Course Book v1.0

Course Book v1.
0
Revision History
Date Version Authors Reason / Description of Change

Sally Peirce
SEP 2014 Original 1.0 New course design for old GA2
Elaine Walker
Version Control 1.0
Acknowledgements:
All Travelport logos and marks as well as all other proprietary materials depicted herein are the property of
Travelport and/or its subsidiaries. © Copyright 2014. All rights reserved.
For questions or comments, please send a message to customer.education@travelport.com

Contents
Contents.................................................................................................................................................... 3
Module 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................5
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Course Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Notes:........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Module 2: Geography (Revision) ........................................................................................................8
IATA Geography ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Global Indicators ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Global Indicator Flow Chart .................................................................................................................... 24
Module 3: Fare Display & Mileage Fares (Revision) ...........................................................................25
Neutral Units of Construction................................................................................................................. 26
Mileage Surcharges................................................................................................................................. 27
Checklist for Mileage One Way Journeys................................................................................................ 30
Exercise 1 (Mileage Surcharge OW)....................................................................................................... 31
Excess Mileage Allowances - EMA .......................................................................................................... 32
Mileage Check – Return Journeys........................................................................................................... 35
Checklist for Mileage Return Journeys ................................................................................................... 40
Exercise 1 (Mileage Surcharge RTN) ...................................................................................................... 41
Module 4: Higher Intermediate Point – HIP Check (Revision).............................................................42
Exercise 2 (HIP Check OW)...................................................................................................................... 45
Checklist for HIP Return Journeys........................................................................................................... 48
Exercise 2 (HIP Check RTN) .................................................................................................................... 49
Module 5: One Way Backhaul Check.................................................................................................51
Exercise 3 (ONE WAY BACKHAUL CHECK - BHC) ............................................................................. 53
Module 6: Circle Trip Minimum - CTM ..............................................................................................58
Circle Trip Minimum Check..................................................................................................................... 59
Exercise 4 (CIRCLE TRIP MINIMUM CHECK - CTM) ............................................................................... 61
Module 7: Fare Components Over 25M ............................................................................................66
One Way Journeys over 25M.................................................................................................................. 66
Exercise 5 (ONE WAY JOURNEY OVER 25M) ......................................................................................... 69
Return Journeys over 25M...................................................................................................................... 71
Galileo Fares Level 2 3

Contents
Exercise 6 (RETURN JOURNEY OVER 25M) ............................................................................................ 74

Module 8: Indirect Travel Limitations ...............................................................................................80
Exercise 7 (INDIRECT TRAVEL LIMITATIONS) ....................................................................................... 86
Module 9: Surface Sectors................................................................................................................92
Exercise 8 (SURFACE SECTORS)............................................................................................................... 99
Module 10: Mixed Class Fares ........................................................................................................104
Mixed Class One Way Journeys ............................................................................................................ 105
Exercise 9 (MIXED CLASS ONE WAY) .................................................................................................... 110
Mixed Class Return Journeys ................................................................................................................ 114
Exercise 10 (MIXED CLASS RETURN) ................................................................................................... 117
Module 11: Special Fares................................................................................................................128
Fares Heirachy....................................................................................................................................... 129
Fare Selection........................................................................................................................................ 130
Higher Intermediate Point Check.......................................................................................................... 134
Exercise 11 (SPECIAL FARE)................................................................................................................... 136
Open Jaw Special Fares......................................................................................................................... 139
Exercise 11 (SPECIAL FARE – OPEN JAW).............................................................................................. 142
Appendix A: Galileo Formats ..........................................................................................................144
Appendix B: Abbreviations, Definitions and Logic ...........................................................................147
Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................ 147
Definitions............................................................................................................................................. 149
Fares System Logic ................................................................................................................................ 150
Glossary: Travel Industry Organisations ..........................................................................................152
Blank Fare Grids.............................................................................................................................155
4 Galileo Fares Level 2

Module 1: Introduction
Welcome to Galileo Fares Level 2.
Introduction
Fares Level 2 will revise the basic concepts of the mileage system,
including HIP`s, covered in Level 1, before the study of more complex fare
construction principles. The course fully utilises the Galileo system and
practises a variety of system entries related to fares, which are vital in
work situations.
This course will give you an in-depth knowledge of complex multi-sector
air fares and how they are constructed and displayed in Galileo and any
air fare travel document. It will introduce the concept of the lowest
combination of fares and the calculation of the most economical fare
for a routing.
The knowledge that you gain will enable you to more accurately
interpret the fare breakdown which is displayed by Galileo and shown
on fares related documents. This will allow you to communicate more
confidently with colleagues, airline staff and customers with respect to
fares and fare construction.
Each subject will be covered by your trainer, with demonstrations and
exercises to follow. There is a 'mock' examination, or revision paper,
taken prior to the exam on the final day of the course. There is a final
examination of 3 hours' duration.
Please feel free to ask questions at any time during the course.
Course Objectives
Upon completion of this course you will be able to:

• Construct fares for multi-sector journeys applying the mileage
system, Higher Intermediate Points and Minimum Fare Checks.
• Determine fares for itineraries with more than one breakpoint.
• Calculate fares for itineraries with Surface Sectors.
• Apply Side Trip constructions.
• Assess fares for journeys of Differing Classes.
• Interpret and apply Special Fare rules to multi-sector itineraries and
Open Jaw constructions.
• Recognise Automated fare calculation area details.

Why should you Attend?
Fares Level 2 offers you:

• The ability to calculate complex normal and special fares, and
recognise the relevant features in Galileo fare responses.
• The confidence to communicate with airline staff and work with
colleagues on fares related issues.
• A certificate recognised worldwide by all companies

Notes:

Module 2: Geography (Revision)
IATA Geography
IATA Geography was covered at length in the Fares Level 1 course, so
we will take a look at this now by way of a revision. There will be no
questions in the exam about Geography for the Fares Level 2 course,
but fare notes often refer to IATA areas and sub-areas so it is important
to recognise these.
If you remember, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the

governing body of the airline industry has, for easy reference, divided
the world into 3 main areas:
IATA Area One:

Also known as the Western Hemisphere
IATA Area Two and Three:
Together these constitute the Eastern Hemisphere
IATA Areas are also called Traffic Conference Areas -
TC1, TC2 and TC3.
These IATA areas are divided into sub-areas. The main sub-areas are
listed below and are also indicated on the maps that follow:
IATA Area One — (The Western Hemisphere)
North Atlantic - USA (including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands

and Alaska), Canada, Mexico, Greenland.
Mid Atlantic - Bermuda, the Caribbean Islands, Bahamas, Belize, Costa

Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
See later text for full list.
South Atlantic - Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile.
IATA Area Two — (Within the Eastern Hemisphere)
Europe - UK, Continental Europe (including Turkey and the Russian

Federation/Russia west of the Ural Mountains), Canary Islands, Cyprus,
Azores, Madeira, Iceland, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco.
Middle East - Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Iran and geographical Middle
East.
Africa - Seychelles, Mauritius, Réunion, Cape Verde and the Continent

of Africa excluding Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.

Module 2: Geography Revision
IATA Area Three - (Within the Eastern Hemisphere)
South West Pacific - Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji,
French Polynesia, New Caledonia and nearby islands.
North Central Pacific - Includes Russian Federation/Russia east of the

Ural mountains and the continent of Asia.
See later text for full list.
North Central Pacific has a further division of:
South Asian Subcontinent - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (inc.

Andaman Islands), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Japan/Korea - Japan and Korea.
South East Asia - Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China (exc. Hong Kong
SAR and Macau SAR), Chinese Taipei, Guam, Hong Kong SAR (China),
Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao (People's Democratic Republic),
Macau SAR (China), Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia,
Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Philippines, Russian
Federation/Russia (in Asia), Singapore, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor Leste,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
These are the main sub areas, however, there are many other areas, the
full list of which is in the Passenger Air Tariff (Definitions).
Fare Rules may refer to IATA Areas and sub areas. Some additional sub
areas are listed below:
ECAA (European Common Aviation Area) – Albania, Austria, Belgium,

Bosnia and Herzegvina, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
Gulf States - Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and United Arab Emirates.
East Africa - Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
Southern Africa - Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and

Zimbabwe.
Western Africa - Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa),
Côte d' Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.

Caribbean Islands - Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados,

British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat,
Netherlands Antilles, St Barthelemy, St Kitts/Nevis, St Lucia, Northern St
Martin, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and
Caicos Islands.

IATA AREAS


IATA Area 1
North Atlantic
Canada, USA, Mexico, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and Greenland
Mid Atlantic
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,

Bermuda, Bolivia, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, St Barthelemy, Guatemala,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands
Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, St Kitts/ Nevis, St Lucia, Northern St
Martin, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,
Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela
South Atlantic
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay


IATA AREA 2
Europe
Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,

Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia,
Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia FYROM (former
Yugoslav Republic of), Malta, Monaco, Moldova (Republic of), Morocco,
Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal (inc. Azores and
Madeira), Romania, Russian Federation/Russia (West of Ural
Mountains), San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (inc. Canary
Islands), Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom,
Vatican City.
Middle East
Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab
Emirates, Yemen.
Africa
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon (Republic

of), Cape Verde (Republic of), Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-
Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia,
Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, São Tomé & Principe, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania
(United Republic of), Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.


Eastern Europe


IATA Area 3
North Central Pacific
Some of the main countries are:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China,

Chinese Taipei, Guam, Hong Kong SAR, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Lao, Macau SAR, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian Federation/Russia (East of Ural
Mountains), Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand,
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
South West Pacific
Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and various associated
Pacific Islands.

IATA Area 3: North Central Pacific Sub Area

North Central Pacific - Sub-Areas

South Asian Subcontinent
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri

Lanka.
South East Asia
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, (excluding Hong Kong SAR and

Macau SAR), Chinese Taipei, Guam, Hong Kong SAR, Indonesia,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao, Macau SAR, Malaysia, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau,
Philippines, Russian Federation/Russia (East of the Ural Mountains),
Singapore, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor Leste, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan,
Vietnam.
Japan/Korea
Japan, Republic of Korea and Democratic Republic of Korea

Global Indicators
These are codes which relate to the direction, or areas, involved in a
routing. Some city pairs have different global indicators and these may
result in different fare levels. The most common Global Indicators (GI s)
are:
AT Atlantic: travel between Area 1 and Area 2 or Area 3 which

crosses the Atlantic ocean only
e.g. DEL - LON – YHZ
CPH – MAD - RIO
PA Pacific: travel between Area 1 and Area 3 which crosses the

Pacfic ocean only
e.g. CHI - SFO - HKG
AP Atlantic/Pacific: travel between Area 2 and Area 3 which crosses

both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
e.g. LON - SEA – SYD
BKK - HNL - CHI – STO
TS Trans - Siberian: travel between Area 2 and Area 3, which

contains a non-stop sector between Europe and Japan or Europe and
Korea
e.g. TYO - LON - GLA
MAN - AMS - OSA - HKG
SEL - ROM - DUB
WH Western Hemisphere: travel within Area 1
e.g. LAX - MEX - LIM
EH Eastern Hemisphere: travel within and between Area2 and Area3
e.g. LON - ROM - SIN - SYD
TYO - DEL - KWI - IST
AMS - ROM - NBO
JNB - DXB – CAI
A list of Global Indicators is available in Galileo by using the entry:

H/INDI

So what happens when a journey’s routing seems to contain 2 or more

Global Indicators?
The Global Indicators are prioritised as follows:
For any route crossing an ocean, i.e. AT / PA / AP, the Global Indicator
crossing the ocean will take precedence/priority.
RGN - SEL - HNL - LAX
EH PA WA Routing is PA
For travel within the Eastern Hemisphere, the TS routing takes

precedence/priority.
LON - PAR - ROM - TYO - SYD
EH EH TS EH Routing is TS
The following chart will ensure you select the correct Global Indicator.
Use the chart and confirm the answers to the following routes.
RIO – BUE - WH GVA-ROM - EH
PAR – TYO - TS NYC-MAD - AT
YVR – AKL - PA PER-SFO-FRA - AP

Global Indicator Flow Chart
Is the itinerary crossing an OCEAN?
NO YES
Is there a non-stop flight between a city Is the itinerary

in Europe and a city in Japan or Korea? crossing:
Just Atlantic = AT
Just Pacific = PA
Both Atlantic and Pacific = AP
NO YES
Is the travel completely within Trans Siberian = TS

IATA Area 1?
YES NO
Western Hemisphere = WH Eastern Hemisphere = EH

Module 3: Fare Display & Mileage Fares (Revision)
In the Fares Level 1 course we focused on point to point fares and Mileage
fares for multi sector routes, with and without HIP`s. To look up the fares we
have to use a combination of the fare display and the flown mileage display.
Fares are quoted in NUC`s:
Fare Display Basic Entry:

FD14FEBLONHKG
FD Fare Display Function Identifier
14FEB Date of Travel (if unspecified - defaults to today’s date)
LON Boardpoint (Origin) - if unspecified defaults to address of PC
HKG Offpoint (Destination)
The date may be input before, after or between the city-pair:
FD14FEBLONHKG
FDLONHKG14FEB
FDLON14FEBHKG
This will return all fares, both one ways and returns between London
and Hong Kong with any carrier. Modifiers can be added to display a
more specific fare display.
Fare Display Modifiers
After the initial entry, other modifiers can be added to limit the number
of fares returned in the display, like –RT for return only, /BA for BA
fares, *CNN for child fares, and codes like :C to display private net fares.
Refer to Appendix A for more fare display modifiers
To display fares in NUC`s see the next section.
Reading Fare Notes
In order to read fare notes you need to access the rule paragraphs or
categories. The entry to read all fare notes is:
FN*1/ALL
1 is the line number from the fare display.
Refer to Appendix A for more fare rule formats

Module 3: Fare Display and Mileage Fares Revision
Neutral Units of Construction

In order to carry out all fare checks and obtain an accurate fare quote
for a multi-sector itinerary, a fare must be calculated in Neutral Units of
Construction (NUCs), and then converted into the local currency of the
issuing agency.
Neutral units of construction are an artificial ‘currency’ used to

construct most fares and are based on the US dollar. Simple domestic
fares are usually only displayed in local currency.
Each country has an IATA rate of exchange - ROE - and unless that
country uses the USD for air fares, it is the ROE that is used to convert
NUC amounts into currency.
The Rate of Exchange is updated 4 times a year, and the new rates of
exchange apply from: -
01 JANUARY
01 APRIL
01 JULY
01 OCTOBER
The new rates will be applicable for any fares quoted or ticketed on and
after these dates. If there is a significant fluctuation in a country’s bank
rates during a quarter, currently set at 6%, these rates are liable to ad-
hoc changes at the beginning of the next month.
For all Galileo fare quotes (except wholly domestic journeys), the fare
levels in the linear fare quote are displayed in NUCs and the final total is
converted into local currency.
To convert NUCs into local currency, MULTIPLY by the ROE.

To convert currency into NUCs, DIVIDE by the ROE.
In Galileo the following entries will automatically carry out these

calculations for you.
FZINUC856.77NZD Converts NUCs into local currency (NZD)

FZIGBP50.00NUC Converts local currency(GBP) into NUCs
Other useful currency entries:
FZI/ALL Displays the IATA ROEs for all currencies

FZIEUR Displays the current ROE for a specific currency
To obtain a Fares Display in NUCs rather than in local currency :NUC

must be added to the entry:
FD10JUNLONJNB-RT/YY:NUC

To update a fare display from currency fares to NUC`s enter:
FD:NUC
For half return fares in NUC`s enter:
FD10JUNLONJNB-RT/YY/2
The /2 will automatically show fares in NUC at half the return value.
(This is extremely useful when dealing with round trip itineraries.)
Mileage Surcharges
If the flown mileage is greater than the MPM then it may be possible to
charge the through fare, but it will have to be increased (surcharged) by
a fixed percentage.
The set surcharge bands are: 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Any surcharge over 25% would require the fare to be constructed in an
alternative way, this is covered in the GA2 fares course.
The mileage check, with any surcharges, is calculated automatically in
response to the FL/ entry.
One Way Journeys
Example:
FL/LONWAWATHIST
The LWL and the HGL columns indicate the number of miles down to or
up to the next surcharge band.
The check is applied to each city in sequence. Travel as far as ATH has a
10M surcharge, but this is ignored as Istanbul, the final destination,
indicates the complete routing has a 20M surcharge.

To apply a mileage surcharge to a fare, use the FM entry. There are 2

possible formats:
FM*1
Where 1 is the line number of the fare in the fare display. This entry can
only be used following an FD entry eg: FD10JUNLONIST-OW/YY:NUC
OR
FMNUC1451.73
This is a stand-alone entry and no fare display is required, just enter the
NUC amount you wish to surcharge.
Select the appropriate fare for the mileage surcharge band – in our
example 20M.

Mileage Surcharge on a One Way Journey
LON LON IST

LO 10JUN Y
WAW
OA 14JUN Y 20M FL/LONWAWATHIST
ATH
TK 17JUN Y FL/
IST
1451.73
FD10JUNLONIST-OW/YY:NUC
FD
FDO-D
Apply 20% surcharge to the fare

using FM*1(line number from FD)
or FMNUC1451.73
FM
1742.07
1742.07
XX
Total fare with surcharge applied
BHC/CTM
FZI
1742.07
XX
FZINUC1742.07GBP
0.598595
FZI
FZI GBP1043.00
LON LO WAW OA ATH TK IST 20M1742.07 NUC1742.07 END ROE0.598595

Surcharge precedes fare

Checklist for Mileage One Way Journeys
1. Write down the origin and destination cities as your fare components
2. Check the mileage from origin to destination FL/
3. Write down the one way fare from origin to destination in NUC`s FD
4. Apply any mileage surcharge to the origin destination fare FM
5. Enter the result in the TOTAL box
6. Convert the total NUC fare into the currency of commencement of travel
FZI

Exercise 1 (Mileage Surcharge OW)

Question 1 – Group Revision
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Excess Mileage Allowances - EMA
You may remember from Level 1, certain routings have an Excess

Mileage Allowance (EMA). This is a set number of miles that are
deducted from the TPM total before comparison with the MPM. This
originates from when no direct flights existed between two points, so
you had to go via a city to reach your destination.
The application of these deductions is generally dependent on a specific
flown via point or points.
The FL/ entry will automatically apply any EMAs applicable to a routing
and calculate the appropriate mileage surcharge level.
Example 1:
FL/SINKULBOMDEL
For the mileage deduction of 700 miles shown in the mileage display
above to apply, the city specified in the remarks column must appear as
a via point in the routing and these are indicated in the fare calculation
area preceded by E/. Stopovers may or may not be at these points, that
is dependent on the fare type.
For certain routings a mileage deduction is applicable but no via point is
specified. In the REMARKS column it would either show E/XXX or
indicate one of the via cities that you have entered. Galileo usually
shows the via city.
If it says Exception this may indicate a deduction for a specific carrier
applies, check the text below to see.
Example 2:
FL/LONSTOLISMADSJU

Enter the mileage again with carrier DL

FL/LONSTOLISMADSJU/DL

Excess Mileage Allowance – One Way Journey – Specified via point
SIN DEL
SIN
SQ 12JAN C
KUL MH 16JAN C
M (E/BOM) Specified via point for
BOM AI 16JAN C FL/ mileage deduction – use
DEL E/XXX if no via point is
1000.00 C specified
FD
FDO-D
1000.00
FM
1000.00
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
1000.00
XX
1.26655
FZI
FZI SGD 1267.00
SIN SQ KUL MH X/E/BOM AI DEL M1000.00 NUC1000.00 END ROE1.26655

Mandatory via points for application of mileage
deduction
Note: transit X/ is shown first

Mileage Check – Return Journeys

To calculate the fare for a return journey, the first step is to establish
the breakpoint (or turnaround point). For the purposes of this course,
this is the city with the highest MPM from the origin.
The fare break point can be established by using the FL/ entry - enter
the whole routing except the last city and select the city shown against
the highest MPM figure.
For the journey - SIN DEL BOM BAH CCU SIN the entry and response
would be:
FL/SINDELBOMBAHCCU
From the above it can be seen that at 4722, BAH is the point of highest
MPM from SIN. Also, there is a mileage deduction for this journey.
Carry out a separate mileage check for both the outbound and inbound
itineraries. The outbound check has been completed as far as BAH. This
is M as SINDELBOMBAH fit within the MPM.
Now look up the inbound: FL/BAHCCUSIN
This is also M as BAHCCUSIN also fits within the MPM.

Fares
The fare is assessed as 2 separate halves - the fare to the breakpoint,

the outbound fare component, and the fare from the breakpoint, the
inbound fare component.
Always select return (round trip) fares for a return journey. Half of the
return fare is to be used for the outbound fare component and half is to
be used for the inbound fare component.
To display only half return fares for a fare, add the /2 entry to the FD
entry.
Note: Current Galileo 360 Fares functionality requires that the :NUC
modifier is omitted, as half return NUC amounts will be automatically
displayed.
Example:
FD26JANRGNBAH-RT@Y/YY/2
This is illustrated as follows in native Galileo and Smartpoint:
Note: Smartpoint doesn`t currently indicate the rates are in half returns

Mileage Check – Return – with excess mileage allowance

FL/RGNDELBOMBAHCCU
to establish breakpoint
RGN BAH BAH RGN

RGN
AI 26JAN Y
DEL
AI 30JAN Y M Mileage for outbound and
BOM M E/DEL BOM inbound checked
FL/
GF 06FEB Y
BAH
GF 12FEB Y 1668.00 Y 1668.00 Y
CCU
AI 26FEB Y FD
RGN FD26JANRGNBAH-RT/YY/2
for half return fares in NUC
FDO-D
Sub-totals entered
1668.00 1668.00 against each fare
FM breakpoint
3336.00
XX
Total of 2
subtotals
BHC/CTM
FZI
3336.00
XX
1.00
FZI
Fare shown in USD as local

FZI USD 3336.00 currency which is MMK is not
used
RGN AI E/DEL AI E/BOM GF BAH M1668.00 GF CCU AI RGN M1668.00 NUC3336.00

END ROE1.00 Half fare shown next to each breakpoint

Return Journeys with a Mileage Surcharge

As before, the fare breakpoint can be established by using the FL/ entry
- enter the whole routing, from origin, except the last city and select the
city shown against the highest MPM figure.
Outbound:
FL/PARLONJEDAUHCAICAS
The city with the highest MPM is AUH so this is the breakpoint. The
surcharge to the breakpoint is 5M.
Now carry out a separate mileage check for the inbound journey from
the breakpoint back to the point of origin, so add the last city.
Inbound:
FL/AUHCAICASPAR
From the breakpoint back to origin is a 25M.

Mileage Surcharge on a Return Journey FL/PARLONJEDAUHCAICAS

include all cities except the last
one to establish breakpoint
PAR AUH AUH PAR

PAR
AF 20JAN C
LON
SV 24JAN C 5M 25M
JED
SV 26JAN C FL/ FL/PARLONJEDAUH FL/AUHCAICASPAR
AUH
EK 30JAN C
CAI 4415.53 4415.53
MS 04FEB C FD
CAS
AF 07FEB C FD20JANPARAUH-RT/YY/2@C
PAR
FDO-D
FM*1 or FMNUC4415.53
FM 4636.30 5519.41
XX 10155.71
XX4636.30+5519.41
BHC/CTM
FZI
When the form of payment credit card is selected from the list, an
additional drop 10155.71
down list will be enabled, which allows for the selection
XX
of the credit card vendor and the ability to add the card number and
FZINUC10155.71EUR
expiry date. 0.724488
FZI
FZI
EUR 7358.00
Once the form of payment has been saved, it can be viewed in the
Booking File Viewer window by clicking on the *FOP button.
PAR AF LON SV JED SV AUH 5M4636.30 EK CAI MS CAS AF PAR 25M5519.41
NUC10155.71 END ROE0.724488 Inbound fare shown
Outbound fare shown against final destination
against breakpoint

Checklist for Mileage Return Journeys

1. Find the breakpoint which is the city with the highest MPM from the
origin FL/
2. Write down origin to breakpoint and breakpoint back to origin as your

fare components
3. Check the mileage on each component FL/
4. Select a half return fare in NUC`s. Show this fare in both columns FD/2
5. Apply the mileage surcharge for each component of the fare, to obtain
your two sub totals FM
6. Add the two subtotals together to obtain the TOTAL fare XX
7. Convert the total NUC fare into the currency of commencement of

travel FZI

Exercise 1 (Mileage Surcharge RTN)
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Module 4: Higher Intermediate Point – HIP Check (Revision)
HIP`s were covered in detail in Level 1. All exercises from now on will
require a HIP check.
A Higher Intermediate Point is a fare between any 2 ticketed points in a
fare component, which is higher than the origin to destination fare. The
fare for the component must be raised to the higher intermediate fare
level. This check is also known as the HIF check – Higher Intermediate
Fare.
• Only stopover points are checked
• Restricted Normal Fares (secondary level fares) such as Y2, J2
and F2 fares may be used for the HIP check, if the stopover and
transfer conditions of the secondary level are applicable to the
portion of the routing being checked, and if the fare has been
filed as a Normal Fare
• If more than one HIP is found, the the highest fare must be
used for the calculation. If two or more of the highest fares are
the same level, either may be used or shown
• If a mileage surcharge has been calculated this must be applied
to the Higher Intermediate Point
To ensure all points are assessed, check fares:
1. From the origin to intermediate points.

2. From intermediate points to the destination.
3. Between intermediate points.
For the purposes of this course illustrate all HIPs found in the calculation
in the HIP box.

Module 4: Higher Intermediate Point – HIP Check Revision
HIP Check on a One Way Journey
NCE ZNZ
NCE
AF 15JAN Y
BCN
IB 18JAN Y
FRA 25M
LH 18JAN Y FL/
LON
BA 25JAN Y
DAR
PW 27JAN Y FD 2000.00
ZNZ
No HIP check at transit List all HIP`s, use
Point FRA BCN DAR 2100.00 normal secondary
levels if listed and
LON DAR 2050.00 applicable for the sector
FDO-D where the HIP occurs
LON ZNZ 2300.00
Use highest HIP and
Increase by mileage
surcharge
FM 2875.00
XX 2875.00
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
2875.00
FZI 0.821567
FZI
EUR 2363.00
NCE AF BCN IB X/FRA LH LON BA DAR PW ZNZ 25M LONZNZ2875.00 NUC 2875.00
END ROE0.821567
Show the HIP cities
used in the linear
construction, after the
mileage surcharge

Checklist for HIP One Way Journeys
1. Write down the origin and destination cities as your fare components
2. Check the mileage from origin to destination FL/
3. Write down the one way fare from origin to destination in NUC`s FD
4. Write down any HIPs. Check Origin to Intermediate, Intermediate to

Destination and between any Intermediate points. FDO/FDD
5. Apply any mileage surcharge to the highest fare FM
6. Enter the result in the TOTAL box

travel FZI

Exercise 2 (HIP Check OW)
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

HIP check on Return Journeys

Always use half round trip (/2) fares for checking HIPs.
To ensure all points are assessed, check fares:
1. From the origin to intermediate points.

2. From intermediate points to the destination.
3. Between intermediate points.
All HIPs are used in the `direction of travel` except for HIPs checked
on the inbound fare component which goes back into the country of
origin, and this must be used in the `reverse direction` to travel.
FRA Check HIPs in the direction of travel

MAN MAN JNB ½ RT
VIE VIE JNB ½ RT
JNB
X/ LON Check HIPs in the opposite direction to travel
CPH PAR JNB ½ RT
PAR CPH JNB ½ RT
FRA No HIP check at LON as it is a transit point

Remember fares are looked up in

HIP Check on a Return Journey the direction of travel except the
component that brings you back to
origin which is looked up in the
opposite direction of travel
FRAJNB JNBFRA
FRA
LH 29JAN C
MAN 5M
OS 31JAN C 15M
VIE
OS 03FEB C FL/
JNB
VS 10FEB C 2000.00 2000.00
LON
BA 10FEB C FD
CPH
SK 13FEB C
PAR MAN JNB PAR JNB
LH 15FEB C
FRA 2800.00 2400.00
FDO-D
VIE JNB CPH JNB
Don`t check transit points
only stopovers 2100.00 2300.00
2940.00 2760.00
FM
Select the highest HIP Select the highest HIP
outbound and increase inbound and increase
by 5% by 15%
XX
5700.00
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
5700.00
FZI 0.821567
FZI EUR4683.00
FRA LH MAN OS VIE OS JNB 5M MANJNB2940.00 VS X/LON BA CPH SK PAR LH

FRA 15M PARJNB2760.00 NUC5700.00END ROE0.821567
Show the HIP cities for both o/b and i/b
next to the mileage surcharges

Checklist for HIP Return Journeys

1. Find the breakpoint which is the city with the highest MPM from the
origin FL/
2. Write down origin to breakpoint and breakpoint back to origin as your

fare components
3. Check the mileage on each component FL/
4. Select a half return fare in NUC`s. Show this fare in both columns FD/2
5. Write down any HIPs. Check Origin to Intermediate, Intermediate to

Destination and between any Intermediate points. Check fares in
direction of travel, except for the last fare component back to origin.
FDO/FDD
6. Apply the mileage surcharge for each component of the fare, to obtain
your two sub totals FM
7. Add the two subtotals together to obtain the TOTAL fare XX

travel FZI

Exercise 2 (HIP Check RTN)
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

NOTES

Module 5: One Way Backhaul Check
A One Way Backhaul check is a minimum check applied to one way

fares with a HIP from origin to a stopover point.
The minimum fare is calculated on basic unsurcharged fare levels as

follows:
1.
HIP/HIF from origin
- Origin to destination fare
= Difference
+ HIP from origin
= MINIMUM FARE
2.
Compare the minimum fare to total constructed fare and
charge whichever is higher.
a. If charging the minimum fare, calculate a plus up, which is
the difference between the minimum fare and the total fare.
Minimum fare
- Total fare
= Plus up
b. If the total constructed fare is higher, this must be charged
and no plus up is calculated.
Exceptions:
The One Way Backhaul Check does not apply to:
• Fare Components/Pricing Units wholly within Europe
• Journeys wholly between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay,
Uruguay and IATA Area 2
• Journeys wholly within IATA Area 1
A journey is the whole or total ticket, and a Pricing Unit is only that
individual portion of the fare construction.

One Way Backhaul Check
DUB HAV
DUB
BD 31JAN Y
LON
JM 03FEB Y 5M
KIN
JM 05FEB Y FL/
HAV
1500.00
FD
DUB KIN 1750.00

FDO-D
LON KIN 1900.00 HIP from Origin. BHC required.
Unsurcharged fare used for check
LON HAV 1800.00
1995.00
FM
Total – Highest
HIP plus mileage 1995.00
XX surcharge
BHC
HIP from Origin 1750.00 Minimum fare 2000.00
BHC/CTM -Origin Destination - 1500.00 - Total Fare - 1995.00
Difference 250.00 Plus Up 5.00
+HIP from Origin + 1750.00
Minimum Fare 2000.00
FZI
2000.00
XX
The e-ticket is an automated record stored in both the booked airline(s)

0.576999
FZI
and Galileo`s database. Other types of tickets such as ATB/OPTAT and
even manual tickets are no longer distributed in many countries,
GBP1154.00
including the UK.
FZI
When an e-ticket is issued a copy is avaible to see in Galileo and is called

theHAV
DUB BD LON JM KIN JM e-ticket
5M record or ETR. EachPticket
LONKIN1995.00 issuedDUNHAV
DUBKIN will have it`s
5.00own ETR to
view.
NUC2000.00 END ROE0.576999
Plus Up This is an example ofOrigin
an ETR- HIPin Smartpoint. To display the ETR you need
Origin-Destination
to enter *HTE or click on the *HTE command box in Smartpoint:

Exercise 3 (ONE WAY BACKHAUL CHECK - BHC)
Question 1 – Group
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 3
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 4
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Question 5
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Module 6: Circle Trip Minimum - CTM
All circle trips are subject to the Circle Trip Minimum Check (CTM). First
we need to establish the difference between a round trip and a circle
trip.
Journey Types
ROUND TRIP
This is a return itinerary consisting of only two fare components for
which the outbound and the inbound fares are the same, or if they
differ, this is only due to differences of season, day of week or class.
Examples:
LON
DEL BA M
SIN SQ 900.00
BOM SQ M
LON AI 900.00
NCE AF 200.00 YLXAP

LON AF 300.00 YLWAP
CIRCLE TRIP
This is a return itinerary consisting of more than two fare components,
or a return itinerary consisting of two fare components whose fare
levels differ due to mileage surcharge or HIPs.
Examples:
MAN
BCN IB
ROM AZ 10M
ATH OA 330.00
MIL AZ M
MAN AZ 300.00
LON
PAR BA M
ZRH LX ZRHDXB
DXB EK 900.10
KWI KU M
LON KU 499.99
Return journeys of more than 2 fare components are studied later in

level 2.

Module 6: Circle Trip Minimum CTM
Circle Trip Minimum Check
The fare for a Circle Trip must not be less than the direct route
return fare from the origin to the highest rated stopover point on
the itinerary.
1. Check all direct round trip fares from the origin to all relevant
stopover cities.
Note: A direct restricted normal fare e.g. J2, Y2 may be used for this
check irrespective of the stopover and routing restrictions of the
fares rules, unlike the HIP check, however ensure the fare is filed as a
Normal Fare.
2. The highest round trip fare from the origin will be the minimum fare.
3. Compare the minimum fare to the total constructed fare and charge
whichever is higher.
a. When the minimum fare is higher calculate a plus up -

this is the difference between the minimum fare and
the total constructed fare:
Minimum Fare
- Total Fare
= Plus Up
b. If the constructed total fare is higher than the minimum

fare level, then this must be charged and no plus-up
calculated.
For Journeys Originating in Australia or New Zealand:
• For round the world fares originating in Australia or New

Zealand, the CTM check does not apply. e.g.
SYDLAXLONSINSYD.
For all other journeys, the CTM check is applied to all ticketed points.

Circle Trip Minimum Check – CTM
LON LONJKT JKTLON

VS 23JAN Y
HKG
SQ 26JAN Y
SIN 5M FD23JANLONJKT-RT/YY/2 M
VN 29JAN Y FL/
SGN
GA 09FEB Y
JKT
AI 18FEB Y FD 3000.00 3000.00
BOM
AI 21FEB Y
MOW
SU 23FEB Y
LON LON HKG 3050.00 MOW JKT 3200.00
FDO-D
LON SGN 3400.00
FM 3570.00 3200.00
XX 6770.00
Circle Trip Minimum Minimum 6800.00
LONHKGLON 6100.00 - Total 6700.00
LONSINLON 5800.00 = Plus Up 30.00
BHC/CTM
LONSGNLON 6800.00
Highest round trip fare from origin
LONJKTLON 6000.00 to each stopover point – use
LONBOMLON 2700.00 FD23JANLONHKG-RT/YY:NUC
not /2
FZI
XX 6800.00
FZI 0.567999
FZI
GBP3924.00
LON VS HKG SQ SIN VN SGN GA JKT 5M LONSGN 3570.00 AI BOM AI MOW SU LON
M MOWJKT 3200.00 P LONSGN30.00 NUC6800.00 END ROE0.567999
Plus Up

Exercise 4 (CIRCLE TRIP MINIMUM CHECK - CTM)
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 3
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 4
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 5
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Module 7: Fare Components Over 25M
One Way Journeys over 25M
When a mileage check is applied from the origin to the destination of a

one way routing, and the result is in excess of 25M, then the through fare
cannot be collected and additional fare breakpoints must be identified.
Basic guidelines which generally produce the lowest fare are:
• Break the fare as little as possible.

• Break the fare at a point where there is the sharpest change in
direction of travel.
Reference may be made to a map, and in the System you can

use the FL/ entry to establish the breakpoint.
Entry:
FL/LONBRULISMADGVAIST
Response:
EXC indicates the 25M surcharge band is exceeded, and if, as above, this
is shown against a destination, then the through fare cannot be
collected, and for fare construction, the itinerary must be broken at
another city.
This is established by looking back up the LVL column and selecting a

point that is within mileage, or has a mileage surcharge against it.

From the response screen on the previous page, it can be seen that LIS
is the best breakpoint. At 10M it is within the 25M surcharge band.
Beyond LIS the maximum surcharge band is exceeded.
If a map is referred to, it can be seen that Lisbon is the point at which
there is the sharpest change of direction in the routing:
LON
BRU
GVA
MAD
IST
LIS
For this itinerary two one way fare components must be calculated:
LON LIS and LIS IST
When assessing these, use one way fares in the direction of travel.
Separate mileage checks and HIP checks must be applied to each fare
component.
It is permissible to break fares at transit (no stopover) points as well as

at stopover points.
Now check the mileage from LIS to IST. It is possible to select IST, or
even GVA or MAD as a further breakpoint, however, usually the fewer
the breakpoints the lower the fare for the client.
Entry:
FL/LISMADGVAIST
Response:
When fare quoting an itinerary, Galileo will select the breakpoint which
gives the lowest fare.

One Way Journey Over 25M
LON LIS LIS IST

LON
SN 22JAN Y
BRU
TP 24JAN Y 10M M
LIS FL/
JK 01FEB Y
MAD
IB 05FEB Y
GVA 500.00 600.00
TK 10FEB Y FD
IST
BRU LIS 550.00 GVA IST 700.00
FDO-D
MAD IST 650.00
605.00 700.00
FM
1305.00
XX
No BHC as no HIP from Origin

BHC/CTM
FZI
XX 1305.00
0.576999
FZI
FZI
GBP 753.00
LON SN BRU TP LIS 10M BRULIS605.00 JK MAD IB GVA TK IST M GVAIST700.00

NUC1305.00 END ROE0.576999
Show the fares against the relevant fare
Construction points

Exercise 5 (ONE WAY JOURNEY OVER 25M)

FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Exercise 5 (ONE WAY JOURNEY OVER 25M)

Question 2
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Return Journeys over 25M
For a return journey, establish the initial fare breakpoint based on the
highest MPM from the origin. Use the FL/ entry to establish the
breakpoint:
For a journey:
WLG AKL LAX HKG KUL DEL BKK SYD WLG
First Component/PUC
Notice that the entry with the highest MPM from origin is DEL, at 9457.
However, the routing from WLG to DEL exceeds 25M. An additional
breakpoint must be found. Looking down the LVL column in the display,
the only possibility is LAX.
Second Component/PUC
DEL is within the maximum 25M surcharge from LAX, so no additional

breakpoints are needed.
Third Component/PUC
Finally we have the return fare construction point of WLG

Routing over 25M
HKG LAX
KUL
DEL
BKK
AKL
SYD
WLG
Fare Levels
Half return fares must be used throughout.
Direction of Fares
All fares are used in the direction of travel, EXCEPT for the last
component/PU ending in the country of origin. For this final returning
component, use fares in the opposite direction of travel.
WLG WLGLAX half return fare. Check for HIPs in same

AKL direction of travel eg: AKLLAX
LAX
HKG LAXDEL half return fare. Check for HIPs in same
KUL direction of travel eg: LAXHKG
DEL
BKK WLGDEL half return fare. Check for HIPs in opposite
SYD direction of travel eg: SYDDEL
WLG

Return Journey Over 25M
WLG AKL LAX DEL DEL WLG

WLG
NZ 04 JAN C
AKL
NZ 06 JAN C
LAX M 10M
UA 10 JAN C FL/ M
HKG
CX 12 JAN C
KUL
AI 14 JAN C FD 3000.00 3010.00 2000.00
DEL
TG 17 JAN C
BKK LAX HKG SYD DEL
TG 19 JAN C
SYD 3100.00 2100.00
NZ 25 JAN C
WLG FDO-D
HIP check use half return fares
FD04JANLAXHKG-RT/YY/2
FM 3000.00 3400.00 2100.00
XX
8510.00
CTM must be done as fares differ due to HIP`s and/or
mileages and there are more than 2 fare components –
CTM is done in direction of travel as standard return fares
CTM
BHC/CTM WLG LAX WLG 6000.00
No Plus Up
FZI
XX 8510.00
FZI 1.547375
FZI
NZD13169.00
WLG NZ AKL NZ LAX M 3000.00 UA HKG CX KUL AI DEL 10M LAXHKG 3410.00 TG
BKK TG SYD NX WLG M SYDDEL 2100.00 NUC8510.00 END ROE1.547375

Exercise 6 (RETURN JOURNEY OVER 25M)
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 2
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 3
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 4
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Important Points to Remember for a Round Trip
• Establish breakpoint – city based on the highest MPM from origin
• Carry out separate mileage and HIP checks on each section
• Use half round trip fares throughout
• All fares must be used in the direction of travel, except the last fare
component, ending in the country of origin. For this component,
fares and HIPs must be used FROM the country of origin, ie: the
opposite direction of travel

Module 8: Indirect Travel Limitations
There are 3 general indirect travel limitations that govern the way in
which a fare for a multi-sector itinerary is collected. They are all related
to the duplication of a city in an itinerary.
A fare component must not contain more than:
A. One departure from its point of origin

B. One arrival at its point of destination
C. One stopover at any one intermediate ticketed point
If any of the above situations occur, then the through fare from origin to
destination cannot be collected and a combination of two or more fares
is required.
A. A fare component must not include more than one departure

from point of origin:
LON
BRU
X/LON
SIN
KUL
The through fare LON KUL cannot be collected as there are two
departures from LON. It does not matter for the second departure
whether LON is a stopover or a transit point.
There are two possible calculations:
1) Collect LON to BRU and BRU to KUL as 2 x one way fares
LON
BRU BA 200.00
X/LON BA
SIN SQ M
KUL SQ 2000.00
2200.00
2) Collect the LON BRU return fare and LON KUL one way fare
LON
BRU BA 150.00
X/LON BA 150.00
SIN SQ M
KUL SQ 1800.00
2100.00
The lowest of these calculations should be charged - option 2.

B. A fare component must not include more than one arrival at its
point of destination:
LON
HKG
TYO
OSA
TYO
The through fare LON TYO cannot be collected as there are two arrivals
at the destination TYO.
As before there are two possible calculations:
1) Collect the LON OSA and OSA TYO as 2 x one way fares
LON
HKG VS
TYO NH M
OSA JL 3000.00
TYO NH 300.00
3300.00
2) Collect the LON TYO one way fare and the TYO OSA return fare
LON
HKG VS M
TYO NH 3000.00
OSA JL 300.00
TYO NH 300.00
3600.00
The lowest of these calculations should be charged – option 1
When using the FL/ entry to check mileage, the system recognises the
situations in which the first two indirect travel limitations apply and
responds with a warning message.
*ORIGIN/DESTINATION POINT TRANSITED*
C. A fare component must not include more than one stopover at

any one intermediate ticketed point
EDI EDI EDI
LON LON LON
X/CAI CAI X/CAI
SSH SSH SSH
X/CAI X/CAI CAI
AMM AMM AMM
BEY BEY BEY
For all of the above itineraries, the through fare EDI BEY can be
collected. Although CAI occurs twice in the routing, there is never more
than one stopover at that city, therefore the rule is not broken.
But for the following routing:

EDI
LON
CAI
SSH
CAI
AMM
BEY
The EDI BEY through fare cannot be collected. There is more than one
stopover at CAI which breaks the rule of the third indirect travel
limitation.
There are two possible contructions that can be applied:
1) Collect the one way through fare plus the side trip. The side trip is
considered as a separate return journey and is not included in the
mileage check on the through fare.
The calculation is:
First – the one way fare EDI BEY calculated with the following cities,
which must include the common ticketed point of CAI
EDI
LON
CAI
AMM
BEY
The mileage check for the throughfare is applied excluding the side trip
Second – plus the side trip CAI SSH CAI, charged at the return fare level
2) Collect the fare to and from the city between the duplicate stopover
points, so that these stopover points are in different fare
components, ie: collect the EDI SSH and the SSH BEY one way fares.
Separate mileage and HIP checks apply to each fare component.
As can be seen from the FL/ entry below, if the entire routing is
input, a warning message is generated as Galileo recognises that the
same point occurs twice in the routing.

The results of the two contructions follow:

Contruction 1 (sidetrip)
No mileage check required for a single
sector return
EDI EDI BEY CAI SSH CAI

BA 09JAN Y
LON
MS 13JAN Y _____
CAI M
MS 16JAN Y FL/
SSH
MS 21JAN Y
CAI
RJ 24JAN Y FD 800.00 110.00 X 2
AMM
ME 27JAN Y
BEY
FDO-D
FM 800.00 220.00
XX 1020.00
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX 1020.00
FZI
0.576999
FZI
GBP589.00
EDI BA LON MS CAI (MS SSH 110.00 MS CAI 110.00) RJ AMM ME BEY M 800.00
NUC1020.00 END ROE0.576999
Side trip encompassed by brackets

Construction 2 (contructed with duplicate cities in separate components)
EDI EDI SSH SSH BEY

BA 09JAN Y
LON
MS 13JAN Y
CAI M
MS 16JAN Y M
SSH
MS 21JAN Y
CAI
RJ 24JAN Y 750.00 200.00
AMM
ME 27JAN Y
BEY
CAI AMM 220.00
CAI BEY 210.00
750.00 220.00
970.00
970.00
0.576999
GBP560.00
EDI BA LON MS CAI MS SSH M 750.00 MA CAI RJ AMM ME BEY M CAIAMM 220.00
NUC970.00 END ROE0.576999
Cairo is now in two separate fare
components

Exercise 7 (INDIRECT TRAVEL LIMITATIONS)

Question 1 Version 1 – Group
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 2
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 3
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Return Journeys
The first two indirect travel limitations are also applicable to return
journeys. For the following routing, using the usual guidelines, Hong
Kong would be the breakpoint, being the point of highest MPM from
London.
LON
HKG
SHA
HKG
LON
But if the first HKG was the only breakpoint there would be two
departures from the origin of the second fare component (HKG) which
is not allowed.
LON
HKG 3000.00
SHA
HKG M Not Permitted !
LON 3000.00
If the second HKG was the only breakpoint there would be two arrivals
at the destination of the fare component (HKG).
LON
HKG
SHA M
HKG 3000.00 Not Permitted !
LON 3000.00
One solution is to make Shanghai the breakpoint.
LON M
HKG LONHKG
SHA 3000.00
HKG M
/// LONHKG
LON 3000.00
6000.00
Or alternatively, sector fares or Pricing Units or Subjourneys could be

collected.
LON
HKG 3000.00 PU1
SHA 200.00 PU2
HKG 200.00 PU2
LON 3000.00 PU1
6400.00
This is a combination of two round trip fares:
LON-HKG-LON and HKG-SHA-HKG
Then the RSC - Return Subjourney Check LON-SHA-LON NUC5000.00

would be compared against the total of NUC6400.00, however as the
total is higher, there would be no plus-up.
The third indirect travel limitation will apply equally to a fare

component of a return journey. If, having established the initial
breakpoint, the outbound or inbound fare component contains a
duplicate or common ticketed point, then the same procedure applies.
In the example below the breakpoint, the point of highest MPM from
the origin, is SIN. However the outbound fare component contains 2
stops at BAH and therefore either the side trip BAH-DMM-BAH should
be additionally collected, or the fare additionally broken at DMM.
a) b)
LON LON
AMS AMS half RT/ PU1
BAH half RT/ PU1 BAH
DMM side trip/ PU2 DMM
BAH BAH half RT/ PU1
SIN SIN
ROM half RT/ PU1 ROM half RT/ PU1
LON LON

Module 9: Surface Sectors
There are instances when passengers travel part of their itinerary by

surface transportation eg: by train, ferry, car, coach etc.
The very simple instruction that applies to these itineraries is:
1. Calculate the through fare including the surface sector.

All cities are checked for mileage and HIPs.
OR
2. Calculate the sum of the fares to and from the surface break.
The lower of these two calculations should be charged.
For the following routing:
GLA
EI
DUB
KL
AMS
SURFACE
LUX
LG
PAR
AF
ROM
The 2 calculations would be:
1. The through fare GLA-ROM - include the surface sector in the

mileage check
- check all cities for HIPs
2. The fare for GLA-AMS plus the fare for LUX-ROM.
In the fare calculation area, the surface sector is shown according to the
calculation which is used.

Through fare collected via a surface break
GLA GLA ROM

EI 27JAN Y
DUB
KL 30JAN Y
AMS 15M
SURFACE
LUX
LG 06FEB Y
PAR
AF 09FEB Y 601.00
ROM
DUB ROM 605.00
All cities are checked for mileage AMS ROM 610.00
and HIPs including the surface
sector LUX ROM 600.00
701.50
701.50
701.50
0.576999
GBP405.00
GLA EI DUB KL AMS // LUX LG PAR AF ROM 15M AMSROM701.50 NUC701.50 END
ROE0.576999
When the through fare is collected
the surface sector is shown as //
between the relevant cities

Fares collected to and from a surface break
GLA GLA AMS LUX ROM

EI 27JAN Y
DUB
KL 30JAN Y
AMS
SURFACE 15M 20M
LUX
LG 06FEB Y
PAR
AF 09FEB Y 450.00 600.00
ROM
Mileage and HIPs checked for each

fare component
517.50 720.00
1237.50
1237.50
0.576999
GBP714.00
GLA EI DUB KL AMS 15M517.50 /-LUX LG PAR AF ROM 20M720.00 NUC1237.50 END
ROE0.576999
When the fare is constructed to and
from the surface break enter /-
between the relevant cities

Permissable Surface Sectors
Between certain specified cities, when an itinerary contains a surface

break, the through fare may be calculated without including the TPM of
the surface break. Some examples follow:
Between: Cuzco and La Paz-Bolivia, Brazzaville and Kinshasa, Antwerp

and Brussels.
The passenger Air Tariff contains a full list, and Galileo is programmed
with the information.
Unreasonable Connections
Between certain specified cities, when an itinerary is almost a

circle/round trip other than the surface break, a surface break is
allowed without including the TPM, and also round trip fares can be
used. Some examples follow:
Between: Venice and Ljubljana, Malaga and Tangier, Faro and Seville.
The Passenger Air Tariff contains a full list.
TPM Check
When a fare has a surface break and the TPM total prior to the surface
break is less than the TPM surface break, the fare up to and then from
the surface break must be ticketed separately.
Example:
LON TPM
PAR 220
X 647 2 separate tickets – the TPM total before the
VIE surface break is 220, less than the TPM of the
BKK 5235 surface break - 647
Galileo is programmed to prompt this principle.

Return Journeys (Normal Fares)
A journey containing two international fare components, with a surface

sector, either at the origin or destination or both may be referred to as
a Normal Open Jaw (NOJ) and uses ½ return fares.
There are 3 different types of NOJ journeys where the sector is not
included in the calculations.
1. Origin Normal Open Jaw (ONOJ)
DOMESTIC surface sector at the point of origin. Use ½ return fares.
MEL
BKK QF 1000.00 HALF RETURN FARES
MEL QF 900.00
2. Turnaround Normal Open Jaw (TNOJ)
DOMESTIC or INTERNATIONAL surface sector at the point of

turnaround. Use ½ return fares.
Domestic at turnaround:
LON
PER QF 3500.00
X HALF RETURN FARES
MEL
LON QF 4000.00
International turnaround:
LON
JNB VS M
CPT SA 2400.00
X HALF RETURN FARES
HRE
LON BA 2100.00

3. Double Normal Open Jaw (DNOJ)

DOMESTIC surface sector at the point of origin and DOMESTIC
OR INTERNATIONAL surface sector at the point of turnaround.
Use ½ return fares.
Domestic at origin and turnaround:
SYD
MAN BA 3100.00
X HALF RETURN FARES
LON
MEL QF 3500.00
Domestic at origin and international turnaround:
RIO
LON JJ 2800.00
X HALF RETURN FARES
PAR
SAO AF 2900.00
However, for each International Open Jaw at the turnaround, the

international surface sector may not have a greater TPM than
the total TPMs of either the outbound or the inbound
component. If it is greater, it is not considered an Open Jaw and
2 one way fares would need to be calculated.
LON TPM
SXB 404
X 2 one way fares. The TPM total after the
BRU (216) surface break is 206, less than the TPM of the
LON 206 surface break - 216
For each of the above examples it is also possible to calculate the

fare including the surface sector as if it is to be flown. However,
it would be the lowest of the two calculations that would be
charged to the passenger.
LON
PER QF M
MEL / 4000.00 HALF RETURN FARES
LON QF 4000.00
Exception: For travel originating in Canada or the USA, the

surface break is permitted between countries in Europe when all
travel is via the Atlantic.

The benefit of these rules is that we can charge the passenger ½

return fares rather than one way fares which are usually more
expensive. If the surface sector is international at origin then we
would have to charge one way fares as it is not included in the
above rules.
BOM
DAC AI 800.00 ONE WAY FARES
KHI PK 700.00

Exercise 8 (SURFACE SECTORS)

FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 1 Version 2– Group
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 2
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 3
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Module 10: Mixed Class Fares
Some itineraries may be a mixture of more than one class of travel ie: Y
and/or C and/or F.
There are various possibile calculations that can be applied to such

itineraries:
1. The Differential Calculation
a) Calculate the through fare from origin to destination of a fare

component in the lowest class of travel.
b) For the sectors in the higher class of travel calculate a

DIFFERENTIAL
i.e. subtract the applicable lower class fare from the applicable higher
class fare.
If there are consecutive sectors in a higher class, the differential can be

calculated using through fares and will require a separate mileage
check.
c) Add the differential to the lower class through fare to obtain a total
fare.
Special fares may not be used!
2. The Through fare in the Higher Class of Travel
Calculate the through fare at the highest class of travel.
If this fare is used, upgrade the passengers' reservation and their

baggage for the rest of the journey !
3. Sectorise by Class
Calculate the sum of the applicable fares for each portion of the routing
flown in a different class of service.
Beware hidden checks !
The lowest of these 3 or 4 calculations should be charged, either the

sector differential, the through differential if applicable, the through
fare in the higher class, or the sectorised fare.

Mixed Class One Way Journeys
For the following routing:
STO
SK C
LON
RJ C
AMM
RJ F
MCT
GF F
DXB
AI C
BOM
The calculations are:
1.
a) STO-BOM C class through fare, plus the differential for AMM-DXB
i.e. the AMM-DXB F fare minus the AMM-DXB C fare, with a mileage
check.
b) STO-BOM C class through fare, plus the differential for AMM-MCT

and then the differential for MCT-DXB
i.e. the AMM-MCT F fare minus
the AMM-MCT C fare
plus
the MCT-DXB F fare minus
the MCT-DXB C fare
2. The STO-BOM F class through fare
3. The STO-AMM C class fare, plus the AMM-DXB F class fare, plus the
DXB-BOM C class fare
Often, the lowest of these calculations is the “differential” calculation.

For the purposes of this course, only either differential calculation is
required.
The calculation of the differential using through fares has a separate

mileage check, and is also subject to a separate HIP check. However for
the purpose of this course the HIP check can be ignored as no examples
illustrated contain HIPs on differentials.

Mixed Class – Version 1 a) Differential (Through)
STO STO BOM C AMM DXB F AMM DXB C

SK 12JUL C
LON
RJ 14JUL C
AMM 10M 15M 15M
RJ 26JUL F
MCT
GF 26JUL F
DXB
AI 10AUG C 2700.00 600.00 500.00
BOM
(690.00 - 575.00)
2970.00 115.00
3085.00
3085.00
7.369996
SEK22740
STO SK LON RJ AMM X/MCT GF DXB AI BOM 10M 2970.00 D AMMDXB 15M 115.00
NUC3085.00 END ROE7.369996

Mixed Class – Version 1b) Differential (Sectors)
C F C F C
STO BOM AMM AMM MCT MCT
STO
SK 12JUL C MCT MCT DXB DXB
LON
RJ 14JUL C
AMM 10M
RJ 26JUL F
MCT
GF 26JUL F
DXB 2700.00 1600.00 1100.00 540.00 450.00
AI 10AUG C
BOM
(1600.00-1100.00) (540.00 – 450.00)
2700.00 500.00 90.00
3560.00
3560.00
7.369996
SEK26240
STO SK LON RJ AMM X/MCT GF DXB AI BOM 10M 2970.00 D AMMMCT 500.00 D
MCTDXB 90.00 NUC3560.00 END ROE7.369996

Mixed Class – Version 2 Highest Class
STO STO BOM F

SK 12JUL C
LON
RJ 14JUL C
AMM 10M
RJ 26JUL F
MCT
GF 26JUL F
DXB
AI 10AUG C 7000.00
BOM
LONBOM 7100.00
7810.00
7810.00
7810.00
7.369996
SEK 57560
STO SK LON RJ AMM X/MCT GF DXB AI BOM 10M LONBOM7810.00 NUC7810.00

END ROE7.369996

Mixed Class – Version 3 Sectorise
STO STO AMM C AMM DXB F DXB BOM C

SK 12JUL C
LON
RJ 14JUL C
AMM
RJ 26JUL F M 15M
MCT
GF 26JUL F
DXB
AI 10AUG C 2200.00 600.00 550.00
BOM
2200.00 690.00 550.00
3440.00
3440.00
7.369996
SEK 25355
STO SK LON RJ AMM M2200.00 RJ X/MCT GF DXB 15M 690.00 AI BOM 550.00
NUC3440.00 END ROE7.369996

Exercise 9 (MIXED CLASS ONE WAY)
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 2
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


Question 3
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI

Mixed Class Return Journeys
These are calculated using the same procedure as one way fares. There
are 2 relevant points to remember when calculating the differential:-
1. Use half round trip fares.
2. Look up the fares for the differential in the same direction as the
lower class fare components. For the last fare component into the
country of origin, assess the differentials from the country of origin i.e.
the opposite direction to travel.
Example:
STO Outbound
LON SK C Differential AMM-MCT use
AMM RJ C AMM-MCT half return fares
MCT RJ F
DXB GF F Inbound
CAI MS F Differential MCT-CAI use
STO SK C CAI-MCT half return fares
Two examples of a mixed class return fare calculation, using the

differential method are illustrated.
Notice that although the three higher class sectors are adjoining, once
the breakpoint is established, one higher class sector is in the outbound
component and the remaining two in the return component! Therefore
each differential is assessed only within its component.
If a return journey is classified as a circle trip, a circle trip check must be

actioned in the lowest class of fare.
Each calculation is illustrated on the following pages.

Mixed Class Return – Version 1 Differential (Through)
C F C C F C
STO AMM AMM MCT MCT MCT
STO
SK 12JUL C MCT MCT MCT STO CAI CAI
LON
RJ 14JUL C
AMM M M
RJ 26JUL F M M
MCT
GF 29JUL F
DXB 2500.001500.00 1000.00 2500.00 1000.00850.00
MS 20AUG F
CAI
SK 31AUG C
STO
(1500.00-1000.00) (1000.00-850.00)
2500.00 500.00 2500.00 150.00
5650.00
5650.00
7.369996
SEK 41645
STO SK LON RJ AMM RJ MCT M2500.00 GF DXB MS CAI SK STO M2500.00 D

AMMMCT 500.00 D CAIMCT M150.00 NUC5650.00 END ROE7.369996

Mixed Class Return – Version 2 Differential (Sectors)
C F C C F C F C
STO STO AMM AMM MCT MCT MCT DXB DXB
SK 12JUL C MCT MCT MCT STO DXB DXB CAI CAI
LON
RJ 14JUL C
AMM M M
RJ 26JUL F
MCT
GF 29JUL F
DXB 2500.00
1500.00 2500.00
900.00 700.00
MS 20AUG F 1000.00 500.00 400.00
CAI
STO SK 31AUG C
(1500.00-1000.00) (500.00-400.00) (900.00-700.00)
2500.00 500.00 2500.00 100.00 200.00
5800.00
5800.00
7.369996
SEK42750
STO SK LON RJ AMM RJ MCT M2500.00 GF DXB MS CAI SK STO M2500.00 D

AMMMCT 500.00 D CAIDXB 200.00 D DXBMCT 100.00 NUC5800.00 END ROE7.369996
Galileo will show the inbound differentials in the order of the first
differential which is nearest to the direction of the fare used ie:
component checked STOMCT. Differentials shown CAIDXB then
DXBMCT. There is no IATA directive on this.

Exercise 10 (MIXED CLASS RETURN)
OUTBOUND
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
XX
BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


INBOUND
FL/
FD
FDO-D
FM
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BHC/CTM
FZI
XX
FZI
FZI


OUTBOUND


INBOUND


OUTBOUND


INBOUND


Question 2
OUTBOUND


Question 2
INBOUND

Important:
For certain routes, when part of the journey is flown in Y class, and the
main part of the journey in C/J class, the component/PU must be
calculated as a full C/J fare - not with a differential.
These are some of the routes where this applies:
To/From C/J Class Sectors which result in a C/J fare

to be charged
Area 1 and Area 2 via AT Atlantic Sector

e.g. LON J LAS Y HNL
Area 1 and Area 3 via AT Atlantic Sector and sector between Area 2
and 3
e.g. NYC C ROM Y CAI C KHI
Europe/
South West Pacific All sectors between first/last city in Europe
and first/last city in South West Pacific
e.g. LON Y ROM J SIN J PER Y HBA
Europe/Middle East Europe to/from Middle East

e.g. LON Y ATH C CAI Y MCT
Europe/Africa Europe to/from Africa

e.g. MAN Y TUN C LOS Y JNB
Europe/South East Asia For EH Europe to/from South East Asia,

e.g. STO Y IST C BKK
For TS Europe to/from Japan and Korea,

e.g. MNL Y TYO C PAR
Europe/South Asian Europe to/from Area 3 Subcontinent

e.g. FRA Y ATH C KHI
Europe/Japan, Korea
(Dem of) and Korea Europe via EH/TS to/from Japan/Korea
(Rep. of) e.g. DUB Y OSL Y ROM C SEL

There are also some rules where part of the journey is in First Class,
where the full First Class fare must be charged.
To/From P/F Class sector which results in a F/P fare

to be charged
Canada/USA/Mexico Atlantic sector

and Europe MEX F MAD C LON
Europe/South Asian Sector between first/last city in Europe and

Subcontinent Area 3
LON Y ROM F KHI Y DEL

Module 11: Special Fares
For many travellers, the major factor influencing the decision about
which flights to book is cost, followed by the standard of service. Special
fares, in general, cost less than normal fares but they are governed by
more restrictive conditions. They were commonly used by the leisure
traveller, but are becoming increasingly used for business travel.
Depending on the type of special fare, they may be restricted in relation

to:
Advance purchase requirement

Minimum stay
Maximum stay
Stopovers and routings/transfers
Other factors that may affect the final fare to be charged are:
Season - identified within the fare basis code by:

H = High Season
L = Low Season
K/J/F/T/Q/Y = Shoulder Season (if applied used in this order)
Day of the week - identified within the fare basis code by:
X = Midweek Travel
W = Weekend Travel
Examples of Fare Basis Codes
APEX
YHAP Economy, High season, advance purchase
KLWAP3M Economy, Low season, Weekend, advance purchase
fare valid for 3 months
PEX/SuperPEX
YKXPX4M Economy, Shoulder season, Midweek, PEX fare valid
for 4 months
LLSX Economy, Low season, SuperPEX fare
Excursion
YEE Economy, excursion fare valid for 1 year
YHEE6M Economy, High season, excursion fare valid for 6
months

Fares Heirachy
The following fare "tier" illustrates the lowest fare types, which are
most commonly purchased, to the highest fare type. Airlines own fares
and IATA fares are found within any fare type.
In addition to these fare types, airlines use many other kinds of fares,
such as Seat Sales, Category 25 and 35 fares and many other types of
discounted fares.

Fare Selection
In order to determine if a special fare suits a specific routing and dates
of travel, the fare display and fare notes must be accessed in order to
first check advance purchase, stopover and transfer information,
minimum stay and maximum stay as appropriate. When these are
checked and confirmed applicable for your client, read the remainder of
the rule to ensure all conditions apply.
Some carriers specify alternative instructions to the information that

follows. The information listed below is general, however please check
all fare rules when quoting a client.
Advance Purchase
If checking a fare with an advance purchase deadline in days, then
either:
• add the number of days to the date of purchase and ensure this
date comes before the date of travel:
*TAA/26JUN/+14
• deduct the number of days from the departure date and ensure
this date comes on or before the date of purchase:
*TAA/10JUL/14
Stopovers
This occurs when a passenger arrives at an intermediate point and is not
scheduled to depart within 24 hours of arrival, unless a rule states a
different duration - 12hrs, 6hrs etc.
When stopovers are chargeable they are considered either Specified or

Unspecified and are illustrated a little differently.
Unspecified - rule permits one or more free stopovers plus additional

chargeable stopovers (see Special
Fare with Stopover example).
Specified - rule permits no free stopovers, only chargeable (see Special

Fare HIP example).
Transfer
This is a change from one aircraft to another.
An Online Transfer is a change from the service of a carrier to another

service of the same carrier.
An Interline Transfer is a change from the service of one carrier to the
service of a different carrier.
Minimum Stay
Minimum stay in days:
- for transatlantic journeys add the number of days to the date of
outbound transatlantic travel. The date of inbound transatlantic travel
must commence on or after this day. This would also apply to
transpacific journeys.

- for all other journeys add to the date of outbound international travel
check that the date of inbound international travel from the last
stopover point is on or after this day.
SU - this indicates that the Sunday Rule applies - this states that return
travel from the point of turnaround must not commence until the
Sunday following arrival, i.e. the passenger must stay a Saturday night
at the destination.
Maximum Stay
In days - add the number of days to the date of outbound travel.
*TAA/10JUL/+35
In months - add the number of calendar months to the date of

outbound travel.
Seasonal
Transatlantic journeys - the date of the outbound transatlantic sector
determines the season for the entire journey. This would also apply to
transpacific journeys.
All other journeys - the date of departure for the first outbound
international sector determines the season for the entire journey.
Weekday/Weekend
Travel
Transatlantic travel - the day of the week of the outbound transatlantic
sector determines the outbound fare and the day of the week of the
inbound transatlantic sector determines the inbound fare.
All other journeys - the day of the week of the outbound international
sector determines the outbound fare and the day of the week of the
inbound international sector determines the inbound fare.
Generally, weekday travel is Monday through to Thursday and weekend

travel is Friday through to Sunday, however the fare rule should be
checked for any differences to this.

Special Fare with `Unspecified` Stopover Charge (mileage example)

Date of Reservation: 15JAN
Season and Minimum Stay apply to
date of outbound international
travel
GLA GLA CPT CPT GLA

BD 22JAN
LON
VS 24JAN Most special fares
JNB are Routing based
SA 27JAN M 5M
CPT fares, but some
SA 09FEB more flexible ones
NBO are Mileage based
KQ 09FEB
DAR 1000.00 1000.00 so the FL must be
KL 18FEB checked
AMS
KL 24FEB
GLA
Special Fare HIP checks are not

actioned on this course, but are
3 International discussed later
Transfers in each
direction permitted
1000.00 1050.00
2050.00
Stopovers priced in local currency

are converted to NUC`s to add to
the main fare, using the FZI entry
2 FREE STOPOVERS PER PRICING UNIT PLUS 2 @

GBP75.00 FZIGBP75.00NUC = NUC129.98 X 2 =
NUC259.96
2309.00
0.576999
GBP1333.00
GLA BD LON VS JNB SA CPT M 1000.00 SA X/NBO KQ DAR KL AMS KL GLA 5M

1050.00 2S 259.96 NUC2309.00 END ROE0.57999
Both stopovers charged are shown at the end of the linear
construction, as unspecified stopovers do not have to show
which cities are charged for
FIRST TICKET SECOND TICKET

Minimum stay added
Maximum stay to date of outbound
added to date of international travel eg
outbound travel 24JAN+5D=29JAN
shown against all Shown against the
sectors eg last international
22JAN+6M=22JUL
sector

Special Fare with `Specified` Stopover Charge (routing example)

LON BD 10JAN LON LIM LIM LON

PAR AF 14JAN The fare routing is
LIM IB 23JAN RTE OK RTE OK checked using the
MAD FR entry to ensure it
JK 25JAN fits with the itinerary
LON
800.00 800.00
Season and Minimum Stay apply to
date of outbound international
travel and Maximum Stay applies to
the date of departure
Special Fare HIP checks are not
actioned on this course, but are
discussed later
800.00 800.00
1600.00
Stopovers priced in local currency

are converted to NUC`s to add to
the main fare, using the FZI entry
2 STOPOVERS IN EUROPE OR MID ATLANTIC

AREA PER PU AT GBP50.00 EACH = NUC86.65 X
2 = NUC173.30
1773.30
0.595825
GBP1057.00
LON BD PAR S86.65 AF LIM 800.00 IB MAD S86.65 JK LON 800.00 NUC1773.30 END
ROE0.595825
Specified stopovers are shown next
to the city they are charged for.
FIRST TICKET SECOND TICKET

Eg:14JAN+5D=19JAN
Minimum stay is shown Eg: Maximum stay
against the return 10JAN+6M=10JUL
transatlantic sector. shown against all
Optionally also enter sectors
19JAN against the last
sector

Higher Intermediate Point Check
As with normal fares, there is a HIP check on Special fares. The

procedure is slightly different as it is only necessary to check:
• From the origin to all points

• From all points to the destination (breakpoint)
Therefore there is NO check carried out between intermediate points.
Only STOPOVER points are checked and any mileage surcharges

are applied to the HIP as per the usual procedure.
There is a further condition that applies to the HIP check on

special fares.
1. Check origin to all cities, and all cities to destination for a special
fare HIP. Compare fares of the same type and conditions.
e.g. YLEE2M to YLEE2M
2. If any HIPs are found, use the city pair with the highest HIP.
3. If there is not a fare of exactly the same fare basis, compare to

the fare of the same type with most similar conditions.
e.g. YLEE4M to YEE3M
If no fare of the same type exists use a fare of the next higher fare
type for comparison. Compare in this order:
e.g. When checking a YLSX3M fare -

if no YLSX3M exists for comparison then compare to any
PEX fare, if none compare to the excursion fare.
If no suitable special fare is found for comparison, then charge

the special fare without a HIP. A normal fare must not be
applied as a HIP on special fares.
The conditions and rules of the special fare originally selected will apply
to the whole itinerary.
This information regarding HIPs on Special Fares is not part of

the course, however it is important that you have an
understanding of the principle.

The following flow chart may be useful when carrying out the special fare HIP check.
Having established the origin to breakpoint special fare level apply the HIP check separately for each
fare component as follows:
Note the Special Fare (1/2 RT) from Origin to Breakpoint
Check the Origin to Intermediate and Intermediate to

Destination for a higher special fare of the same type. Is
there a special fare of the same type for comparison?
YES NO
Is this fare higher than

the Origin to Is there a higher special
Destination Special fare type to use for the
Fare? comparison?
YES NO NO YES
Use special fare Origin Is this higher than the

to Destination for this NO Origin to Destination
component. special fare?
YES
Apply this higher ½ RT

special fare for this
component.
* Remember to compare the most similar type of fare, and if none exist, compare with a higher fare
type, but do not use the normal fare for the comparison.

Exercise 11 (SPECIAL FARE)



Question 2


Question 3

Open Jaw Special Fares
Open Jaw (OJ) is sometimes used as a general term to describe return

journeys where there is a void or surface sector at the point of origin or
point of turnaround.
Technically, an Open Jaw Special Fare consists of 2 international fare

components, constructed to and from a surface break(s).
There are different types of Open Jaws:
Single Open Jaw – SOJ
JNB LON
JNB
LON X direction of fares
CPT
CPT LON
When the fare is collected to a surface sector at the turnaround point,

this may also be called:
Turnaround Single Open Jaw – TSOJ

Turnaround Open Jaw – TOJ
RIO MAD
RIO
MAD X direction of fares
BUE
BUE MAD
When a surface sector exists at the origin this may be called:
Origin Single Open Jaw – OSOJ

Origin Open Jaw – OOJ
SHA SHA
LON direction of fares
LON BJS
BJS
Double Open Jaw

NYC
NYC MAN MAN
X direction of fares
PIT LON LON
PIT
A surface sector at both the point of origin and turnaround.

To find out whether a Special Fare can be contructed as an Open Jaw

basis, the application paragraph of the fare rule, paragraph 0, must be
checked.
For the following routing the VS YHEE6M fare is applicable for the dates of
travel.
LON
VS 07JAN
JNB
CPT SURFACE
VS 20JAN
LON
Paragraph 0 is checked to see if an Open Jaw construction is applicable

and if any specific instructions exist, such as "OJ must be in the same
country."
For the purposes of this course only the open jaw construction is
required for special fares, the alternative calculation of treating the
surface sector as flown is not required, although this is a possible
combination.
This rule allows any type of Open Jaw, without any specific instructions.
Now ½ return LONJNB plus ½ return LONCPT of the same fare basis, are
used for the construction.

Open Jaw Special Fare

TYO TYO DRW PER TYO

NH 15JAN Y
KUL
MH 15JAN Y
DRW RTE OK RTE OK
SURFACE
PER
QF 26JAN Y
RGN
NH 26JAN Y 800.00 850.00
TYO
800.00 850.00
1650.00
1650.00
102.456
JPY169100
TYO NH X/KUL MH DRW 800.00 /- PER QF X/RGN NH TYO 850.00 NUC1650.00 END
ROE102.456

Exercise 11 (SPECIAL FARE – OPEN JAW)

Question 4

NOTES

Appendix A: Galileo Formats
Fare Display - Basic Formats
FD10MAYMANLIS
FDMANLIS10MAY
FDMAN10MAYLIS
Fare Display - Modifiers
These may be added to the entry to make the display more specific, either in the initial entry or later
as a follow up entry as illustrated below:
FD/VS Carrier Fares

FD/YY IATA/Generic Fares
FD-OW One way
FD-RT Return
FD@C Exact class of travel
FD@QLSX1M Exact fare basis code
FD@NORMS Fare type code - Normal fares
FD@SPCLS - Special fares
FD.EH Global Indicator
FD*CNN Accompanied Child } Note: for further passenger type codes enter PTC
FD*INF Infant
FD:NUC NUCs
FD:LOC Local selling currency
Specified modifiers in the initial entry may be placed in any order.
FD12MAYLONNYC-OW@C/VS:NUC
FD12MAYLONAKL@YOW.AP*CNN
FD12MAYAMSSIN-RT@NORMS.EH:NUC
Having obtained a basic fare display it can be changed by entering any of the modifiers, in any order,
prefixed with FD.
FD-RT@C
FD/AF-OW*CNN
Changing Origin/Destination Cities
FDOMAN Changes origin of display to MAN

FDDBOS Changes destination to BOS
FDOGLA-DYVR Changes origin to GLA and destination to YVR

Accessing Fare Notes
FN*1 Display paragraph headings for fare note for fare line 1
FN*P10 Display paragraph 10 from menu display
FN*ALL Display all paragraphs from menu display
FN*1/P10 Display paragraph 10 for note for fare line 1 (P can be omitted)
FN*1/ALL Displays all paragraphs contained in the note
Galileo Information Pages - Standard Conditions
GC*AF Specific carrier pages

GC*402/19 Fare guarantee
Fare Routings
FR*1 Displays routing information for fare line 1
Mileage Check Entries
FL/LONBOMDELSINTYO Accumulated Mileage display (oblique between cities optional)

This highlights any mileage deductions with mandatory via points. We
shall be using this very comprehensive format during the course in
preference to other, simpler formats.
FL/LONCHIMIA/AA Carrier specific accumulated mileage display
Surcharge Bands and MPM
FMAMSDPS Displays MPM

FMNUC1234.50 Displays mileage surcharge band of a given fare
FM*7 Displays mileage surcharge bands of fare from line 7 of a Fare Display
Currency Conversion
FZINUC1200.23GBP NUCs to GBP at the IATA R.O.E.

FZITHB1950NUC THB to NUC at the IATA R.O.E.
FZSTHB2100EGP THB to EGP at the Bank Rate
FZSUSD10.00GBP/U USD to GBP at the Bank Rate (unrounded for taxes etc)
FZINUC555.55AUD/GBP NUCs to AUD at the IATA R.O.E. and then into GBP at the Bank Rate
Decode/Encode
.CDCHI Decode CHI - city/airport code

.CENEWCASTLE Encode Newcastle - city/airport code
.LDGB Decode GB - country code
.ADTG Decode TG - airline code
.AETAM Encode TAM - airline
.EUD Country names and codes for European Unions
(slightly different from ECAA and EMU-euro countries)

Calculator Function
XX 400.33 + 344.77 Add

XX 201.44 - 158.95 Subtract
XX 981.64 * 0.25 Multiply
XX1547.18/6.6 Divide
Ticketing Date Calculator
*TAA/12JUL/21 Subtracts 21 days from specified travel date

*TAA/12JUL/+90 Adds 90 days to specified travel date
Fare Quote Entries - Basic
FQ Quote lowest fare for classes booked

FQPLONMADRIO Fare quote planner - see H/FQP for additional entries
FQS1.4 Quote sectors 1 and 4
FQCVS Quote for ticketing airline VS
FQP1.2*C08 Fare for Passenger 1 adult and Passenger 2 accompanying child
FQ*CNN Fare Quote for a child
FQ*INF For infant (optional as Fare Quote will take from infant name entry)
Filed Fares
*FFALL Display all filed fares

*FF2 Display filed fare 2
Ticketing Interline Agreements
DT/AAR/DIS-LH Display airlines that have a ticketing agreement with carrier LH

DT/IAT/DISBD Display airlines that have electronic ticketing agreement with carrier
BD

Appendix B: Abbreviations, Definitions and Logic
Abbreviations
Check any abbreviations required in the following alphabetical list.
ABTA Association of British Travel Agents

ADC Additional Collection
ATOL Air Travel Operators' Licence
BBR Bank Buying Rate

BSP Billing and Settlement Plan
BSR Bank Selling Rate
BT Bulk Tour
COC Country of Commencement of International Travel

CPN Coupon
CRS Computer Reservations System
CT Circle Trip
EFP Equivalent Fare Paid

EMA Extra Mileage Allowance
EMD Electronic Miscellaneous Document
EMS Excess Mileage Surcharge
EMU European Economic and Monetary Union
ET Electronic Ticket
ETKT Electronic Ticket
GDS Global Distribution System
HIF Higher Intermediate Fare

HIP Higher Intermediate Point
IATA International Air Transport Association

IROE IATA Rate of Exchange
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
IT Inclusive Tour
LCF Local Currency Fare
MPM Maximum Permitted Mileage
NOJ Normal Fare Open Jaw

NUC Neutral Unit of Construction
OJ Open Jaw
OW One Way

PFC Passenger Facility Charge

PNR Passenger Name Record
PTA Prepaid Ticket Advice
PU Pricing Unit
PUC Pricing Unit Concept
ROE Rate of Exchange

RT Round Trip
TFCs Taxes, Fees and Charges

TPM Ticketed Point Mileage
UATP Universal Air Travel Plan
vMPD Virtual Multiple Purpose Document

Definitions
Child 2 to 11 years of age inclusive
Infant Under 2 years of age
Pricing Units – PUC A journey or part of a journey that could, if chosen, be ticketed separately.
Each one way fare component is considered one Pricing Unit, and each
return trip calculation is considered one Pricing Unit.
Subjourney The definition can be considered the same as a Pricing Unit, other than the
expression is generally used when there is more than one Pricing Unit.
Stopovers A stopover is a stay of 24 hours or more at any city between the origin and
destination of a journey. Stopovers are permitted at the passenger’s request
at any scheduled point, provided it is not prohibited by either the routing or
the fare note, and the passenger arranges and specifies it on the ticket in
advance, to enable the journey to be calculated correctly.
Counting of Stopovers Return fare breakpoints or construction points are not considered
stopovers, neither is the surface sector of an open jaw type journey. Any
intermediate cities visited for more than 24 hours are considered stopovers,
unless a fare rule restricts this further e.g. 12hrs, 6hrs. If a fare has a surface
sector, other than an open jaw type fare, the last point of arrival by air and
the first point of departure by air on each break together are considered one
stopover.
Transfer A transfer is a change from one flight (service) to another at an intermediate

point which can be less than 24 hours or more than 24 hours.
• An online transfer is a change from the service of one carrier to another

service of the same carrier.
• An interline transfer is a change from the service of one carrier to the
service of another carrier.
• A domestic transfer is a change from one domestic flight to another

domestic flight (note: Domestic is within the same country).
• An international transfer is a change from one international flight to
another international flight (note: International is from one country to
another different country).
Transit No longer an official definition, but commonly used when a passenger has a
transfer at an airport, but does not have a stopover at that airport.
Weekday/Midweek Monday through to Thursday (although some fare rules state otherwise).
Weekend Friday through to Sunday (although some fare rules state otherwise).

Fares System Logic

For the purpose of the principles covered in the course we will use IATA
fares, however, as a general rule, a carrier specific fare is always
selected over an IATA fare. An IATA fare is selected only
when there is no carrier specific fare for the journey.
The carrier whose fare is selected by Galileo, is the airline which

participates in the sector which crosses between the IATA areas or sub
areas. This carrier's fare is then used for checking rules, routings etc
Within Europe
Sector Carrier TPM Fare to use:

CPH LON SK 594 Use the lower result of either the fare for:
LON BRU BA 206 a) the first International sector (SK)
BRU MAD IB 818 b) the sector with the highest TPM (IB) or
TPM total (IB)
MAD CAS IB 539
The carrier fare selection rules used for journeys (fare components)
within Europe are laid down by governmental and IATA resolutions, and
may be found in tariff publications. Carrier fare selection for other
journeys is not, currently, subject to such regulation. The following
criteria is the Galileo fare selection system.
Crossing One Ocean

Sector Carrier Fare to use:
NYC FRA LH Use the carrier which crosses the ocean (LH)
FRA SIN SQ
SIN MNL SQ
Note: There is an exception to this when a journey is between IATA Area

2 and 3 via Area 1, then the carrier that crosses from the first visited
IATA Area into the second is used.
Crossing Two Oceans

AKL YVR NZ Use the carrier which crosses the first ocean. (NZ)
YVR LON AC
LON WAW LO
Oceans not involved on the Itinerary
IATA Areas
Sector Carrier Fare to Use
SYD BKK TG Use the carrier which crosses from the first visited
BKK STO SK IATA Area on the second (SK)
STO LON BD

Sub-Areas
Sector Carrier Fare to Use
LON ROM AZ
ROM DXB EK Use the first visited Sub Area to the second (EK)
DXB JNB SA
Within Sub-Areas

MBA NBO KQ Use the first International carrier. (UM)
NBO HRE UM
HRE CPT SA

Glossary: Travel Industry Organisations
IATA - International Air Transport Association

IATA is the global trade association for the airline industry,with its main offices in Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded in 1919, and in its present form IATA brings together over
230 airlines whose flights comprise of more than 93% of all international scheduled air travel.
The airline industry is one of the fastest changing industries in the world and as such, all airlines
need to co-operate with one another to provide an apparently seamless interlinking service for
passengers.
IATA is involved in every aspect of an airline's operation. It does not set the rules but acts as an
intermediary between different airlines; between airlines and governments; and between airlines
and travel agents in relation to passengers and freight, therefore enabling discussions and decisions
to be made that affect the entire industry.
The main objectives of IATA are:
• To promote safe and regular air transport for passengers, cargo and mail, and to encourage
air commerce.
• To provide a forum for collaboration among the air transport companies.
• To co-operate with the International Civil Aviation Organisation and other International
Organisations.
To give you a better understanding of what IATA is involved in, listed below are some of the
categories. If you wish to look further into any aspect, IATA offers detailed information on each of
the categories on their Website - www.iata.org
• Air Traffic Management
• Airports
• Aviation Information and Research
• BSP - Billing and Settlement Plan - Distribution of Travel Agency Revenue
• Cabin Health
• Cargo
• IATA Clearing House - Revenue Accounting
• Crisis Management - service issues which may affect the industry e.g. war
• Distribution
• Environment
• Flight Operations
• Flight Safety
• Ground Handling
• In-flight Services
• Insurance
• Interlining - the relationship between airlines
• Prorate Agency - the way in which a fare is proportioned out between airlines
• Safety
• Industry Standards
• Taxation
• Training
• Currency Services
BSP - Billing and Settlement Plan

This is IATA's stand-alone financial settlement organisation. Operating in economically stable
countries, BSP provides a central airline accounting system which enables agents to issue a neutral
ticket type, which is reported centrally, as opposed to keeping a stock of all airlines' tickets, and then
reporting the sales each month to all applicable carriers.
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organisation

In 1944 the governments of the world agreed to set up this organisation to establish standards in the
areas of navigation, equipment and safety.
The aim of the ICAO is to ensure the safe and orderly growth of civil aviation by:
• Encouraging aircraft design to meet the need for safe, efficient and economical air
transportation
• Preventing economic waste caused by unreasonable competition
• Avoiding discrimination between states
• Promoting safety and development in all aspects of civil aviation
In 1947 the ICAO became an agency of the United Nations, with its head office in Montreal and has
become an intergovernmental organisation leading the co-ordination of national standards and
control over international activity.
CAA - The UK Civil Aviation Authority

The CAA was established in the UK by Parliament in 1972 as an independent aviation regulator. The
responsibilities include:
• Safety Regulator
• Economic Regulation
• Airspace Policy
• Consumer Protection
• Environmental Research and Consultancy
The aims and objectives of the CAA are:
• To ensure that UK civil aviation standards are set and achieved

• To regulate airlines, airports and National Air Traffic Services, economic activities and
encourage a diverse and competitive industry
• To manage the UK's principal travel protection scheme ATOL, licence UK airlines and manage
consumer issues.
• To bring civil and military interests together to ensure that the airspace needs of all users are
met as equitably as possible.

ATOL - Air Travel Organisers' Licensing

ATOL provides financial protection for holidaymakers in the event of an air travel firm becoming
insolvent. Formed in 1972 it now gives consumer protection to 28 million people in the United
Kingdom who purchase flights or holidays each year.
An ATOL licence is compulsory for agents who assemble their own travel packages, and is managed
by the Civil Aviation Authority. ATOL is the only protection scheme for both flights and air holidays
sold by tour operators in the UK.
ABTA - Association of British Travel Agents

ABTA is the UK's Premier Trade Association for Tour Operators and Travel Agents. ABTA's members
number approximately 800 Tour Operators and 6700 Travel Agency offices, and are responsible for
booking 80% of UK sold holidays.
ISO - International Organisation for Standardisation

The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies from more than 140 countries.
Established in 1947 the ISO is a non-governmental organisation whose mission is:
• To develop standardisation and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the
international exchange of goods.
• To develop co-operation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic
activities.
In the travel industry ISO are responsible:
• For the standardisation of many codes and abbreviations, e.g. country codes and currency
codes.
BAA - British Airports Authority

The largest single airport operator in the world, BAA is a retailer and developer.
BAA owns seven of the UKs airports, which includes Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Glasgow,
Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Southampton.
They also have management contracts or stakes in four airports outside the UK including Boston,
Pittsburg and Baltimore in the USA and Naples in Italy.

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Galileo Fares Level 2 3

Exercise 6 (RETURN JOURNEY OVER 25M) ............................................................................................ 74

4 Galileo Fares Level 2

Welcome to Galileo Fares Level 2.

Upon completion of this course you will be able to:

Galileo Fares Level 2 5

Why should you Attend?

Fares Level 2 offers you:

6 Galileo Fares Level 2

Galileo Fares Level 2 7

If you remember, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the

IATA Area One:

IATA Area One — (The Western Hemisphere)

North Atlantic - USA (including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands

Mid Atlantic - Bermuda, the Caribbean Islands, Bahamas, Belize, Costa

South Atlantic - Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile.

IATA Area Two — (Within the Eastern Hemisphere)

Europe - UK, Continental Europe (including Turkey and the Russian

Africa - Seychelles, Mauritius, Réunion, Cape Verde and the Continent

Galileo Fares Level 2 8

IATA Area Three - (Within the Eastern Hemisphere)

North Central Pacific - Includes Russian Federation/Russia east of the

North Central Pacific has a further division of:

South Asian Subcontinent - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (inc.

Japan/Korea - Japan and Korea.

ECAA (European Common Aviation Area) – Albania, Austria, Belgium,

Gulf States - Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and United Arab Emirates.

East Africa - Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Southern Africa - Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and

Western Africa - Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Galileo Fares Level 2 9

Caribbean Islands - Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Barbados,

10 Galileo Fares Level 2

Galileo Fares Level 2 11

12 Galileo Fares Level 2

Canada, USA, Mexico, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and Greenland

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay

Galileo Fares Level 2 13

14 Galileo Fares Level 2

Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon (Republic

Galileo Fares Level 2 15

16 Galileo Fares Level 2

Galileo Fares Level 2 17

18 Galileo Fares Level 2

Some of the main countries are:

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China,

South West Pacific

Galileo Fares Level 2 19

IATA Area 3: North Central Pacific Sub Area

20 Galileo Fares Level 2

North Central Pacific - Sub-Areas

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri

South East Asia

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, (excluding Hong Kong SAR and

Japan, Republic of Korea and Democratic Republic of Korea

Galileo Fares Level 2 21

AT Atlantic: travel between Area 1 and Area 2 or Area 3 which