MopulE-6

SyLLAGO S
lntaoduction to Communication Systams

Evolution of tommunication Systems-TeleqaaPhy to 5

Kadio communic.ation! Voinuple of AM 2 FM, Foequen
bands used foa Vadious communication System3,
block diagaam of Supe7 heterodune eceie
hadiabon auelevated
Peinaple of avtenne faon
charae
Moble Comwmuhicatioh : Basic Painciplas of
celular tom
hitationS) Painciple and block diaqta GaSM
of GSM

. With the helP of block diagbam, ezplain ommuw-

Cation System
cohmunication System
Ans. Block diagoam Of
a

to
The Purpose ofa
Communicabon System is
beasing Sianalsthaough
toansmit infotmation
Communication channel
Communicatrion Syste m alu
T e basic botks in any

1Aansmitter
hannel
Recaives
 Destiatio
Souoce ansmitteo ansmissionReaives
|Channel

Noise
Souce infoamation 0a 5lqnal may Consists of spaedh
muSic ) Compue7 datd iNisddl infozmation typa
music)
woitten messaqrs od Sia na|s ak.
1hansmitter isa colechon of elecdronic compoets
and iscuits desiqned to convest the infoamatron o
letaical siqnal Suitaldle for tsansmissioh oves a
ive Communitarion mediumn.' The impootant funtion
Of taansmiter is modudation. Taansmittes Puts the infoama-
tio from the Souse onto the dhannel
1hansmission chamne o Simply.chanel" is the mediun
Connechivg the toansmittes ad. the Teceiver. t ma
be
be a Par of wibes Coaial cable, open sPae (iselis)
00 oPtical fibve.
Recuive is a collecaion of eletsonic oponevts Omd
Ciouisthat acept the toansmitted messog from
he channel and
the Conveat it back to the ooigiol
infosmation. The mpostant funchon of the Teaive? is
demodulakion
Noise is an umwated Signa that ivnesferes with tha
oansmitted. messaqe. Noise a generally clasvitied ito
two tyPes nteanal noise amd eaterval noise.
 2.

Intevndl noise
ave qeherated lby ay Componevnts in
taansmiltereies. Exiednal hoiseau geherao
eteanal envivnmevnt Conditions.

Q. Explain evolution Of mobile qne öation

Ans.
Ans. The nomenclature of the cellular wjselss enesa
tions qevne vally fevs to a chane in the furdavmeytd4
hature of the Service Vnon-bakioards Compatible
and freauency bands
echnoloqy
.

transmission nuw

Fiast qenration (1G)

Fiastqenesahion defexs to the analoq " brick phones
and ba Phones" as thu w e r fidst introduced.
fo7 mobile celula techvidloa1
Cell Phone.s began with lo amd Sianify finst qehe7ation
wiacless anloq technoloa Stamdiasads that odiqinatd
in the 980 s
Setond. qenesation 2G)
2 G emerqed in late n80 s
uses digital Siqnals to Voice transmission and.
l
has sperd bf 64 kPbs
.It Poovidas faulity of SMs and, tse he banduwidth
of 30 to 200 kHz
Third qeheration (3)
. 3 s e thidgeneianon of mobile Phone. stand
avds amd teshnology
3 Sy5tems au tapected to delives quality multi
media to mobile devices yay of faste and.
 Rasied wizeless Communications aswell as "anyt
Qnnuwhere" Sesvices

fouth qenerakton 4G)

4Offers a dowloading sPerd of lo0 Mbps
4GPoovides Same featue as 3 and additonal
Sevices like Multi -medta neusPape ss, to
wadh
1V Paog0ams with moae davity and send dato
mudh taster tham
Psevious enebatio ns.
fHfth qenevation G0)
5atedmoloqy stands for fi fth qenenchion mo bile
technolog1
h is the neit evolution in mobile. Phone netuosk
fifth gene vabion network Paovide affordable
bsoad band wiveless Connutivihy with 2ero
laa
G. txplaio the Pinuple of zadio Commuunication with
block diagtam
Ans. Commwuicahon Systems
Dependivg on the tyfe Of ommunikation chainnel o0
the ommumicabion Systems be
mediu Com

classihed as
. Wiaeline
line ommunication
0v
2 Wiseless o Radio Cowmunicaton
l n lie ommuuiccion , the medium of
is a
tansission
Pai 7 of tovnducdoas
E-1elegvaphy and Telephony.
 Rodio ovwnunication
blems ocuur sing in lin
l n ovde to seduce the pro
Comwunicatdh
Cbmhnunication, a izeless ov 7adio
is used.
Tn this Cobmmunicatiou, the messaae Sianals a
txansitkd, thouah open sPace by letsomagnehu
waves called adto uwaves. 1is moda of covminumi-
Cation is kvotwn as hadio CoMmuicaton.
Lation
Radio onnmunicction makes Possible COmmUnicatnon
Ove veay avn distaness
. The basic elements of a sadio owmunication
System a shoLon in iqute.

hansymittöiv Receivin
Anleuha
Avtenn

hansvmitz
Reaives
Micaopnone Laud
SPeakes
The micaophone coweats the Physical Siqnal Soud
to elecical Siqnal
This message Signal is also Knouon as the modulatind
Siqnal
MPu to the tsansmittes is the modularing sighal
Modlanion is a Periformeat the taansmitta
The toansmitter Produces hadio uoave s basd en

modlolg Siqmal
 Pooducra at the buthu .
S o ,those Tado
waves

a s the
modulativg Siqna
knoan
the trans mitter s he
Nadio ddaves
adio dodaves
antenna nadiates
h e transmiting dizection oo in all dinections
in Some speifed
autevna
a laat of the nadiated
Meceives
lhe The eceiving
wave desiaea
amplifies and datects Ihe
The ectie7 Selects ,
messaae Siaval.
The loúd sfeaker coneats the eléctaical siqalintd
Sound
Thus e.pooducia the infosmation
to
hlhat is, modulation 2 Ezplain he naeds
modulation
Ans. Moduabion.
Audio toeauens Sinal. is vezy weak and they cannot
a3e tarried.
alone. So they
toavel larag diatamces.
nadib uoave called
by an 2sqetic high toeauev
The Process of micig the audio
coaier wave
Sianal oth adio toeauenuy Caroiea oave
freauenu
freauen
s callemodulation.

Modulated
Modulati Madulatoa
Siqnal
Siqna
Caraier Siqnal
Proce.ss, the extradkon of message Siqual
faon
DeveTse
The at the vesived is Known
a s demodulation
wave
the radio
 Need fos modulation
The vaaious aspLuts to modulate the messaae Siqnal al
.eduathe heigt of atenna
Laansmission
The height of autenna neauized fo
tzansmission is
and h teption of adio coaves in tadio
a funhon Of
of wavelemth oa the fyequenu used
1h miimum height of autenna is
But a Where iCis
sc i t , of light and
velocity
f is fseqMenu
V
hught of antenna à
fx4
ne veiat
foom the above enuation, at low trequeny the heiat
of the avte nua ts also hian
2. Avoid miim of Siqna ls
with in the dan
All Sound. Siqnals ave Concentsated.
fon 20Hz to 20kH2 Modulati
diffezernt siqnal
.

Souss by different caroie fxeauentes avoid. mizin

of Sianal
Incoeas26 ha dame Of communicahion
3
Modulahion affechively inczeases the treaueny of Siaval to|
be Badiated andtnus ineieases the distane ove
which tanals Cam be toans mitted faithflly.
of
4. Allows mulbiplezivg Siqvals which meams
The modulation Peanitsmutiplein
of two o move Siavnals SimultavMeously
toams nmision

the 3amne channtl.

oves
 veceptiovn
5. lmpaoves quality Of
comdnication usi tecdhnigus
mbdualation
The Siqnal Pulse tode modulatton
SuchdS facauenuy moduulatiobd,
the effect of noise
to qdeat eatent. Reduction
neduce
in oise improves he uality of oeaptio

Laplain the. Painiple of Amplilude Modulation (AM).

Ans. The tet main type.s Of modulation ase
. Aaplitude Modulation (A) 2. foeaueu Modulation (Fr)
3 Phase Hodulatovn (PM).
Pringple of AM
lu amplitude modulation, the amplitude of Hhe high
foeaueny caavier wave is vavied in acordae with
foeauenu
the
the nstataneous value of the modulativg Sinal
Keepin its oquen amd. Phase L o t a t
Below tiquze ilustsates the Poinuple
T AM. of

AA
Modulakiv Siqnal
AM modulatod
AAAA
AAAA
Care Siana
Amplitude modulate
ianal
 5

ModulatngSiqna
> Time

Casrier Siqnal

AMMAAAAAAN Time
UUUVUVWVUUUU
Amplitude wodulated sighal
-tc-Em
Time
Anmodulato
CATies
Envelppe
Let the vnoduulating sial m Em Sim w,t-)
Wheve Lm is stantaneous amplitude , Emis the
marimum amplitude
and wm- 21Tfm is tht aulas

toeaueny of the moduulatina Siqnal

Let the Carried Siqnal, e . Ec
Sin wet -24)
Ec is tha
Whe ec is the instantameous amplitude,
is the anlas
maaimum amplitude and Wc 2Tfc
foaueny of the CAsdle? Sanal
Then Awplitud modulated Sioal, AM= Epy
Sin uQt

instautaneous amplitude o H3
Whe An is the amplituda of
is the malimum
Siqnal, Efn
modlulated
21fc is the angular
wdulated Sanal aud
c
hecavries Sianal
foeauenu Of
 EA +em

EALc+Em Sin Wmt

Sine em= Em Sin m t
in ) ,
U se 6) - - (6)
6 )
+ Em n t Sin
Sin wet
AM |Ec
eAH TE, Sinwet+ Em Sin wcb Sin omt-a)
Modulatiov index
of modalati Sanal
The hatio of marimum amplitude
Cabdie7 Slanal is caled
to m a m u m awMplitude of
modulatbn indeL.
1 , Modulahon inde z , m = Em
E

the Em
-
in 1), we
value of gst
Now Substituhig
CAM E sin ot + mEc sin Wt sinwMt )
We know that, Sin A Sin BL cos-8]--L eosA+8
Arpl ing this esult to (1), We
AN E Sin w+ MEc cos-wm) t -

2
mEc cos (W+ wm)t -
2 in (1o) sim wct hepresets
Caraies
host es m E
ave Se.Cond o mtc CoS We- wm)t APAasents
Owes Sidebamd. omd last tem Pcscu
apresevnts PPes side ban
mEc Cos (wc+wt
2
FoRaMenuy olpnai hepvesentation of AM
Corvaieo
Ec
LsB UsB
mEc
mEc
2 2

LS8 t tuse
(-fvr) - fottm heauenu

. What aac the limitakions of AM

Ans. 1. Louw eficenu
2. Small opedah navnas
3 Noise tsansmission
4 Poov audio aliy
the Paintiple of Fneaueny Modulahiorn EN)
-

. Explain
Ans. Painuple of FM
the tveguenj of the
Care=
I n trrauenu modulation,
in accovdanu with the instantaneous
wave is vaded
of the modulating Sianal.
Value
Phase Of the Cavaies Siqna
The amplitude and
hemain Constant.
is
onich the cavrier treguevuy
The amount by is cled
wwoduloted Wauu
Varied from i
freaueu daviakion (S)
 Modulahiug anal

anaier Signal

VUUWWVLTUUVVUTUL
7iwe
Modulated, Ft signa

Time
W
haenu modulated. wave
A Sin wet+(S Sii Wmt
t
er Sm
Modulation inder
Modulation inde ton AM

.hlhat au the adsvautages amd disadvantages Of FM2

Aus. Advavtaqses of FM
amplitude and. hen
Constaynt
AnAn FM Si nal has a
tansmitted Power is Constant.
FM Offens better oise. immunity aud it ejects
intesterivng Siqvals
FM has raker tzansmission 2Sticen
FM Opeatts in VHF and OHF naVges.

Disadvamtases of FM
A majo disadvamtage Of FM is tha its banduwidt
is wider than the banduwidth of AM
1Te Cuts thot au used to Produce amd, demodu
ate FN a omplex amd, expensive .
The atea Of F 9heception is less tham that of Art.

ompast between AM &FM

Ans
AM FM
T h e amplitude of the,cavoie The freaueny of the
Signal varie s in aLtodaana|Carie7 Siqnal vavies in
accoddam with moduuati
with modulating Siqnal.
Sianal
T keops treauemy amd T t keaps amplitude avd
Phase onstant Phase Constamnt
.Modulakion inda (ma) varias Modulation inder (m)|
from o to Cam have values fron
t o any Value.
AM has ovnly two Sidebands F as am intinite
humber of Sidebaynds.
Lower barduwith companed Higlhes bamduoidth com-
to FM lu Art, al t 3amsmitted Porved t Art ln FM,all
Pouwer is not useful toonsmitted Pouwer is
useful
 Most of the toansmitted The tptal Pouwes Aanains
Power is adaies which Covnstant
does not caary any infoavnario fucefPtdy is
Axea of neception is lasge Aa Of
Smaller thann AM
AM booadcasts opesate in b o a dcasBs operate
he medium amnd, hah in vony high frenueny
taeaueny (NF amd HF) Aamgas amd ultsa "nigh tsenjany
VHF amd. uHF) nanps
Noise SuPPAtSSion not good Noise SuppseSsion is
better tham AM
AM is ltss comPlec and
FM iS moae conplet and
less epenSive more erpensive
Adjacevt channel ivtsfes- Adjacent channel inter-|
ene is5 more in AM tham ferene is les5 in FM
Ple sent in FrM.
Modulatig Voltage anP|i-
Modulating votaae amplitad
determines RFcazaie7 Caoaier focauenY
amplitude.

Q. List the freaunu band.s used for various Commu-

niation Sustems.
methods
Ans. The bamds,their hanges, PaoPogation
apPlicakiovnsae listed
in table
amd Sonme

oeauwnu
low (VLF ) 3 to 30
-
kH2
Veoy
Veay
Madium trcauerny (1MF) 300 kH2 do 3MH2

30o MH2 to 3GH

UJla high treaunuy (OHF)
-
 8

Bomd Ramat YhoPoqaliov APPicatio

low 3-30 kHz Ghound Lovng-namae nado
faeauNay
ViF) alaotion
Low taeaLnuy 30-300 KHz Grhoumd odio beocons amd
(LF) Vaviqatioval locato7S

Midole fagjuen 300 KHz AM adio

F) 3 MHz S
Hion foeaueny 3-30 Mkz sk CHizens band (ce),
(HF) ship/ aiscraft commu
nication
30-300 MtHz Sky amd
fara uanyVH) VHFTV FM Hadio
linet-siat
Ultoa hiah 300 MH2
fseauenn(UH 3 CaHz
Line-of-Sioht UHFTV, callulas
Phovnes, agig Satellite
Supe7 hiqh
freauev (SHF3-30GaHz Line-of-siah Satellite Communiutionl

Etemely high 30
foeauevnn(EHF 300 CaH2 Line-of-Sat Kadas, Sateli te
. CalculaBe the modulation ider and Pescentage modu
lation if instantamaous Voltages of modulating Siavnal
Omd Casdie ae 40 Sin wmt amd 50 Sivwe
9nespe.ctiely we havy
Ans.
Ans. 9om the qiven instataheous lauation
and. Ec 5 0
Em 4
Hence modulation index oill be,
m- Emn
Ec
. m 40 0.8
5o
Oh modulation =mxloo -0.8 xl00 =
80

. Tha tuned cisuit of the oscillator in a simple AM

aansmittev employs a 40uH (oil and, 12nF
Copatito. tf the 0scillatov output ls modulated
Oudio faeaueny Of 5kH2, what ase the louwes ad
upper Side bomd faeaunues amd the arduoidth
a uäed tD amsmit 4his AM Wave 2
Ans. The freajueny of the Lc 0sillator is aiven as

21L
The
40x0-6
modulating fdeaLuny is
x12x10 4
tm= 5kH2
230 kH2

t u s e = tc+tm 230 +5 235 kHz 3nd

fLsB
tLsg fe -fm = 230 5 =225 KHz
We know that the bandwidin of AM wave is
BW 2fm
2x5 kH2= OkHz
 . Eaplaim the basic PainGPle of Supeahe trodyne
heceives1.
Ans. Basic Painuple of superhelaoduyne heceiva

RF
Ampifier Mixe f 2 - 455 Hz

Oscillaton

The Pooblems of tund adio fheajueiau aedies(TRE) a

Oveacovme i in this neaiveh.
Tn this type of 3adio hectiveg, the seleded, hadio
toeaue nyis conveated, to a fixed lower value , calleo
intenmediate treajuevty tF). This is achieved bya
sPeiaeleckaonic iauuit called. mices uatut.
Thue is a local osillator in the adio eaaved tself.
This Oscllator Poduces igh freajueny aveS
The Selected hadio freauinu is mixa with the hiqh
foeajue wave by the mes ivcuit
Tha seleted. nadid foenuety si is mited uwilh a tocaya
ny t2 faon a local osillator. The oukut f»om th
mixe isa diffezence ie f 2 - f ) and is alwams

4-55 KH2 eaardless Of Hht &tation to shih tha

neuives is tmd,.
. With the helP of a block diogoam )eaplain t.
eaodyn iiven
woking Of Supeshet
Ans. Bock diagaam Of Supes hdhonodyna. eceives

Avienna
AGc
RF Mixe Mulistage Audio
amplifieo IF
Gvplifiers
petedooPFvolt
AFC
amPes

Local Audio
0scillator Rmplifes
Loud
3Peakes
Avneina- Avtenna necaives all the treajen Syals
ad ajves it to RF
amplifie
E The RF Stagesamplifias tne Saals in the
Aplifies
heayied vam of focapedies
The trcauev Lonveate7 Ston 07 mizes-1he output
Of RF ampuher is qiven tote foeajueny Conveater
6taa 1his Stags Consists Of Lwo Sectons One
Sechon the mia. he mizce wll be supplied, with
is
the input Signal foeaueny and the oukhut of Hhe
oal osillatoa. The Setond stoae is a local oscilladoo.
The local osilator Poaducrs a siqnal which is gacates
by a value of t f
than the inomina Siqnal
 Funthion ofmixe
Iuoming Siqna
txample Mie IF outPut
840 kHz 455 KHZ

Local Ecanple
0stillatoo 1295 KH 2
Let us aSSume that local osillator facauenu is F and
Siqnal fseajuemuy is fs Fs amd. Fo ane miled. in
mix S freaueny differem (fo-Fs) is producad
a he Ouhut o the mi. Difteseme Fo-Fs is
Cald inleamediate freauenwyTF)
The outhut is Conected the nut staat Yo7
amplification
1F amplifiez This staga ecaives the outhut o tha mia
-

The TF is amplihed, by ohe oa mode IF amplifier Stagps

amd given to the datector.
Detectvo - The Outht of the IF amflifies is given to his|
Staae os iupu 1is siqnal will be. ddeckrd os da-
modlated
AGc AFcA Past of the autut is taken from th
Aac amd. -

datector amd. it is applied tw nfF amplifies, mizu and

IF AMplifies tor oan wrtod 1hes is calleo automabd
qain contsol (A«&) The Anc maintains the l o s t t
outhwt voltage e vel owr a wide 3mae of RF input
Sianal level. Automatbc taeajuemuy coVtsol (AFt) usuitt
sused to adjust amd. stalbiliz the freayanuy ot the
loraos.illbtox.
 The audio Siavnal toro t,
Low Pass filtes (LPF)
-

is Passed thoough a lo Pass iter to

detector
emovL
wmwamted
high 9CajuUnu componats anduand
a Voluma Cotaoto m
omphaauudid
then thaouah
. Audio ammplifier fowed Amplifher and. loud. speakas
- The audio amplifiex is usuall Dne loc level avdio
slaae tollowed bu a Poue anplifior and a

SPeake

.What ase the advartages amd applicabions of supea

hkeadduyne necaives
Ans Advamkages
lmproved seletivity
Impooved Aecoiver stability
Unifoanm Seletiviby is moe
Unifoam bandusrdkh becaus ofixed IF
Hiqher qain Per staa
Applicadtions
AM ReAives,
FM Receivw
Communicabon ReceNas
TeleviSion Recuivens
Radas Recoiveds
. What is am Avntenna
toansdus which convevts
is a
Ans. An antena eletvomaqnetic
w a v e s and,
vice
eleckoical Pouwer into
Versa
be und either as toamsmitbin a

An antenna can
antenna 0 neceiving antenna
anknna is one which conveots eletrical
A taansmitting vadiakes them
Sianals inlo etdomanetit
waves ard
which conveTts electo0.
.Aheeiving autenna is one )
faovn the neceived beam into electral
Maqnetic wstes
Siqvls. antenna Cam be uLed
n most of the cases) the same
amd neception
foo both toamsmission toz toamsmissio
Same antenna
The Phenomeon 0t using
is knouon a t antenna
as we as for acepho
neciPaocity
apPPications whee
toamsmission amd
Thus, in thosenot Simultaneous , a Sinale aanvtteennvaa

neceptiokh a u neePtb)
Pose Of tramsmission aml
Cam sETVe the Pus
both
Thansmitte Duplexeh

eceiven
the outnut
systems whue dusig toamsmission,
Fa: Kadad C o n e t d . to the atenna
whesnas
Hoe tramsmittes 5

),
 durina heaption, anlcnna is Lownetked to the inPut
the Geeived1his switchin over of onechon is
Perfoamed by a device called duplezes.

the wwoimg Poivnuiple of anlehna

Q. Explain
Ans: aCudoert distaibu amd voltaae distribuio

Noltage
+
ZZLLIT*IILILZ
A ZZTZZZIZTIZZII

When RF Siqnal ls applied to the input of the anlenha

Cuzrent flo s alo the length as shown in tiqusu.
The electoons in the"antenna tondutor" start owands
the Positve inpat teominal wheoeas they get vepelled»
toom gabive inPut teaminal.
As a heault And. "A" becomas Continuously
K Poshvel
charaed due to loss of ele cdrons toheotas ind "B
becomes nagativtly Changad due to gaim of electsons
beLomes
Thus, the dhangis maaimumo at A ond. B amd
minimumm a entre .

Cuaevtt Kake of change. of dhanga

So, uooent is manmum ati the cetre amd minimum
at the endg
f input is Sinus0idal, the tuwet wavefozm t's also
Sinusoidal as shoon
The vol taae distnbuhion 6o channe distaibub on)is also shaw
wth maamum at the ends am& minimum ak Hhe Cevtse
i's Seem that voltage amd cusvent ane havig a Phase
Tt ohea.
aufteaente of q0° wit usPeck to Ladn
 Elecaomaanetic Rnosay hadiated by antena
2

When RE hadio toeauenu) Sianal is applied to the anena

inPut the usult is a curnt ond a voHagt
distaibuhion.
. Now uovent
flowina throudn a tondutvr is sunou
oled, by a magnebic fA. wheuas voltage Paoduces m
electnc field They ase Shown in tiquse

0 B D

Magneti Elactric
ield field
(a)
input is a s shown in
the Signal applied to antennaavond,
T
feld the antenva
ak ) , the eleckoic
a after thar it starts decreasig
maxmunn bu
Of RE Siqal is low, then the electrcal
Tf the heaueny antenna.
in the
field may collapse
is veny lhiah, te field cannot
But if the tdeajneny
So fast ahd the sesull is that thezeis lanqa
Collapse even if there is no voltaa os chan
electric field
aC0s5 he ateuna

Thus) thesu is
Thus, am eledic tielol with no votage to

Support
lhen (ousing net y a the eletrc teld. bulds up
agaim Sustained zlecka' Aeld quks
the Paeviousy
hield. This phehomeno
hepeled faom the nioly Produeeda Seies
nepeaked again and gain amd of detached
is
 words taoym
Outuwo antenun
from the anten
electric fields move
frelds
tields
detaehed
A l also detached
magnetit
Similarly
to aws o+ eletomagnetc inducbon
According a mooneht field
movyg electn field. Paoduces
) field Produces a n lectaic fol
movin maqnetit
with the fields Hhat Produ,
These thelds ale inphase
Hheir dizection s perpendiculor to tho
them
them and.
1hus detahed electic amd,
diechion of Propogation.
amd, elctme filds
moanebic felds Pvoduce macneh
to
uspectively. These helds add vutorially ive ome EM
wave which travels in adi vetion Pespendiculas to th
dischion Of eledic field. amds magnehic field. Hese
clectrtt teld amd aanehe feld ae Perpendicularr
to eauh other as we

. xplain mobile Communication

AusA cellula mobile tomwnunication system uses a
lanae numbes of lou -Powes sassctsansmittess
to COLate cells -

the basic goosaphic Seavice

a wieless
avea
of+|
ComMicatibns SusteM
Variable Power levels allo cells t e
to he Sulsribe density omd Sizud accozdig
Particulas nepion. demand within a
As mobile use75 toavel dtom cel to cell, theis Cove
Sahions a hamded Off" betuoeen cells in ovdar to
maintain Seamless Senvice otdas to
channels (Foeauevcies) Used in one cell Can be
heuwed . on ànother cell Some drstance
awoay
Cells Cam beOdded to acLomodotate gaowth,
iew cells in wnSedvedaaascdonia
Lstivg alas
0T
oveslayig cels i
 3

Explain the tonept of clls in cellular mobile

Communication.
The basic behind the celtudas nadio systtnp
Ans toncept
is that hathu tham Serving a give
qeogoaphic aa
tamsmitte7 nd neLaive , the System
with a
Sinde
Sinde
a u a into mam 3malles ásaas
divides theSeovice
Know a cells ard
miles and
cell Coveas only Several Squaae
hetypical lo Powe
lou Powe transmtes.
transmttep
9hacivess amd
its Own
Contains
upon the density, OF
Of a tel depends
.The Coveagee
iM ive aua. cells AL
UseIS i üty, many Smell
foa a heavily Po Pulated l e s s Poplaked, auhcl azas,
fo 2nsdre SeTvice
Used
cells aAL uged. caLA
fewed toweas limit the cell Coverag
Sh Shozt
ot Cell antenna
towess give
broades LOvebaa
n d niqhea rach cell is
a n t e n n a , 2achh alocat
is allotar
,
ts Ocon antenha
Eadh ce
Seaved by SeTved by
Setved by aa
Gnd
and is
bomd of frequenuies necives a d
ted a of transmlttes ,
base &tation Consis ting diffevent
aiffeent
l s aL assianed
. Adjatent
unit
Control
to avoid intezfeaene o c20ss talk
deuenues
distamt faom 2adn ohe am
Howeves ells Sufhuently
use the Same eaudnuy bamd lives ot a
cell is conneked bu telephoe
Each Covntrol centsd
mastes Covntro
o a centrd
micoDwave nadio helay link Switching qtitee fiTsa
Switching th (fATsa
telephone
Knoon
Knoo as the mobile the ce{ls aard Poovido the
d Poovida tla2
Contaols all main telphone
telephone
The MTSO amd tne main
md tone
betweLn Aach cell
nteoface

office I'