Unit 3

1.
Indroduction
A differential equation is a mathematical equation which involves a function and its
derivatives. Indroduction
For example, Linear Differential . . .

d2 y dy Linear ODE with . . .
(i) 2 + 5 + 6y = e−3x
dx dx Method of Variation of . . .
d2 y dy 2 Miscellaneous Solved . . .

(ii) 2 + 3 + 2y = sin 3x Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
dx dx
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A
2 2
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d y dy
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(iii) +5 + 6y = 5x Home Page
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dx 2 dx
.A
d3 y dy Title Page
= e−x
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(iv) 3 +
dx dx
R
D
JJ II
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are few differential equations.
B
ED
J I
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A
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2. Linear Differential Equations of Second Order with
Constant Co-efficients
Indroduction
An equation of the form Linear Differential . . .
n n−1 n−2 Linear ODE with . . .
d y d y d y dy
a0 + a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 + an y = F (x) Method of Variation of . . .
dxn dxn−1 dxn−2 dx
Miscellaneous Solved . . .
where a0 , a1 , . . . , an are constants, is said to be a LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
N
of degree ‘n’ with constant coefficients.
A
H
d d2 dn
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2
Let = D, = D + · · · + = D n . Then the above equation can be Home Page
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dx dx2 dxn
.A
written as
Title Page
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(a0 D n + a1 D n−1 + a2 D n−2 + · · · + an−1 D + an )y
R
= F (x)
D
JJ II
Y
φ(D)y = F (x) (2.1)
B
ED
J I
R
The general or Complete solution of (2.1) consists of two parts namely the Complementary
A
EP
Function (C.F.) and Particular Integral (P.I.). i.e. The General Solution is
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Page 2 of 34
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y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp
Full Screen
Complementary Function
Close
Definition 2.0.1 (Complimentary Function). The general solution of φ(D) = 0 is called
as Complementary Function and it id denoted by yc .
Quit
Definition 2.0.2 (Auxiliary Equation). An equation of the form φ(m) = 0 is called as
an Auxiliary Equation.
Depends on the roots of the polynomial φ(m) = 0, i.e. the roots of the auxiliary Indroduction
equation, we have the following cases to write the Complimentary Function. Linear Differential . . .
Linear ODE with . . .
Case 1: Method of Variation of . . .
The roots of the auxiliary equation are real and distinct, then we write the roots of Miscellaneous Solved . . .
φ(m) = 0 as m1 and m2 and the C.F. becomes, yc = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x . Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
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A
H
Generalized form of C.F. in this case: If m1 , m2 , . . . , mn be the real and distinct
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Home Page
roots of the auxiliary equation, then the C.F. becomes, yc = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x +
TH
· · · + cn emn x .
.A
Title Page
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R
D
Case 2: JJ II
Y
B
The roots of the auxiliary equation are real and equal, then we write the roots of φ(m) =
ED
0 as m1 = m2 = m and the C.F. becomes, yc = (c1 + c2 x)emx . J I
R
A
EP
PR
Generalized form of C.F.in this case: If m1 = m2 = · · · = mn (= m), then Page 3 of 34

the C.F. becomes, yc = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x2 + · · · + cn xn−1 )emx .
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Case 3:
The roots of the auxiliary equation are complex conjugates i.e. m = α ± iβ, then the Full Screen
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C.F. becomes,
yc = eαx (c1 cos βx + c2 sin βx)
(OR) yc = c1 eαx cos(βx + c2 ) Indroduction
Linear Differential . . .
(OR) yc = c1 eαx sin(βx + c2 )
Method of Variation of . . .
Note: For repeated complex roots, say m = α ± iβ, α ± iβ, the C.F. becomes, Miscellaneous Solved . . .
yc = eαx [(c1 + c2 x) cos βx + (c3 + c4 x) sin βx]. Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
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A
H
Case 4:
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p Home Page
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The roots of the auxiliary equation are surds, i.e. m = α ± β, then the C.F. becomes,
.A
p p
yc = eαx (c1 cosh βx + c2 sinh βx) Title Page
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R
p
D
(OR) yc = c1 eαx cosh( βx + c2 ) JJ II
Y
B
p
(OR) yc = c1 eαx sinh( βx + c2 )ED
J I
R
A
p p
roots, say m = α ± p β, α ± β, the C.F. becomes,
EP
Note: For repeated complexp

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yc = eαx [(c1 + c2 x) cos βx + (c3 + c4 x) sin βx]. Page 4 of 34
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Particular Integral
Definition 2.0.3 (Particular Integral). The general solution of φ(D)y = F (x) is called Full Screen
as Particular Integral and it is denoted by yp .
Close
Based on the function on the RHS of the equation φ(D)y = F (x), i.e. based on F (x),
the following cases can be considered while evaluating the Particular Integral (P.I.). Quit
Let us see some short cut methods of evaluating P.I. when F (x) is of the following form:
A. F (x) = eax
B. F (x) = sin ax or cos ax

Indroduction
C. F (x) = xm (polynomial function) Linear Differential . . .
D. F (x) = eax χ(x), where χ(x) = xm or sin ax or cos ax Linear ODE with . . .
E. F (x) = xm χ(x), where χ(x) = sin ax or cos ax Miscellaneous Solved . . .
Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
N
A
ax
H
C ASE A: F (x) = e
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We know that Home Page
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.A
1 Title Page
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yp = F (x)
φ(D)
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
ED
J I
R
Now,
A
EP
1
eax
PR
yp = Page 5 of 34
φ(D)
1
= eax , if φ(a) 6= 0 Directly replace D by a Go Back
φ(a)
Full Screen
If φ(a) = 0, then we rewrite φ(D) as the product of its factors and then we have
Close
Quit
1
yp = x eax , with ψ(a) 6= 0
φ0 (D)ψ(D) Indroduction
(OR) Linear Differential . . .
2 1 ax Linear ODE with . . .
yp = x e
φ00 (D) Method of Variation of . . .
C ASE B: F (x) = sin ax or cos ax
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A
We know that
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1 Home Page
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yp = F (x)
.A
φ(D)
Title Page
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2
Let us consider φ(D) = ψ(D ) (i.e. considering only the quadratic part), then the
R
D
above equation becomes JJ II
Y
B
ED
1 1 J I
R
A
yp = sin ax (or) cos ax

EP
ψ(D 2 ) ψ(D 2 )
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Page 6 of 34
1 1
= sin ax (or) cos ax Replace D 2 by −a2 if ψ(−a2 ) 6= 0
ψ(−a2 ) ψ(−a2 ) Go Back
1 1
ψ(a2 ) = 0, i.e. when yp is of the form yp = sin ax (or) cos ax, Full Screen
D2 + a2 D2 + a2
then Close
x x
Z Z
yp = sin ax (or) cos ax
2 2 Quit
C ASE C: F (x) = xk , k ∈ Z+
We know that
1 Indroduction
yp = F (x)
φ(D) Linear Differential . . .
1 k Linear ODE with . . .
= x
φ(D) Method of Variation of . . .
Now, taking the lowest degree term (may be constant term) and write the the denominator
in the form of [1 + φ(D)], then we have
N
A
H
IT
Home Page
1
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yp = F (x)
.A
[1 + φ(D)] Title Page
R
.S
−1 k
= [1 + φ(D)] x
D
JJ II
Y
B
th
Expanding this relation upto k derivative using BINOMIAL EXPANSION and hence we
ED
J I
R
get the desired yp .
A
EP
PR
Page 7 of 34
Few important Binomial Expansions:
1. (1 − D)−1 = 1 + D + D 2 + . . . Go Back
−1 2 3
2. (1 + D) = 1 − D + D − D + ... Full Screen
−2 2
3. (1 − D) = 1 + 2D + 3D + . . .
Close
4. (1 + D)−2 = 1 − 2D + 3D 2 − 4D 3 + . . .
Quit
5. (1 − D)−3 = 1 + 3D + 6D 2 + . . .
6. (1 + D)−3 = 1 − 3D + 6D 2 − . . .
C ASE D: F (x) = eax χ(x), χ(x) = cos ax (or) sin ax (or) xk
We know that Indroduction
1 Linear Differential . . .
yp = F (x)
φ(D) Linear ODE with . . .
1 Method of Variation of . . .
= eax χ(x) Miscellaneous Solved . . .
φ(D)
1
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= eax χ(x) Replace D by D + a
A
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φ(D + a)
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Home Page
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Now, depends upon χ(x) = cos ax (or) sin ax (or) xk , we proceed by using CASE
.A
a (or) b. Title Page
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C ASE E: F (x) = xk χ(x), χ(x) = cos ax (or) sin ax
R
D
We know that JJ II
Y
B
1 ED
yp = F (x) J I
R
φ(D)
A
EP
1
PR
= xk χ(x) Page 8 of 34
φ(D)
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Now we consider the following subcases.
S UBCASE E 1: Full Screen
Let k = 1, then
Close
φ0 (D)

1
yp = x− χ(x)
φ(D) φ(D) Quit
S UBCASE E 2:
Let k 6= 1 (may be k = 1 also considered in this case)
Indroduction
1 k
yp = x χ(x) Linear Differential . . .
φ(D) Linear ODE with . . .
1 k Method of Variation of . . .
yp = x cos ax (or) sin ax
φ(D) Miscellaneous Solved . . .
N
We know that eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ, then
A
H
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cos θ = Re(eiθ ), sin θ = Im(eiθ ) Home Page
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.A
Title Page
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We may also write the above description as
R
D
cos θ = R.P.(eiθ ), sin θ = I.P.(eiθ ) JJ II
Y
B
ED
Now, if χ(x) = cos ax, then J I
R
A
EP
PR
1 Page 9 of 34
yp = xk cos ax
φ(D)
Go Back
1
= xk Re(eiax )
φ(D) Full Screen

1 k iax
= Re x e Close
φ(D)

iax 1 k Quit
= Re e x
φ(D + ia)
Using the previous cases, we will proceed to solve the above yp by substituting eiax =
cos ax + i sin ax and then collecting the terms in the Real Part.
if χ(x) = sin ax, then
Indroduction
1 k Linear ODE with . . .
yp = x sin ax
φ(D) Method of Variation of . . .
1 Miscellaneous Solved . . .
= xk Im(eiax )
φ(D) Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
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A

1
H
k iax
= Im x e
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φ(D) Home Page
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1
.A
iax k
= Im e x Title Page
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φ(D + ia)
R
D
Using the previous cases, we will proceed to solve the above yp by substituting eiax = JJ II
Y
B
ED
cos ax + i sin ax and then collecting the terms in the Imaginary Part.
J I
R
A
d3 y
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dy
−7 − 6y = x2 + sin x + e4x
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Example 2.1. Solve: Page 10 of 34

dx3 dx
Hints/Solution: Go Back
Given equation is of the form (D 3 − 7D − 6)y = x2 + sin x + e4x
The auxiliary equation is m3 − 7m − 6 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, −2, 3. Full Screen
Close
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∴ C.F. yc = c1 e−x + c2 e−2x + c3 e3x
1
(P.I.)1 = x2 Indroduction
D3 − 7D − 6
−1
1 3 7 Linear ODE with . . .
= −6 1 − D − D (x2 )
6 6 Method of Variation of . . .
" 2 # Miscellaneous Solved . . .

1 3 7 1 3 7
= −6 1 + D − D + D − D (x2 ) Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
6 6 6 6
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A
H

7 49 2
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= −6 1 − D + D (x2 ) Home Page
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6 36
.A

2 7x 49 Title Page
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= −6 x − +
3 18
R
D
7x 49 JJ II
Y
= − 6x2 −
B
3 18 ED
J I
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A
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Page 11 of 34
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Full Screen
Close
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1
(P.I.)2 = sin x
D 3 − 7D − 6
1
= sin x Indroduction
−D − 7D − 6
1 8D − 6
= − sin x Linear ODE with . . .
8D + 6 8D − 6
8D − 6
= − sin x Miscellaneous Solved . . .
64D 2 − 36 Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
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8 cos x − 6 sin x
A
= −
H
−64 − 36
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Home Page
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8 cos x − 6 sin x
=
.A
100 Title Page
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R
D
1 JJ II
Y
e4x
B
(P.I.)3 =
ED
D 3 − 7D − 6
J I
R
1
A
e4x
EP
=
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64 − 28 − 6 Page 12 of 34
1 4x
= e .
30 Go Back
Hence the complete solution is given by

Full Screen
7x 49
y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = c1 e−x + c2 e−2x + c3 e3x + − 6x2 − +
3 18 Close
8 cos x − 6 sin x 1 4x
+ e .
100 30 Quit
3. Linear ODE with variable co-efficients
Methodology to convert ODE with variable co-efficients as ODE with
Indroduction
constant co-efficients
If the given ODE is of the form [X 2 D 2 + XD + 1]y = G(X) Linear ODE with . . .
z d
Let X = e and θ = . Miscellaneous Solved . . .
dz Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
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dy dy dz dy 1 dy dy
A
∴ z = log X and = · = · =⇒ X =
H
dX dz dX dz X dX dz
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Home Page
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.A
dy dy dy dy Title Page
i.e. X = XD = = θy and Differentiating X = w.r.to X, we have
.S
dX dz dX dz
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
ED
d2 y dy d2 y dz J I
R
A
X + =
EP
dX 2 dX dz 2 dX
PR
Page 13 of 34
2 d2 y dy d2 y
=⇒ X +X = Go Back
dX 2 dX dz 2
d2 y d2 y dy Full Screen
=⇒ X 2 = − = (θ 2 − θ)y
dX 2 dz 2 dz
Close
d2 y
i.e. X 2 = X 2 D 2 y = θ(θ − 1)y
dX 2 Quit
d3 y
Similarly we have X 3 = X 3 D 3 y = θ(θ − 1)(θ − 2)y,
dX 3
Indroduction
4 d4 y 4 4
X = X D y = θ(θ − 1)(θ − 2)(θ − 3)y and so on. Linear Differential . . .
dX 4 Linear ODE with . . .
d2 y dy Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
Example 3.1. Solve: (1+x)2 2 +(1+x) +y = log(1+x)+cos[log(1+x)]
N
A
dx dx
H
IT
Hints/Solution: Home Page
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Given equation is of the form [(1 + x)2 D 2 + (1 + x)D + 1]y = log(1 + x) +
.A
cos[log(1 + x)] Title Page
R
.S
D
Let X = 1 + x, then the ODE becomes [X 2 D 2 + XD + 1]y = log X + cos[log X] JJ II
Y
B
d ED
Let X = ez and θ = J I
R
.
A
dz
EP
PR
dy dy dz dy 1 dy dy Page 14 of 34
∴ z = log X and = · = · =⇒ X =
dX dz dX dz X dX dz
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2
dy dy d y
i.e. X = XD = = θy and X 2 = X 2 D 2 y = θ(θ − 1)y Full Screen
dX dz dX 2
Close
Now, the ODE takes the form
Quit
[θ(θ − 1) + θ + 1]y = (θ 2 + 1)y = z + cos z
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = ±i.
∴ C.F. yc = e0z (c1 cos z + c2 sin z) = c1 cos z + c2 sin z

Indroduction
1 Linear Differential . . .
(P.I.)1 = z
θ2 + 1 Linear ODE with . . .
−1 Method of Variation of . . .

= 1 + θ2

z Miscellaneous Solved . . .
= 1 − θ + θ4 − . . . z
2

N
A
= z
H
IT
Home Page
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1
.A
(P.I.)2 = cos z Title Page
.S
θ2 + 1
R
D
1 JJ II
= cos z
Y
B
−1 + 1
ED
z θ J I
R
= cos z
A
EP
2θ θ
PR
z Page 15 of 34
= sin z
2
Go Back
Hence the complete solution is given by Full Screen
Close
Quit
z
y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = c1 cos z + c2 sin z + z + sin z
2 Indroduction
= c1 cos log(1 + x) + c2 sin log(1 + x)
log(1 + x) Method of Variation of . . .
+ log(1 + x) + sin log(1 + x)
N
A
H
IT
Home Page
TH
.A
Title Page
.S
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
ED
J I
R
A
EP
PR
Page 16 of 34
Go Back
Full Screen
Close
Quit
4. Method of Variation of Parameters
Finding the solution of the ODE in the form
Indroduction
d2 y dy Linear Differential . . .
+P + Qy = R (4.1)
dx2 dx Linear ODE with . . .
where P, Q and R are the functions of x or constants.
The homogeneous equation corresponding to (4.1) is
N
d2 y dy
A
H
+P + Qy = 0 (4.2)
IT
dx2 dx Home Page
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Method 1:
.A
Title Page
.S
Let the general solution of (4.2) be
R
D
JJ II
Y
y = Ay1 + By2 (4.3)
B
ED
J I
R
where A and B are constants and y = y1 (x) and y = y2 (x) are independent particular
A
EP
solutions of (4.2).
PR
Now we consider A and B as functions of x and assume (4.3) to be the general solution Page 17 of 34
of (4.1).
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Differentiating (4.3) w.r.to x, we have
dy Full Screen
= (Au0 + Bv 0 ) + (A0 u + B 0 v) (4.4)
dx
Close
We select A and B in such a way that
Quit
(A0 u + B 0 v) = 0 (4.5)
∴ (4.4) becomes
dy
= (Au0 + Bv 0 ) (4.6)
dx
Indroduction
Differentiating (??) w.r.to x, we have
d2 y Linear ODE with . . .
= (Au00 + Bv 00 ) + (A0 u0 + B 0 v 0 ) (4.7)
dx2 Method of Variation of . . .
Since (4.3) is the solution of (4.1), the equations (4.3),(4.6) and (4.7) satisfies (4.1).
i.e. Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
N
A
H
(Au00 + Bv 00 + A0 u0 + B 0 v 0 ) + P (Au0 + Bv 0 ) + Q(Au + Bv) = R
IT
Home Page
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00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0
A(u + P u + Qu) + B(v + P v + Qv) + (A u + B v ) = R
(4.8)
.A
Title Page
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Since u and v are the solution of equation (4.2), we have
R
D
(u00 + P u0 + Qu) JJ II
Y
= 0
B
(v 00 + P v 0 + Qv) ED = 0 J I
R
A
EP
Substituting these in (4.8), we get

PR
Page 18 of 34
A0 u0 + B 0 v 0 = R (4.9)
Go Back
Solving (4.5) and (4.9), we get the values of A0 and B 0 and then integrating, we get the
values of A and B in terms of x. Substituting A and B in (4.3), we get the required Full Screen
general solution of (4.1).
Method 2: Close
Let the general solution of (4.2) be
Quit
yc = Ay1 (x) + By2 (x) (4.10)
which is the C.F. of (4.1) with constants A and B.
The P.I. is given by
yp = C(x)y1 (x) + D(x)y2 (x) (4.11)
Indroduction
where Linear Differential . . .
R · y2 Linear ODE with . . .

Z
C(x) = − dx Method of Variation of . . .
W
R · y1 Miscellaneous Solved . . .
Z
D(x) = dx Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
W
N
A
H
where W is called the Wronskian which is given by
IT
Home Page
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y y2
.A
W = 10 = y1 y20 − y10 y2 Title Page
y1 y20
.S
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
d2 y ED
J I
R
Example 4.1. Solve: + y = cosec x
A
dx2
EP
PR
Hints/Solution: Page 19 of 34
Given equation is of the form (D 2 + 1)y = cosec x

The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = − ± i. Go Back
∴ C.F. yc = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

Full Screen

y y2
W = 10 = y1 y20 − y10 y2 = 1
y1 y20 Close
The P.I. is given by Quit

yp = C(x)y1 (x) + D(x)y2 (x) (4.12)
where
R · y2
Z
C(x) = − dx = −x
W Indroduction
R · y1
Z
D(x) = dx = log(sin x)
W Linear ODE with . . .
P.I. = −x cos x + log(sin x) Miscellaneous Solved . . .
N
y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = c1 cos x + c2 sin x + −x cos x + log(sin x).
A
H
IT
Home Page
TH
.A
Title Page
.S
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
ED
J I
R
A
EP
PR
Page 20 of 34
Go Back
Full Screen
Close
Quit
5. Miscellaneous Solved Problems
Example 5.1. Solve the differential equation (D 2 + 4)y = sin 2x
Indroduction
Hints/Solution: Linear Differential . . .
Given equation is of the form (D 3 + 4)y = sin 2x
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ m = ±2i.
∴ C.F. = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x.
1 Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
(P.I.) = sin 2x
N
D2 + 4
A
H
x
IT
= cos 2x. Home Page
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4
.A
x
y = C.F. + P.I. = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + cos 2x Title Page
.S
4
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
ED
J I
R
A
EP
d2 y
PR
dy Page 21 of 34
Example 5.2. Solve: (5 + 2x)2 − 6(5 + 2x) + 8y = 0
dx2 dx
z d
Let 2x + 5 = e and θ = . Full Screen
dz
dy dy
∴ z = log(2x + 5) and (2x + 5) = = 2θy, Close
dx dz
d2 y Quit
(2x + 5)2 = 22 θ(θ − 1)y.
dx2
Now, the ODE takes the form [22 θ(θ − 1) + 12θ + 8]y = (4θ 2 − 16θ + 8)y = 0
√ Indroduction
The A.E. is m2 − 4m + 2 = 0 =⇒ m = 2 ± 2. ∴
√ √ √ √
C.F. = c1 e(2+ 2)z
+ c2 e(2− 2)z
= c1 (2x + 5)(2+ 2)
+ c2 (2x + 5)(2+ 2) Linear ODE with . . .
N
A
2
Example 5.3. Solve the differential equation (D + 4)y = 4 tan 2x
H
IT
Home Page
Hints/Solution:
TH
Given equation is of the form (D + 4)y = 4tan 2x
.A
Title Page
R
.S
2
The auxiliary equation is m + 4 = 0 =⇒ m = ±2i.
D
JJ II
Y
B
∴ C.F. = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x ED
J I
R
A
EP

y y2
PR
W = 10 = y1 y20 − y10 y2 = 2 Page 22 of 34

y1 y20
The P.I. is given by
Go Back
yp = C(x)y1 (x) + D(x)y2 (x) where
F (x) · y2 4 tan 2x · sin 2x
Z Z
Full Screen
C(x) = − dx = − dx = − log(sec 2x+tan 2x)+sin 2x
W 2
Close
and
F (x) · y1 4 tan 2x · cos 2x
Z Z
Quit
D(x) = dx = dx = − cos 2x
W 2
∴ P.I. = − cos 2x log(sec 2x + tan 2x)

Indroduction
y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x − cos 2x log(sec 2x +
tan 2x). Linear Differential . . .
N
dx dy
A
Example 5.4. Solve: + 2y = sin 2t; − 2x = cos 2t
H
dt dt
IT
Home Page
TH
Hints/Solution:
.A
Eliminating x(t) from the given equations, we get Title Page
.S
R
D
JJ II
Y
d2

B
+4 y =0 ED
dt J I
R
A
EP
=⇒ y = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t
PR
Page 23 of 34
and hence
dy
= −2c1 sin 2t + 2c2 cos 2t. Go Back
dt
Substituting these in the given equations, we get Full Screen
1
x(t) = −c1 sin 2t + c2 cos 2t − cos 2t Close
2
Quit
Example 5.5. Solve the differential equations (a) (D 2 − 2D + 1)y = e2x (b) (D 2 −
5D + 6)y = x2 + 3
Hints/Solution: Indroduction
(a) Given equation is of the form (D 2 − 2D + 1)y = (D − 2)2 y = e2x Linear Differential . . .
The auxiliary equation is (m − 2)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 2, 2. Linear ODE with . . .
∴ C.F. = (c1 x + c2 )e2x . Method of Variation of . . .
N
(P.I.) = e2x
A
(D − 2)2
H
IT
Home Page
TH
x2
= e2x .
.A
2 Title Page
.S
R
2
x
D
y = C.F. + P.I. = (c1 x + c2 )e2x + e2x JJ II
Y
B
2
ED
J I
R
(b) Given equation is of the form (D 2 − 5D + 6)y = x2 + 3
A
EP
The auxiliary equation is m − 5m + 6 = 0 =⇒ m = 2, 3.

PR
Page 24 of 34
∴ C.F. = c1 e2x + c2 e3x .
Go Back
Full Screen
Close
Quit
1
(P.I.) = x2 + 3e0
D2 − 5D + 6 Indroduction

1 2 5 19
= x + x+ +3 Linear ODE with . . .
6 3 18
18x2 + 30x + 73

=
N
A
1
H
y = C.F. + P.I. = c1 e2x + c2 e3x + 18x2 + 30x + 73

IT
108 Home Page
TH
.A
Title Page
.S
R
D
JJ II
Y
B
ED 2
d y
Example 5.6. Solve the differential equations (a) (D 2 + 4)y = sec 2x (b) x2 + J I
R
dx2
A
EP
dy
PR
4x + 2y = x. Page 25 of 34
dx
(a) Given equation is of the form (D 2 + 4)y = sec 2x
The auxiliary equation is Full Screen
m2 + 4 = 0 =⇒ m = ±2i.
∴ C.F. = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x Close

y1 y2
W = 0 = y1 y 0 − y 0 y2 = 2 Quit
y1 y20

2 1
The P.I. is assumed as yp = C(x)y1 (x) + D(x)y2 (x)
where
Indroduction
F (x) · y2 sec 2x · sin 2x
Z Z
C(x) = − dx = − dx
W 2 Linear ODE with . . .
1 Method of Variation of . . .
= log(cos 2x) and Miscellaneous Solved . . .
4
N
F (x) · y1 sec 2x · cos 2x 1
Z Z
A
H
D(x) = dx = dx = x
IT
W 2 2 Home Page
TH
1 1
.A
∴ P.I. = log(cos 2x) cos 2x + x sin 2x Title Page
.S
4 2
R
D
1 JJ II
Y
y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + log(cos 2x) cos 2x +
B
ED 4
1 J I
R
A
x sin 2x.
EP
2
PR
Page 26 of 34
(b) Given equation is of the form [x2 D 2 + 4xD + 2]y = x
d Go Back
Let x = ez and θ = .
dz
Full Screen
dy dy
∴ z = log x and x = = θy,
dx dz Close
d2 y
x2 2 = θ(θ − 1)y. Quit
dx
Now, the ODE takes the form [θ(θ − 1) + 4θ + 2]y = (θ 2 + 3θ + 2)y = ez
The A.E. is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, −2.

Indroduction
−z −2z 2 Linear Differential . . .
∴ C.F. = c1 e + c2 e = c1 /x + c2 /x
1 z x Method of Variation of . . .
(P.I. = e =
θ 2 + 3θ + 2 [6] Miscellaneous Solved . . .
2 x
y = C.F. + P.I. = c1 /x + c2 /x + Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
N
6
A
H
IT
Home Page
TH
.A
Title Page
.S
Example 5.7. Solve the differential equations (a) (D 2 − 2D + 1)y = ex sin x (b)
R
D
d2 y dy JJ II
Y
(x + 2)2 2 − (x + 2) + y = 0.
B
dx dx ED
J I
R
A
Hints/Solution:
EP
(a) Given equation is of the form (D 2 − 2D + 1)y = (D − 1)2 = ex sin x

PR
Page 27 of 34
The auxiliary equation is (m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1. Go Back
∴ C.F. = (c1 + c2 x)ex . Full Screen
1
(P.I.) = ex sin x = −ex sin x Close
(D − 1)2
Hence the complete solution is given by Quit
y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = (c1 + c2 x)ex − ex sin x.
(b) Given equation is of the form [(2 + x)2 D 2 − (2 + x)D + 1]y = 0
d Indroduction
Let x + 2 = ez and θ = .
dz Linear Differential . . .
dy dy Linear ODE with . . .

∴ z = log(x + 2) and (x + 2) = = θy, Method of Variation of . . .
dx dz
d2 y
(x + 2)2 = θ(θ − 1)y. Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
dx2
N
A
H
Now, the ODE takes the form [θ(θ − 1) − θ + 1]y = (θ 2 − 2θ + 1)y = 0.
IT
Home Page
TH
.A
2
The A.E. is m − 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1.
Title Page
R
.S
z
D
∴ C.F. = (c1 x + c2 )e = (c1 log(x + 2) + c2 )(x + 2) JJ II
Y
B
ED
J I
R
A
EP
PR
dx Page 28 of 34
Example 5.8. Solve the differential equations (a) (D 2 +1)y = cosec x (b) +y =
dt
t dy Go Back
e ; x− = t.
dt
Full Screen
Hints/Solution:
(a) Given equation is of the form (D 2 + 1)y = cosec x Close
The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = ±i.
Quit
∴ C.F. = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

y y2
W = 10 = y1 y20 − y10 y2 = 1
y1 y20 Indroduction
The P.I. is given by yp = C(x)y1 (x) + D(x)y2 (x) where
F (x) · y2 Method of Variation of . . .

Z
C(x) = − dx Miscellaneous Solved . . .
W
N
cosec x · sin x
Z
A
= − dx
H
1
IT
Home Page
TH
.A
= −x Title Page
R
.S
D
F (x) · y1
Z
JJ II
Y
D(x) = dx
B
W ED
J I
R
A
cosec x · cos x
Z
EP
= dx
PR
1 Page 29 of 34
= log(sin x) Go Back
∴ P.I. = −x cos x + log(sin x) sin x Full Screen
Hence the complete solution is given by Close

y = C.F. + P.I. = yc + yp = c1 cos x + c2 sin x − x cos x + log(sin x) sin x.
Quit
(b) Eliminating x(t) from the given equations, we get
d2

Indroduction
+ 1 y = et − 1 Linear Differential . . .
dt
1
=⇒ y = c1 cos t + c2 sin t + et + 1 Method of Variation of . . .
2
and hence Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
dy 1
N
= −c1 sin t + 2c2 cos t + et .
A
H
dt 2
IT
Home Page
Substituting these in the given equations, we get
TH
.A
Title Page
.S
1
R
t
D
x(t) = −c1 sin t + c2 cos t − e +t JJ II
Y
2
B
ED
J I
R
A
EP
PR
Page 30 of 34
Go Back
Full Screen
Close
Quit
6. Exercise/Practice/Assignment Problems
d dy
In all the following problems D represents the operator and y 0 represents . Indroduction
dx dx
1. Solve the following differential equations
(a) (D 2 − 4D + 3)y = sin 3x + x2 Method of Variation of . . .
x 3x 1 1 2 8 26 Miscellaneous Solved . . .
Ans: y = c1 e +c2 e + (2 cos 3x−sin 3x)++ x + x+
30 3 3 9 Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
N
A
(b) y 00 − 6y 0 + 8y = e−2x + 4
H
IT
Home Page
TH
(c) y 00 + 4y = x4 + cos2 x
.A
1
4 − 6x2 + +2x4 + x sin 2x

Ans: y = c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x + Title Page
.S
8
R
D
JJ II
(d) (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = e2x + 5
Y
B
ED
J I
R
A
EP
(a) (D 2 + 5D + 6)y = cos(−3x) + 6

PR
Page 31 of 34
(b) (D 2 − 6D + 8)y = cos 5x + e4x + sin 4x

Go Back
(c) (D 2 − 6D + 9)y = e3x + sin 2x
(d) (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = cos2 2x Full Screen
3. Solve the following differential equations Close

2 3 2
(a) (D + 5D + 6)y = x + 2x
Quit
(b) (D 2 − 6D + 8)y = x4
(c) (D 2 − 6D + 9)y = x2 + 1
(d) (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = x2 − 4x
Indroduction
(a) (D 2 + 5D + 6)y = cos3 3x + e−2x sin 2x Linear ODE with . . .
(b) (D 2 − 6D + 8)y = e−2x cos 4x Method of Variation of . . .

2 3x 2 Miscellaneous Solved . . .
(c) (D − 6D + 9)y = e x
(d) (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = xe2x
N
A
H
IT
5. Solve the following differential equations Home Page
TH
.A
2 −3x
(a) (D + 5D + 6)y = xe cos 2x Title Page
.S
2 2
(b) (D − 6D + 8)y = x sin 3x
R
D
(c) (D 2 − 6D + 9)y = x2 e2x sin 4x JJ II
Y
B
ED
(d) (D 2 + 4D + 3)y = xe2x sin 5x J I
R
A
EP

PR
Page 32 of 34
(a) (x2 D 2 − 3xD + 5)y = x2 sin(log x)
Go Back
(b) (x2 D 2 + 4xD + 2)y = sin(log x)
(c) (x2 D 2 − 3xD)y = x + 1 Full Screen
1 12 log x
(d) (D 2 + D + 5)y = Close
x x2
2 2
(e) ((1 + x) D + (1 + x)D + 1)y = 2 sin(log(x + 1)) Quit
(f) ((3x + 2)2 D 2 + 3(3x + 2)D − 36)y = 3x2 + 4x + 1
1
Ans: y = c1 e2z + c2 e−2z + ze2z + 1 with z = log(3x + 2)

108
Indroduction
2 2
(g) ((2x + 1) D − 2(2x + 1)D − 12)y = 6x Linear Differential . . .
3 9 Linear ODE with . . .
Ans: y = c1 e3z + c2 e−z − (ez ) − with z = log(2x + 1)
16 12 Method of Variation of . . .
(h) ((2x + 5)2 D 2 − 6(2x + 5)D − 8)y = 6x
√ √ i Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
3 15
N
h
Ans: y = e2z c1 e 2z + c2 e− 2z − (ez )− with z = log(2x+
A
H
4 8
IT
5) Home Page
TH
.A
(i) ((1 + 2x)2 D 2 + 3(1 + 2x)D + 1)y = 8(1 + 2x)2 Title Page
.S
R
D
7. Solve the following differential equations using the method of Variation of Param- JJ II
Y
B
eters ED
J I
R
A
(a) (D 2 + 1)y = tan x

EP
PR
(b) (D 2 + a2 )y = sec ax Page 33 of 34
2 x
(c) (D − 1)y = e sin x
Go Back
(d) (D 2 + 9)y = 3 sin 3t
ex Full Screen
(e) (D 2 − 2D + 1)y =
x2 + 1
Close
(f) (D + 2D + 1)y = e−x cos x
2
Quit
8. Solve the following system of differential equations
dx dy
(a) + y = et ; =t
dt dt
dx dy
(b) + 2x + 3y = 2e2t ; + 3x + 2y = 0 Indroduction
dt dt
dx dy
(c) + 2y = − sin t; − 2x = cos t Linear ODE with . . .
dt dt Method of Variation of . . .

dx dx dx dy
(d) − − 2 y = cos 2t; −2 x+ = sin 2t Miscellaneous Solved . . .
dt dt dt dt Exercise/Practice/Assignmen
N
dx dy dx dz dy dz
A
(e) + + y = 1; − + 2x + z = 1; + + y + 2z = 2
H
IT
dt dt dt dt dt dt Home Page
TH
dx dy dx
− 4x − y = et ;
.A
(f) 2 + + 3x + y = 0
dt dt dt Title Page
.S
d2 x d2 y
R
D
(g) − 5x + 3y = sin t; − 3x + 5y = t JJ II
Y
dt2 dt2
B
d2 x d2 y ED
J I
R
(h) − 3x − 4y = 0; +x+y =0
A
dt2 dt2
EP
PR
(i) D 2 x − 2x − Dy = 2t; Dx + 4Dy − 3y = 0 Page 34 of 34
Go Back
Full Screen
Close
Quit

Unit 3

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Unit 3

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1.

For example, Linear Differential . . .

Generalized form of C.F.in this case: If m1 = m2 = · · · = mn (= m), then Page 3 of 34

Note: For repeated complexp

yc = eαx [(c1 + c2 x) cos βx + (c3 + c4 x) sin βx]. Page 4 of 34

B. F (x) = sin ax or cos ax

yp = sin ax (or) cos ax

Example 2.1. Solve: Page 10 of 34

Hence the complete solution is given by

∴ C.F. yc = e0z (c1 cos z + c2 sin z) = c1 cos z + c2 sin z

−1 Method of Variation of . . .

Hence the complete solution is given by Full Screen

Substituting these in (4.8), we get

R · y2 Linear ODE with . . .

Given equation is of the form (D 2 + 1)y = cosec x

∴ C.F. yc = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

The P.I. is given by Quit

W = 10 = y1 y20 − y10 y2 = 2 Page 22 of 34

Hence the complete solution is given by

The auxiliary equation is m − 5m + 6 = 0 =⇒ m = 2, 3.

The A.E. is m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, −2.

(a) Given equation is of the form (D 2 − 2D + 1)y = (D − 1)2 = ex sin x

The auxiliary equation is (m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1. Go Back

∴ C.F. = (c1 + c2 x)ex . Full Screen

dy dy Linear ODE with . . .

F (x) · y2 Method of Variation of . . .

∴ P.I. = −x cos x + log(sin x) sin x Full Screen

Hence the complete solution is given by Close

(a) (D 2 + 5D + 6)y = cos(−3x) + 6

(b) (D 2 − 6D + 8)y = cos 5x + e4x + sin 4x

3. Solve the following differential equations Close

(b) (D 2 − 6D + 8)y = e−2x cos 4x Method of Variation of . . .

6. Solve the following differential equations

(a) (D 2 + 1)y = tan x

(b) (D 2 + a2 )y = sec ax Page 33 of 34

(i) D 2 x − 2x − Dy = 2t; Dx + 4Dy − 3y = 0 Page 34 of 34

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