8

Biotechnology
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Genetic Manipulation

DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY

Biotechnology– Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Genetic Manipulation
First Edition, 2021

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Regional Director : May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V

OIC Asst. Regional Director : Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Marifar Santos, Lemuel Licup, Larissa Manalili

Editors: Sherilyne L. Reyes, Jennifer Praza, Edgardo D. Cortez,
Jenny S. Tongol, Edythe Hipolito
Reviewers: Gemima A. Estrabillo, Emily F. Sarmiento, Hermes Vargas, Adrian
Tamayo, Krislene Ida N. Mercado, Noel S. Reganit
Mercedes Bactol, Billy Ray B. Manuel, Marvin R. Leano, Gemmarie
G. Rivas
Illustrator: Arnold Arceo
Layout Artist: Maricon H. Rivera, Noel S. Reganit
Management Team: May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
Ma. Irelyn P. Tamayo PhD, CESE
Fernandina P. Otchengco, PhD, CESE
Librada M. Rubio PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas EdD
Rochella C. David
Emily F. Sarmiento PhD
Gemima A. Estrabillo EdD
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E-mail Address: angeles.city@deped.gov.ph
 8
Biotechnology
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Genetic Manipulation

Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
 Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is

here to help you master the nature of Biotechnology. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is summated into one lesson, namely:

• Lesson 1: Genetic Manipulation

After going through this module, you are expected to discuss how genetic materials
are manipulated;
 What I Know

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the

correct answer.
1. This refers to the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes.
a.Genetic engineering b. Karyotyping
c. Ligase d. Plasmid
2. The circular piece of DNA found in bacteria and contains genes.
a. Cell b. Ligase
c. Plasmid d. Vector
3. The process by which many copies of a specific gene are made each time the host
cell reproduces.
a. Fingerprinting b. PCR
c. Gene Cloning d. Recombinant DNA
4. It is the shape of the DNA.
a. Helical b. horizontal
c. Parallel d. Vertical
5. He discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
a. Hamilton Smith b. Hindll
c. Kary Mullis d. Werner Abner
6. These are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific locations based on the nucleotide
sequence.
a. Gel electrophoresis b. Ligase
c. Restriction enzymes d. PCR
7. It is a genetic engineering tool used to multiply the DNA exponentially for each
of the 25 to 75 cycles.
a. Gel electrophoresis b. Ligase
c. Restriction enzymes d. PCR
8. It is a branch of biotechnology deals with the study and investigation of genomic
information from trace evidence found at crime scenes.
a. Agricultural biotechnology b. Forensic biotechnology
c. Industrial biotechnology d. Medical biotechnology
9. This was the name given to the first mouse used to study cancer.
a. Mighty mouse b. Mousegenic
c. Oncomouse d. Supermouse
10. This is the process where mice are used to study gene function by purposely
turning off specific genes.
a. Apoptosis b. Cell knockout
c. Gene knockout d. Genetosis
 Lesson

1 Genetic Manipulation

What’s In

In our previous module, we learned about the different tools used in genetic
engineering and how these tools became helpful for human in terms of crop
production, detection of viruses, forensics and development of vaccines. For
example, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRt-PRC) test which
is used to detect if a person is infected with a common strain of virus. In addition,
the pulse field gel electrophoresis is a technique that distinguishes samples of
genetic material applied in DNA fingerprinting.

ACTIVITY A
Direction: Match each tool used in genetic engineering to their corresponding
description by writing on the blank spaces the letter of the correct answer.

Genetic Tools Description Answer

Polymerase Chain
a. It multiplies the DNA reaction
Polymerases exponentially for each of the 25 to 75 cycles.
Restriction enzymes
Gel Electrophoresis b. It is the enzymes that cut DNA at specific
locations based on the nucleotide sequence.
c. It monitors the changes of
Eukaryotic Host
protein content in body fluids.
d.The utilization of multi cell organisms to
produce human
Polymerase Chain proteins since these hosts with
Reaction complex structures are more suitable to synthesize
complex proteins.
Molecular Scissor
e. The groups of enzymes that catalyze the Polymerase
synthesis of nucleic acid molecules.
What’s New
Directions: Study the flowchart below. Complete it by choosing inside the box the
missing steps and benefits of DNA manipulation. Other responses were given as
your clues.
A- Removal of genes D- To produce hydrocarbons, fuels,
plastics, drugs
B- Mutation of existing genes
E- To produce disease-and insect
C- Insert new genes
resistant crops, edible vaccines,
larger crops
G- To track protein production, for
disease detection to produce larger
animals as food source

DNA Manipula tion

(Steps )

1. 2. Replace 3. 4.
insert new
genes

Creates genetically
modified organism

GM GM GM
Bacteria Plants Animals

Benefits

5. 6. 7.
 What is It
Let’s talk about what is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the
hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

So now let’s learn what is genetic manipulation, it is the process of inducing changes
in gene expression and expression of novel genes and has proven to be an
indispensable tool in genetic research.

According to Bhagvanji, Gohil Sanjay (2018) one of the applications of genetic

manipulation is Gene cloning, defined as a mechanism by which each time the host
cell reproduces; several copies of a particular gene are produced wherein it is
possible to clone whole species. Gene Cloning is the insertion of a fragment of DNA
carrying a gene into a cloning vector and subsequent propagation of recombinant
DNA molecules into many copies is known as gene cloning. It involves using bacteria
to make multiple copies of a gene, foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid, and the
recombinant plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell, reproduction in the bacterial
cell results in cloning of the plasmid including the foreign DNA and this results in
the production of multiple copies of a single gene.

Nuclear cloning or Nuclear transfer- the introduction of the nucleus from a cell
into an enucleated egg cell (an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed). This

can be accomplished through fusion of the cell to the egg or through the direct
removal of the nucleus from the cell and the subsequent transplantation of that
nucleus into the enucleated egg cell. The donor nucleus used for nuclear transfer
may come from an undifferentiated embryonic cell or from a differentiated adult cell
(somatic cell); in the latter case, the technique is called somatic cell nuclear transfer.
The concept of nuclear transfer was first conceived in 1928 by German embryologist
Hans Spemann, who initially experimented with transferring salamander embryonic
cell nuclei into egg cells (Rogers, Kara).

Transgenic organism- Modern genetic technology can be used to modify the

genomes of living organisms. This process is also known as “genetic engineering.”
Genes of one species can be modified, or genes can be transplanted from one species
to another. Genetic engineering is made possible by recombinant DNA technology.
Organisms that have altered genomes are known as transgenic. Most transgenic
organisms are generated in the laboratory for research purposes. For example,
“knock-out” mice are transgenic mice that have a particular gene of interest disabled.
By studying the effects of the missing gene, researchers can better understand the
normal function of the gene (Transgenic Organisms. 2019. Genetics Generation).

Transgenic organisms have also been developed for commercial purposes. Perhaps
the most famous examples are food crops like soy and corn that have been
genetically modified for pest and herbicide resistance. These crops are widely known
as “GMOs” (genetically modified organisms).

Here are few other examples of transgenic organisms with commercial value:

Golden rice: modified rice that produces beta-carotene, the precursor to vitamin A.
Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem for millions of people around the
world, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. Golden rice is still waiting
regulatory approval.

Goats that produce important proteins in their milk: goats modified to produce
FDA-approved human antithrombin (ATryn), which is used to treat a rare blood
clotting disorder in humans. Goats have also been genetically modified to produce
spider silk, one of the strongest materials known to man, in their milk. Proposed
uses for this recombinant spider silk range from artificial tendons to bulletproof vest.

Copyright 1999-2009 Access Excellence @ The National Health Museum. Alright

reserved.
The process of cloning a gene in a bacterial plasmid can be divided into five steps:
1. Isolation of vector and gene-source DNA. The source DNA may come from
human tissue cells. The source of the plasmid is typically E. coli. This plasmid
carries useful genes, such as ampR, conferring resistance to the antibiotic
ampicillin.
2. Insertion of DNA into the vector. By digesting both the plasmid and human
DNA with the same restriction enzyme we can create thousands of human DNA
fragments, one fragment with the gene that we want, and with compatible sticky
ends on bacterial plasmids. After mixing, the human fragments and cut plasmids
form complementary pairs that are then joined by DNA ligase. This creates a mixture
of recombinant DNA molecules.
3. Introduction of the cloning vector into cells. Bacterial cells take up the
recombinant plasmids by the transformation. This creates a diverse pool of bacteria,
some bacteria that have taken up the desired recombinant plasmid DNA, other
bacteria that have taken up other DNA, both recombinant and nonrecombinant.
4. Cloning of cells (and foreign genes). We can plate out the transformed
bacteria on a solid nutrient medium containing ampicillin. Only bacteria that have
the ampicillin-resistance plasmid will grow.
5. Identifying cell clones with the right gene. In the final step, we will sort
through the thousands of bacterial colonies with foreign DNA to find those
containing our gene of interest
Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. Transgenic mice
were used to study development and disease; the first mouse used was called an
oncomouse used to study cancer. Other mice are used to study diabetes, brain
function, and development and sex determination. Gene knockout mice used to
study gene function – by purposely “turning off” specific genes. The knockout mouse
does not have a functional gene for a protein called leptin, which helps to control
food intake. Researchers are using this type of mouse to study obesity.