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1088/0004-637X/703/2/L99
C 2009. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
We show that the exoplanet HAT-P-7b has an extremely tilted orbit, with a true angle of at least 86◦ with respect
to its parent star’s equatorial plane, and a strong possibility of retrograde motion. We also report evidence for
an additional planet or companion star. The evidence for the unparalleled orbit and the third body is based
on precise observations of the star’s apparent radial velocity (RV). The anomalous RV due to rotation (the
Rossiter–McLaughlin effect) was found to be a blueshift during the first half of the transit and a redshift
during the second half, an inversion of the usual pattern, implying that the angle between the sky-projected
orbital and stellar angular momentum vectors is 182.◦ 5 ± 9.◦ 4. The third body is implicated by excess RV
variation of the host star over 2 yr. Some possible explanations for the tilted orbit of HAT-P-7b are a close
encounter with another planet, the Kozai effect, and resonant capture by an inward-migrating outer planet.
Key words: planetary systems – planetary systems: formation – stars: individual (HAT-P-7) – stars: rotation
Online-only material: machine-readable table
1. INTRODUCTION vectors is likely greater than 86◦ , indicating that the orbit is
either retrograde (ψ > 90◦ ) or nearly polar (ψ ≈ 90◦ ). We also
In the solar system, the planetary orbits are well aligned and present evidence for a third body in the system, which may be an
prograde, revolving in the same direction as the rotation of the additional planet or a companion star. We present spectroscopic
Sun. This fact inspired the “nebular hypothesis” that the Sun and data in Section 2, photometric data in Section 3, a joint analysis
planets formed from a single spinning disk (Laplace 1796). One of both types of data in Section 4, and a discussion of the results
might also expect exoplanetary orbits to be well aligned with in Section 5.
their parent stars, and indeed this is true of most systems for
which it has been possible to compare the directions of orbital 2. RADIAL VELOCITIES
motion and stellar rotation (Fabrycky & Winn 2009; Le Bouquin
We observed HAT-P-7 with the High Resolution Spectrograph
et al. 2009). However, there are at least three exoplanets for
(HIRES) on the Keck I 10 m telescope, and the High Dispersion
which the orbit is tilted by a larger angle than any of the planets
Spectrograph (HDS) on the Subaru 8 m telescope. The planet’s
in the solar system: XO-3b (Hébrard et al. 2008; Winn et al.
discoverers (Pál et al. 2008; hereafter P08) obtained eight
2009a), HD 80606b (Moutou et al. 2009; Pont et al. 2009; Winn
HIRES spectra in 2007, to which we add nine spectra from
et al. 2009b), and WASP-14b (Johnson et al. 2009).
2009. All but one of the HIRES spectra were acquired outside
Still, all of those systems are consistent with prograde orbits,
of transits. Of the 49 HDS spectra, 9 were obtained on 2009
with the largest minimum angle between the stellar-rotational
June 17 and 40 were obtained on 2009 July 1. The second of
and orbital angular momentum vectors of about 37◦ , for XO-3b
these nights spanned a transit.
(Winn et al. 2009a). The reason why only the minimum angle
The instrument settings and observing procedures in both
is known is that the evidence for misalignment is based on the
2007 and 2009 were identical to those used by the California
eponymous effect of Rossiter (1924) and McLaughlin (1924), an
Planet Search (CPS; Howard et al. 2009). We placed an
anomalous Doppler shift observed during planetary transits that
iodine gas absorption cell into the optical path, to calibrate the
is sensitive only to the angle between the sky projections of the
instrumental response and wavelength scale. The radial velocity
two vectors. The true spin–orbit angle may be larger, depending
(RV) of each spectrum was measured with respect to an iodine-
on the unknown inclination angle of the stellar rotation axis with
free template spectrum, using the algorithm of Butler et al.
respect to the line of sight.
(2006) with subsequent improvements. Measurement errors
In this Letter, we present evidence of a very large spin–orbit
were estimated from the scatter in the fits to individual spectral
misalignment for HAT-P-7b, a planet of mass 1.8 MJup and radius
segments spanning a few angstroms. The RVs are given in
1.4 RJup in a 2.2-day orbit around an F6V star with mass 1.5 M
Table 1.
and radius 1.8 R (Pál et al. 2008). We find the angle between
the sky-projected angular momentum vectors to be 182.◦ 5 ± 9.◦ 4. 2.1. Evidence for a Third Body
Furthermore, we show that the true angle ψ between those
Figure 1 shows the RVs over the two-year span of the
7 NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow. observations. Figure 2 shows the RVs as a function of orbital
8 Townes Postdoctoral Fellow. phase, fitted with two different models. The first model is a single
L99
L100 WINN ET AL. Vol. 703
Table 1
Relative Radial Velocity Measurements of HAT-P-7
(This table is available in its entirety in a machine-readable form in the online model including γ̇ . We interpret the “anomalous” RV variation
journal. A portion is shown here for guidance regarding its form and content.) during the transit as the Rossiter–McLaughlin (RM) effect, the
asymmetry in the spectral lines due to the partial eclipse of
Keplerian orbit, representing the signal of the known planet. the rotating photosphere. In the context of eclipsing binary
The second model has an additional parameter γ̇ representing stars, the RM effect was predicted by Holt (1893) and observed
an extra radial acceleration. The second model gives a better definitively by Rossiter (1924) and McLaughlin (1924). For
fit to the data, with a root-mean-squared (rms) residual of 7 m exoplanets, the RM effect was first observed by Queloz et al.
s−1 as compared to 21 m s−1 for the first model. The RVs from (2000), and its use in assessing spin–orbit alignment has been
2009 are systematically redshifted by approximately 40 m s−1 expounded by Ohta et al. (2005) and Gaudi & Winn (2007).
compared to RVs from 2007, as evident from the residuals shown A transiting planet in a well-aligned prograde orbit would first
in Figures 1(b) and 2(b). This shift is highly significant, as the pass in front of the blueshifted (approaching) half of the star,
CPS has demonstrated a long-term stability of 2 m s−1 or better causing an anomalous redshift of the observed starlight. Then,
using HIRES and the same reduction codes used here (Howard the planet would cross to the redshifted (receding) half of the
et al. 2009). star, causing an anomalous blueshift. In contrast, Figure 3(a)
This RV trend is evidence for an additional companion. Given shows a blueshift followed by a redshift: an inversion of the
the limited time coverage of our observations (two clusters of effect just described. We may conclude, even without any
points separated by 2 yr), the data are compatible with nearly modeling, that the orbital “north pole” and the stellar “north
any period longer than a few months. A constant acceleration is pole” point in nearly opposite directions on the sky.
the simplest model that fits the excess RV variability, and under
that assumption we may give an order-of-magnitude relation 3. PHOTOMETRY
relating γ̇ to some properties of the companion
For a quantitative analysis of the RM effect, we wanted to
Mc sin ic γ̇
∼ = (0.121 ± 0.014) MJup AU−2 , (1) model both the photometric and spectroscopic transit signals.
ac2 G For this purpose, we supplemented the RV data with the most
precise transit light curve available to us, shown in Figure 3(c).
where Mc is the companion mass, ic its orbital inclination relative This light curve is based on observations on UT 2008 September
to the line of sight, ac its orbital distance, and the numerical value 22 in the Sloan i bandpass, with the Fred L. Whipple 1.2 m
is based on our model-fitting results (see Section 4). telescope and Keplercam detector, under the auspices of the
2.2. Evidence for a Spin–orbit Misalignment Transit Light Curve project (Holman et al. 2006; Winn et al.
2007).
Figure 3(a) shows the RV data spanning the transit, after Reduction of the CCD images involved standard procedures
subtracting the orbital RV as computed with the best-fitting for bias subtraction and flat-field division. Differential aperture
No. 2, 2009 OUTLANDISH ORBIT OF HAT-P-7b L101
Table 2
Model Parameters for HAT-P-7b
Parameter Value
Orbital period, P (d) 2.2047304 ± 0.0000024
Midtransit time (HJD) 2454,731.67929 ± 0.00043
Transit duration (first to fourth contact) (hr) 4.006 ± 0.064
Transit ingress or egress duration (hr) 0.474+0.061
−0.093
Planet-to-star radius ratio, Rp /R 0.0834+0.0012
−0.0021
Orbital inclination, i (deg) 80.8+2.8
−1.2
Scaled semimajor axis, a/R 3.82+0.39
−0.16
Transit impact parameter 0.618+0.039
−0.149
Velocity semiamplitude, K (m s−1 ) 211.8 ± 2.6
Upper limit on eccentricity (99.73% conf.) 0.039
e cos ω −0.0019 ± 0.0077
e sin ω 0.0037 ± 0.0124
Velocity offset, Keck/HIRES (m s−1 ) −51.2 ± 3.6
Velocity offset, Subaru/HDS (m s−1 ) −4.8 ± 2.5
Constant radial acceleration γ̇ (m s−1 yr−1 ) 21.5 ± 2.6
Projected stellar rotation rate, v sin i (km s−1 ) 4.9+1.2
−0.9
Projected spin–orbit angle, λ (deg) 182.5 ± 9.4