-estimations of the
land requirement the requirement was increase from 150 Hectares to 170 Hectors, which was not
included in the plan. Due to this deviation in the plan, the temporary facilities like electricity, supply
of Drinking water, roads etc., were to be built separately. These additional works were planned at the
last minute, but we have to provide the facilities, so it was done in time. Departments also supported
a lot in this additional works and the works were completed beyond the limit.
At the time of preparation for the Khumbh mela, people used to say that the co-ordination with
the Akharas is in a right way, it is believed that the management work of Khumbha mela is completed.
We tried to create co-ordination from the beginning. Their small needs were also fulfilled by the
Government. We got their full support during Khumbh mela except some minor incidents. It is also
necessary to mention here that the Akhade try to pressure the mela administration and also the State
Government by giving a threaten of boycott the holy bath, but I personally believe that the legitimate
demand of the Akharas should be ful but illegitimate work should not be done under the pressure of
threat of boycott of the holy bath. They should be given full respect and honour. The people say that
the Akhade is non-cooperative and cruel in nature, but it never happened earlier. This is possible
because of the officers, who were assigned to co-ordinate with them, they fulfilled their
responsibilities with dedication and hard work at their end and also kept the senior officers
continuously constant contact with them. The conclusion is that if they are properly treated, then
there will be no problem.
Due to being a new state at present, there was a lot of shortage of Additional District level
officers and Deputy collector level posts in the state, but the government sanctioned full time 14
Deputy Collectors, 11 Tahasildars and 02 BDO`s from December, 2009. In addition to that 06
Additional District Magistrates and other Deputy Collectors were sent during the Bathing Festival.
The officers who were sent during the Bathing festival time were sent for a continuous period from 26
March, 2010 to 18 April, 2010 at the time of main Bathing Festival day. The centre of the Khumbh
fair is Bairagi, Satidweep, Dakshdweep Gowrisankar, neeldhara, Chandidweep and Sapthasarovar
sector. In these sectors, there was a need in main Sectors like Sector Magistrate, Departmental
Officer, Sector police officer, Rest rooms for doctors, Electricity facility, supply of drinking water,
sewer system, water sprinklers to avoid dust blowing, appropriate parking facility etc., The fair started
267
in the month of January, 2010 then initially the movement of Sanyasi Akhadas and installing of
Dharmadwaja setting took place. The first royal bath was taken on 12 February, 2010 day of Sivaratri
the Sansyasi Akhade taken their holy bath. The Vaishnav Akade came after Holy after their arrival,
the Khumbh mela reached its peak stage. Shivaratri festival was celebrated by them in their temples.
The Khumbha mela festival started appearing in form from 01 March, 2010. Vaishnav akhade and
Khala come together. For them, the construction of temporary Drinking water facility, temporary
construction of toilets have to be constructed within a short period and together, in which a lot of
difficulty was experienced by our team. The other institutions come one by one, so there is no
difficulty in arranging the facilities for them. Therefore, it is necessary to do lot of planning in
advance to formulate temporary facilities in Bairagi Camp.
The press conference by the Mela Officer along with Deputy Inspector General of Police,
Khumbh was conducted regarding the arrangements information for the upcoming Shahi Snan. The
State Government and the Central Government had given complete details of the arrangements after
the Shahi Snan and after the Main Bath and press note also given in newspapers.
VIP arrivals also continued during the Khumbh mela. The temporary Circuit house built by
the mela administration was very useful and beneficial. Otherwise, it would have been very difficult
to provide housing facility to the large level gathering and it was very difficult to get a room in ashram
or hotel at the time of Khumbh mela.
In general, the many functions of Khumbh mela are routine as the works of other melas but in
Khumbh mela, there is no time to start new and innovative experiments, according to the immediate
circumstances, because new technologies are coming at the present time these are included on
regularly basis from time to time. We were successful in most of attempts of innovative experiments
and some places, we are not successful. These innovative experiments should be done regularly.
Over 8 crore devotees visited the Haridwar during the entire fair. More than 1.50 Crore
people took holy bath in the river Ganga on the Khumbh festival (14 April). The entire Khumbh-
2010 and all Shahi Snan and conduction of various parv were possible only with the blessings of
Mother Ganga and we were successfully conducted and performed the mela with the co-operation and
hard work of every one, which was praised not only in the whole country but also in the world.
268
Annexure-IX
269
Annexure-X
270
Annexure-XI
271
Annexure-XII
272
273
274
275
Glossary
S.No. Word Meaning
1. Aagama Sasthra Traditional principles governing worship, construction, festivals in
temples. The word agama means tradition
2. Adi Sesha Divine serpent said to have one thousand heads and represented as
forming the coach of Lord Vishnu
3. Alvars Vaishnavite saints whose hymns in praise of Vishnu constitute the
Tamil canon-considered to be on par with the Vedas
4. Ammvaru Goddess
5. Amrit Immortality nectar
6. Archakas Priests
7. Aryavarta Aryavarta is yet another name which refers to India. In ancient texts,
there is sufficient usage of the word “Aryavart”. Aryavart refers to
the land of Aryas.
8. Ashrama A hermitage or abode of ascetics
9. Brahmotsavam A Brahmotsavam is a holy cleansing ceremony in honor of Lord
Brahma, and the one at Tirumala is by far the largest. It is one of
important and auspicious functions in Tirupati.
10. Buddhism A widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddartha
Gautama in NE India in the 5th century BC.
11. Choultry Choultry is a peculiar word of origin in South India and of doubtful
etymology; in Malayalam – chawati, in Telugu and Tamil Chawadi.
This is a place where four road meet.
12. Crore Ten million; one hundred lakhs, especially of rupees, units if
measurement, or people
Devasthanam A body administering the affairs of the temple.
13. Dham Adobe / Residence
14. Dharmashala A building devoted to religious or charitable purposes, especially a
rest house for travelers.
15. Gopuram Pinnacles of the temple over the sanctuary.
16. Hara Hara is another name of Lord Shiva or God in Saivism.
Hari Hari is another name of Lord Vishnu or God in Vaishnavism
276
17. Hinduism A worldwide religious tradition that is based on the Veda and is the
direct descendent of the Vedic religion. It encompasses many
religious traditions that widely vary in practice, as well as many
diverse sects and philosophies.
18. Kalyana Mandapam A wedding or marriage ceremony hall.
19. Kamandal Water Vessel
20. Kumbh A Sacred Pitcher
21. Kumbh Mela A Hindu festival and assembly, held once every 12 years at four
locations in India, at which pilgrims bathe in the waters of the Gangas
and Yamuna rivers.
22. Kund (Bhrahma Kund) A stepped temple tank or small reservoir in which rainwater is
collected for drinking
23. Mahadwara A grand entrance to the temple
24. Mandapas In the Hindu temple the Mandapa is a porch-like structure through the
(gopuram) (ornate gateway) and leading to the temple
25. Moolavirat Maindeity in a temple
26. Pandit A man with specialised knowledge or a teacher of any field of
knowledge in Hinduism, particularly the Vedic Scriptures, Dharma or
Hindu Philosophy
27. Parvatham Hill
28. Parvati Parvati is nominally the second consort of Lord Shiva, the Hindu God
of destruction and rejuvenation. However, she is not different from
Sati, being the reincarnation of Shiva’s first wife.
29. Peetham This is a place where saints from different religion, had their Jeeva –
Samadhis (meaning where the saints left their human forms behind,
while they are still alive as holy spirits)
30. Pradakshina It refers to circumambulation of scared place in Hindu, Jain or
Buddhist context. It means ‘the path surrounds something’ in
Sanskrit, and is also known as parikrama representing
circumambulation
31. Prasadam Part of food or fruit (aaragimpu) offered to the deity
32. Pravachanam It is form of Hindu religion discourse, lectures on scriptures
277
33. Pujas Prayer/worship of the gods; offerings
34. Puranas Any of a class of Sanskrit sacred writings on Hindu mythology and
folklore of varying date and origin, the most ancient of which dates
from the 4th century AD.
35. Pushkarini Temple tanks are wells or reservoirs built as part of the temple
complex near Indian temples
36. Sabha A Sabha in ancient India was an assembly, congregation, or council
37. Skanda Purana It is the largest mahapurana, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious
texts. The text is devoted mainly to the leelas of kartikeya, a son of
Lord Shiva and parvathi, who is also known as Skanda.
38. Sreerama Navami It is a Hindu festival, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama to king
Dasharatha and Queen Kausalya of Ayodhya. Ram is the 7th
incarnation of the Dashavatara of Vishnu
39. Sri A title of respect used before the name of a man, a God, or a sacred
book
40. Swamy/Swamy Varu A respect form to God
41. Swayambhu That which comes of its own accord; hat which is untouched by a tool
42. Swetha Varaha The puranic legends say that it is of the Supreme Being, Maha
Vishnu, revealed himself in the form of a white boar. Swetha Varaha
literally means while boar.
43. The Mahabharata The Great Hindu epic describing the famous battle of Kurukshethra
between the Pandavas and Kauravas
44. The Ramayana One of the two great epics of India which tells the story of Rama
45. Utsavams It generally means a festival or celebration or any joyous occasion
46. Vedic Collectively refers to a corpus of ancient Indo-Aryan religious
literature that is considered by adherents of Hinduism to be revealed
knowledge. Many hindus believe the Vedas existed since the
beginning of creation.
47. Vimana It is a word with several meanings ranging from temple place to
mythological flying machines described in Sanskrit epics. References
to these flying machines are commonplace in ancient Indian texts,
even describing their use in warfare.
278
48. Vishnavism/vaishnavite It is or these people belong to one the major branches of Hinduism
along with shaivism, smartism, and shaktism. It is focused on the
veneration of Vishnu
49. Vishnu The presever God – member of the Trimurti
279
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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ANDHRA PRADESH

Sridhar Babu Addanki

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Tourism: A Comparative Study between Andhra Pradesh and Uttarakhand with

Management is a record of my original research work conducted under the supervision of

Dr. Arunesh Parashar, HOD, Department of Tourism Management, Dev Sanskriti

University Haridwar (Uttarakhand).

committed and sincere for this research work.

Sridhar Babu Addanki

Vishwavidyalaya Gayatrikunj, Shantikunj, Hardwar, in partial fulfilment of the requirement

institution in any other form.

Acknowledgement must be extended to Dr. Pranav Pandya, Chancellor,

I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Dr.Purna Chandra Rao, HoD,

Sridhar Babu Addanki

On study of the existing models of temple functioning at Tirupati and Haridwar, it

The present research study attempted to make a comparative analysis of state of

Sl No. Particulars Page No.

TABLE-6.4.1: Rank of the Constraints Faced by Pilgrims in Haridwar………………….Page No.189

Fig 6.2.1.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and

Fig 6.2.1.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Haridwar (O.S.H) and

Fig 6.2.2.4: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and

Fig 6.2.2.5: Association between Overall Satisfaction at Tirupati (O.S.T) and

ACA Additional Central Assistance

1.2 Importance of tourism

1.3 Global Tourism Trends

1.3.1 Most-visited countries by International Tourist Arrivals (ITA)

Table 1.3.1: Top countries by International Tourist Arrivals during 2019

1.3.2 International Tourism Receipts (ITR)

1.3.3 International Tourism Expenditure

Table 1.3.3 Top 10 international tourism spenders during 2019

2 USA Americas $ 152 billion 5%

3 Germany Europe $ 93 billion 3%

4 United Kingdom Europe $ 72 billion 6%

5 France Europe $ 52 billion 11 %

7 Russian Federation Europe $ 36 billion 5%

6 Australia Asia and the Pacific $ 36 billion 5%

8 Canada Americas $ 35 billion 5%

9 Republic of Korea Asia and the Pacific $ 32 billion -8 %

10 Italy Europe $ 30 billion 6 %

Source: “International Tourism Highlights 2020 Edition”, UNWTO publications

In respect of domestic tourism, there was a continuous increase in domestic tourist

1.5 Religious Tourism

1.5.1 Religious Tourism and Pilgrimages

1.5.2 Scope of Religious Tourism in Indian context

1.5.3 Need for involvement of Government in promotion of Religious Tourism

The Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation is a state government agency

1.8 The Case of Lord Sri Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati

1.10 Scope of this Study

The study attempts to make a comparative analysis of religious tourism in Andhra

2. To study the association between socio demographic characteristics and overall

4. To make a comparative analysis of Tirupati and Haridwar on satisfaction levels of

5. To offer valuable suggestions based on the observations/conclusions of the study to

6. To discuss the need and significance of setting up of a government managed

1.12 Limitations of this Study

5. The geographical location of Uttarakhand in terms of topography is entirely different

1.13 Organisation of Thesis

• Chapter 4: This Chapter deals about religious tourism in Uttarakhand. The

2. Indian Tourism Statistics at a glance 2021 – Ministry of Tourism, Government of

3. “International Tourism Highlights 2019 Edition”, UNWTO publications

4. “International Tourism Highlights 2020 Edition”, UNWTO publications

5. Noga Collins, Kreiner (2018), “Pilgrimage-Tourism: Common Themes in Different

7) Krishna R R and Govindaswamy M (1998) in the article titled “Marketing in Tourism”

E. Haridwar's religious sanctity needs to be ensured, as the city's economy is largely